P E R I O D I C T A B L E

Group
1
Atomic Properties of the Elements NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF
STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 18
IA FREQUENTLY USED FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS § VIIIA
1 2S1/2 1 second = 9 192 631 770 periods of radiation corresponding to the Physical Measurement Laboratory www.nist.gov/pml 2 1
S0

1
H speed of light
transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of 133Cs
in vacuum 299 792
792 458
458 m
−1
(exact) §
For the most accurate
Standard Reference Data www.nist.gov/srd He
cc m ss −34
−1
Hydrogen speed of light in vacuum 299 (exact) Helium
Planck constant 6.626 070 15 x 10 −34J Hz −1
−1
(exact) values of these and
1.008 Planck constant hh 6.626 070 15 x 10 −19J Hz 4.0026
1s
2 elementary charge e 1.602 176 634 x 10 −19C (exact) other constants, visit 13 14 15 16 17 1s
2
elementary charge e 1.602 176 634 x 10 C pml.nist.gov/constants.
13.5984 IIA Avogadro constant
electron energy mNeAc
2 6.022 998
0.510 140 76950x 10
23
MeVmol
−1
(exact) IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 24.5874
3 2
S1/2 4 1
S0 Boltzmann
proton mass constant mkp 1.380 649 x 10
1.672 622 x 10 kg
−23
−27J K
−1 (exact) 5 2
P°1/2 6 3
P0 7 4
°
S3/2 8 3
P2 9 2
°
P3/2 10 1
S0
Solids
Li Be B C N O F Ne
electron voltconstant eV 1.602 176 634
-19 (exact)
fine-structure 1/137.035 999 x 10 −31
J
9.109 383 71 x 10 −1kg
2 electron
Rydberg mass
constant Rme 2 10 973 731.569 m Liquids
Lithium Beryllium energy equivalent m c 0.510 998 951 MeV15 Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
6.94 9.0122 R ec 3.289 841 960 x 10−27 Hz Gases 10.81 12.011 14.007 15.999 18.998 20.180
proton mass mp 1.672 621 926 x 10 kg 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 4 2 2 5 2 2 6
2 2 2 13.605
1s 2s 1s 2s Rm hc 089eV
938.272693 1s 2s 2p 1s 2s 2p 1s 2s 2p 1s 2s 2p 1s 2s 2p 1s 2s 2p
2

5.3917 9.3227
energy equivalent
electron volt eV
pc
1.602 177 999
MeV
-19
x 10 J Artificially 8.2980 11.2603 14.5341 13.6181 17.4228 21.5645
fine-structure constant 1/137.035 −23 −1 Prepared
11 2
S1/2 12 1
S0 Boltzmann
Rydberg constant
energy k
R hc
1.380 65 x 10
13.605 693 1230−1 eV
JK
−1 13 2
°
P1/2 14 3
P0 15 4
°
S3/2 16 3
P2 17 2
°
P3/2 18 1
S0
Mg
molar gas constant R 8.314 5 J mol 3K −1 −2

Na Al Si P S Cl Ar
−11
Newtonian constant of G 6.674 x 10 m kg s
gravitation
3 Sodium Magnesium Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
22.990 24.305
2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 26.982
2
28.085
2 2
30.974
2 3
32.06
2 4
35.45
2 5
39.95
2 6
[Ne]3s [Ne]3s [Ne]3s 3p [Ne]3s 3p [Ne]3s 3p [Ne]3s 3p [Ne]3s 3p [Ne]3s 3p
5.1391 7.6462 IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIII IB IIB 5.9858 8.1517 10.4867 10.3600 12.9676 15.7596
Period

19 2
S1/2 20 1
S0 21 2D3/2 22 3F2 23 4F3/2 24 7S3 25 6S5/2 26 5D4 27 4F9/2 28 3F4 29 2S1/2 30 1S0 31 2
°
P1/2 32 3
P0 33 4
°
S3/2 34 3
P2 35 2
°
P3/2 36 1
S0

4
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
39.098 40.078 44.956 47.867 50.942 51.996 54.938 55.845 58.933 58.693 63.546 65.38 69.723 72.630 74.922 78.971 79.904 83.798
2 2 2 2 3 2 5 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 10 10 2 10 2 10 2 2 10 2 3 10 2 4 10 2 5 10 2 6
[Ar]4s [Ar]4s [Ar]3d4s [Ar]3d 4s [Ar]3d 4s [Ar]3d 4s [Ar]3d 4s [Ar]3d 4s [Ar]3d 4s [Ar]3d 4s [Ar]3d 4s [Ar]3d 4s [Ar]3d 4s 4p [Ar]3d 4s 4p [Ar]3d 4s 4p [Ar]3d 4s 4p [Ar]3d 4s 4p [Ar]3d 4s 4p
4.3407 6.1132 6.5615 6.8281 6.7462 6.7665 7.4340 7.9025 7.8810 7.6399 7.7264 9.3942 5.9993 7.8994 9.7886 9.7524 11.8138 13.9996
37 2
S1/2 38 1
S0 39 2
D3/2 40 3
F2 41 6
D1/2 42 7
S3 43 6
S5/2 44 5
F5 45 4
F9/2 46 1
S0 47 2
S1/2 48 1
S0 49 2
°
P1/2 50 3
P0 51 4
°
S3/2 52 3
P2 53 2
°
P3/2 54 1
S0

5
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
85.468 87.62 88.906 91.224 92.906 95.95 (97) 101.07 102.91 106.42 107.87 112.41 114.82 118.71 121.76 127.60 126.90 131.29
2 2 2 2 4 5 5 2 7 8 10 10 10 2 10 2 10 2 2 10 2 3 10 2 4 10 2 5 10 2 6
[Kr]5s [Kr]5s [Kr]4d5s [Kr]4d 5s [Kr]4d 5s [Kr]4d 5s [Kr]4d 5s [Kr]4d 5s [Kr]4d 5s [Kr]4d [Kr]4d 5s [Kr]4d 5s [Kr]4d 5s 5p [Kr]4d 5s 5p [Kr]4d 5s 5p [Kr]4d 5s 5p [Kr]4d 5s 5p [Kr]4d 5s 5p
4.1771 5.6949 6.2173 6.6341 6.7589 7.0924 7.1194 7.3605 7.4589 8.3368 7.5762 8.9938 5.7864 7.3439 8.6084 9.0098 10.4512 12.1298
55 2
S1/2 56 1
S0 72 3
F2 73 4
F3/2 74 5
D0 75 6
S5/2 76 5
D4 77 4
F9/2 78 3
D3 79 2
S1/2 80 1
S0 81 2
°
P1/2 82 3
P0 83 4
°
S3/2 84 3
P2 85 2
°
P3/2 86 1
S0

6
Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Cesium Barium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
132.91 137.33 178.49 180.95 183.84 186.21 190.23 192.22 195.08 196.97 200.59 204.38 207.2 208.98 (209) (210) (222)
2 14 2 2 14 3 2 14 4 2 14 5 2 14 6 2 14 7 2 14 9 14 10 14 10 2 2 3 4 5 6
[Xe]6s [Xe]6s [Xe]4f 5d 6s [Xe]4f 5d 6s [Xe]4f 5d 6s [Xe]4f 5d 6s [Xe]4f 5d 6s [Xe]4f 5d 6s [Xe]4f 5d 6s [Xe]4f 5d 6s [Xe]4f 5d 6s [Hg]6p [Hg]6p [Hg]6p [Hg]6p [Hg]6p [Hg]6p
3.8939 5.2117 6.8251 7.5496 7.8640 7.8335 8.4382 8.9670 8.9588 9.2256 10.4375 6.1083 7.4167 7.2855 8.4181 9.3175 10.7485
87 2
S1/2 88 1
S0 104 3
F2 105 4
F3/2 106 0 107 5/2 108 4 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118

7
Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
Francium Radium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
(223) (226) (267) (268) (269) (270) (269) (277) (281) (282) (285) (286) (290) (290) (293) (294) (294)
2 14 2 2 14 3 2 14 4 2 14 5 2 14 6 2
[Rn]7s [Rn]7s [Rn]5f 6d 7s [Rn]5f 6d 7s [Rn]5f 6d 7s [Rn]5f 6d 7s [Rn]5f 6d 7s
4.0727 5.2784 6.02 6.8 7.8 7.7 7.6

Atomic Ground 57 2
D3/2 58 1
G°4 59 4
°
I9/2 60 5
I4 61 6
H°5/2 62 7
F0 63 8
S°7/2 64 9
D°2 65 6
H°15/2 66 5
I8 67 4
°
I15/2 68 3
H6 69 2
F°7/2 70 1
S0 71 2
D3/2
Lanthanides

Number State
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Symbol
58 1
G°4 Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium
138.91 140.12 140.91 144.24 (145) 150.36 151.96 157.25 158.93 162.50 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.05 174.97

Name
Ce [Xe]5d6s
5.5769
2
[Xe]4f5d6s
5.5386
2 3 2
[Xe]4f 6s
5.4702
4 2
[Xe]4f 6s
5.5250
5 2
[Xe]4f 6s
5.5819
6 2
[Xe]4f 6s
5.6437
7 2
[Xe]4f 6s
5.6704
7
[Xe]4f 5d6s
6.1498
2 9 2
[Xe]4f 6s
5.8638
10 2
[Xe]4f 6s
5.9391
11 2
[Xe]4f 6s
6.0215
12 2
[Xe]4f 6s
6.1077
13 2
[Xe]4f 6s
6.1844
14 2
[Xe]4f 6s
6.2542
14
[Xe]4f 5d6s
5.4259
2

Cerium
Standard 140.12 89 2
D3/2 90 3
F2 91 4
K11/2 92 5
L°6 93 6
L11/2 94 7
F0 95 8
°
S7/2 96 9
D°2 97 6
H°15/2 98 5
I8 99 4
°
I15/2 100 3
H6 101 2
F°7/2 102 1
S0 103 2
°
P1/2

Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
Actinides

Atomic 2
† [Xe]4f5d6s
Weight (u)
5.5386 Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium
(227) 232.04 231.04 238.03 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262)
Ground-state Ionization [Rn]6d7s
2 2 2
[Rn]6d 7s
2
[Rn]5f 6d7s
2 3
[Rn]5f 6d7s
2 4
[Rn]5f 6d7s
2 6 2
[Rn]5f 7s
7 2
[Rn]5f 7s
7
[Rn]5f 6d7s
2 9 2
[Rn]5f 7s
10 2
[Rn]5f 7s
11 2
[Rn]5f 7s
12 2
[Rn]5f 7s
13 2
[Rn]5f 7s
14 2
[Rn]5f 7s
14 2
[Rn]5f 7s 7p
Configuration Energy (eV) 5.3802 6.3067 5.89 6.1941 6.2655 6.0258 5.9738 5.9922 6.1979 6.2819 6.3684 6.50 6.58 6.6262 4.96

† 12
Based upon C. () indicates the mass number of the longest-lived isotope. For the most precise values and uncertainties visit ciaaw.org and pml.nist.gov/data.
NIST SP 966 (June 2024)
 NISTory of the Periodic Table
Deuterium Potassium
This rare heavy isotope of hydrogen was distilled from liquid JILA researcher Debbie Jin and her colleagues coaxed pairs of these
hydrogen at NIST and identified by Columbia University's Harold atoms into forming another new state of matter known as a
Urey (Nobel Prize 1934). fermionic condensate.
Image Credit: Uwe Arp/NIST Image Credit: JILA

Krypton Aluminum
The wavelength of light from this atom was used to define the Electrically charged versions of these atoms (ions) have been used
official meter until 1983. to create "quantum logic" clocks with record accuracy.
Image Credit: Neil Tucker/Wikimedia Image Credit: NIST

Cesium Beryllium
The frequency of light absorbed by this atom, measured by atomic Ions of these atoms have performed quantum logic operations that
clocks such as NIST-F4, has been used to officially define the could lay groundwork for future quantum computers.
second since 1967. Image Credit: S. Burrows/JILA

Image Credit: NIST

Sodium Strontium and Ytterbium

A gas of these atoms was cooled with lasers by NIST scientists to NIST and JILA researchers trapped thousands of these atoms in
reach temperatures near absolute zero (Nobel Prize 1997). webs of light known as optical lattices to create ultraprecise and
Image Credit: H. Mark Helfer/NIST stable atomic clocks.
Image Credit: NIST

Rubidium Charlotte Moore Sitterly

Researchers at JILA (NIST-CU Boulder) used these atoms to create a From 1945 to 1985, this NIST astrophysicist published critically
new state of matter called a Bose-Einstein condensate (Nobel Prize reviewed tables of atomic data, establishing the agency as an
2001). authoritative source of this information.
Image Credit: NIST/JILA/CU-Boulder Image Credit: NIST

www.nist.gov Design by: Natasha Hanacek/NIST