Why Program?

Who uses Python?

Who uses Python?
 Python
Raw Data Presented Data
1.04

Norm Fluoresence
1.02

0.98

0.96

0 400 800 1200 1600

Time(ms)
 What can you do with PYTHON?
• Create programs
• Computation/analysis Data
• Visualization/graphics
• Code development
• Modeling and simulation
• Data acquisition
• Coding for data analysis
• Create your own functions
• Advance plotting
• Create user interfaces (not ideal)
• Interface with other programming languages (JAVA, Python, C/C++)
 Why PYTHON?
• Advance computation (AI, social networks health, finance)

• Design readable and simple coding/programs

• User friendly applications

• Rich libraries available

• Popular application development language

• Graphical User Interface (GUI) development

• A single platform to load, sort, analyze, plot and save your data.

• Beginner level syntax structure

Computers Want to be Helpful...
What
• Computers are built for one purpose - to Next?
do things for us

• But we need to speak their language to

describe what we want done

• Users have it easy - someone already put What What What

many different programs (instructions) into Next? Next? Next?
the computer and users just pick the ones
they want to use What What What
Next? Next? Next?
 Programmers Anticipate
Needs
• iPhone applications are a market

• iPhone applications have over 3 billion

downloads

• Programmers have left their jobs to be

full-time iPhone developers Pick Pick Pick
Me! Me! Me!
• Programmers know the ways of the
program Pick Pick Pay
Me! Me! Me!
 Users vs. Programmers
• Users see computers as a set of tools - word processor, spreadsheet, map,
to-do list, etc.

• Programmers learn the computer “ways” and the computer language

• Programmers have some tools that allow them to build new tools

• Programmers sometimes write tools for lots of users and sometimes

programmers write little “helpers” for themselves to automate a task
 Why be a Programmer?
• To get some task done - we are the user and programmer

- Clean up survey data

• To produce something for others to use - a programming job

- Fix a performance problem in the some software

- Add a guestbook to a web site

 User

Computer
Programmer
Hardware + Software

Data Information .... Networks

From a software creator’s point of view, we build the software. The end
users (stakeholders/actors) are our masters - who we want to please -
often they pay us money when they are pleased. But the data,
information, and networks are our problem to solve on their behalf.
The hardware and software are our friends and allies in this quest.
 What is Code? Software? A Program?

• A sequence of stored instructions

- It is a little piece of our intelligence in the computer

- We figure something out and then we encode it and then give it to

someone else to save them the time and energy of figuring it out

• A piece of creative art - particularly when we do a good job on user

experience
Programs for Humans...
while music is playing:
Left hand out and up
Right hand out and up
Flip Left hand
Flip Right hand
Left hand to right shoulder
Right hand to left shoulder
Left hand to back of head
Right ham to back of head
Left hand to right hit
Right hand to left hit
Left hand on left bottom
Right hand on right bottom
Wiggle
Wiggle
Jump
Programs for Humans...
while music is playing:
Left hand out and up
Right hand out and up
Flip Left hand
Flip Right hand
Left hand to right shoulder
Right hand to left shoulder
Left hand to back of head
Right ham to back of head
Left hand to right hit
Right hand to left hit
Left hand on left bottom
Right hand on right bottom
Wiggle
Wiggle
Jump
Programs for Humans...
while music is playing:
Left hand out and up
Right hand out and up
Flip Left hand
Flip Right hand
Left hand to right shoulder
Right hand to left shoulder
Left hand to back of head
Right hand to back of head
Left hand to right hip
Right hand to left hip
Left hand on left bottom
Right hand on right bottom
Wiggle
Wiggle
Jump
 Programs for Python...
name = input('Enter file:')
handle = open(name)

counts = dict()
python words.py
for line in handle: Enter file: words.txt
words = line.split() to 16
for word in words:
counts[word] = counts.get(word,0) + 1

bigcount = None
bigword = None
for word,count in counts.items(): python words.py
if bigcount is None or count > bigcount: Enter file: clown.txt
bigword = word the 7
bigcount = count

print(bigword, bigcount)
Hardware Architecture
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/RaspberryPi.jpg
 Generic
Software What
Next? Computer
Input Central
and Output Processing
Devices Unit
Secondary
Memory

Main
Memory
 Definitions
• Central Processing Unit: Runs the Program - The CPU is What
always wondering “what to do next”. Not the brains Next?
exactly - very dumb but very very fast

• Input Devices: Keyboard, Mouse, Touch Screen

• Output Devices: Screen, Speakers, Printer, DVD Burner

• Main Memory: Fast small temporary storage - lost on reboot - aka RAM

• Secondary Memory: Slower large permanent storage - lasts until deleted - disk
drive / memory stick
 Generic
Software What
Next? Computer
Input Central
and Output Processing
Devices Unit
Secondary
if x< 3: print Memory

Main
Memory
 Generic
Software What
Next? Computer
Input Central
and Output Processing
Devices Unit
01001001 Secondary
00111001 Memory

Main
Memory
Machine
Language
 Totally Hot CPU

What
Next?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y39D4529FM4
 Hard Disk in Action

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9eMWG3fwiEU
Installation
 Installation
• Download Python:
https://www.python.org/downloads/
 Install python
 Set path during installation

• Download Anaconda
https://www.anaconda.com/download
 Install anaconda
 Set path during installation

• Open Anaconda:
 Install Jupyter/Spyder
 Set path during indtallation
 Open Jupyter/Spyder
 SPYDER/JUPYTER
Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
• Anaconda is a very popular
Python distribution program.

• 150 Python packages (library) are

available.

• When Anaconda is installed to

your computer that installs many
packages.

• You can access only through an

IDE.

• It has also other features like

IPython Notebook https://www.anaconda.com/download/#macos
 Integrated Development Environment (IDE)

• IDE can be used to write,

test and debug your code.

• It has multi-window text

editor.

• Auto completion.

• Keyword Highlighting.

• Debug info.
 Python Layout in Spyder

Menu and other options

Workspace to
show all variables

Coding

All files in a
selected folder

Commands window
Python as a Language
 Parseltongue is the language of serpents
and those who can converse with them. An
individual who can speak Parseltongue is
known as a Parselmouth. It is a very
uncommon skill, and may be hereditary.
Nearly all known Parselmouths are
descended from Salazar Slytherin.

http://harrypotter.wikia.com/wiki/Parseltongue
 Python is the language of the Python
Interpreter and those who can converse with
it. An individual who can speak Python is
known as a Pythonista. It is a very uncommon
skill, and may be hereditary. Nearly all known
Pythonistas use software initially developed
by Guido van Rossum.
 Early Learner: Syntax Errors
• We need to learn the Python language so we can communicate our instructions to
Python. In the beginning we will make lots of mistakes and speak gibberish like
small children.

• When you make a mistake, the computer does not think you are “cute”. It says
“syntax error” - given that it knows the language and you are just learning it. It
seems like Python is cruel and unfeeling.

• You must remember that you are intelligent and can learn. The computer is
simple and very fast, but cannot learn. So it is easier for you to learn Python than
for the computer to learn English...
Talking to Python
C:\Users\Msk>py
Python 3.10.7 (tags/v3.10.7:66b3, Sep 5 2022, 14:08:36)
[MSC v.1933 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more
information.
>>> What
next?
C:\Users\Msk>py
Python 3.10.7 (tags/v3.10.7:66b3, Sep 5 2022, 14:08:36)
[MSC v.1933 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more
information.
>>> x = 1
>>> print(x)
1
>>> x = x + 1 This is a good test to make sure that you have
>>> print(x) Python correctly installed. Note that quit() also
2 works to end the interactive session.
>>> exit()
What Do We Say?
 Elements of Python
• Vocabulary / Words - Variables and Reserved words (Topic 2)
• Sentence structure - valid syntax patterns (Topic 3-5)
• Story structure - constructing a program for a purpose
name = input('Enter file:')
handle = open(name)
A short “story”
counts = dict()
for line in handle:
about how to count
words = line.split() words in a file in
for word in words:
counts[word] = counts.get(word,0) + 1
Python
bigcount = None python words.py
bigword = None
for word,count in counts.items():
Enter file: words.txt
if bigcount is None or count > bigcount: to 16
bigword = word
bigcount = count

print(bigword, bigcount)
 Reserved Words
You cannot use reserved words as variable names / identifiers

False class return is finally

None if for lambda continue
True def from while nonlocal
and del global not with
as elif try or yield
assert else import pass
break except in raise
 Commonly used symbols

• [] -- Square brackets •. -- Dot

• - -- hyphen
•“ ” -- Double quote
• {} -- curly brackets
• () -- Brackets, parentheses •‘ ’ -- Single quote
•; -- Semi colon •\ -- Back-slash
•: -- Colon •/ -- Forward-slash
•, -- Comma •# -- Hash
 Sentences or Lines

x = 2 Assignment statement
x = x + 2 Assignment with expression
print(x) Print statement

Variable Operator Constant Function

Programming Paragraphs
 Interactive vs Script Environment
Interactive:

You type directly to Python one line at a time and it responds

Script:

You enter a sequence of statements (lines) into a file using a text editor
and tell Python to execute the statements in the file
 Python Scripts
• Interactive Python is good for experiments and programs of 3-4 lines
long.

• Most programs are much longer, so we type them into a file and tell
Python to run the commands in the file.

• In a sense, we are “giving Python a script”.

• As a convention, we add “.py” as the suffix on the end of these files to

indicate they contain Python.
Program Steps or Program Flow
• Like a recipe or installation instructions, a program is a sequence of
steps to be done in order.

• Some steps are conditional - they may be skipped.

• Sometimes a step or group of steps is to be repeated.
• Sometimes we store a set of steps to be used over and over as
needed several places throughout the program (Topic 5).
 Sequential Steps
x=2 Program:
Output:
print(x) x = 2
print(x) 2
x=x+2 x = x + 2 4
print(x)
print(x)

When a program is running, it flows from one step to the next. As

programmers, we set up “paths” for the program to follow.
 x=5
Conditional Steps
Yes
x < 10 ?

print('Smaller') Program:
No Output:
x = 5
Yes if x < 10: Smaller
x > 20 ? print('Smaller') Finis
if x > 20:
print('Bigger') print('Bigger')
No
print('Finis')

print('Finis')
 n=5 Repeated Steps
No Yes Output:
n>0? Program:
5
print(n) n = 5 4
while n > 0 :
print(n)
3
n = n -1 n = n – 1 2
print('Blastoff!') 1
Blastoff!
Loops (repeated steps) have iteration variables that
print('Blastoff')
change each time through a loop.
name = input('Enter file:')
handle = open(name, 'r') Sequential
Repeated
counts = dict()
for line in handle: Conditional
words = line.split()
for word in words:
counts[word] = counts.get(word,0) + 1

bigcount = None
bigword = None
for word,count in counts.items():
if bigcount is None or count > bigcount:
bigword = word
bigcount = count

print(bigword, bigcount)
name = input('Enter file:') A short Python “Story”
handle = open(name, 'r') about how to count
counts = dict()
words in a file
for line in handle:
words = line.split() A word used to read
for word in words: data from a user
counts[word] = counts.get(word,0) + 1

bigcount = None A sentence about

bigword = None updating one of the
for word,count in counts.items(): many counts
if bigcount is None or count > bigcount:
bigword = word
bigcount = count A paragraph about how
to find the largest item
print(bigword, bigcount) in a list
 Summary
• What is Python? • IDE (Spyder)

• Why Python? • Story telling in Python

• Users vs. Programmers • Reserved words

• Code / Software / Program • Commonly used symbols

• Computer hardware • Interactive vs Script Environment

• Installing Python & Anaconda • Program Flow

 Acknowledgements
These slides are inspired by the following books and websites.

 Python from the Very Beginning by John Whitington.

 A Primer on Scientific Programming with Python by H. P. Langtangen.
 Python for Everybody - Exploring Data Using Python 3 by C. R. Severance.
 https://www.w3resource.com/python/python-tutorial.php
 https://www.w3schools.com/python/default.asp
 https://runestone.academy/ns/books/published/fopp/index.html
 https://realpython.com/
 https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python3-tutorial/?ref=shm