BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY

BAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF RESEARCH AND POSTGRADUATE STUDIES
FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Design and performance analysis of Metamaterial based patch array

for IoT medical applications
By Gidey Leul
A thesis progress in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of
Science in Communication Systems Engineering
Advisor: Dr. Murad Ridwan
June, 2023
Bahir dar Ethiopia

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 Outline
 Introduction

 Statement of the Problem

 General Objective

 Specific Objective

 Significance of the study

 Scope of the study

 Literature review

 Methodology

 WorkPlan, Budget, Reference

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 Introduction
1.1 Background
Why do we need to exploit the THz band in 6G and beyond?

 TODAY, the 5G of mobile networks are being deployed [1].

 THz band refers to EM waves with a frequency band from 0.1 THz - 10 THz.

 Sub-THz

 Both academia and industry have shifted their research focus to 6G

generation of communications technologies, which are commonly referred to
as the sixth generation (6G) and are officially named by the International
Telecommunication Union – Radio communication (ITU-R) as International
Mobile Telecommunications for 2030 (IMT-2030).
 The (IoT) has revolutionized various sectors & THz) waves emerge as a game-changer.
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.

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 Perspectives of THz Communications, Sensing, & Synergy

 1) THz Communications:
 Spectrum scarcity of the sub-6 GHz band:

 Insufficient mm-Wave bandwidth below 100 GHz
 Constraint of optical sensing
 Adverse health effects at extreme high bands
2) THz Sensing & Imaging:
 High resolution and penetration capabilities
 Non-ionizing radiation
3) Synergy between THz communications and THz sensing:
 Massive spectral resources for 6G

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

Ig. The electromagnetic spectrum and the positions of mmWave, THz, and optical bands

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 Terahertz Communication

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 Challenges of THz Communication of 6G
 High Free-Space Path Loss
 Atmospheric Absorption -Directive & high gain
antenna
 Weather Effects -Wide bandwidth……
 Blockage Loss

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Techniques to alleviate THz communication challenges

Antenna Array

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 Meta-Materials

 Engineered artificial materials comprising of periodic or non-periodic

structures of unit cells.

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 Application of Metamaterials

Figure 1. Relationships between parameters, phenomena, and applications for six types of
metamaterials. The center of the figure contains some parameters of metamaterials, the middle
ring contains related phenomena, and the outer ring contains practical applications.[3]

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 2.Statement of the problem
 Terahertz (THz) waves experience significant attenuation due to atmospheric particles like water vapor and gas molecules. To achieve
reliable, low-loss data transmission in free space, specific design considerations are crucial for wireless communication antennas.
These typically involve high-power antennas with exceptional directivity to maximize data transmission efficiency.
 Previously, popular choices for these applications were parabolic reflector antennas or horn antennas operating at gigahertz (GHz)
frequencies. THz versions of these antennas could be linear, circular, or elliptically polarized. However, their complex structures and
susceptibility to overheating pose limitations in the THz band.
 Advancements in high-speed THz communication systems necessitate a new generation of antennas. These antennas should be cost-
effective, low-profile, highly efficient, and possess exceptional directivity to overcome the propagation losses inherent in the 0.1-10
THz frequency range.
 Microstrip or planar antennas emerge as the most promising candidates due to their ease of fabrication and seamless integration with
microscale devices compared to bulkier millimeter-scale horn antennas. Despite their compact size (micrometer scale), THz planar
antennas often suffer from low gain and limited bandwidth.
 Array techniques can effectively address the limitations of single planar antennas. These arrays offer significant improvements in
bandwidth, gain, and directivity compared to individual elements. However, a trade-off exists: series-fed arrays achieve high gain at
the expense of narrow bandwidth, while parallel-fed arrays offer wider bandwidth but sacrifice gain.
 To meet the demands of THz applications requiring both high directivity and broad bandwidth, the incorporation of metamaterials and
optimization techniques into the array design are considered. As these techniques help minimize mutual coupling, a phenomenon that
can negatively impact antenna performance and improve the gain and bandwidth limitations.

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 3.Objectives
 The general objective
 Design and performance analysis of Metamaterial based patch array for IoT medical applications

 Specific Objectives
 To design a novel shape metamaterial based optimized parallel fed array antenna.

 To design an optimized unit cell metamaterial and load to the ground plane

 To design a 1x2, 1x4, 1x8 elements series, parallel and hybrid fed array antenna.

 Comparison of Antenna Parameters for Different Substrate Materials at Sub-Terahertz Frequency

Region

 To enhance the bandwidth and isolation of the design antennas.

 Comparison between optimization techniques in terms of improvement in bandwidth, gain and S

parameters

 To minimize the value of envelop correlation coefficient (ECC). Compare the performance of the
designed antenna with the existing antenna design in terms of size, bandwidth, isolation and ECC.

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
 "Design and Optimization of a Novel Shape Metamaterial-Based Parallel-Fed Array Antenna for Terahertz Applications"

Specific Objectives:

 1. optimize a novel unit cell metamaterial and integrate it with a ground plane to enhance its performance.

 2. Develop a series of parallel-fed array antennas with varying numbers of elements (1x2, 1x4, 1x8) and investigate their performance.

 3. Compare the effects of different substrates on the design of terahertz antennas and evaluate their suitability.

 4. Enhance the bandwidth, isolation, and overall performance of the designed antennas through optimization techniques.

 5. Copare and evaluate the effectiveness of different optimization techniques in terms of their impact on bandwidth, gain, and S-

parameters.

 6. Minimize the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) of the designed antennas and compare their performance with existing designs

in terms of size, bandwidth, isolation, and ECC.

 Note: I made minor changes to the wording to make it more concise and clear, while maintaining the original meaning and intent. I

also corrected some grammatical errors and added a few words to improve clarity.

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 4.Significance of the study
 The findings of this study will redound to the enhancement of antenna
performance metrics for microstrip patch antenna system.

 To comprehend the integration techniques, Metamaterial based EBG

fractal which yields multiband and reconfigurable scheme by enhancing
antenna performance metrics.

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 5.Scope of the study

 This thesis focuses on design, simulation, and optimization of MPA that utilizes
metamaterials and fractals to enhance the performance of conventional microstrip
patch antenna.

 Main focus of this thesis is devoted to the investigation of the electromagnetic

properties of metamaterials and their effects on the antenna’s radiation behavior,
reconfigurability and multiband systems.

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 6.Literature Review
Authors & Title Methods Achievements Limitations
Year

Yueguang, A Compact and -1-to-16 waveguide -Gain 17.1-18.3 dBi Bulky & difficult
L.(2020)@et Monolithically 3-D Printed power dividing within a -15 dB to implement at
al. Millimeter-Wave High- networks impedance THz frequencies
Gain Horn Antenna -Exotic iris geometries bandwidth from 26.5 due to the
IEEE for waveguide power to 30.5 GHz. fabrication
dividers complexity

Álvaro F. Additive manufacturing in -Cassegrain optics -Wideband antenna -Bulky & difficult
compact high-gain operating within the to implement at
- PLA and nickel spray
wideband antennas Ka-band THzfrequencies
coating
operating in mm-wave -Gain 22 dB due to the
frequencies -BW: 48.2% fabrication
complexity

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7/19/2024 18
Authors Title Methods Achievements Limitations
.
& Year

Verma, -Design and analysis of -Sierpinski -UWB with multiple -Limited frequency
D. (2023) UWB fractal array carpet fractal- notches range (24-40 GHz)
@ et al. antenna for 5G and inspired array Gain: 4.8 dBi -Potential for
IEEE millimeter wave antenna FBR: 10.5 dB limitations BW &
communication. Resonances; 29, radiation pattern
30, 33,& 46.21 dB at -Potential for inter-
(28.68, 29.68, 33.21, element coupling
& 38.62 GHz) effects in the array
antenna design
J. Kim, S. Liquid-Crystal-Embedded 3-layer stacked -Wide tunable range -Non-feasibility of heat
Jungsuek, Aperture-Coupled PCB structure of fr press machine be for
(2020)@et Microstrip Antenna for to render a -The tunable range of large-scale production
al 5G Applications cavity for the fr is improved by more or for substrates with
liquid crystal than 3× at fc of 28 complex geometries.
IEEE (LC). GHz compared to a
prior LC-based anten. -Non-suitable for high-
-Peak Г is improved by power or high-
up to 17% frequency applications
due to its compact size
and limited radiation
efficiency.
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Authors Title Methods Achievements Limitations
& .Year

Verma, -Design and analysis of -Sierpinski -UWB with multiple -Limited frequency
D. (2023) UWB fractal array carpet fractal- notches range (24-40 GHz)
@ et al. antenna for 5G and inspired array High gain: 4.8 dBi -limitations BW &
IEEE millimeter wave antenna High FBR: 10.5 dB radiation pattern
communication. Resonances; 29, -inter-element
30, 33,& 46.21 dB coupling effects in
at (28.68, 29.68, the array
33.21, & 38.62
GHz)
J. Kim, Liquid-Crystal- 3-layer -Wide tunable range -Substrates with
S. Embedded Aperture- stacked PCB of fr complex geometries.
Jungsuek, Coupled Microstrip structure to -fr is improved by 3×
(2020)@e Antenna for 5G render a cavity at fc of 28 GHz
t al Applications for the liquid compared to a prior
crystal. LC-based antenna.
IEEE -Peak η is improved
by up to 17%

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Authors Title Methods Achievements Limitations

Satish K. High-Gain Series-Fed-Planar Series-fed and -quality factor of 17.52 May not scalable to
(2024)@e Milli metre-Wave Franklin planar Franklin -Boosted gain by 7.8 larger arrays
t .al Antenna Array array dBi compared to the -More complex
reference antenna configurations.
SUMIN, Series-Fed mm-Wave Inverted-cone BW (1.3 GHz) -Limited frequency
D. Antenna Array Based on stub sections Peak realized gain of range (BW) of
(2023) @ Microstrip Line Structure on two edges 10.2 dBi operation
et al.
IEEE
Kumar,.K( Design and Optimization of Meta-material Novel 1×3 series-fed -NO detailed analysis
2023) @ High-gain Series and Parallel- loaded square linear array of the metamaterial-
et al. fed Array Antennas for patch -RL (-25dB), based square patch
Enhanced Gain and Front-to- antennas -Bandwidth(47MHz), antennas.
IEEE back Ratio in X-Band -Substantial gain -NO comp. with other
Applications (17.8dBi) existing techniques for
-The 1×4 parallel-fed high-gain arrays.
superior performance.
Joseph, A Novel Millimeter-Wave Inverted-cone Peak realized gain of - Increased
E.(2022) Series-Fed Microstrip Line stub sections 10.1 dBi complexity-cost- due
@et al. Antenna Array -Good radiation pattern to multiple stub sec.
IEEE & low SLL
Vamshi, A Series Fed Antenna Array at 1×5 series-fed -Gain of 18.5 dB. -Limited frequency
S.(2022) X-Band for Monopulse using a Taylor -1.8 GHZ range (BW) of
@et al. Operation distribution operation

21
Authors Title Methods Achievements Limitations

Jiro, H. Research and Development parallel plate slot Directivity 1.2 dBi & -Relatively low
(2024) of Parallel Plate Slot Array array antennas η improvement 21.0% directivity
@et al. Antennas for Synthetic Enhance BW (0.3 - 1.2)
IEEE Aperture Radar GHz in the 10 GHz

SK,I. Performance Comparison Parallel feed Fr=10.747 GHz Return -NO detail analysis
(*2023) Between 2×1 and 2×2 antenna array with Loss -18.62 dB VSWR of design trade-offs
@et al. Corporate Feed Antenna 2×1 & 2×2 1.265 Reflection co- b/n d/t antenna
Array in X-band efficient 11.6% parameters
IEEE Main lobe gain 4.0 dBi -Doesn’t explore
Bandwidth 5.8% other array config.

Vinay, K. Design, Modeling Analysis of -Small strip -Gain 7.713 dB -Limited gain
(2023) 2×2 Microstrip Patch Antenna antenna module -BW (20%)
@et al. Array System for 5G with two vertical
IEEE Applications slots
BAOQUA A Broadband Full-Corporate- -V-band 16 × 16 |S11| < −10 dB 16.2%, -Relatively limited
N,D(2023) Fed Slot Array Antenna element array with BW 90%fully covering gain with the same
@et. al Based on the Single-Layer uniform excitation the 57–67 GHz antenna in series fed
Substrate Integrated Gain 30 dBi,η 45-50%
IEEE Waveguide over 58−65 GHz

Qinguan,T. A Circularly Polarized -Use of patches -Overall BW of 31.7% -Limited gain relative
(2023) Magneto-Electr Dipole as electric dipoles In 30.2-41.6 GHz the number of
@et al. Antenna Array With Wide AR -Parallel-fed 8 × 8 -Peak gain of 22 dBic antennas and
IEEE & Impedance Bandwidth for array -η (64%) radiation efficiency
Authors Title Methods Achievements Limitations

Raza, Wideband and High Gain 8-element array Very Wide BW from 20- The antenna size
U.(2022)et Array Antenna for 5G Smart antenna with a 65 GHz, covering mm (65 × 27 × 0.857
al. Phone Applications Using single-layer wave 5G bands mm3) may be too
Frequency Selective Surface frequency -FSS improves the gain large for certain
IEEE selective surface 12 to 15 dB at 28 GHz, applications,(wearab
(FSS) to achieve 10 to 12 dB at 38 GHz, le or implantable).
high gain. 9.5 to 11 dB at 60 GHz. -Un optimized FSS
design
Authors & Date Title Methods Achievements Limitations

Mohammod, A reconfigurable Deep neural -8.8 dB gain, 13 -accuracy of the

K(2023) @et.al graphene patch network (DNN) DNN model may
antenna inverse design
frequency bands,
degrade when
at terahertz and 360° beam dealing with
frequencies (2-5THz) steering. complex or unusual
input conditions.
Mohhamod, Silicon-Based 0.450- -Stacking -Maximum gain of - narrow frequency
G.(2019) @et al. 0.475 THz Series-Fed dielectric 4.5dBi and radiation range of 0.450-0.475
Double Dielectric resonators efficiency of 45.7% at THz, which may not
Resonator On-Chip (DRs) on top of 0.4625 THz be suitable for all
Antenna Array Based each other THz applications.
on Metamaterial -Meandering
Properties for slot in the
Integrated-Circuits silicon substrate
Xinran, J.(2023)@et Design of High-Gain -Substrate- -Fc=0.6366 THz and -PTFE material as
al. Antenna Arrays for integrated an operating the substrate may
Terahertz Applications waveguide bandwidth of 0.61- have limitations in of
IEEE (SIW) 0.68 THz (70GHz) thermal conductivity,
-Grounded -VSWR is 1.00158 moisture absorption,
coplanar -Peak gain of the & chemical stability.
waveguide antenna is 13.14 dBi
-

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 3. Methodology
3.1 System Model
Antenna Design
Reference Antenna Design
Optimizing reference antenna using GA

Series fed array design (1 by 2, 1 by 4 & 1 by 8, )

Series fed array analysis (Gain, BW, S11 & VSWR )

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7/19/2024 26
 Genetic algorithm optimization

 Genetic algorithm optimizer parameters

Size of Maximum Crossover Mutation
Population number of
iteration

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CEM-Evolutionary Strategy Optimization

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 Mathematical modeling

 Design Procedure 0.3λ < L < 0.5λ

Step 1: Calculate the patch width, Wp t<λ
0.003λ < h < 0.05λ
2.c < Ɛr < 12
𝑊𝑝 = λ ----------(1)
2 0.5(Ɛr+1)

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 Metamaterial Unit cell design

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Array actor

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 Unit cell of metamaterials
 Thus, the first step in designing the antenna metamaterials is to design and
analyze the main factors affecting the resonance frequency, permittivity, and
permeability of its unit cell [24]. The design of unit cells of metamaterials is
based on the calculation of size and simulation of unit cells, so that the
parameters ε and μ of these unit cells will satisfy the requirements at the expected
resonant frequency. Depending on the structure and size of each unit cell, we can
obtain different ε, μ, and resonant frequencies f. For each unit cell type, the
dimensions of unit cell can be adjusted to satisfy condition at resonant
frequency fr [25]. A unit cell is usually smaller than 1/10 of the operating
wavelength (see Figure 7), depending on the shape of the metamaterial, but the
unit cell size is different [19, 20, 26].


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 Result and discussion

 4.1 Elemental patch design for Sub-terahertz frequency

Dimension Values(mm)
Substrate width 1.39
Substrate length 1.21
Patch width 0.84
Patch length 0.64
Feed length 0.47
Inset gap 0.04
Feed width 0.15

Figure 4.1 The proposed conventional patch design based on calculated

value

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 4.1.1 Return loss of the single proposed patch

 Fig 4.2

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 4.1.2 Bandwidth and VSWR

Fig 4.3 Bandwidth & VSWR of the proposed element patch antenna

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 4.1.3 Gain, Directivity and Radiation Efficiency

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 4.1.4 Element antenna, DGS-MTM-GA and 1×2 parallel fed

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 4.2 Substrate choice comparison for sub-terahertz antennas

 Comparison of Antenna Parameters for Different Substrate Materials

at Sub-Terahertz Frequency Region

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 Unit cell Metamaterial design & Optimization

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 4.3 Return loss, BW & of Series fed array 1×2,1×4 and 1×8

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 4.3.2 Gain, Directivity & efficiency of Series fed array 1×4.3.12,1×4 &
1×8

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 4.3.2 CMA-evolutionary strategy optimized parameters

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 4.3 Return loss, BW & Parallel fed array 1×2,1×4 and 1×8


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4.3 Return loss, BW Series- Parallel fed array 1×2,1×4 and
1×8

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 4.4 RL, gain & efficiency Comparison among Series, Parallel & Series-
parallel fed array

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4.5 Comparison between optimization techniques in terms of improvement in
bandwidth, gain and S parameters

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 4.6 Mutual Coupling reduction & comparison using
metamaterial among series, parallel & series parallel fed

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