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Exact Travelling Solutions for the Generalized (1+1) Dimensional and the
Generalized (2+1) Dimensional Ito Equations by G′/G -Expansion Method

Article · January 2010

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 Selçuk J. Appl. Math. Selçuk Journal of
Vol. 11. No.2. pp. 41-53 , 2010 Applied Mathematics

Exact Travelling Solutions for the Generalized (1+1) Dimensional and

the Generalized (2+1) Dimensional Ito Equations by 0  -Expansion
Method

M. Abdollahzadeh1 , D. D. Ganji1∗ , A. G. Davodi12 , M. Barzegar13

1
Babol University of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Babol, Iran
e-mail: ∗ [email protected]
2
Shahrood University of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering, Shahrood, Iran
3
Iran’s University of Science and Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Tehran, Iran

Received Date: August 23, 2009

Accepted Date: October 19, 2010

Abstract. In this paper, we establish exact solutions

³ 0 ´ for some nonlinear par-
tial differential integral equations (PDIE). The  -expansion method was
used to construct travelling wave solutions of the generalized (1+1) dimensional
and the generalized (2+1) dimensional Ito equations. In this method we take
the advantage of general solutions of second order linear ordinary differential
equation
³ 0´ (LODE) to solve effectively many nonlinear evolution equations. The

 -expansion method presents a wider applicability for handling nonlinear
wave equations.

Key words: The 0 -expansion method; Traveling wave solutions; the gener-
alized (1+1) dimensional and the generalized (2+1) dimensional Ito equations.
2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. 35G20.

1. Introduction

The investigation of travelling wave solutions for nonlinear partial differential

equations plays an important role in the study of nonlinear physical phenomena.
Nonlinear wave phenomena appear in various scientific and engineering fields,
such as: solid state physics [1], fluid mechanics [2], chemical kinetics [3], plasma
physics, population models [4], nonlinear optics .Analytical exact solutions to
nonlinear partial differential equation play an important role in nonlinear sci-
ence, especially they may provide us much physical information and more insight
into the physical aspects of the problem and may lead to further applications.

41
In recent years, a variety of powerful methods, such as inverse scattering method
[5, 6], bilinear transformation [7], Bäcklund and Darboux transformation [7-11],
tanh-sech method [12-14], extended tanh method [15], Exp-function method[16-
19], the sine-cosine method [20-22], the Jacobi elliptic function method [23-25],
F-expansion method [26,27], Li group analysis[28], He’s Variational iteration
method[29], He’s homotopy perturbation method[30-32] , homogeneous balance
method [33,34] were used for obtaining explicit travelling and solitary wave so-
lutions of nonlinear evolutions equations .
The pioneer work Wang et al. [35] introduced the 0 -expansion method for a
reliable treatment of the nonlinear wave equations. The useful 0 -expansion
method is widely used by many authors in references [36-40].
In this paper, we will apply the 0 -expansion method to obtain the exact
travelling wave solution of the generalized (1+1) dimensional and generalized
(2+1) dimensional Ito equations

Z
(1.1)  +  + 3 (2  +  ) + 3  0 = 0
−∞

Z
(1.2)  +  + 3 (2  +  ) + 3  0 +  +  = 0
−∞

which was recently derived by Wazwaz, by generalizing the bilinear forms of the
standard KdV equation. Wazwaz obtained Multiple-soliton solutions of these
equations using tanh method and Hirota bilinear method [41].
The rest of the paper is organized
³ 0´ as follows. In Section 2, we present a method-

ology of the generalized  -expansion method. In Section 3 and 4, we apply
our method to the generalized (1+1) dimensional and the generalized (2+1)
dimensional Ito equations. In Section 5, some conclusions are given.
³ ´
0
2- The  -Expansion Method
³ ´
0
Wang has summarized the main steps for using  -expansion method, as
following:

1- We introduce the wave variables  =  −  into the PDE, we get

(2.1)  (               ) = 0

where ( ) is travelling wave solution. This enables us to use the following
changes:

42
(2.2)  ( ) =  () 

  2 2 
2
= −  =  
  2  2
(2.3)
  2 2
=  2
= 2
   

And so on for the other derivates. Using (2.3) and (2.2), the nonlinear PDE
(2.1) changes to a nonlinear ODE:

¡ ¢
(2.4) Ψ  − 0   0  2  00   00  − 00   000     = 0

If all terms of the resulting ODE contain derivatives in , then by integrating

this equation, by considering the constant of integration to be zero, we obtain
a simplified ODE.

2-Suppose
³ 0´ that the solution of ODE (2.2) can be expressed by a polynomial in

 as follows:

X µ 0 ¶ µ 0 ¶
 
(2.5)  () =  =  + ··· 
=0
 

Where  = () satisfies the second order LODE in the form:

(2.6) 00 + 0 +  = 0

() 2 ()
where 0 =  , 00 = 2
.
       ,and  are constants to be deter-
³ 0´
mined later,  6= 0, the unwritten part in (2.5) is also a polynomial  , but
the degree of which is generally equal to or less than  − 1, the positive integer
 can be determined by considering the homogeneous balance the highest order
derivatives and highest order nonlinear terms appearing in ODE (2.4).

3- By substituting Eq. (2.5) into Eq. (2.4) and³ using ´ second order LODE
0
(2.6), collecting all terms with the same order of  together, the left-hand
³ 0´
side of Eq. (2.4) is converted into another polynomial in  . Equating each
coefficient of this polynomial to zero, yield a set of algebraic equations involving
         and  .

43
4- Assuming that the constants          and  can be obtained by solving
the algebraic equations in Step 3, since the general solutions of the second
order LODE (2.6) have been well known for us, then substituting         
and general solutions of Eq. (2.6) into Eq.(2.5) we have more travelling wave
solutions of the nonlinear evolution equation (1.1) and (1.2).

3. The (1+1)-Dimensional Ito Equation

In this section, we will demonstrate the proposed method on (1+1) dimensional

Ito equation [41]:

Z
(3.1)  +  + 3 (2  +  ) + 3  0 = 0
−∞

By using the potential  =  , Eq. (3.1) can be reduced to:

(3.2)  +  + 6  + 3  + 3  = 0

As described in Section 2 we perform a traveling wave reduction ( ) =  ()

with the argument  =  − , generating the reduced nonlinear ODE:

2
(3.3) 2  000 −  (5) − 6 ( 00 ) − 6 0  000 = 0

Or equivalently:

¡ ¢¨
(3.4) 2  000(5) − 3 ( 02 = 0

Integrating Eq. (3.4) twice, we will obtain:

(3.5) 2  0 −  000 − 3( 02 = 0

Setting  =  0 as new depend variable, a second order nonlinear ODE results:

(3.6) 2  −  002 = 0

Suppose that the solution of ODE (3.6) can be expressed by

µ ¶
0
(3.7) () =  + 


Where  = () satisfies the second order LODE in the form:

44
(3.8) 00 + 0 +  = 0

By using Eq. (3.7) and Eq. (3.8) it is easily derived that

µ ¶2
2 0
 () = 2 + ··· 


µ ¶+1
0 0
(3.9)  () = − + ··· 

µ ¶+2
00 0
 () = ( + 1) + ··· 

Considering the homogeneous balance between  2 and  00 in Eq. (3.6), based
on Eq. (3.9), we required that 2 =  + 2 ⇒  = 2 so we can write Eq. (3.7)
as:

µ ¶ µ ¶2
0 0
(3.10) () = 0 + 1 + 2  2 6= 0
 

By using Eq. (3.8) and Eq. (3.10), it is derived that

µ ¶ µ ¶2 µ ¶3
0 0 0
 2 () = 20 + 20 1 + (20 2 + 21 ) + 21 2
  
(3.11) µ 0 ¶4
2 
+2 


and

¶ µ
00 2 0 2
 () = 22  + 1  + (21  + 1  + 62 )

µ 0 ¶2 µ 0 ¶3
 
(3.12) +(42 2 + 31  + 82 ) + (21 + 102 )
 
µ 0 ¶4

+62


By substituting Eqs.
³ (3.10)—
´ (3.12) into Eq. (3.6) and collecting all terms with
0
the same power of  together, the left-hand side of Eq. (3.6) is converted
³ 0´
into another polynomial in  . Equating each coefficient of this polynomial

45
to zero, yields a set of simultaneous algebraic equations for 0  1  2    and 
As follows:

µ ¶0
0
(3.13a) : 2 0 − 22 2 − 320 − 1  = 0


µ ¶1
0
(3.13b) : 2 1 − 21  − 1 2 − 62  − 61 0 = 0


µ ¶2
0
(3.13c) : −82  − 321 − 31  − 62 0 + 2 2 − 42 2 = 0


µ ¶3
0
(3.13d) : −21 − 102  − 61 2 = 0


µ ¶4
0
(3.13e) : −322 − 62 = 0


Solving the algebraic equations above, yields:

(3.14) 0 = −2  1 = −2  2 = −2   = 2 − 4

or

2 1
(3.15) 0 = −  − 2  1 = −2  2 = −2  = 4 − 2
3 3
where  and  are arbitrary constants.
By using Eqs. (3.14) and (3.15), expression (3.7) can be written as

µ ¶ µ ¶2
0 0
(3.16) 1 () = −2 − 2 −2 
 

where  =  − , or

µ ¶ µ ¶2
2 1 0 0
(3.17) 2 () = −  − 2 − 2 −2 
3 3  

where  =  − (4 − 2 ).

46
Substituting general solution of Eq. (2.6) into Eqs. (3.16) and (3.17) we have
the solutions of Eq. (3.6) as follows:
When 2 − 4  0,

µ √ 2 √ 2 ¶2
2 1 2 1 sinh 1 1
(3.18) 1 () = −2 + − ( − 4) 2 √ 2−4+2 cosh 21 √2 −4 
2 2 1 cosh 1
2  −4+2 sinh 2  −4

where  =  − , or

µ √ 2 √ 2 ¶2
2 2 1 1 sinh 1 1
(3.19) 2 () = − + − (2 −4) 2 √ 2−4+2 cosh 21 √2 −4 
3 6 2 1 cosh 1
2  −4+2 sinh 2  −4

where  =  − (4 − 2 ).

When 2 − 4  0,

µ √ √ ¶2
2 1 −1 sin 1
4−2 +2 cos 12 4−2 
(3.20) 3 () = −2 + − (4 − 2 ) 1
2 √ 1
√ 
2 2 1 cos 2
2
4− +2 sin 2
2
4− 

where  =  − , or

µ √ √ ¶2
2 2 1 −1 sin 1 2 1 2
(3.21) 4 () = −  + − (4 − 2 ) 2 √ 4−2 +2 cos12√ 4−2  
3 6 2 1 cos 1
2 4− +2 sin 2 4− 

where  =  − (4 − 2 ).

Recalling that  =  0 and using the potential transformation ( ) =  ( )
and the travelling wave reduction ( ) =  () and ( ) =  (), we have:
When 2 − 4  0,

à √ √ !2
 
  1 sinh( 2 ( − )) + 2 cosh( 2 ( − ))
(3.22) 1 ( ) = − √ √ 
2 2 1 cosh( 2 ( − )) + 2 sinh( 2 ( − ))

where  = 2 − 4, or

à √ √ !2
 
 1 1 sinh( 2 ( + )) + 2 cosh( √2 ( + ))
(3.23) 2 ( ) = −  √ 
6 2 1 cosh( 2 ( + )) + 2 sinh( 2 ( + ))

where  = 2 − 4. And when 2 − 4  0,

1 1 ³ − sin( 1 √(+))+ cos( 1 √(+)) ´2

(3.24) 3 ( ) = −  −   1cos( 12√(+))+ 2sin( 12√(+)) 
2 2 1 2 2 2

47
where  = 4 − 2 , or

1 1 ³ − sin( 1 √(−))+ cos( 1 √(−)) ´2

(3.25) 4 ( ) = −  −   1cos( 12√(−))+ 2sin( 12√(−)) 
6 2 1 2 2 2

where  = 4 − 2 .
1  2 are arbitrary constants .If 1 and 2 are taken as special values, the
various results can be rediscovered. For instance, if 1 6= 0 and 2 = 0, then
1 ( ) can be written as:

à √ !2 √

  1 sinh( ( − ))  
(3.26) 1 ( ) = − √2
= sec 2 ( ( − ))
2 2 1 cosh( 2 ( − )) 2 2

Which is equal to the exact solution of Eq (3.1) obtained by Wazwaz [41].

4. The (2+1)-Dimensional Ito Equation

³ 0´
In this section we apply the  -expansion method to the (2+1)-dimensional
Ito equation [41]:

Z
(4.1)  +  + 3(2  +  ) + 3  0 +  +  = 0
−∞

That can be reduced to:

(4.2)  +  + 6  + 3  + 3  +  +  = 0
Upon using the potential  =  , where  and  are arbitrary constants.
We seek travelling wave solutions for Eq. (4.3) in the form:

(4.3) (  ) =  ()  =  +  −  

Using Eq. (4.3), Eq. (4.2) is carried to a nonlinear ODE:

(4.4) 2  000(5) − 6( 002 − 6 0  000 −  000 −  000 = 0
or equivalently

¡ ¢¨
(4.5) ( − ( + )) 000(5) − 3 ( 02 = 0
Integrating Eq. (4.5) twice, we will obtain:

(4.6) ( − ( + )) 0 −  000 − 3( 02 = 0

48
Introducing  =  0 as a new depend variable, we obtain the reduced nonlinear
ODE:

(4.7) ( − ( + )) −  002 = 0

Considering the homogeneous balance between  2 and  00 in Eq. (4.7), we
required that 2 =  + 2 ⇒  = 2 so we suppose that the solution of Eq.
(4.7) is of the form

µ ¶ µ ¶2
0 0
(4.8) () = 0 + 1 + 2  2 6= 0
 
Where  = () satisfies the second order LODE (2.6) and 0  1  2   and 
gare constants to be determined later.
By using Eq. (4.8) and Eq. (2.6), it is derived that

³ ´ ³ ´2 ³ ´3 ³ ´4
0 0 0 0
(4.9)  2 () = 20 +20 1  +(20 2 +21 )  +21 2  +22  

and

¶ µ
00 2 0 2
 () = 22  + 1  + (21  + 1  + 62 )

µ 0 ¶2 µ 0 ¶3
(4.10)  
+(42 2 + 31  + 82 ) + (21 + 102 )
 
³ 0 ´4
+62 

By substituting Eqs. ³ (4.8)—

´ (4.10) into Eq. (4.7) and collecting all terms with
0
the same power of  together, the left-hand side of Eq. (4.7) is converted
³ 0´
into another polynomial in  . Equating each coefficient of this polynomial
to zero, yields a set of simultaneous algebraic equations for 0  1  2    and 
As follows:

µ ¶0
0
(4.11a) : 2 0 − 320 − 0 − 22 2 − 1  − 0 = 0


µ ¶1
0
(4.11b) : −62  − 61 0 − 21  − 1 2 + 2 1 − 1 − 1 = 0


µ ¶2
0
(4.11c) : 2 2 −82 −62 0 −2 −42 2 −31 −2 −321 = 0


49
 µ ¶3
0
(4.11d) : −61 2 − 21 − 102  = 0


µ ¶4
0
(4.11e) : −322 − 62 = 0


Solving the algebraic equations above, yields:

(4.12) 0 = −2  1 = −2  2 = −2   = 2 − 4 +  + 

or

2 1
(4.13) 0 = −  − 2  1 = −2  2 = −2   = 4 − 2 +  + 
3 3
where  and  are arbitrary constants.
By using Eqs. (4.12) and (4.13), expression (4.8) can be written as

µ ¶ µ ¶2
0 0
(4.14) () = −2 − 2 −2 
 

where  =  +  − (2 − 4 +  + ), or

µ ¶ µ ¶2
2 1 0 0
(4.15) () = −  − 2 − 2 −2 
3 3  

where  =  +  − (4 − 2 +  + ).

Substituting general solution of Eq. (2.6) into Eqs. (4.14) and (4.15), we have
solutions of Eq (4.7) as follows:

µ √ 2 √ 2 ¶2
2 1 2 1 sinh 1 1
(4.16) 1 () = −2 + − ( − 4) 2 √ 2−4+2 cosh 21 √2 −4 
2 2 1 cosh 1
2  −4+2 sinh 2  −4

Where  =  +  − (2 − 4 +  + )

µ √ 2 √ 2 ¶2
2 2 1 1 sinh 1 1
(4.17) 2 () = − + − (2 −4) 2 √ 2−4+2 cosh 21 √2 −4 
3 6 2 1 cosh 1
2  −4+2 sinh 2  −4

where  =  +  − (4 − 2 +  + ). And when 2 − 4  0,

50
 µ √ √ ¶2
2 1 −1 sin 1 2 1 2
(4.18) 3 () = −2 + − (4 − 2 ) √ 4−2 +2 cos12√ 4−2  
2
2 2 1 cos 1
2 4− +2 sin 2 4− 

where  =  +  − (2 − 4 +  + ), or

µ √ √ ¶2
2 2 1 −1 sin 1 2 1 2
(4.19) 4 () = −  + − (4 − 2 ) √ 4−2 +2 cos12√ 4−2  
2
3 6 2 1 cos 1
2 4− +2 sin 2 4− 

where  =  +  − (4 − 2 +  + ).

Recalling that  =  0 and using the potential transformation ( ) =  ( )
and the travelling wave reduction ( ) =  ()and( ) =  () , we have:
When 2 − 4  0,


1 ( ) =
2
(4.20) µ √ √ ¶2
 1 sinh( 2 (+−(++)))+2 cosh( 2 (+−(++)))
− √ √ 
2 1 cosh( 2 (+−(++)))+2 sinh( 2 (+−(++)))

where  = 2 − 4 +  + , or


2 ( ) =
6
(4.21) µ √ √ ¶2
 1 sinh( 2 (+−(+−)))+2 cosh( 2 (+−(+−)))
− √ √ 
2 1 cosh( 2 (+−(+−)))+2 sinh( 2 (+−(+−)))

where  = 2 − 4.
When 2 − 4  0,

1
3 ( ) = − 
(4.22) 2
 ³ −1 sin( 12 √(+−(+−)))+2 cos( 12 √(+−(+−))) ´2
− √ √ 
2 1 cos( 12 (+−(+−)))+2 sin( 12 (+−(+−)))

where  = 4 − 2 ,or

1
4 ( ) = − 
(4.23) 6
1 ³ − sin( 1 √(+−(++)))+ cos( 1 √(+−(++))) ´2
−   1cos( 12√(+−(++)))+ 2sin( 12√(+−(++))) 
2 1 2 2 2

where  = 4 − 2 .

51
1  2 are arbitrary constants .If 1 and 2 are taken as special values, the
various results can be rediscovered. For instance, if 1 6= 0, 2 = 0 and we take
 +  +  =  then 1 ( ) can be written as:

µ √ ¶2
 − ( + )  − ( + ) 1 sinh( −(+) (+−))
1 ( ) = − √ 2
2 2 1 cosh(
−(+)
(+−))
(4.24) p 2

 − ( + )  − ( + )
= sec 2 ( ( +  − ))
2 2
Which is equal to the exact solution of Eq. (4.1) obtained by Wazwaz [41].

5- Conclusions
³ 0´
The  -expansion method was successfully used to establish travelling wave
solutions of the generalized (1+1) dimensional and the generalized (2+1) dimen-
sional Ito equations. Many well known nonlinear wave equations were handled
by this method. The performance of this method is reliable and effective and
gives more solutions. This method has more advantages .it is direct and concise
.It is elementary that the general solutions of the second order LODE have been
well known for the researchers and effective that it can be used in many other
nonlinear evolution equations. The availability of computer systems like Math-
ematica or Maple facilitates the tedious algebraic calculations. The method
which we have proposed in this letter is also a standard, direct and comput-
erizable method, which allows us to solve complicated and tedious algebraic
calculation.

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