Republic of the Philippines

CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES

Nabua, Camarines Sur

GE 5 – Purposive Communication

Lesson 16: Referencing and Note-taking Skills

ESSENTIALS OF DOCUMENTING SOURCES

Proper documentation of all borrowed ideas, information, concepts, arguments,
or information for your research and other academic writings is very important. This is
done through citations which serves the following purposes:
1. To avoid plagiarism
Plagiarism is a serious offense. Basically, plagiarism means talking and
using the ideas information, concepts, arguments, or information of someone
else, intentionally or unintentionally, without properly citing them.
2. To make your paper more scholarly
Scholarly writing means that you are able to exhaustively use related and
current ideas, information, concepts, arguments or information coming from an
expert and to properly attribute these to the original source.
3. To help your target audience identify your original source.
More often than not, your target audience or readers want to either verify
the information or learn more about the information from the original source. With
proper citations, your target audience can easily access or identify the location of
the original source used in your paper.

There are two forms of citations. One is in-text and the other is reference citation.
1. In-text citation is citing the last name/s of the author/s or the name of the
organization, the year of publication and page numbers (for direct quotation) of
the original source depending on the citation style or format being followed.
In-text citations appear in the text.
 2. Reference citation is citing the complete bibliographic entries (author’s last
name/s, year of publication, title of publication, and name of publisher, among
others). Reference citations appear in the reference list found at the last part of
the paper.

A source that is cited in-text should also appear in the reference list.
Moreover, these citations are governed by rules of styles and structure which are
generally published as style guides or manual. Some of the widely use styles guides
are:
1. The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA).
2. The Modern Language Association Style Guide(MLA)
3. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)
4. American Medical Association Manual of Style (AMA)
5. The Chicago Manual of Style

Because there are many guides today, consult your teacher on his/her preferences,
or refer to the table below for a style guide specific to your discipline of study.
Style Guide Discipline
APA Psychology, education, nursing, hotel and restaurant
management, business, economics and other social sciences
MLA Literature, arts, and the humanities
IEEE Engineering
AMA Medicine, health sciences, and other natural sciences
Chicago Manual of Reference books, non-academic periodicals (e.g., newspaper,
Style magazines, and journal, among other)

STYLE GUIDES
Sources of information for both in-text and reference citations can be accessed
for free online.
 ● For APA and MLA, one source is the APA and MLA Formatting and Style
Guide by the University Online Writing Lab (OWL) at Purdue University:
APA (https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/); ML
(https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/).
● For IEEE, one source is IEEE Editorial Style Manual
(https://www.ieee.org/documents/style/_manual.pdf)
● For AMA, one source is AMA manual of Style A guide for Authors and
Editors(https://www.amamanualofstyle.com/view/10.1093/jama/97801951
7339.001.0001/med-9780195176339) or
(http://ww.litjmu.edu/citation/amaguide.pdf)

IN-TEXT CITATIONS
1. APA, 6th edition (pp169-179)
Basic rules
a. Follow author’s last name – (latest) year of publication method. AOA
encourages you to indicate page numbers even in paraphrase or summaries,
but you are not required. Place the period after the citations when it is at the
end of the sentence.
Examples:
● According to Sipacio (2014), APA style is required for business
students majoring in marketing.
● APA style is required for business students majoring in marketing
(Sipacio, 2014, p. 54).
b. For two authors, notice in the example the use of “&” when it is inside the
parentheses.
Examples:
● According to Sipacio and Barrot (2014), APA style is required for
business students majoring in marketing.
● APA style is required for business students majoring in marketing
(Sipacio & Barrot, 2014)
c. For multiple authors (three or more), use the primary author, followed by et al.
(and authors).
Examples:
● According to Sipacio et al. (2014), APA style is required for business
students majoring in marketing.
● APA Style is required for business student majors (Sipacio et al.. 2014)
d. When you use a direct quote less than 40 words, you are required to include
the page numbers\s abbreviated as p. or pp. Check the examples focusing on
the variety of format and the use of capitalization, parentheses and other
quotations marks, spacing, and numbers.

Examples:
● Sipacio (2014) claimed that “beginners found the APA style guide as
too complex” (p.56)
● According to Sipacio (2014) “beginners found the APA style guide as
too complex” (p.56)
● He claimed that “beginners found the APA style guide as too complex”
(Sipacio, 2014, p.56) because of several factors.

e. When you use a direct quote more than 40 words, you are still required to
include the page number/s abbreviated as p. or pp. Your direct quote should
be in a new line, intended 1.5 inches from the left margin. Check the example
focusing on the spacing and placement of the citation.

Example:
In his article “Poverty in the Philippines: Income, Assets, and access,” Shceliz
(2005) suggests a list of causes of poverty: (1) low to moderate economic
growth for the past 40; (2) low growth elasticity of poverty reduction: (3)
weakness in employment generation and the quality of jobs generated; (4)
failure to fully develop the agriculture sector; (5) high inflation during crisis
period; (6) high levels of population growth; (7) high and persistent levels of
 inequality (incomes and assets), which dampen the positive impacts of
economic expansion; and (8) recurrent shocks and exposure to risks such as
economic crisis, conflicts, natural disasters, and environmental poverty (p.2)

2. MLA Handbook, 7th Edition (Chapter 6) and MLA style Manual, 3rd Edition
(Chapter 7)

Basic rules
a. Follows author’s last name – page method. Check the examples focusing on
the variety formats and the use of capitalization, parentheses, quotation
marks, period, spacing, and numbers. Notice the absence of comma in
example two.

Examples:
● Sipacio claimed that the MLA style is required for students majoring in
the humanties (54).
● MLA style is required for Humanities student majors (Sipacio 54).

b. For two authors, notice in the example the use of “&” when it is inside the
parentheses.
Examples:
● Sipacio and Barrot claimed that the MLA style is required for students
majoring in the humanities (54).
● MLA style is required for students majoring in the humanities (Sipacio
& Barrot 54).
c. For multiple authors (three or more), use the primary author, followed by et al.
(and authors).
Example:
● Sipacio et al. claimed that MLA style is required for students majoring
in the humanities (54).
 ● MLA style is required for students majoring in the humanities (Sipacio
et al. 54).
d. Check the examples when you use a less than 40- word direct quote. Notice
the use of “qtd. In” translated as “quoted in” in third example.
Examples”
● Sipacio claimed that “beginner’s found the MLA style guide as too
complex” (56).
● As Sipacio claimed “beginner’s found the APA style guide as too
complex” (56).
● He claimed that “beginner’s found the APA style guide as too
complex” (qtd. In Sipacio 56). Because of several factors.
e. Check the examples when you use a 40-word or more direct quote. Unlike the
APA style, the spacing for the direct quote in the MLA style s single-spaced.
Example:
In this article” Poverty in the Philippines: Income Assets and Access”
Scheliz (2005) suggests a list of causes of poverty: (1) low to moderate
economic growth for the past 40 years; (2) low growth elasticity of poverty
reduction; (3) weakness in employment generation and the quality of jobs
generated; (4) failure to fully develop the agriculture sector (5) high inflation
during crisis periods; (6) high levels of population growth; (7) high and
persistent levels of inequality (income and assets), which dampen the positive
impacts of economic expansion; and (8) recurrent shocks and exposure to
risks such as economic crisis, conflicts, natural disasters, and environmental
poverty (2).
3. IEEE Editorial Style Manual (p 34)
Basic rules
a. Follow author’s last name – reference number method. Reference number is
a number in which the reference first cited in the text. When the same
reference is cited later, only the same number is used. Check the example
focusing on the variety of formats and the use of capitalization, brackets
instead of parenthesis, spacing, and reference numbers.
 Examples:
● Sipacio claimed that the IEEE style guide is required for engineering
students majors [1].
● There are reasons why beginners argued that the IEEE style is
complex.[1]
b. For two authors, notice in the example the use of “&” when it is inside the
brackets.
● Sipacio and Barrot claimed that the IEEE style guide is required for
engineering students majors. [1]
● IEEE style is required for engineering students major (Sipacio & Barrot
[1].

c. For multiple authors (three or more), use the primary author, followed by et al.
which means “and authors”.
Examples:
● Sipacio, at al claimed that the IEEE style guide is required for
engineering student’s majors [1].
● IEEE style guide is required for engineering students majors (Sipacio
et al. [1]

d. Check the variety of examples when you use a less than 40-word fierect
quote. Notice the use of single quotation marks.
Examples:
● Sipacio claimed that “beginners found the APA style guide as too
complex.[1]
● As Sipacio claims “beginners found the APA style guide as too
complex” [1]

e. Check the examples when you use a 40-word or more direct quote. Single
spacing is used. Reduce the font size.
Example:
 In this article” Poverty in the Philippines: Income Assets and Access”
Scheliz (2005) suggests a list of causes of poverty: (1) low to moderate
economic growth for the past 40 years; (2) low growth elasticity of poverty
reduction; (3) weakness in employment generation and the quality of jobs
generated; (4) failure to fully develop the agriculture sector (5) high inflation
during crisis periods; (6) high levels of population growth; (7) high and
persistent levels of inequality (income and assets), which dampen the positive
impacts of economic expansion; and (8) recurrent shocks and exposure to
risks such as economic crisis, conflicts, natural disasters, and environmental
poverty [1 p. 2].
4. AMA Manual of Style 10th edition, (Section1, Part 3)
Basic rules
a. Use a number when you cite a source. PAlce it by means of superscript after
the period of sentence. The number should be based on the sequence
number of that reference in the reference list page. Notice the absence of
author’s name.
Example:
● AMA style is required for health science student majors.1
b. When two articles of different authors are cited, use a comma to separate
reference 1 and 2.
Example:
● AMA style is required for health science student majors.1,2
c. When you use a direct quote that is less than four lines, you enclose it with
quotation marks. Use a reference number by means of superscript, which
appears after the closed quotation mark.
Example:
● “Beginners found the AMA style guide as too complex

d. When you use a direct quote of more than four lines, you should use a block
quotation that is indented, single spaced, and font style similar to the rest of
 the text. Use reference number by means of superscript, which appears at the
end of the quote after the period.
Example:
In this article” Poverty in the Philippines: Income Assets and Access”
Scheliz (2005) suggests a list of causes of poverty: (1) low to moderate
economic growth for the past 40 years; (2) low growth elasticity of poverty
reduction; (3) weakness in employment generation and the quality of jobs
generated; (4) failure to fully develop the agriculture sector (5) high inflation
during crisis periods; (6) high levels of population growth; (7) high and
persistent levels of inequality (income and assets), which dampen the positive
impacts of economic expansion; and (8) recurrent shocks and exposure to
risks such as economic crisis, conflicts, natural disasters, and environmental
poverty. 3

REFERENCE CITATIONS
1. APA 6th edition
General rules
● Place this section on a new page separate from the text of your writing:
label this page “References” centers at the top of the page (do not
boldface,underline, or use quotation marks for the title).
● Apply hanging indentation. That means the lines after the first one
should be indented from the left margin.
● Double-space all texts just like the rest of the paper.
● Follow this sequence in writing the names of the author; last name
then the initial of the first name including the middle initial.
● Arrange the references in alphabetical order by the last name of the
first author of each work.
● Use a capitalization in all content words I academic journal titles.
● Capitalize only the first letter of the first word a title, the first letter of the
first word of its subtitle after a colon, and proper nouns.
 ● Italicize the titles. When the article is used, italicize only the journal
title.
● Remove hyperlink of the URL for online sources.
● Place a period at the end of the entry for print sources only.
● Put “n.d.” (no date) for sources with no date.
●
The following are some of the sources most commonly used in research writing.
Look closely at the given examples. Pay attention to the sequence of entries,
parenthesis, italics, capitalization, and punctuation marks.

a. Articles from an online journal

If the article has been assigned with a digital object identifier (DOI) then you
should indicate it. Otherwise, use the URL of the article preceded by a signal
phrase “Retrieval From”. Include volume number, issue number enclosed in
parenthesis (if available), and page number/s.

Examples:

● Barrot, J. S. (2013). A macro perspective on key issue in English as a

second language (ESL) pedagogy in the postmethod era: Confronting
challenges through sociocognitive-transformative approach. The
Asia-Pacific Education Researcher. doi:10.1007s40299-013-0119-4.
● Guthrine, K., & McCraken, H. (2010). Reflective pedagogy: Making
meaning in experimental based online courses. Journal of Educators
Online, 7 (2), 1-21. Retrieved from
http://www.thejeo.com/Archieves/Volume7Number2/GuthriePaper.pdf

b. Book Section
Include page number/s and place it at the end of the enry.
 Example:
● Antonio, L.C. (2010). Study on Recyclables Collection. In M. Kojima,
(Ed.), 3R Policies for Southeast and East Asia. ERIA Research Project
Report 2009-10, Jakarta: ERIA. 40-70.

c. Books
Single author
Example:
● Friedman, T.L. (2009). Hot, flat and crowded: Why we need a green
revolution- and how it can renew America. NY: Picador.
Two authors
Examples:
● Dryzek, J. S., & Dunleavy, P. (2009). Theories of the democratic state.
NH: Palgrave Macmillan.
Multiple authors (with seven authors)
Examples:
● Plata, S. M. et al. (2006). Research, process and product workbook.
Laguna: Trailblazers Publication.
Format of book with two or multiple authors applies to all sources.

d. Conference Proceedings
Examples:
● Sipacio, P. J. (2013). Percieved effectivenss of zero-plastic waste
initiatives in Philippines cities: A policy review with recommendations
for innovation and sustainability. Proceedings from 2013 the 2nd Hong
Kong International Conference on Education, Psychology and Society,
Hong Kong.
e. Internet Sources
Example:
● OWL Purdue University Online Writing Lab (n.d.) APA style. REtrived
from https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/2/10
f. Journal Articles
Italicize the journal title. Include volume number, issue number enclosed in
parenthesis (if available), and page number/s.
Single author
Example:
● Magno, C. (2010). The role of metacognitive skills in developing critical
thinking. Metacognition Learning, 5, 137-156.
Two authors
Example:
● Barrot, J., & De Leon, K. (2011). Accuracy order of the grammatical
morphemes in the oral production of preschool pupils. Indonesian
Journal of Applied Linguistics. 3(2), 63-76.
Multiple authors
Examples:
● Barrios, A., Bolanos, E, Cequena, M., Barrot, J., & Gabinete, K. (2013).
Investigating the relationship between college student’s self-perception
and actual performance in reading and in writing. Philippine ESL
Journal, 11, 23.

g. Personal Communication
A personal interview should not appear in the reference list but should be
cited in text.
Examples:
● S. Tabiola (personal communication, November 30, 2014)
● (S. Tabiola, personal communication, November 30, 2014)

h. Same author in the same year

Examples:
● Barrot, J. S. (2013a). A macro perspective on key issue in English as
a second language (ESL) pedagogy in the postmethod era:
 Confronting challenges through sociocognitive-transformative
approach. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher.
doi:10.1007s40299-013-0119-4.
● Barrot, J. S. (2013b). Revisiting the role of linguistic complexity in ESL
reading comprehension. 3L: The southeast Asian Journal of English
Language Studies. Retrieved from
http://core.kmi.open.ac.uk/download/pdf/11494968.pdf

i. Thesis and Dissertation

Example:
● Tui, G. (2013). Toward an internationalization model for De La Salle
University (DLSU): An Assessment of current approaches in two Asian
institutions (unpublished doctoral dissertation). De La Salle University,
Manila.
 2. MLA Handbook, 8th Edition
General rules
● Place this on new page separate from the text of your writing; label this
“Work/s Cited” centered at the top of the page do not boldface,
underline, or use quotation marks for the title).
● Just like in the APA format, apply hanging indentation. That means line
after the first one should be indented from the left margin.
● All text should be double-spaced just like the rest of the paper.
● List the entries in alphabetical order by the author’s last name (or, for
entire edited collections, or anthologies, write the editor’s name). Write
the last name of the author followed by his/her first name; if the middle
name or initial is available, indicate it and it should follow the first
name.
● Italicize the titles.
● Capital the first letters of all content ords in the tiles.
● You may or you may not include the URL. However if you include the
URL, enclosed it in brackets and end it in a period.
● Place a period at the end of all entries.
● Provide page numbers of sources. Use an en dash to indicate page
range.
Sources
a. Articles from an online journal
Include volume and number of journal. Include the do if there is any.
Examples:
● Barrot, Jessie. “A Macro Perspective on Key Issues in English as a
Second Language (ESL) Pedagogy in the Postmethod Era: Contronting
Challenges Through Sociocognitive-transformative Approach,” The
Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, vol. 23, no. 3, 2013.
● Guthrine, K., & McCraken, H. (2010). Reflective pedagogy: Making
meaning in experimental based online courses. Journal of Educators
Online, vol. 7, no. 2, 2010.
b. Book Sections
Example:
● Kojima, Michikazu. Ed. 3R Policies for Southeast and East Asia. ERIA
Research Protect Report 2009-10, Jakarta: ERIA, 2010 pp. 40-70.

c. Books
Single author
Example:
● Friedman, Thomas Hot, flat and crowded: Why we need a green
revolution- and how it can renew America. NY: Picador, 2009.
Two authors
Examples:
● Dryzek, John and Patrick Dunleavy. Theories of the democratic state.
NH: Palgrave Macmillan., 2009.
Multiple authors (with seven authors)
Examples:
● Plata, S. M. et al. Research, process and product workbook.
Trailblazers Publication. (2006)
Format of book with two or multiple authors applies to all sources.

d. Conference Proceedings
Examples:
● Sipacio, Philippine John, “Perceived effectiveness of zero-plastic waste
initiatives in Philippines cities: A policy review with recommendations
for innovation and sustainability”. Proceedings of the 2nd Hong Kong
International Conference on Education, Psychology and Society. 2013.
e. Internet Sources
Example:
 ● OWL Purdue University Online Writing Lab. APA style. Web. 8
November 2014.
● OWL Purdue University Online Writing Lab. APA style. Web. 8
November 2014. [https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/2/10]

f. Journal Articles
Italicize the journal title. Include volume number, issue number enclosed in
parenthesis (if available), and page number/s.
Single author
Example:
● Magno, Carlo. “The role of metacognitive skills in developing critical
thinking”. Metacognition Learning, vol. 5, 2010, pp. 137-156.
Two authors
Example:
● Barrot, Jessie and Kristine de Leon. “Accuracy order of the
grammatical morphemes in the oral production of preschool pupils”.
Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, vol. 3, no. 2, 2011, pp.
63-76.
Multiple authors
Examples:
● Barrios, Aireen et al. “Investigating the relationship between college
student’s self-perception and actual performance in reading and in
writing”. Vol.11, 2013, p. 23. Philippine ESL Journal.

g. Personal Communication
A personal interview or e-mail should not appear in the reference list but
should be cited in text.
Examples:
● In a personal interview dated November 8, 2014. S. Tabiola stated
that…..
● S. Tabiola (phone interview, November 8, 2014)
 Same author in the same year
Example:
● Barrot, Jessie. “A Macro Perspective on Key Issues in English as a
Second Language (ESL) Pedagogy in the Postmethod Era: Contronting
Challenges Through Sociocognitive-transformative Approach,” The
Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, vol. 23, no. 3, 2013, pp. 435-439.
---. Revisiting the role of linguistic complexity in ESL reading
comprehension. 3L: The southeast Asian Journal of English Language
Studies, vol. 19, no. 1, 2016,
[http://core.kmi.open.ac.uk/download/pdf/11494968.pdf].

h. Thesis and Dissertation

Example:
● Tui, G. (2013). Toward an internationalization model for De La Salle
University (DLSU): An Assessment of current approaches in two Asian
institutions (unpublished doctoral dissertation). De La Salle University,
Manila, 2013. Print
Sample Format
 3. IEEE Editorial Style Manual, 2014
General Rules
● Place this on new page separate from the text of your writing; label this
“References” centered at the top of the page do not boldface, underline, or
use quotation marks for the title).
● Do not apply hanging indentation unlike in APA and MLA format.
● Single space all texts.
● List the entries in alphabetical order by the author’s last name (or, for
entire edited collections or anthologies write the editor names). Author
names are written first name (initial only) – Last name.
● Do not cut the title or add words to it..
● Enclose the titles with quotation marks.
● Use capitalization in all content words in the titles.
● Include the article’s URL if it has been assigned with a DOI.
● Place a period at the end of all entries.
● Provide page numbers of sources. Use an en dash to indicate a page
range.

Sources
a. Articles from an online journal
Include volume and number of journal. Include the do if there is any.
Examples:
● J. Barrot, “A Macro Perspective on Key Issues in English as a Second
Language (ESL) Pedagogy in the postmethod Era: Confronting
Challenges through sociocognitive-transformative Approach,” The
Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, Doi: 10.1007/s40299-013-0119-4.
2013.
 ● K. Guthrine and H. McCraken, Reflective pedagogy: Making meaning in
experimental based online courses,” Journal of Educators Online. [Online]
vol. 7, (no. 2) pp 1-21. Available:
http://ww.thejeo.com/Achieves/Volume7/Number2/GuthriePaper.pdf 2010.

b. Book Sections
Example:
● L. Antonio, “Study on Recyclables Collection Trends and Best
Practices in the Philippines” in 3R Policies for Southeast and East
Asia. ERIA Research Project Report 2009-10 M. Kojima, Ed., Jakarta:
ERIA, 2010, pp. 40-70.
c. Books
Single author
Example:
● T. Friedman, Hot, flat and crowded: Why we need a green revolution-
and how it can renew America. NY: Picador, 2009.
Two authors
Examples:
● J. Dryzek, J. and P. Dunleavy. Theories of the democratic state. NH:
Palgrave Macmillan., 2009.
Multiple authors (with seven authors)
Examples:
● S. Plata, et al., Research, process and product workbook. Trailblazers
Publication. 2006
d. Conference Proceedings
Examples:
● P. Sipacio, “Perceived effectiveness of zero-plastic waste initiatives in
Philippines cities: A policy review with recommendations for innovation
and sustainability”. Proceedings of the 2nd Hong Kong International
Conference on Education, Psychology and Society. 2013.
e. Internet Sources
Example:
● OWL Purdue University Online Writing Lab, APA style. Available:
[https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/2/10]

f. Journal Articles
Italicize the journal title. Include volume number, issue number enclosed in
parenthesis (if available), and page number/s.
Single author
Example:
● C. Magno, “The role of metacognitive skills in developing critical
thinking”. Metacognition Learning, vol. 5, 2010, pp. 137-156. March
2010
Two authors
Example:
● J. Barrot, and K. De Leon, “Accuracy order of the grammatical
morphemes in the oral production of preschool pupils”. Indonesian
Journal of Applied Linguistics, vol. 3, no. 2, 2011, pp. 63-76. Jan. 2011.
Multiple authors
Examples:
● Barrios, et al. “Investigating the relationship between college student’s
self-perception and actual performance in reading and in writing”.
Philippine ESL Journal vol.11, 2013, p. 23. .July 2013

g. Personal Communication
Personal Communication includes conversations, letters, interview e-mail
and telephone conversations. These should not appear in the reference list
but should be cited in text.
Examples:
 ● In a personal interview with political analyst, S. Tabiola, he suggested
that ……
● S. Tabiola in a phone conversation, claimed that …..

h. Same author in the same year

Example:
● J. Barrot, “A Macro Perspective on Key Issues in English as a Second
Language (ESL) Pedagogy in the Postmethod Era: Confronting
Challenges Through Sociocognitive-transformative Approach,” The
Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, Doi: 10.1007/s40299-013-0119-4.
2013a.
● J. Barrot, “Revisiting the role of linguistic complexity in ESL reading
comprehension. 3L: The southeast Asian Journal of English Language
Studies. Available :
[http://core.kmi.open.ac.uk/download/pdf/11494968.pdf].

i. Thesis and Dissertation

Example:
● G. Tui, “Toward an internationalization model for De La Salle University
(DLSU): An Assessment of current approaches in two Asian institutions
Ph.D dissertation, De La Salle University, Manila, 2013.
 4. AMA Manual of Style, 10th edition
General rules
● Place this on new page separate from the text of your writing; label this
“References” centered at the top of the page do not boldface, underline, or
use quotation marks for the title).
● List your references based on numerical order reflecting the order of your
in-text citation, not in alphabetical order.
● Do not apply hanging indentation like in APA and MLA format.
● Single space and left justified (flush left) all texts.
● List entries in alphabetical order by the author’s last name (or, for entire
edited collections, editors name). Followed by the initial of the first name
of the author the initial of his/her second first name or middle name.
● Do not cut the title or add words to it.
● Use capitalization in all content words in the titles.
● Place a period at the end of all entries.
● Provide page numbers of sources. Use an en dash in a span of pages.

Sources
a. Articles from an online journal
Include volume and number of journal. Include the do if there is any.
Examples:
● Barrot, J “A Macro Perspective on Key Issues in English as a Second
Language (ESL) Pedagogy in the postmethod Era: Confronting
Challenges through sociocognitive-transformative Approach,” The
Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, Doi: 10.1007/s40299-013-0119-4.
Accessed November 8, 2014.
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SUMMARIZING VERSUS PARAPHRASING VERSUS QUOTING

Summarizing Paraphrasing Direct Quoting

● Does not match the ● Does not match the ● Match the source
source word for word source word for word word for word.
● Involves putting the ● Involves putting a ● Is usually a brief
main idea(s) into your passage from a segment of the text
own words, focusing source into your own ● Appears between
only on the main point words. quotation marks.
(s) ● Changes the words or ● Must be attributed to
● Presents a broad paraphrasing of a the original source.
overview, which passage, but retains
makes it usually much and fully
shorter than the communicates the
original text original meaning
● Must be attributed to ● Must be attributed to
the original source the original source
● Is significantly than
the original

WHEN TO USE PARAPHRASING, SUMMARIZING, AND DIRECT QUOTING

Paraphrasing Summarizing Direct Quoting
● Paraphrase a text that ● Summarize a text that ● Quote a text that
is short in length (a has long sections conveys powerful
one or two sentences (e.g., a page of message or shows
or paragraph with a chapter of a book or less impact if it is
maximum of five the book itself; a paraphrased or
sentences). paragraph of an essay summarized (e.g.,
● Use a paraphrasing or the essay itself. Constitution,
when you want to ● Use a summarizing government
avoid or minimize when you want to documents,
 direct quotation; or avoid or minimize philosophies,
rewrite the author’s direct quotation; or monographs or other
words by not use the main idea of scholarly materials).
changing the the text and write it in ● Use a quoting when
message or use your your own words. you want to begin
own words to state your discussion with
the authors ideas. the authors stand; or
highlight the author’s
expertise in your
claim, argument, or
discussion.

EXAMPLES TO COMPARE

The Original Passage

A Legitimate Paraphrase
An Acceptable Summary

A Standard Format for Direct Quotation

POWER TIPS FOR PARAPHRASING AND SUMMARIZING

1. Decide whether to paraphrase or to summarize a text based on its length.
2. Read the text and understand the meaning it conveys. DO not stop reading until
you understand the message conveyed by the author. Specifically for
summarizing locate the gist or main idea of the text, which can be found at the
beginning, middle, or end.
3. Use a pen to underline or highlight the key words or main idea of the text.
4. Put the text aside.
5. Recall the key words or main idea of the text that you highlighted when you read
it.
6. Write in your own words what you understood about the ideas in the text.
7. Get the original text and compare it with your paraphrase or summary.
8. Check the meaning. Remember, your paraphrase or summary should have the
same meaning as the original text.
9. Check the sentence structure. The sentence structure of your paraphrase or
summary should be different from the original text.
10. Reread your paraphrase or summary and make it sure it reflects the idea
conveyed in the original text.
11. Record the details of the original source (author’s name/s, date of publication,
title, publisher, place of publishing, and URL, if online). Indicating the page
number/s of the original text is not necessary in citing sources in paraphrases or
summaries.
12. Format your paraphrase or summary properly. You are highly encouraged to use
different formats to show variety in writing. These three formats are idea heading,
author heading, and date heading.
a. Idea Heading Format
In this format, the paraphrased or summarized idea comes before the citation.
 b. Author Heading Format
In this format, the paraphrased or summarized idea comes after the citation.
The author’s name/s is/are connected by an appropriate reporting verb.
Example:

c. Date Heading Format

In this format, the paraphrased or summarized idea comes after the citation.
Example:

POWER TIPS FOR QUOTING

1. Copy exactly the part of the text that you want to use.
2. Use quotation marks to show the beginning and ending of the quote.
 3. Record the details of the orginal source (author’s name/s, date of publication,
title, publisher, place of publishing, URL if online, and page number/s). Indicating
the page number/s is necessary in citing sources in quoting. Check Lesson 13 for
proper and appropriate citation.
4. Format your quotation properly. When your direct quotation is at least 40 words, it
should be indented. Refer to the example below.

However, when your direct quotation is below 40 words, it should be

presented as part of the text. Check the example below.

USING REPORTING VERBS

Reporting verbs are generally used to integrate your sources in the text. In using
reporting verbs, you are highly encouraged to vary your verb usage to make your writing
more interesting. In terms of what tense of the verbs indicate that the author views the
idea to be outdated and wants to negate it. The present tense of the verb indicates that
the author probably views the idea to be relevant or agreeable to him/her.
Hyland (1999) list a frequency of reporting verbs according to discipline:

Discipline Reporting Verbs from the most common to least common (left to right)
Biology Describe Find Report Show Suggest Observe
Marketing Suggest Argue Find Demonstrate Propose Show
Linguistics Suggest Argue Show Explain Find Point Out
Sociology Argue Suggest Describe Note Analyze Discuss
Philosophy Say Suggest Argue Claim Point Out Hold Think
Overall Suggest Argue Fine Show Describe Propose Report

______________________________________ (End of Lesson )

Reference: Barrot, Jessie S. and Philippe John S. Sipacio. Purposive Communication in the 21st
Century. Quezon City: C & E Publishing Inc, 2018

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