both ... and, either, etc.

D We use and and both ... and to link two similar D We use neither ..• nor to put two negative
ideas in one sentence: statements together:
She is tired. She is hungry. Peter didn't come. )ess didn't come.
1t-.- - --r---.....11 I I

+ . +
Ne1ther Peter nor )ess came.
She is tired and hungry.
She is both tired and hungry. The verb form (came) is positive, because
We found both our tickets and our money. neither ... nor makes the sentence negative:
D We use but to contrast two different ideas: NOT ~eit/<ier Peter "er}ess tJitJ,'t te,e.
He swims. He doesn't play tennis. (t When we talk about two things, we can also use
He swims, but he doesn't play tennis. both, either and neither like this:
/live in Bristol, but I work in London.
D We use so to talk about the result of
both
eit~er
}
of
{the~: } PLURAL NOUN

something (see Unit 104); it links two neither these

actions(= and therefore ...):
SITUATION: RESULT:
I'm tired. I'm going to bed.

I'm tired, so I'm going to bed. I haven't seen either of the films.

They were late, so they missed the train.

D We ~se or and<:4nther ... hr to talk about two
possibilities:
POSSIBILITY A: POSSIBILITY B:
She's French. She's Swiss.
L...l- - -- . - - - -1
+
She's French or Swiss.
He has two cars, but neither of them works.
She's either French or Swiss.
That man is either a footballer or an actor.
I never work all day. I work either in the
morning or in the afternoon.

Complete the second halves of the sentences with but or so.

• The film was very long, but

s.Q. .
it was interesting.
we got home late.
The restaurant is very expensive, the food is terrible.
.............. only rich people go there.
2 I'm studying hard, I don't have much free time.
I'm not making much progress.
3 I've got her email address, I can write to her.
I haven't got her mobile number.
4 We wanted to swim, we went to the seaside.
the sea was too cold.
5 They didn't have any money, ................ they wanted to eat in a restaurant.
................. they couldn't go to a restaurant.
6 I lost my bag, ........ ......... 1went to the police station.
................. !found £10 in my pocket.

226
 I

Building sentences

Combine these sentences with both ... and.

+ Jasmine owns a shop. She owns a restaurant. J~srnin~ o~ns both a shop and .a r~sta.ur~nt........ ..... ··--··-···
1 This restaurant is cheap.lt is good. ... ········-·· .... .. ... .. .... .... ·-. ....... ... ··············-···· ... ··-·····-
2 Jo bought a dress. She bought a jumper. ............ -···· ...... ·-··· -················ ······- ·-
3 They play golf. They play tennis. .......... ............. ....... ........ ...... .... .. ..... .. .... .......... .. ... ............ . ... . .. ··-·
4 The film was funny. lt was exciting.

Now combine these sentences with either ... or.

+ POSSIBILITY A: She's at the office. POSSIBILITY B: She's at the airport.
.$ ht{? e.it.her .a t th~ office or a:t..the ~irpo_rj;.
POSSIBILITY A: Paul's at home. POSSIBILITY B: Paul's at the gym.

2 POSSIBILITY A: The shop is in East Street. POSSIBILITY B: The shop is in Fox Street.

3 POSSIBILITY A: Her father is a doctor. POSSIBILITY B: Her father is a dentist.

4 POSSIBILITY A: The museum is in Oxford. POSSIBILITY B: The museum is in Bath.

Now combine these sentences with neither .. . nor.

+ Chris didn't have time to take a holiday. Michelle didn't have time to take a holiday.
Ne_it.her {;hri~JIOr Mich~ll~ _had tiJT.l~ tp.take a holiday._
The bus didn't arrive on time. The train didn't arrive on time.

2 David doesn't play tennis. Mike doesn't play tennis.

3 The restaurants aren't good. The hotels aren't good.

4 The English team didn't play well. The Scottish team didn't play well.

Complete the sentences with both/either/neither+ of+ us/ them (e.g. neither of us).
+ I went to the concert with Mary, but neither of us enjoyed it very much because it was a
bit boring.
There are two flights we can catch to New York. Both flights cost the same amount so we can choose

2 I played two games against Harry, and I lost . ......... because he is a much better player
than me.
3 I saw Jasmine and Alice walking down the street and I waved at them, but ..... . . ...... ... saw
me because they were talking.
4 I looked at George, and George looked at me. Then ..........__.. ....... ......... .. started to laugh because it
was such a funny situation.
5 A man spoke to us but ............................................ could understand him, so we didn't answer.
6 Tim and I wanted to go to the game, but ......................................... ........... could get tickets, so we watched it on
TV.

227
 D We use because to give the reason D We use so to talk about the result of something:
for something:

jack's got the flu so he's in bed.

We couldn't go out because the weather The weather was terrible so we couldn't go out.
was terrible. My neighbours were having a party and making
I took a taxi because I was in a hurry. a lot of noise so I couldn't sleep.
We use because of with a noun (e.g. flu,
weather, noise):
D We use so that to talk about the purpose of
an action:

/listen to the news in the morning so that I

I couldn't sleep because of the noise. know what's happening in the world.
D We use in case when the reason is something
Tom goes jogging every day so that he'll stay fit.
I took a taxi so that my friends would not have
that might happen:
to wait for me.
(We can also use to + infinitive to talk about
purpose; see Unit 95.)
(= I'm taking an umbrella because it might
rain.)
I'll phone John, in case he wants to come
with us. (= ... because he might want to
come with us.)

Write each sentence in a different way using the words given.

+ Tom didn't want to go out because he had a cold.
Tom di~.n 't want to go out . . .. because of his cold ...
+ Take some money because you might need to take a taxi.
Take some mon.~Y. . .... . ...... ....... .. ... in case yo.l,l n~~~ tq.ta.~~ ~ t;a~i .........
+ John and I asked for a drink because we were thirsty.
John apd .l..w.ere.thirs.ty . ... ... . ... .. so we <:~ske.~ fQf.".a cjri.nk ..
Mary went to bed because she was tired .
... . 50
2 I couldn't sleep because it was so hot.
.. the heat.
3 Charlotte doesn't like apples so she doesn't eat them.
because
4 The streets were crowded because of the football match.
......... ... ....... ............. ... ............. .... .... ....... ... ..................... there was a football match.
5 I'll give Jasmine a key to the house because she might get home before me.
................................................................. ................ ...... .... ........... ... in case ............................. ............ ... .............. .. . ...... ... .... . .......... . .....

228
 Building sentences

Complete the sentences with because, in case or so, and a phrase from the box. Use each
phrase once.
I'll take a book to read he lost his passport
I want to lose weight his wife was ill
she's at home more people come to the party
the)' had to wait fer the Ael<t one
--~~

+ They missed one bus sq:they had.tow?'lit fqr. th~ nex~ pn~.· ...... ....... .. ......... .. . . .... . ........ .. .... ......... .. . . .. .
I don't know where my sister is, but I'll try phoning her .. .. ................ ...... .. .. .... .. . . .... .... ... . ... . ....... --· ...
2 I'm eating less these days . ... . . .... ..... . .......... .... ... . .... ... . ..... . .......... ....... .. ...................... ...... .......... ...... . .. ... .... .. ...... .... . .. ..
3 Peter had trouble at the airport ......... ...... .. .... • . .. ... ................................................................................................................... .
4 it's a long journey ....................................,~..........................................................................................................................................................
5 We've bought more food ..... .... ............................................................................................................................ ..
6 Mr Smith didn't go to the meeting ..................... ....... ............ . ...... .................... . ......... ...... . ......... .. .... ....... .

Write out complete sentences using the words in brackets ( ), making any necessary changes
and including so that.
+ (Mark/go/swimming every day/he can stay healthy.)
sQ..tra.t.bt: .car s~ay healthy, ..
Mi~if~ gqes. ?.Wim.m.il!g..c.y~.ry cjgy _

(Last week, my brother/lend/me £60/1 could buy some new trainers.)

2 (Last month, the Government/pass/new traffic laws/there will be fewer accidents.)

3 (Our school has/open/a new library/we can have more books.)

4 (Anna always/write/everything in her diary/she doesn't forget her appointments.)

5 (Last Friday, we/leave/home early/we could avoid the morning traffic.)

If the sentence is correct, put a t ick (.1). If it is incorrect cross out any incorrect words and, if
necessary, write in the correct word.
+ A: Why are they tired? ./ ...
B: Because~ their long journey. of
1 I can't come tomorrow, so that I came today. . . .. . ........
2 Take a sandwich with you in case you get hungry. ...
3 Julie had to go to the shops so she needed something for lunch.

4 A: Good morning. I've come because of my back hurts. ..

B: You mean you've come so a check-up? O.K. But we're very busy today so you'll have
to wait about an hour.

229
 D We can use because, since and as to express a }ohnson is in prison for dangerous driving.
reason for something. Normally we use because Sa m won a medal for saving a young boy.
when the reason has not been mentioned
previously; the reason usually comes in Here the reason happens before the reaction.
second place:
We stayed at home because Tom was ill.
D You will sometimes see for used in a way similar
to because:
If the conversation has already mentioned that Diane was pleased to receive the books, for she
Tom was ill, we normally express the reason was fond of reading.
with since or as; the reason usually comes in However, this is not common and you can
first place:
always use because in these cases.
Tom wasn't feeling well. Since/As Tom was ill,
we stayed at home. D We can also use prepositions due to and
owing to with a noun to express a reason:
D We can use for to express purpose or reason
Many people arrived late due to/owing to the
with different structures. We can use it with a
heavy rain.
noun to express a purpose:
Due to/Owing to tl~-:,.,.~repairs, we had to
I went to the shops for some cheese.
take a different route.
We stopped for a drink.
If we use these prepositions with a clause, we
When the action and the purpose involve have to include the fact that:
different people, we express this with for and
a noun or pronoun followed by the infinitive The concert was cancelled due to/owing to
with to: the fact that the pianist had appendicitis.
We stopped for the children to have a drink. Note that we can use noun + be + due to +
I waited for him to finish his homework. noun:
The delay was due to fog.
We can use for with a noun or an , ing form to
give the reason for a reaction: We cannot use owing to in this way:
NOT The delay was owirrg to f-og.
The teacher sent Charlotte home for cheating.
Here the reason happens before the action
My cousin was arrested for robbery. or fact.

A Complete the sentences with an expression from the box.

due to a problem with the brakes for the children
for the best drawing for some bottled water
since Carolyn's a vegetarian owing to the underground strike
ror a El::t p of coffee

+ The workers had a break for a cup of coffee

1 She kept a box of toys to play with.
2 Amber won a prize
3 , we can't take her to our usual restaurant.
4 Jasmine's accident was
5 Jack has gone to the shops
6 Many people were late for work

230
 Building sentences

For each pair of sentences, complete the second so that it means the same as the first.
In some cases there is more than one possibility.
+ Lucy went to the kitchen to get some ice cubes.
Lucy went to the kitchen for sol)1e i~~ cub~s ....
Jonny's mother sent him to his room because he misbehaved.
Jonny's mother sent him to his room for ...
2 The ferry was late due to the heavy winds.
The ferry was late due to . it was very windy.
3 Nathan hit his sister and his father punished him.
Nathan's father punished him for
4 We had the meeting in the annex because they were repairing the main building.
We had the meeting in the annex owing to .. . ..... .. .... the
main building.
5 The boss gave lsaac a bonus because he worked at the weekend.
The boss gave lsaac a bonus for . at the weekend.
6 I can't get into the bathroom because Emily's there.
Since , I can't get in there.
7 The road is blocked because some trees have fallen.
The blocked road is due to
8 They waited while the sheep crossed the road.
They waited for . . .. .. cross the road.

C Here is a story about a day out for the Long family. Choose the correct options
to complete it.
Mr Long is a careless driver. In fact he has a reputation as a dangerous driver • because/
owing to the police have fined him three times 1 because/for speeding. 2 Due to/Since
he drives carelessly, his wife usually drives the family car, especially when the children are
with them. The children often feel sick in the car 3 due to the fact that/owing to they are
not good travellers, and when this happens Mrs Long has to stop the car 4 for/ as them to
have a break. Some people take pills for travel sickness, of course, but Mrs Long doesn't like
the idea 5 because/due to she doesn't think they work. One hot summer's day the family
were on their way to visit Mrs Long's mother 6 owing to the fact that/owing to it was her
birthday. 7 Since/For it was a special day the children were wearing their best clothes, so
it was obviously a bad day 8 for/because them to get dirty. Very soon the children were
feeling sick, probably due 9 to/for the heat, so Mrs Long stopped the car several times
10
for/since them to get out for some fresh air. When they finally arrived, grandmother said,
'You're a bit late but I suppose that's 11 due to/owingJQ the traffic.' 'Not really,' said Mrs
Green. 'The journey took longer than usual 12 because/owing to the heat and we had to
stop several times 13 to/for a break.' At their grandmother's the children soon felt better
and they had a great afternoon. After lunch they went for long walk with Grandma's dog,
Queenie. On the way home they were tired and fell asleep straightaway in the car.

231
 however, despite, etc.

D We can contrast two ideas or situations within I agree with the idea. I don't think it's very
a sentence with although: practical, however.
Although the weather was very cold, we
We use a comma to separate however
decided to go for a walk.
from the rest of the sentence.
The government passed the new law although
many people opposed it. Though can also go at the end of a
separate sentence:
Informally we can use though in the same way:
I agree with the idea. I don't think it's very
Though the weather was very cold, we decided practical, though.
to go for a walk.
The government passed the new law though Although is not possible here.
many people opposed it. D We can use prepositions in spite of and
While is not possible here. despite with a noun {but not usually a personal
pronoun) to express concession or contrast:
D We can use while to contrast two aspects of In spite of/Despite the cold weather, we
the same thing or two similar things within decided to go for a walk.
a sentence:
The government passed the new law in spite
While I agree with the idea, I don't think it's of/despite the opposition.
very practical.
Some of my friends have found work while If we use these prepositions with a clause, we
others are still unemployed. have to include the fact that, e.g.:
The government passed the new law in spite
(AI)though is also possible here. of/despite the fact that many people were
D When the contrast is expressed in a separate against it.
sentence, we use however:
The government passed the new law.
However, many people were against it.

In each question, complete the second sentence (or pair of sentences) so that the meaning is
the same as the first sentence (or pair of sentences).
+ Jacob is older than Megan but she is ta ller than he is.
Although Jacob is older than Megan, she is taller than he is
In spite of the fact t hat it was dangerous, many people helped in the rescue.
Many people helped in t he rescue although
2 Some people continue to smoke cigarettes although there is a serious warning on every packet.
t he warning on every packet, some people continue to smoke cigarettes.
3 There were several stronger teams but it was Greece that won the cup.
There were several stro nger teams. lt w as Greece t hat won the cup, .
4 Although London is m ore expensive than t he rest of Britain, many people prefer to live there.
Many people prefer to live in London despite .
it is more expensive t han the rest of Britain.
5 My work is interesting but it is not very well paid.
While . it is not very wel l paid.
6 Although Amy complained about the exam s, she got very good marks.
Amy complained about the exams. .. ... .. ... ... ... .. . .. she got very good marks.

232
 I

I
i
Build ing sentences

Complete this speech about drugs by putting in although, despite, however or while. In some
cases there is more than one possibility.
Ladies and gentlemen. Today I want to explain why I think drugs should be legalized. Many
people think that all drugs are illegal. •..Ho.we'{~r............. ........... the legal situation is different in
1
different countries. For example, _ .................................................. coca leaves are legal in some parts of
South America, they are banned in the USA and many other countries. But even in the USA
and Europe, it is not true that all drugs are illegal. 2.. . ......................................... tobacco and alcohol
are seriously addictive, they are a regular aspect of most social gatherings in our countries. Not
everybody who smokes tobacco or drinks alcohol is an addict, of course. Many regular smokers
3
would like to cut down or stop, .. ... .... , and in fact many have tried several
4
times. .... ... ................ ... . ........... their many attempts, they continue smoking, precisely because
nicotine is so addictive. Anyway, what are the disadvantages of the illegal drugs remaining
illegal? In the first place, illegality means that there is no quality control to protect the consumer.
People think they are buying cocaine, for example, 5 ........ ... .. ... ..... .. .......... the substance is often
mixed with dust or even poisonous powders. Also drugs on the street are fairly expensive so
6
consumers might not have a job, they need their drugs and this quickly
leads to stealing and prostitution in order to pay for them. Second, the drug industry generates
enormous quantities of money, enough to corrupt many police officers and politicians. We
like to think that our authorities control crime. The reality, 7 .. ..... , is that in
8
some countries crime controls the authorities. Ladies and gentleman, .......... ............ .......... ........... ..

you may not like drugs, as long as drugs are illegal, they are outside democratic control.

Anthony and Grace are discussing the talk about drugs. Complete their conversation using
the expressions from the box.
altl"le~::t§!lol although despite however in spite of the fact that though

Anthony: What did you think of the talk?

Grace: I don't agree with her, • .fll~h_Q.!Jgh_ _. .. ..... 1have to accept that her talk was clever. lt's true
that the present situation isn't perfect. 1 . , if they legalize drugs, things will

be much worse.
Anthony: Oh, I don't know. Society seems to manage all right with tobacco and alcohol
2
they're perfectly legal.
Grace: You make it sound as if they're harmless. I think it's truer to say that society functions
3
..... ..
.. . ..... . they're legal because they cause problems for a lot of people.
Ant hony: A few people misuse them. Most people use them sensibly, 4
Grace: it doesn't make sense to say that you can smoke sensibly. That's why there are health
5
warnings on the packets. People are stupid enough to smoke ........ .. .............. all the

warnings.

233
 Rel~ti~ clauses (1)

D If we use a sentence like: D That, who or which can be the object of the
The police have found the boy. relative clause, like this:
it may not be clear which boy.
We can make it clear like this:
The card which jon sent was mce
The police have found the boy who
disappeared last week. sent the card.
Theman that I saw was very rude.
Who links the relative clause (who disappeared
last week) to the main clause (The police have I saw the man.
found the boy). There is no other pronoun (e.g. him, them):
D .When we talk about people, we use that NOT The m6t'l f S6W him W6S very rude.

or who: When that, who or which is the object of the

I talked to the girl that (oR who) won the race. relative clause (e.g. The card which )on sent), we
can leave it out:
When we talk about things or animals, we use
that or which: The card }on sent was nice.
I like the car that (oR which) won the race. The man I saw was very rude.

D That, .who or which can be the subject of the D Now look at this sentence with whose:
relative clause, like this: Lucy is the woman whose husband is an
actor. (= lucy's husband is an actor.)

I talktd to th• alrl ..,_ ...,.. We use whose in place of his, her, their, etc.
We only use it with people, countries and
The airl won. organizations, not things. lt has a possessive
Thtlt fs • . , ,. llflltitalnN. meaning. Here is another example:
TIN atttlebd me The man whose dog bit me didn't apologize.
(=The man didn't apologize. His dog bit
There is no other pronoun (e.g. it, they): me.)
NOT Th6t is the deg th6t it 6tt6ck:etJ me.
All these relative clauses that define a person or
thing are called defining relative clauses.

Complete the sentences using the information in brackets ( ) and who or which.
• (I went to see a doctor. She had helped my mother.)
I went to see the doctor wbo.bl:ld ht::l.p.~~ ........ .. .. ...... . ......... . ...... my mother.
(A dog bit me. it belonged to Mrs Jones.)
The dog ....... ....•. ............ ... .......................................... belonged to Mrs Jones.
2 (A woman wrote to me. She wanted my advice.)
The woman . . ........ .. ... ..... .............................................. wanted my advice.
3 (A bus crashed. lt was 23 years old.)
The bus ..... ....... ... ........ .... .. .... ........ ........... was 23 years old.
4 (Anna talked to a man. He had won a lot of money.)
Anna talked to the man .............................................................. ..................... .
5 (Mary was wearing the red dress. She wears it for parties.)
Mary was wearing the red dress ..................................................................... .
6 (He's an architect. He designed the new city library.)
He's the architect ............................................... .................. ...........

234
 Building sentences

Complete the sentences using the information in brackets ( ) and that.

+ (Jack made a table. it's not very strong.)
The table t.ba.~ Ja_
ck m..a.d~ ................................... is not very strong.
(I read about a new computer. I had seen it on TV.)
I read about the new computer ............................................................
2 (Jasmine made a cake. Nobody liked it.)
Nobody liked the cake .........,.............. ... . ...... ... ..... .. .... .. ... ...
3 (Mary sent me a joke. lt was very funny.)
The joke ........................................................................................... was very funny.
4 (My sister wrote an article. The news is going to publish it.)
The news is going to publish the article .............................................................................. .
5 (I met an old lady. She was 103 years old.)
The old lady ................. ...................................................................... was 103 years old.
6 (I saw a house. My brother wants to buy it.)
I saw the house ................................................................................. .

Complete the sentences with one of the phrases in the box and who or whose.
interviewed me has visited so many different countries
had sa¥ed their son wjves have just had babies
book won a prize last week di¥Orce was in all the papers
car had broken down complain all the time

+ The parents thanked the woman W.OQ ha.d s~l(~_t:l1(h~ir..!:?QrL............ .

+ The couple who!?~ ~,!yQrc:;ewa~ i,n t~e n~w.~pap.~T~... .. . ....... ........... . have got married again.
lt is very interesting to meet somebody .. . . ... ....... ... .... ............ . .. ........ ..... . .. . . ... .. .. .... .... .
2 The person .... .. . .. .... . .. . .. . ..... ............ .. .... .. .... asked me some very difficult questions.
3 In my office there are two men ..
4 What's the name of that writer .... .. ... .. ........... .... ... ........ ... .... ....... ...... ....... ...... . ...... .. ...... ........ ............. ... ... .... .. . .. ?
5 I don't like people ...........
6 We helped a woman ...

Complete the sentences with who, that, or nothing (-).

+ The match :: . ... . ......... . we saw was boring.
+ Did I tell you about the people w.hp .................. live next door7
+ The horse th.~t. .......... won the race belongs to an Irish woman.
1 I love the ice cream ..... .. .. they sell in that shop.
2 The book .. .. .... .... .... I'm reading is about jazz.
3 The woman . . ....... came to see us was selling magazines.
4 We'll go to a restaurant . . .. .... ... .. has a children's menu.
5 The factory .. ......... closed last week had been there for 70 years.
6 Have you read about the schoolgirl ........... ............ started her own business and is now a millionaire?
7 Ethel says that the house ................................... Tom has just bought has a beautiful garden.

235
 D In informal English, in defining relative clauses, Informally, we can omit the relative word and
when who, that or which is the object of the then the preposition goes at the end of the
verb, it can be omitted: relative clause:
The name of the woman I interviewed was That is the young man I spoke to.
Mrs Norris. The job she's applied for is in Paris.
The car they bought was quite expensive.
D Informally, we often omit the relative word
Notice that there is no pronoun in the when after day, year, etc.:
relative clause: That was the year Ifinished university.
The name of the woman I interviewed fief was
We often omit the relative word where after
Mrs Norris.
place, somewhere, etc.:
The car they bought it was quite expensive.
Do you know a place/somewhere we can get
D When the verb has a preposition, in formal a good sandwich?
English the preposition goes with whom
or which: We often omit the relative word why after reason:
That is the young man to whom I spoke. · The real reason she came was to speak to me.
The job for which she's applied is in Paris. We often omit a relative expression after way:
That's the way they make beer in Germany.

Cross out the words in the sentences that are not possible or not necessary. If there are no
such words, mark the sentence w ith a tick (v').
+ The first book wfl.iEA. she wrote *was Lost Steps. ......... ......
+ This is the boy who broke the window. ..t......... .
1 Do you know the woman t hat my father's talking to? ......... .
2 They're going to close the factories that they make too much smoke. ................
3 People who live in flats shouldn't have dogs. .............
4 An animal that comes out at night must have good eyes. ...........
5 The boat that my cousins sailed in it was hit by a bomb. .. . .... ..
6 An amphibian is an animal which can live on land or in water. ...................
7 People who are from Manchester are called Mancunians . .................

In the following, if a sentence is incomplete, indicate where a word is necessary and write the
word at the end. If the sentence is correct, mark it with a tick (v').
+ Is there a shop near here,4ells stamps? :kb~tl;;......... .....................
+ Mrs Thomas is the teacher my sister likes best. .{ ......................................
The referee is the person takes the decisions. .................................. .
2 The bus they were w aiting for never came . ...........................................
3 The old lady we saw was wearing a pink dress. ............................................
4 Is this the train goes to Nottingham? .................................................
5 There's a place near here you can get a good hamburger. ...,............................................
6 it took a long t ime to find t he doctor we w anted to see. ............................................
7 Do you know anybody plays t he piano rea lly w ell? ..........................-..........................

236
 Building sentences

Combine the two sentences into one. Put in who, that, which or where only if it is necessary.
+ I lent you a book. Have you read it?
Have you read t.o~~ b,.QQk lleQt yo!J ?
+ My mother works in a factory. lt makes parts for cars.
The factory .wh~r.~orny rnpJ;.her work? .. ... 0
.......... makes parts for cars.
Sian's got a new mobile. lt takes brilliant photos.
Sian's got a new mobile ..... 0 .... . .. . 0 . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 .. . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . .0 . . . . . . . . . . . .0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 They lived in a block of flats. lt was struck by lightning.

The block of flats 0 . . . . . . . .o . . 0 .. 0.. • • . . . . . .0 . . . . .... • • .. . . . . . . . 0........................ was struck by lightning.
3 The hotel had a magician. He was very clever.
The hotel had a magician . .. . .. . 0 ....... _,_

4 The porters are paid a salary. They can't live on it.

The porters can't live on the salary
5 Nobody else wanted the food. My father ate it.
My father ate the food .. ........ . .... .. .. ...... ......
6 We ran out of petrol in a little village. lt didn't have a petrol station.
The village 0
didn't have a petrol station. .. ... ..... .. •••• . .. . . .

Freda and Jacob are packing to go on holiday. Complete their conversation with the
expressions from the box and include that if it is necessary.
you can take onto the plane go with my green dress
have just been mended covers all the Mediterranean islands a bit heavy
I can walk all day in we bought in that second-hand bookshop I knitted myself

Jacob: We'd better take two cases. The one • that has a _lock ...... ...... . ... and that
smaller one .. .. . ...........
Freda: Which camera do you want to take? The handy one or the big one
.?
Jacob: Let's take the smaller one. How about the travel guide? There's that big one
and that pocket-sized one- the one just about
Corsica
Freda: Perhaps the small one will be enough.
Jacob: I think I'll take my shoes . How many pairs of
shoes are you taking?
Freda: Well, we'll need some comfortable ones
and perhaps for the evenings I'll take the new green ones, the ones

Jacob: lt might be cool in the evenings. I suppose you're taking a sweater.

Freda: Yes, the white one. You know, the one . . Anyway,
let's have a break. I feel like a drink.

237
 D For people, we use who (BUT NOT that) in
non~defining relative clauses. We use who
when it is the subject of the relative clause:

flvis Presley, who died in

1977, earned millions of dollars.
r Pr.~aca•ov died in

We use who (or sometimes whom) when it is

London has nearly 9 million inhabitants. the object of the relative clause:
London, which is the capital of Britain, has
nearly 9 million inhabitants.
My boss, who (OR whom) I last saw
The clause which is the capital of Britain gives before Christmas, is very Ill. (I last saw
us more information about London, but we do boss before
not need this information to define London. ----~--~--~------
We can understand the first sentence without D We use whose to mean his, her, or their:
this extra information. Which is the capital
Marilyn Monroe, whose real name
of Britain is a non~defining relative clause. lt
was Norma jean, was born in
has commas (,) to separate it from the rest of
Los Angeles.
the sentence.
(Her real name was Norma Jean.)
D For things or animals, we use which (NOT that)
in non~defining relative clauses: D We can also use which (BUT NOT that) to refer
jacob sold his computer, which he no longer to a whole fact:
needed, to his cousin. (NOT ... tnc2t ne , c IAnna did not want to marry Tom, Iwhich
J011ger needed ...) surprised everybody.
In the summer we stay in my uncle's house, Here, which refers to the fact t hat Anna did not
which is near the sea. want to marry Tom.

Make one sentence from the two that are given. Use who or which.
+ Mont Blanc is between France and Italy. lt is the highest mountain in the Alps.
Mont Blanc, wbjch Is between Franceand Italy, i!? the highest.mOL!rJ.tainln the Alps.
+ Alfred Hitchcock was born in Britain. He worked for many years in Hollywood.
Alfred Hitchcock, who was born in Brita.in, worked for many years in Hollywood.
The sun is really a star. lt is 93 million miles from the earth.

2 John F. Kennedy died in 1963. He was a very famous American President.

3 Charlie Chaplin was from a poor family. He became a very rich man.

4 The 201 6 Olympics were held in Rio de Janeiro.lt was the capital of Brazil until 1960.

5 We went to see the Crown Jewels. They are kept in the Tower of London.

238
 Building sentences

From the notes, make one sentence. Use who, whose or which with the words in brackets ( ).
+ Greta Garbo. (She was born in Sweden.) She moved to America in 1925.
Greta Garbo, who was born in Swe~en, ry1oved to Am.~ricajn 1925.
+ Darwin. (His ideas changed our view of the world.) He travelled a lot when he was young.
Greta Garbo, who was born in Sweden, mQvec!.:to America Jn1925. ..
Football. (lt first started in Britain.) lt is now popular worldwide.
Football,
2 Margaret Thatcher. (She was the Prime Minister of Britain for 11 years.) She studied science at university.

3 Michelangelo. (He lived until he was 90.) He is one of Italy's greatest artists.

4 Barack Obama. (His wife is a brilliant lawyer and role model.) He became President of the USA in 2009.

5 The Nile. (lt runs through several countries.) lt is the longest river in Africa.

6 Madonna. (Her parents were born in Italy.) She is a famous American singer.

7 Gandhi. (He was born in 1869). He was assassinated in 1948.

8 Elephants. (They are found in Africa and India). They are the largest land animals.

9 The Beatles. (Their music is still popular.) They were probably the most famous pop group in the world.

10 Brands Hatch. (lt is not far from London.) lt is famous for its motor races.

Complete this text about Lewis Carroll with who, which or whose.
Alice in Wonderland, • which is one of the most popular children's books in the
1
world, was written by Lewis Carroll, real name was Charles Dodgson. Carroll,
2
had a natural talent as a story-teller, loved to entertain children, including
3
AI ice Liddell, father was a colleague of Carrell's at Oxford University. One day
Carroll took AI ice and her sisters for a trip on the River Thames, 4 flows through
Oxford. After the trip, Carroll wrote in his diary that he had told the children a wonderful
story, 5 he had promised to write down for them. He wrote the story, illustrated
it with his own drawings, and gave it to the children. By chance, it was seen by Henry
Kingsley, 6 ......... _ ... was a famous novelist, and he persuaded Dodgson to publish it.

239
 Carlo is working on the busy reception desk of a large hotel in Bristol. Complete the
dialogue with the words from the box.
either in case nor both so (x2) and ~leitl=ler because or

Carlo: Can I help you, sir?

I hope so. •N.~tt.b.er.............................. the shower
1
First man: ....... ... ... the
bath works in my room.
Carlo: I'm sorry, sir. We'll have them repaired this afternoon.
***
2
First woman: I've got an early flight, I need an alarm call at five
o'clock in the morning.
Carlo: No problem, Madam. I'll arrange that for you.
***
3
Second man: Can I borrow an umbrella .... . it rains? I don't want to
get my suit wet.
Carlo: Of course you can, sir. Here you are.

Second woman: I'm unhappy 4 .. my room doesn't have a view. I'd like to
5
see ............................... the park 6 the river.
Carlo: I'll see what I can do, Madam.
***
7
Third man: Can you book me a taxi that I can get to the airport
by ten o'clock tonight?
Carlo: Certainly sir. I'll book it for half past nine.
***
8 9
Third woman: the bed the bath are too small
for my husband and me.
Carlo: I'm sorry, Madam, but that's all we have at the moment.

B This is the first of two articles from a holiday magazine. Cross out the wrong words.
Beach, City or Lake?
•Although/Since most British holidaymakers traditionally go to the seaside for
their holidays, lakes and mountains are also popular places 1as/for people to relax
and enjoy themselves. 2While/However. a lake holiday usually costs more than a
beach holiday because the local hotels and restaurants are more expensive.
3
Since/Aithough most people think very carefully about prices, the beach is still the top
location 4 for/as a one-week or two-week holiday. 5While/However you may not think of a city
as a place for relaxing, many people enjoy a short break or a long weekend in a nearby town.
6
Although/ill spite of the noise and the traffic, tourists love going to big cities and
7
seeing the art galleries, museums, shops and nightlife. However/Aithough they are
expensive, big cities all over the world welcome millions of visitors every year.

240
 Building sentences

Joe and Beth have been invited to a neighbour's wedding. Cross out the underlined words if
they are not necessary.
Joe: What would you like to drink?
Beth: Something + that I haven't tried before, I think. Joe, can you see the man • who is drinking
orange juice?
1
Joe: Is he the man who repaired our roof in the summer?
2
Beth: I think so. The day when he came to our house was your birthday, wasn't it?
Joe: That's right. But the work 3 that he did wasn't very good, was it?
4
Beth: No, it wasn't. Do you know the woman who is eating a piece of cake by the window?
Joe: Yes. I'm sure she's the woman 5 whose dog bit my leg a month ago.
6
Beth: Oh dear. Is there anyone here that you wa nt to talk to?
7
Joe: I'd like to find the man that plays music in his garden at six in the morning!
Beth: Joe! Try to be friendly. The new neighbour 8 that I met in the street yesterday was really nice.
9
Joe: Yes, but did you think about the reason why she was nice? She wanted to borrow two of
our chairs.

This is the second holiday article. Complete the article with the words from the box.
that has that thousands which means you see which has that visit wl:licfot fotas

Beautiful Ireland
Ireland, which has a population of less than four million people, is a
country with some of the world's most beautiful mountains and valleys. The first things
as you drive south from Dublin are the g reen grass and the
hills of Wicklow. Further south, on the way to County Wexford, there are many small
2
hotels, you can find somewhere to stay without booking
3
in advance. The place . ..... ._ . . ... .. of tourists visit every year, however,
4
is the west coast. This is the coast .... fantastic views of the
5
Atlantic Ocean, and pretty seaside towns. Galway, for example,
a wonderful bay, is well worth a visit. Or two visits! it is a fact that tourists
6
Ireland always come back soon for a second or third holiday!

E Complete the announcement on a train from London to Lyon with words from the box.
case but Altfotel:l§A nor who which however neither due

•
' 1.\!~hqugh ..
1
we will arrive late in Paris, we st ill expect to reach Lyon by 19.00 this evening.
Passengers would like tea, coffee or cold drinks should visit the cafe in coach
2 3
D. Please remember, .. , that the cafe will close in 20 minutes .. ...... to
a problem with the refrigerator. Remember also to keep your ticket with you at all times in
4
you pass the Ticket Inspector as he walks through the train. We are sorry to
5
say that Coach F 6 . . Coach K has air conditioning at the moment,
7
-..... ... ........ .. if you are in one of these coaches we would like to offer you a free bottle of
8
water. Finally, please remember that Coach B, . .. ....... ........ ... is at the front of the train, is
a quiet coach - the use of mobile phones is not allowed. Thank you. Enjoy your trip!'

241