DAMS

A dam is a structure built across a stream or river to hold water back, confine and utilize the
flow of water for human purposes. Dams can be used to store water, control flooding, and
generate electricity. www.nationalgeographic.org
 Purposes of DAMS

1. Drinking Water 2. Flood Control 3. Irrigation

4. Hydropower 5. Navigation 6.Recreational Purposes

*Photos from the Internet

Hydropower

Intake- the point where dam gates opens and gravity pulls the water to the penstock.
Penstock- a pipeline that leads to the turbine.
Turbine- converts the energy of flowing water into mechanical energy.
Generators- converts the mechanical energy into electricity..
Transformer- converts the alternating current into a high voltage current.
This converted power supply is connected to the national grid.
PARTS/TERMINOLOGIES OF DAMS
Reservoir- is the artificial lake behind the Dam body.
Crest- the top of the Dam. These may in some cases be
used for providing a roadway or walkway over the dam.
Diversion Tunnel- tunnel constructed to divert or change
the direction of water to bypass the dam construction site.
The dam is built while the river flows through the
diversion tunnel.
Spillway- section of a dam designed for the passage of
excessive water from the upstream side of the dam to the
downstream. Many spillways have flood gates designed to
control the flow through the spillway.
PARTS/TERMINOLOGIES OF DAMS

Dam Body- the main part of the Dam as an impervious member.

Free Board- the space between the highest level of water in the reservoir and the top of the dam.
Heel- portion of the Dam in contact with ground or river-bed at upstream side.
Toe- portion of the Dam in contact with ground or river-bed at downstream side.
Parts of the Dam

UPSTREA
? ?
? M

?
?

DOWNSTREA
M
Types of Dam
1. Embankment- is constructed with
natural excavated materials.
2. Gravity- is a massive, man-made
concrete dam designed to hold
large volumes of water.
3. Buttress- consist of a sloping deck
supported by intervals of
buttresses.
4. Diversion- is used to divert water.
5. Storage- are constructed to store
water during the rainy seasons,
supply water to the local wildlife,
and store water for hydroelectric
power generation, and irrigation.
6. Detention- are specifically
constructed for flood control by Cofferdam
retarding flow downstream, helping
reduce flash floods
7. Cofferdam- is used to close off
some or all of a construction area.
Research Activity

Research about the different Dams abroad and in the Philippines.

(Include basic info, history, structural and other engineering features)
Don't just copy-paste, paraphrase, and summarize important information. Attached
Photos and include References. Send in PDF File.

Dams
1. Three Gorges Dam 6. San Roque Dam 11. Angat Dam
2. Oroville Dam 7. Buhisan Dam 12. Pantabangan Dam
3. Hoover Dam 8. Magat Dam 13. Ambuklao Dam
4. Ertan Dam 9. La Mesa Dam 14. Wawa Dam
5. Kaliwa Dam 10. Chico River Dam 15. Ipo Dam
Example
8. Magat Dam
Location: Alfonsolista, Ifugao/Ramon, Isabela History: Magat Dam is one of the largest dams in the Philippines and
Type of Dam: Embankment Dam has two primary purposes: as a source of irrigation water and as a
Date of Construction: 1978 provider of hydroelectric power. The construction and appurtenant
structures was authorized by P.D. 693 signed on May 7, 1975 by the late
Date of Completion: 1982
President Ferdinand E. Marcos. The Magat Dam was constructed in
Age: 39 1978 and inaugurated by the Late Pres. Ferdinand E. Marcos on
Length: 4160m October 27, 1982 and started operations in 1983. It was Southeast Asia's
Height: 200m first large multipurpose dam. The total project cost is US$3.4B (yr. 1975).
Storage Capacity: 1.25Billion m3
Photos:

References: mariis.nia.gov.ph
**Note: Do not use Wikipedia as reference.
Dams in the Philippines

Magat Dam in Ramon, Isabela

Embankment Dam
Ambuklao Dam in Bakot, Benguet
Embankment Dam

Lamesa Dam in Novaliches, Quezon City

Earth Fill Dam

San Roque Dam in Pangasinan Ipo Dam in Bulacan

Rockfill Dam Gravity Dam
Forces acting on a Dam Dam Stability
1. Weight of the Dam A Dam is stable if:
2. Water Pressure 1. There is no overturning about the toe.
3. Vertical and Horizontal Reaction of the 2. There is no sliding on the base of the Dam.
Foundation 3. There is no tensile stress in the contact plane
4. Uplift Pressure due to the Water on the between the dam and its foundation.
Upstream 4. There is no crushing of the masonry or
5. Impact of Debris foundation.
6. Earthquake Forces
7. Wind Pressure
8. Wave Action
Analysis of Gravity DAMS W1

W=Weight of Concrete
U=Uplift Force
hCG W2 F=Hydrostatic Force
yCP
CG

e
F CP

Heel Toe
P

Step 1: Consider 1 unit length (1m length) of Dam perpendicular to the cross section.

Step 2: Determine all the forces acting on the Dam.

• Vertical Forces
• Horizontal Forces
Step 3: Solve for the Reactions.
Step 4: Solve for the Moments.
Step 5: Solve for the Factor of Safety.
 W1
Example
5m 1
3
5m
W2 = 23.54kN/m x 40m x 45m (1m)
2
hCG 𝐖𝟐 = 𝟐𝟏, 𝟏𝟖𝟔 𝐤𝐍
W2
yCP • Pressure at the base, P = ɣh
CG
47m
45m P = 9.81kN/m3 (47m)
e
F P = 461.07 kN/m2
CP

• Uplift force, U
Heel 5m 40m Toe 1
P U = (P)(A)
2
U 1
U = (461.07kN/m2 )(45m x 1m)
2
*Consider 1 unit length (1m length) 𝐔 = 𝟏𝟎, 𝟑𝟕𝟒. 𝟎𝟕𝟓 𝐤𝐍
• Horizontal Force
 Vertical Forces
F = ɣ(hcg)(A)
• Dam Weight, W
F = 9.81kN/m3 (23.5m)(47m x 1m)
W = ɣV ; ɣc= 23.54kN/m3
𝐅 = 𝟏𝟎, 𝟖𝟑𝟓. 𝟏𝟒𝟓 𝐤𝐍
W1 = 23.54kN/m3 5m x 50m (1m) Icg
e= ;e = ∴ ycp = ycg + e
𝐖𝟏 = 𝟓, 𝟖𝟖𝟓 𝐤𝐍 A(ycg)
ycp =
• Solve for Reactions
• Solve for Moments
W1 42.5m

W2
26.67m
Ẋ 47m

Heel Toe
F CP

𝐑𝐱 15.67m
5m 40m Toe
𝐑 P
𝐑𝐲
⥆ ΣFx = 0 U 30m
Take moment at the Toe
𝐑𝐱 = 𝐅 = 𝟏𝟎, 𝟖𝟑𝟓. 𝟏𝟒𝟓 𝐤𝐍 • ↶ RM = Resisting Moment
RM = W1(x1) + W2(x2)
↑ ΣFy = 0 RM = 5,885(42.5) + 21,186(26.67)
Ry = W1 + W2 − U 𝐑𝐌 = 𝟖𝟏𝟓. 𝟎𝟕 𝐌𝐍
Ry = 5,885 + 21,186 − 10,374.075 • ↷OM = Overturning Moment
𝐑𝐲 = 𝟏𝟔, 𝟔𝟗𝟔. 𝟗𝟐𝟓 𝐤𝐍 OM = F y1 + U(x3)
OM = 10,835.145(15.67) + 10,374.075(30)
𝐎𝐌 = 𝟒𝟖𝟎. 𝟗𝟕 𝐌𝐍
Rx = 10,835.145 kN
Ry = 16,696.925 kN
RM = 815.07 MN
OM = 480.97 MN
• Solve for the location of Ry
815.07 x106 N − 480.97 x106 N
RM − OM Ẋ=
Ẋ= 16,696.925 x103 N
Ry
Ẋ = 𝟐𝟎𝐦

• Solve for the Factor of Safety

Factor of Safety against sliding 0.7(16,696.925 kN )
μRy FSs =
FSs = >1 10,835.145 kN
Rx FSs = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟖
μ = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.

Factor of Safety against overturning

815.07 x106 N
RM FSo =
FSo = >1 480.97 x106 N
OM
FS𝐨 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟗
 B
• Soil Pressure Intensities
B/2 e Ẋ

1m
𝐑𝐲

Ẋ qmin
qmax

Heel Toe P Mc P Mc
𝐑𝐱 qmin = − qmax = +
A I A I
B B
𝐑𝐲 Ry Ry e Ry Ry e
𝐑 2 2
qmin = − qmax = +
B/2 e Ẋ B(1) 1 B(1) 1
1 B 3 1 B 3
12 12
Ry (6) Ry e Ry (6) Ry e
qmin = − qmax = +
B(1) 1 B 2 B(1) 1 B 2
B/2
Eccentricity, e Ry 6e Ry 6e
qmin = 1− qmax = 1+
B B B B B
e= −Ẋ
2 *Note: The formulas are applicable only when Ry acts within the middle third of the base.
B 2
<x< B
3 3
 W1
Example Hydrostatic Force at Downstream
5m
F = ɣ(hcg)(A)
5m
F2 = 9.81kN/m3 (7.5m)(15m x 1m)
hCG W2 𝐅𝟐 = 𝟏, 𝟏𝟎𝟑. 𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝐤𝐍
yCP Icg
CG e= ; ycp = ycg + e
47m
45m A(ycg)
e
F1 CP hCG
15m F2
5m 40m
PH PT y2= 5m

Pressure at the heel, P = ɣh Uplift force, U

P = 9.81kN/m3 (47m) 1
P = 461.07 kN/m2 U= (PH + PT)(A)
2
1
Pressure at the toe, P = ɣh U = (461.07 + 147.15)(45m x 1m)
2
P = 9.81kN/m3 (15m) 𝐔 = 𝟏𝟑, 𝟔𝟖𝟒. 𝟗𝟓 𝐤𝐍
P = 147.15 kN/m2
 W1
Example Solve for the Reactions
5m ΣFx = 0
5m Rx = F1 − F2

hCG Rx = 10,835.145 − 1,103.625

W2 𝐑𝐱 = 𝟗, 𝟕𝟑𝟏. 𝟓𝟐 𝐤𝐍
yCP
CG
47m
45m ΣFy = 0
e Ry = W1 + W2 − U
F1 CP hCG Ry = 5,885 + 21,186 − 13,684.95
15m F2 𝐑𝐲 = 𝟏𝟑, 𝟑𝟖𝟔. 𝟎𝟓 𝐤𝐍
5m 40m
PH PT y2= 5m

U X3=
Take moment at the Toe
RM = Resisting Moment
W1 = 5,885 kN x1= 42.5m
RM = W1(x1) + W2(x2)+ F2(y2)
W2 = 21,186 kN x2= 26.67m
RM = 5,885 42.5 + 21,186 26.67 + 1,103.625(5)
U = 13,684.95 kN x3= ___m 𝐑𝐌 = 𝟖𝟐𝟎. 𝟓𝟗 𝐌𝐍
F1 = 10,835.145 kN y1= 15.67m OM = Overturning Moment
F2 = 1,103.625 kN y2= 5m OM = F y1 + U(x3)
OM = 10,835.145(15.67) + 13,684.955(____)
𝐎𝐌 = _____𝐌𝐍
Rx = 9,731.52 kN
Ry = 13,386.05 kN
RM = 820.59 MN
OM = 580.30 MN

• Solve for the location of Ry

RM − OM 820. 59x106 N − ____ x106 N
Ẋ= Ẋ=
Ry 13, 386.05 x103 N
Ẋ= 𝐦

• Solve for the Factor of Safety

Factor of Safety against sliding
0.7(13, 386.05 kN )
μRy FSs =
FSs = >1 9, 731.52kN
Rx FSs = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔 < 𝟏 (𝐍𝐨𝐭 𝐒𝐚𝐟𝐞!)
μ = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.

Factor of Safety against overturning

820.59 x106 N
RM FSo =
FSo = >1 _______ x106 N
OM FS𝐨 = ___