COMPUTER NETWORK

NETWORK ADDRESSING

Network addressing is a fundamental concept in computer networking that involves assigning

unique identifiers to devices connected to a network. These identifiers are used to facilitate
communication between devices and to ensure that data reaches its intended destination.
Introduction to IP Addressing:

 IP (Internet Protocol) addressing is a fundamental concept in computer networking

that enables devices to communicate with each other over IP networks.
 An IP address is a unique numerical identifier assigned to each device connected to a
network.
 IP addresses are used to route data packets from the source device to the destination
device.
IPv4 Addressing:
 IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4) is the most widely used IP addressing scheme.
 IPv4 addresses are 32 bits in length and are typically represented in dotted-decimal
notation (e.g., 192.168.0.1).
 An IPv4 address consists of two main parts: the network portion and the host portion.
 The network portion identifies the network to which the device belongs, while the
host portion identifies the specific device within that network.
 IPv4 addresses are divided into classes: A, B, C, D, and E, each with a different range
of addresses and network sizes.
An IP address version 4 (IPv4) is a 32 bit binary number usually represented as 4 decimal values, each
representing 8 bits, in the range 0 to 255 (known as octets) separated by decimal points. This is known
as "dotted decimal" notation. Example: 140.179.220.200
It is sometimes useful to view the values in their binary form. 140.179.220.200 becomes
10001100.10110011.11011100.11001000
Every IP address consists of two parts, one identifying the network and one identifying the host. The
Class of the address and the subnet mask determine which part belongs to the network address and
which part belongs to the host address.

Figure 6.1. An IPv4 prefix and a subnet mask.

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 IPv6 Address Types:
 IPv6 introduces different types of addresses for various purposes:
 Unicast: An IPv6 address that identifies a single interface.
 Multicast: An IPv6 address that identifies a group of devices interested in
receiving specific data.
 Anycast: An IPv6 address that identifies a group of devices that provide the
same service, and data is routed to the nearest device in the group.

Types of address
Network address can be one of the following:
 Unicast (destined to one host)
 Multicast (destined to group)
 Broadcast (destined to all)
 Anycast (destined to nearest one)

Address Classes
The Internet community originally defined five address classes to accommodate networks of varying
sizes. Microsoft TCP/IP supports class A, B, and C addresses assigned to hosts. The class of address
defines which bits are used for the network ID and which bits are used for the host ID. It also defines
the possible number of networks and the number of hosts per network.

1. Class A Addresses:
 Class A addresses have the first bit set to 0, indicating that they belong to the Class A
address space.
 The range of Class A addresses is from 0.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255.
 The first octet represents the network portion of the address, and the remaining three
octets represent the host portion.

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  Class A addresses provide a large number of host addresses, making them suitable for
large organizations or service providers.
2. Class B Addresses:
 Class B addresses have the first two bits set to 10, indicating they belong to the Class
B address space.
 The range of Class B addresses is from 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255.
 The first two octets represent the network portion of the address, and the remaining
two octets represent the host portion.
 Class B addresses provide a moderate number of host addresses and are typically
assigned to medium-sized networks.
3. Class C Addresses:
 Class C addresses have the first three bits set to 110, indicating they belong to the
Class C address space.
 The range of Class C addresses is from 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255.
 The first three octets represent the network portion of the address, and the last octet
represents the host portion.
 Class C addresses provide a smaller number of host addresses and are commonly
assigned to small networks or organizations.
4. Class D Addresses:
 Class D addresses have the first four bits set to 1110, indicating they belong to the
Class D address space.
 The range of Class D addresses is from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255.
 Class D addresses are reserved for multicast communication, where data is sent to a
group of devices.
5. Class E Addresses:
 Class E addresses have the first four bits set to 1111, indicating they belong to the
Class E address space.
 The range of Class E addresses is from 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255.
 Class E addresses are reserved for experimental or future use and are not typically
assigned to devices.

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Figure 6.2. Classes of address.
Note:
→ Class A addresses 127.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255 cannot be used and is reserved for loopback and
diagnostic functions.
→ Class D addresses are reserved for IP multicast addresses. The four high-order bits in a class D
address are always set to binary 1110. The remaining bits are for the address that interested hosts
recognize.
→ Class E is an experimental address that is reserved for future use. The high-order bits in a class E
address are set to 1111.
→ All bits within the network ID cannot be set to 1. All 1's in the network ID are reserved for use as
an IP broadcast address.
→ All bits within the network ID cannot be set to 0. All 0's in the network ID are used to denote a
specific host on the local network and are not routed.

Private IP Addresses: They are addresses used in the private networks

Class Private Subnet Mask Address Range
Networks
A 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.0 -
10.255.255.255
B 172.16.0.0 - 255.240.0.0 172.16.0.0 -
172.31.0.0 172.31.255.255
C 192.168.0.0 255.255.0.0 192.168.0.0 -
192.168.255.255

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 Subnetting:

 Subnetting is the process of dividing a larger network into smaller subnetworks,

known as subnets.
 Subnetting allows for efficient use of IP addresses, better network management, and
improved security.
Subnet Mask:
 A subnet mask is a 32-bit value used to determine the network and host portions of an
IP address.
 It is represented using the same dotted-decimal notation as IP addresses, where each
octet represents 8 bits of the subnet mask.
 The subnet mask consists of consecutive network bits followed by consecutive host
bits.
 For example, a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0 (or /24 in CIDR notation) means that
the first 24 bits represent the network portion, and the last 8 bits represent the host
portion.
2. Subnetting Process:
 To subnet a network, determine the desired number of subnets and the number of
hosts required per subnet.
 Calculate the number of subnet bits required to accommodate the desired number of
subnets (2^n, where n is the number of subnet bits).
 Calculate the number of host bits remaining after subnetting (2^m - 2, where m is the
number of host bits).
 Determine the subnet mask based on the number of subnet bits required (e.g., /n in
CIDR notation).
 Allocate the subnets and assign IP addresses to devices accordingly.

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