FSK modulation and demodulation

A graduation project is submitted to the Electrical Engineering

Department in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE
IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
ENGINEERING COLLEGE-KIRKUK UNIVERSITY
By
Falah Hassan
Oday Saddam
Zulfiqar Hussein
Nasser Hazem
SUPERVISED By
Dr. Sema Nizam
Dr. Layla Mahdi Salih

Kirkuk / Iraq
May 2024
 SUPERVISOR CERTIFICATION

We certify that the preparation of this project entitled

" FSK modulation and demodulation’’, prepared by: Falah
Hassan, Oday Saddam, Zulfiqar Hussein, Nasser Hazem,
was made under our supervision at Electrical Engineering
Department in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the degree of bachelor of science in Electrical Engineering.

:Signature
Name of Supervisor: Dr. Layla Mahdi, Dr. Sema Nizam
Date:

II
 ‫((اقرار المشرف))‬

‫أشهد بأن اعداد هذا المشروع الموسوم‬

‫" تعديل مفتاح تحويل التردد وإزالة التشكيل"‬
‫والمعد من قبل(الطالب) الطالب المدرجة اسمائهم ادناه‪:‬‬
‫‪1-‬فالح حسن‬
‫‪2-‬عدي صدام‬
‫‪3-‬ذوالفقار حسين‬
‫‪4-‬ناصر حازم‬

‫قد تم تحت أشرافي في قسم الهندسة الكهربائية ‪ /‬جامعة كركوك‬

‫وهي‬
‫جزء م ن متطلبات نيــــــــــل شهادة البكالوريوس ‪ /‬الهندسة‬
‫الكهربائية‬

‫التوقيع ‪:‬‬
‫اسم المشرف‪ :‬د‪.‬سما نظام و د‪ .‬ليلى مهدي صالح‬
‫المرتبة العلمية‪ :‬دكتورة‬
‫‪:‬التاريخ‬

‫‪III‬‬
 DEDICATION

We dedicate this research to all our professors at

Kirkuk University - College of Engineering in recognition
of their great efforts. Furthermore, we dedicate it to our
parents and all our family members who helped us
throughout this journey and made us who we are today.
Last but not least, we dedicate all our friends who stood
beside us, supported us and were as the guiding stars
throughout this journey.

IV
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

First and foremost, we would like to thank the chairman of our

committee, Dr. Osama Ahmed, for his support, outstanding guidance and
encouragement throughout my senior project.

We would also like to express our gratitude and appreciation to Dr.

Sema and Dr. Layla for all the help and guidance they provided throughout
our education, and to the other members of my instructors, Dr. Hussein K.
Anwar and Dr. Osama Ahmed.

We would like to thank our family, especially our parents, for their
encouragement, patience, and assistance over the years. We are forever
indebted to our parents, who have always kept us in their prayers

V
 ABSTRACT

Frequency shift keying (FSK) is a digital modulation technique where

binary data is transmitted by shifting the frequency of a carrier signal
between discrete values. The two discrete frequencies represent the binary
states of 0 and 1. This allows the receiver to demodulate the signal and
recover the original binary data. It uses two distinct frequencies to represent
the binary states. The frequencies are shifted between these two values to
encode the data. It is a frequency-domain modulation method, as opposed to
amplitude or phase modulation. It is a robust modulation technique that is
resistant to noise and interference. It is commonly used in applications like
radio communications, data transmission, and telecommunications

The specific implementation details of abstract FSK can vary, but this
captures the core principles and applications of this fundamental digital
modulation scheme.

VI
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Content Pg. No.

SUPERVISOR CERTIFICATION II
Dedication IV
Acknowledgments V
Abstract VI
List of Content VII
List Of Figures IX

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 General Concept
1
1.2 FSK (Frequency Shift Keying)
2
1.2.1 FSK Modulation
2
1.2.2 FSK Demodulation
2
1.3 Advantages of FSK
3
1.3.1 Disadvantages of FSK
3
1.4 Coherent FSK Detection
4
1.5 Non-coherent FSK Detection
4
1.6 Aim and Objective
5
Chapter 2
Some Related Works
2.1 Related Works
6-7

Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY

VII
3.1 FSK modulation IC555
8
3.2 FSK Modulator
9
3.3 Pulse Generator Circuit
11
3.4 Circuit Designing
11
3.5 Circuit Setup
12
3.6 Circuit Operation
13

3.7 Circuit Component 14

Chapter 4
Results and Practical Experience
4.1 Results
16
4.1.1 First Test
16
4.1.2 Second Test
17
4.1.3 Third Test
17
4.1.4 Forth Test
18

Chapter 5
Conclusions and Future works
5.1 Conclusions
23
5.2 Future works
24
References
25

VIII
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Pg. No.

Figure (3.1): FSK modulation
9
Figure (3.2): A stable Ic555
9
Figure (3.3): Transistor in modulation
10
Figure (3.4): First astable Ic555
11
Figure (3.5): FSK modulation and demodulation
13
Figure (3.6): FSK modulation
14
Figure (3.7): Component of FSK modulation
15
Figure (4.1): FSK modulation and demodulation of first test
16
Figure (4.2): FSK modulation and demodulation of second test
17
Figure (4.3): FSK modulation and demodulation of third test
18
Figure (4.4): FSK modulation and demodulation of fourth test
18
Figure (4.5): Frequency Modulation and Demodulation
24
Figure (4.6): Frequency Modulation and Demodulation
25
Figure (4.7): Frequency Modulation and Demodulation
26
Figure (4.8): Frequency Modulation and Demodulation
27

IX
X
Chapter One
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General Concept
Most channels are not directly used for baseband signal transmission.
The baseband signal is used to control some parameters of the carrier wave,
which makes the parameters change with the change of the baseband signal,
this is the so-called signal modulation. In principle, the modulated carrier
wave can be arbitrary waveform, as long as it is suitable for medium
transmission, and can distinguish between different signals. In fact, in most
digital communication systems, the sine signal is chosen as the carrier,
which is simple and easy to generate and receive. Compared with analog
modulation and digital modulation, the principle is basically the same, the
difference is in the process of analog modulation, the parameters of the
carrier signal are continuously modulated, at the receiving end, the
parameters of the carrier signal are continuously evaluated [1]. Digital
modulation is very important in our modern world as all digital electronics
and transmission depends on it. Modulation is a process when we send or
mix low frequency signal with high frequency carrier signal. Digital
modulation and demodulation are an important topic of modern
communication. In the communication system, base-band digital signal
includes abundant low-frequency signal. It is essential that the power
spectrum is moved to higher carrier frequency via carrier modulation of
digital signal in order to transfer digital signal far in finite band-width
channel or fiber [2]. In recent years, scholars and corporations did their
endeavors in research and popularization of modulator and demodulator.
There has been a mass of productions of Bluetooth communication
equipment, medical embedded microelectronics device and portable
consumer electronics. FSK modulation and demodulation can be designed
by single-chip or CPLD [3].

1
1.2 FSK (Frequency Shift Keying)
FSK (frequency shift keying) is a prior information transfer manner
for its advantages in noise resistance, transfer distance and bit error rate, and
therefore it is widely applied in medium or low speed data transfer in fading
channel [4]. Carrier frequency modulation with digital signal is called
frequency shift keying (FSK). It is widely used because of its strong anti-
fading ability. FSK is used to transmit digital signals with different
frequencies, and the frequency of the carrier signal is controlled by the
digital baseband signal. The carrier signal received at the receiving end is
converted into digital signal to complete the process of information
transmission [5].

1.2.1 FSK Modulation

The FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) modulation is a type of frequency
modulation (FM) where the digital data is transmitted by shifting the
frequency of a carrier signal between discrete values. The two frequencies
are known as the "mark" and "space" frequencies, representing the binary
values "1" and "0" respectively.

FSK Demodulation 1.2.2 -

There are many kinds of commonly used demodulation methods of

FSK signal. For example,
1. Synchronous (coherent) demodulation: In the synchronous demodulation,
there are upper and lower two branches. The input FSK signal passes
through the two band-pass filters into the upper and lower signals. The
decision device needs to compare the upper and lower two branches, and
finally get the baseband digital signal.

2
2. Zero crossing detection: Two narrow band filters are used to filter out the
high frequency pulses of f1 and f2, and the envelope is extracted after the
envelope detection. The two outputs are sent to the sampling decision
device at the same time to determine the output baseband digital signal [6].
3. Differential detection: It is the use of signal waveform in the unit time
and the number of times the number of horizontal axis to determine the
frequency of the signal [7].a simple and convenient method is used to
realize MFSK signal demodulation. The most important demodulation
process is execution of judgment task.

1.3 Advantages of FSK:

1. It offers lower probability of error (Pe) due to higher SNR (Signal to

Noise Ratio).

2. It has higher immunity to noise due to constant envelope compared to

ASK modulation. Hence it is robust against variation in attenuation

through channel. This makes it favorable choice in certain practical
applications.

3. The demodulation process for FSK signals is relatively simple, often

requires frequency discriminators or filters. FSK transmitter and FSK

receiver implementations are simple for low data rate application.

4.

1.3.1 Disadvantages of FSK:

1. It uses larger bandwidth compare to other modulation techniques

such as ASK and PSK. Hence it is not bandwidth efficient.

2. The BER (Bit Error Rate) performance in AWGN (Additive White

Gaussian Noise) channel is worse compare to PSK modulation.

3. FSK may not be the ideal choice for mobile communication systems

due to its potential vulnerability to frequency-selective fading, a

3
 common occurrence in wireless channels.

4. FSK modulation may exhibit reduced power efficiency compared to

some other modulation schemes, especially in scenarios where power

consumption is a critical consideration.

5. FSK systems may require accurate frequency synchronization

between the transmitter and receiver to maintain proper

communication. Achieving and maintaining synchronization can be
challenging in some environments [8].

1.4 Coherent FSK Detection

In this synchronous FSK detection, the modulated wave got affected
by noise while reaching the receiver. So, this noise can be eliminated
from using the band pass filter (BPF). Here at multiplier stage, the noisy
FSK modulated signal is multiplied with the carrier signal from the local
oscillator device. Then the resultant signal passes from the BPF. Here
this BPF is assigned to cut off frequency which is equal to the binary
input signal frequency. So, the same frequencies can be allowed to the
decision device. Here this decision device gives 0 and 1 for space and
mark frequencies of the FSK modulated waveforms [10].

1.5 Non-coherent FSK Detection

The modulated FSK signal is forwarded from the BPF1 and BPF2
with cut off frequencies equals to space and mark frequencies. So, the
unwanted signal components can be eliminated from the BPF. And the
modified FSK signals are applied as input to the two envelop detectors.
This envelope detector is a circuit having a diode (D). Based upon the
input to the envelope detector it delivers the output signal. This envelope
detector used in the amplitude demodulation process. Based upon its

4
 input it generates the signal and then it is forwarded to the threshold
device. This threshold device gives the logic 1 and 0 for the different
frequencies. This would be equal to the original binary input sequence.
So, the FSK generation and detection can be done in this way. This
process can be known for the frequency-shift keying modulation and
demodulation experiment also. In this FSK experiment, FSK can be
generated by the 555 timer IC and detection can be possible by 565IC
which is known as a phase-locked loop (PLL) [10].

1.6 Aim and Objective

FSK modulation offers advantages in terms of noise immunity,
simplicity of demodulation, and suitability for noisy environments.
However, it has limitations in terms of spectral efficiency and may not be
the best choice for high-data-rate or mobile communication applications.
Also, it used on voice grade lines for data rates up to 1200 bps, high
frequency radio transmission from 3 to 30 MHz and coaxial cable based
LAN (Local Area Network) at higher. The general objective of FSK
modulator and demodulator and their training board is to understanding the
principle of frequency-shift keying (FSK) modulation and measuring FSK
signals.

5
Chapter Two
Some Related Works
2.1 Related Works
The Authors of [11] presented the principle of Binary Frequency-
Shift Keying (BFSK) modulation. They introduced BFSK and it is extended
to Multi-Frequency-Shift Keying (MFSK). In this paper, a simple and easy
modulation and demodulation method was presented. Frequency
modulation uses baseband digital signal to control the number of sinusoidal
signals per cycle data. Frequency demodulation uses the peak value of each
group of signals to determine the corresponding baseband signals. The
effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by simulation experiments.
Finally, the basic principle of FSK modulation is discussed. The entire
modulation and demodulation method is implemented in QUARTUS II
environment using Verilog language. According to the two simulation
figures, the baseband signal can be transmitted efficiently through the
carrier, and accurately demodulated, which reaches design requirements.
According to the working principle of digital FSK modulation and
demodulation, the authors of [12] introduced two kinds of circuit schemes
based on CPLD (Complex Programmable Logic Device) and single chip
were compared. The circuit module of FSK modulation and demodulation
based on CPLD was designed, and CPLD is programmed by Quartus II
software to carry out the function of FSK modulation and demodulation.
The single chip ATMEGA16 was programmed by IAR FOR AVR software
to carry out the function of bit synchronization, and it can communicate
with outside by SPI interface. Both simulations and experimental tests
proved the exactness of design through building up the actual circuit.
Finally in this work, two kinds of schemes of FSK modulation and
demodulation based on single-chip and CPLD were compared and analyzed.
The whole project FSK modulation and demodulation based on CPLD
based on is put forward. A full-digital circuit of FSK modulation and
demodulation based on MAXII serial CPLD is designed, and the program of
6
each module is written and validated by simulation. The experimental tests
on the circuit show that it can work in order with these advantages of simple
structure, good reliability and strong capability of anti-jamming.
The authors of [13] proposed design and implementation of
reconfigurable modulators on cyclone-II FPGA (Field-programmable gate
array), wherein the type of modulations and demodulation can be
dynamically reconfigured on the fly based on the requirement at any
particular instance. The demodulator is intelligent enough to demodulate
any modulated signal. FPGA or Field Programmable Gate Array is a
computing device that can be programmed like CPU (Central Processing
Unit) but fasted than CPU in parallel processing and DSP (Digital Signal
Processing) related tasks. Consisting method of FPGA-based modulation
does not support multiple modulation techniques at the same time and is not
fast as they used Simulink-based simulation. This study has proposed FPGA
based alternative to that, which can embody all the modulation techniques at
once, making it way more versatile, cost-effective, and easy to use and test.

7
 Chapter Three
METHODOLOGY

3.1 FSK modulation IC555

 FSK means Frequency Shift Keying. It’s one of the modulation schemes
used to transmit digital data using high frequency carrier signal. In this
modulation scheme bit 1 is transmitted using one carrier signal and bit 0 is
transmitted using another carrier signal. It means series of bits (bit stream)
are transmitted with two different carrier signals used for bit 1 and bit 0.
The figure given below shows waveforms for FSK Modulation. The First
waveform is bit pattern – data bits. 2nd waveform shows FSK modulation –
for data bit 1 it transmits one carrier (frequency Fc1) and for data bit 0 it
transmits another carrier (frequency Fc2). Usually carrier frequencies are
higher than (in terms of 100s of KHz) data rate. So, in single bit period
several cycles of carrier are transmitted. The circuit given here illustrates
how FSK modulated wave can be generated. It is build using IC555. Square
pulses are given as input to represent bit 1 and bit 0, and as an output IC555
generates FSK modulated wave. To generate square pulses one more IC555
is used.

· Bit 1 (logic high) is transmitted using carrier frequency Fc1

· Bit 0 (logic low) is transmitted using carrier frequency Fc2

8
 Figure (3.1): FSK modulation.

3.2 FSK Modulator

As shown in figure IC 555 is configured as A stable multi-vibrator. It
generates two different frequencies. It generates one frequency F1 when
transistor Q1 is OFF and another frequency F2 when transistor Q1 is ON.

Figure (3.2): A stable Ic555

Tlow = 0.7 R2C……………………………………………………… (3.1)
Thigh = 0.7 (R1+R2)*C ……………………………………………… (3.2)
Tperiod = 0.7 (R1+2R2)*C ……………………………………………(3.3)

When Q1 is OFF, R3 is not connected in the circuit. The frequency is given

by:

F1 = 1.44 / (R1+2xR2) x C1 …………………………………………(3.4)

When Q1 is ON, R3 get connected in parallel with R1. The frequency is

given by:

F2 = 1.44 / (R’ +2xR2) xC1…………(3.5)

Where
R’ = R1×R3 / (R1+R3) ------------------- (3.6)

9
 The square pulses (bit stream) are applied at the base input of Q1. So, for
bit 1 input to Q1 is high, so it is ON, so IC555 generates frequency F2 in
the output. Similarly for bit 0 – input to Q2 is low, so it is OFF, so IC555
generates frequency F1. So, we get one frequency F1 for bit 1 and other
frequency F2 for bit 0 as per requirement.

Figure (3.3): Transistor in modulation

3.3 Pulse Generator Circuit

Here also IC555 is connected in A stable mode. It will generate
continuous pulses. It generates pulses at 1 KHz.The frequency is determined
by RC components R4, R5 and C3 as

F = 1.44 / (R4 + 2×R5) × C3----------- (3.7)

Figure (3.4): First astable Ic555

3.4 Circuit Designing

10
 Let us see how values of R1, R2, R3 and C1 can be found out or
calculated. We have selected F2 as 120 KHz for bit 1 and F1 as 90 KHz for
bit 0.
Assume C1 = 1 nF = 1 × 10 -9 F Substituting this value in to above equation
F1 = 1.44 / (R1 + 2×R2) × 10-9
Because F1 is 90 KHz
90 × 103 = 1.44 / (R1 + 2×R2) × 10-9
R1 + 2×R2 = 1.44 / (9 ×104 × 10-9)
R1 + 2×R2 = 16000
Now to get around 50% duty cycle R2 > R1 so let us take R1 = 4.5 K. So,
2×R2 = 16000-4500 = 11500
So R2 = 5750 = 5.75 K
The nearest practical value can be 5.6 K.
Thus, finally R1 = 4.5 K, R2 = 5.6 K and C1 = 1 nF. Instead of
selecting fixed value of R1, a Potentiometer is used to tune the frequency
and get exact value of 90 KHz.

Now let us find out value of R3 for frequency F2 = 120 KHz

F2 = 1.44 / (R’ + 2×5600) × 10-9
Because F1 is 90 KHz
120 × 103 = 1.44 / (R’ + 11200) × 10-9
R’ + 11200 = 1.44 / (12 ×104 × 10-9)
R’ + 11200 = 12000
R’ = 800
But R’ = R1 × R3 / (R1+R3). So (R1 × R3) / (R1+R3) = 800 4500 × R3 /
(4500+R3) = 800
3700 × R3 = 4500 × 800
Finally, R3 = 973
We can select nearest practical value as 1K. But instead of using
fixed value 1 K resistor, a potentiometer of 1 K is used so that the frequency
can be adjusted to exactly 120 KHz.

11
 Similarly, we can calculate values of R4, R5 and C3 in pulse generator
circuit to generate pulses at 1 KHz. The values are calculated as R4 = 3.3 K,
R5 = 5.6 K and C3 = 0.1 µF.

3.5 Circuit Setup

The circuit can be built on board or on general purpose PCB (Printed
Circuit Board).

· On board, place all the components and make necessary connections as

shown in circuit diagram
· On general purpose PCB, mount and solder all the components and connect
components as per circuit diagram
Next, apply 5 V to the circuit through power supply and connect
output of pulse generator and FSK modulation to both the channels of DSO
(Digital Storage Oscilloscope). (Or CRO) using CRO (Cathode Ray
Oscilloscope) probes.

Figure (3.5): FSK modulation and demodulation

12
3.6 Circuit Operation

As 5 V supply is given to circuit, pulse generator will generate square

pulses of 1 KHz these pulses are given to base input of transistor. Because
transistor is connected in switch mode, it will switch ON and OFF when
pulse input to transistor is high – transistor is ON – R3 connects in parallel
with R1 – IC555 generates 120 KHz frequency in the output When pulse
input transistor is low – it is OFF – only R1 is connected in IC555 circuit – it
generates 90 KHz frequency in the output in place of giving square pulses as
input we can give bit stream of 1’s and 0’s also.

3.7 Circuit Component

The Following is the general component of the circuit and their works;

Figure (3.6): FSK modulation

The R4 & R5 & C3:- The process of generating a positive pulse

𝑇𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 0.7𝑅2𝐶
𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ = 0.7 (𝑅1 + 𝑅2) *C
𝑇𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 = 0.7(R1 + 2𝑅2) * C
13
The R4 & R5 & C3:- The process of generating a positive pulse
𝑇𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 0.7𝑅2𝐶

𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ = 0.7 (𝑅1 + 𝑅2)

𝑇𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 = 0.7(R1 + 2𝑅2) × C

14
Figure (3.7): Components of FSK modulation

15
Chapter Four
Results and Practical Experience
4.1 Results
The results from training board are as below;

4.1.1 First Test

 R1= 4.7kΩ
 R2= 1kΩ
 R3= 10kΩ
 T1 = 61.655
 T on = 1/61.655= 162 KHz
 T2= 324.324
 T off= 1/324.324= 30 KHz
 T=T2-T1 = 324.324-61.655=262.669 us
 Duty cycle = ton/T
 Duty cycle = 25%

Where R refers to resistance

And T refers to the time

4.1.2 Second Reading

 R1= 2.35k ohm , R2= 500 ohm , R3=5k ohm

 T1=91.400 --->>>> Fon= 1/91.400 = 109k hz

Figure (4.1): FSK modulation and demodulation of first test

16
Resistance is inversely related to frequency. The greater the resistance, the
lower the frequency. Likewise, capacitance is also inversely related to
frequency

4.1.2 Second Test

 R1= 2.35kΩ, R2= 500 Ω, R3=5 kΩ

 T1=91.400 --->>>> Fon= 1/91.400 = 109kHz

 T2= 256.569 ---> Foff= 1/256.569 =38.9kHz

 T= T2-T1 = 165.269 sec

 Duty cycle = 55%

Figure (4.2): FSK modulation and demodulation of second test

As in the previous case, frequency is inversely related to resistance and

amplitude

4.1.3 Third Test

 R1=1.175 kΩ
 R2= 250 Ω
 R3= 2500 Ω
 T1= 973.718 ---->> Foff = 1/T1 =10kHz

17
  T2= 1.254 ---->>>Fon = 1/T2 = 79.7 kHz
 T2-T1= 280.405 µsec
 Duty cycle = 44%

Figure (4.3): FSK modulation and demodulation of third test

4.1.4 Forth Test

 R1= 3.76 kΩ
 R2 =750 Ω
 R3= 7.5 kΩ
 T1= 1.146 ms ----->>>Foff= 87 kHz
 T2=1.482 ms ---->>> Fon = 67.5 kHz
 T2-T1= 334.459
 Duty cycle = 42%

18
 Figure (4.4): FSK modulation and demodulation of fourth test

Messages Carrier

Modulation Demodulation
Figure (4.5): Frequency Modulation and Demodulation
Messages Messages Carrier Carrier modulation modulation demodulation Demodulation
Frequency Amplitude Frequency amplitude Frequency amplitude Frequency amplitude

830 Hz 46.4 p.p 76.5 KHZ 48 P.P 22.43 48 P.P 832 HZ 37.59 P.P
KHZ

Duty cycle Duty cycle Duty cycle Duty cycle

70.53% 66.28% 64.28% 60.70%

19
 Messages Carrier

Figure (4.6): Frequency Modulation and Demodulation

Messages Modulation
Messages Carrier Carrier modulation demodulation demodulation
modulationDemodulation
Frequency amplitude Frequency amplitude Frequency amplitude Frequency amplitude

835 HZ 38.4 P.P 100.3 46.40P. 29.36 48 P.P 836 HZ 37.59 P.P
KHZ P KHZ

Duty cycle Duty cycle Duty cycle Duty cycle

70.35% 56.09% 60% 69.01%

20
 Messages Carrier

Modulation Demodulation

Figure (4.7): Frequency Modulation and Demodulation

Messages Messages Carrier Carrier modulation modulation demodulation demodulation
Frequency amplitude Frequency amplitude Frequency amplitude Frequency amplitude

901 HZ 43.2 P.P 103.3 48 P.P 31.74 48 P.P 903 HZ 37.59 P.P
KHZ KHZ

Duty cycle Duty cycle Duty cycle Duty cycle

68.1% 50% 57.14% 55.68%

21
 Messages Carrier

Modulation Demodulation
Figure (4.8): Frequency Modulation and Demodulation
Messages Messages Carrier Carrier modulation modulation demodulation demodulation
Frequency amplitude Frequency amplitude Frequency amplitude Frequency amplitude

1.167 38.40 100.3 47.20 42.11 48.80 1.170 46.4 P.P

KHZ P.P KHZ P.P KHZ P.P KHZ

Duty cycle Duty cycle Duty cycle Duty cycle

40.72% 54.76% 57.14% 58.47%

22
Chapter Five
Conclusions
and
Future Works
5.1 Conclusions
FSK modulated wave generated through this experiment can be
demodulated by using FSK demodulator or detector circuit. Then, this
part can separate the digital bit sequence from the received modulated
wave in the receiver end. FSK needs higher bandwidth than ASK
modulation but its noise immunity is higher. Thus, it can be
implemented where less level of transmission rate is required such as
amateur radio, caller ID, and urgent situation broadcast. The FSK
modulated wave can be demodulated at the receiver side. Demodulation
is defined as reconstructing the original signal from the modulated
signal. This demodulation can be possible in two ways. They are
coherent FSK detection and non-coherent FSK detection. The only
difference between the coherent and non-coherent way of detection is the
phase of the carrier signal. If the carrier signal we are using at the
transmitter side and receiver side are in the same phase while
demodulation process i.e. called a coherent way of detection and it is
also known as synchronous detection. If the carrier signals which we are
using at transmitter and receiver side are not in the same phase then such
modulation process known as non-coherent detection. Another name for
this detection is Asynchronous detection.

23
5.2 Future Works
1. Performance Analysis: Studies focusing on analyzing the
performance of FSK systems in the presence of AWGN (Additive
White Gaussian Noise) and evaluating the BER under different
conditions.

2. Wireless communication applications: Using FSK in wireless

communication systems such as maritime communications, amateur
radio systems, and wireless sensor networks.

3. Detection algorithm development: research focused on developing

and improving signal detection algorithms in FSK systems to reduce
error rates and increase efficiency.

4. Model simulations: utilizing simulation tools like MATLAB to

design FSK system models and analyze their performance in different
environments.

5. Technical enhancements: studies aimed at improving modulation

techniques and noise reduction in FSK systems to enhance
communication quality.

24
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