Let’s Practice!!!

Let’s Practice!!!
 DEMONSTRATIVES
Demonstratives are words that show the distance of
something (object, event or person) in space of time in
relation to the speaker.

HERE THERE
SPACE
(NEAR) (FAR)

THIS THAT
SINGULAR
1

THESE THOSE
PLURAL
2+

HERE THERE
TIMEº
(NEAR) (FAR)

THIS THAT
SINGULAR
1

THESE THOSE
PLURAL
2+

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 What is a noun?
A noun is a word that refers to a:
Person Place Thing

Event Substance Idea

Types of Nouns
Proper
To name a SPECIFIC or She is Jenna.
individual person, place or
thing. Proper nouns begin with
capital letter.

Common
She is a girl.
To name people, place or things
in GENERAL. It refers to the
class or type of person or thing.

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Types of Nouns
Concrete
Refer to people or things that I like smelling flowers.
exist physically and can be
detected by 1 of the five
senses.

Abstract
Refer to ideas, emotion and I love you.
concepts that cannot be
detected by 1 of the five
senses. Don’t exist physically

Collective
Groups of people or things that Family
share a common defining
characteristic. Collective nouns
are used in the singular
because they refer to the group
as a single unit.
Compound
Traffic Officer
They are made up of two or
more words but name one thing.

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Types of Nouns
Uncountable
They are nouns that we cannot count and do not have a plural
form, they only have a singular form.

11
Types of Nouns
Countable
They are nouns that we can count and have singular and plural forms.

We use:

A before words that start An before words that start

with consonant (sound) + with vowel (sound) + singular
singular countable. countable.

A uniform An umbrella
A burger An olive
A car An honest person

Nouns that can be Countable and Uncountable

USE
NOUN
Countable Uncountable

Chicken The animal Food

Hair Individual strands of hair Hair in general

Room Place Space

Experience Incident that affects you Knowledge or skill

Fire A burning Pile Element

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 QUANTIFIERS
QUANTIFIER MEANING COUNTABLE UNCOUNTABLE

MANY Numerous ✔ ❌

MUCH Large Amount ❌ ✔

SOME Unspecified
✔ ✔
Amount

ANY No ✔ ✔

A LOT OF Large Amount ✔ ✔

A LITTLE Small Amount ❌ ✔

A FEW Small Amount ✔ ❌

USES EXAMPLES

Questions Do you have any children?

ANY
There aren’t any apples in the
Negative sentences
fridge.

There are some apples in the

Positive sentences
fridge.

Do you want some sugar for

Offering something
your coffee?
SOME
Asking for something Could you give some ketchup?

Would you like some

Suggesting something
information?

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 PLURAL NOUNS

● Add “s” to form the plural of most nouns

Girl Girls Apple Apples Ball Balls

● Add “es” to nouns that end in: ch - sh - s - x - o - z

Bench Benches Dish Dishes Dress Dresses

Fox Foxes Hero Heroes Quiz Quizzes

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 PLURAL NOUNS

● Nouns ending in CONSONANT + Y, change “y” to “I” and add “es”

Baby Babies Lady Ladies Puppy Puppies

● Nouns ending in VOWEL + O or y Add “s”

Key Keys Radio Radios Toy Toys

● Nouns ending in F or FE Change “F or fe” to “ves”

Wolf Wolves Leaf Leaves Knife Knives

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 IRREGULAR PLURAL NOUNS

● Changing Vowels

Tooth Teeth Foot Feet Man Men

● Don’t Change

Deer Fish Sheep

● Change Substantially

Child Children Person People Ox Oxen

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 Articles

Indefinite Articles: A - AN
We use the indefinite articles a / an
■ To mention something for the first time.
■ With singular countable nouns
■ To refer to a particular member of a group or
class.
■ With names of jobs.

EXCEPTIONS
USES
H U

is used before a word For words that For words that

A that starts with a start with “H” start with a long
consonant sound. sound. “U” sound.

is used before a word For words that For words that

AN that starts with a start with a silent start with a short
vowel sound. “H” sound. “U” sound.

EXAMPLES

H U

A girl A hat A one-way street

A A bee A horse A euro

A doctor A hill A uniform

An old person An hour An umbrella

AN An Actress An honor An ugly

An engineer Ah heir An uncle

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 Definite Article: THE

USE EXAMPLE
To mention something for the second
The girl plays with a dog.
time.

To speak about a particular breakfast, We didn’t like the dinner she

lunch or dinner made.

Compass directions are written with

capital letters when they designate Look to the north and you will
specific regions (the North, the South, see the lake.
the East, the West)

When there is only one of the object or

He is always on the internet.
thing exists; it is one of a kind.

When speaking about members of the

The Hidalgos are a really nice
same family collectively, the article the is
family.
used before the surname.

You are the smartest person I

With superlative adjectives
know.

I visit the United States every

With the following countries.
year.

The United
The United The United The Central The Dominican
Arab
States Kingdom African Republic Republic
Emirates

The Virgin The The The Czech

The Maldives
Islands Philippines Netherlands Republic

The
The The Channel The Cayman The Falkland
Marshall
Bahamas Islands Islands Islands
Islands

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 SUBJECT in a sentence.
The subject of a sentence is the thing or person carrying out the
main action.

This is usually the noun, pronoun or noun phrase of the sentence

and is the thing that acts on the verb and object.

TYPES OF SUBJECTS

SIMPLE SUBJECTS
They only form 1 word or noun.

Examples:

I go to the Emma watches The teacher checks the

beach. TV. exam.
COMPOUND SUBJECTS
They have 2 or more words or nouns, and are usually linked
with “and” - “or” - “commas”.
Examples:

The boy and girl Tom and Kim are Dogs and Cats are
are thrilled. siblings. common pets.

NOUN PHRASE
They are a selection of different words, such as pronouns,
verbs and modifiers, come together to form a singular noun.

Examples:

The new laptop Three little kittens The tall and elegant
is fast. play in the yard. woman is greeting
everybody.

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 OBJECT in a sentence.

The object of a sentence is the noun, pronoun or noun

phrase that receives the action of the verb or is affected by
the action.

This is the noun that goes after the verb, and also
prepositions like:

● To

● For

● From

● With

Examples:

● Tom is looking FOR THE KEYS.

● Emma always listens TO SHAKIRA.

● David works WITH SAM at the bank.

● It was very nice to have news FROM TARA.

● Are the pizzas FOR SILVIA AND TIM?

● John knows KIM very well.

● Natty lives WITH SUSSAN.

● Betty loves OLIVIA RODRIGO

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 PRONOUNS
Pronouns are small words that replace a noun.

Subject Object Possessive Possessive

Pronoun Pronoun Adjective Pronoun

SUBJECT PRONOUNS take the place of common and proper nouns

in the subject of the sentence.

I You

He She

It We

You They

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 PRONOUNS
Pronouns are small words that replace a noun.

Subject Object Possessive Possessive

Pronoun Pronoun Adjective Pronoun

OBJECT PRONOUNS take the place of common and proper nouns in

the object of the sentence.

This present is for ME This present is for

YOU

The kids kiss HIM The man kisses HER

Kim feeds IT Come with US

These presents are Sam loves THEM

for YOU

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 POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE
To define what is a possessive adjective, first we need to know that
ADJECTIVES are words used to describe nouns.

WHAT ARE POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES?

This is MY money This is YOUR

sister

This is HIS book That is HER bag

It is ITS house. It is OUR game

This is YOUR Those are THEIR instruments

baby

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES are words that tell us who or what

owns something.

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 PRONOUNS
Pronouns are small words that replace a noun.

Subject Object Possessive Possessive

Pronoun Pronoun Adjective Pronoun

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS indicate the ownership (possession) of

something or someone by something or someone else.

This money is MINE Is this YOURS?

That book is HIS That bag is HERS

This games is OURS Those instruments are

THEIRS

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 ‘S
We use ‘S to say that something belongs to a person or animal, and
we also use it to talk about relationships between people.

RULES EXAMPLES

For singular nouns The teacher’s class

‘s
Irregular Plural nouns The children’s ball

Plural nouns ending in “s” ‘ The teachers’ office

When 1 thing belongs to 2 or ‘S only after the Kat and Kim’s mom
+ people last noun

When we have 2 or + people, ‘S Max’s and Tom’s sons

and each person has 1 thing after each person

OF
We use OF and NOT ‘s to talk about things (and not people or pets).

EXAMPLES

● The end of the street (NOT the street’s end)

● A picture of the eclipse (NOT the eclipse’s picture)
● The man of the match (NOT the match’s man)

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 COMPOUND NOUNS

With nouns that are used together very often, we often use them
together without of and without ‘s

EXAMPLES

● A school bus

● The city center

● The car key

● A police car

WHOSE
We use the question word WHOSE to ask about possession.

STRUCTURE EXAMPLES

IS This / That
NOUN Whose car is this?
ARE These /Those
WHOSE
IS This / That
NOUN Whose is this car?
ARE These /Those

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 TO BE

SENTENCE STRUCTURE

➕ Subject TO BE

➖ Subject TO BE + not Complement

❓ TO BE Subject

PRESENT FORM

SINGULAR PLURAL

I He - She - It We - You - They

➕ Am Is Are

➖ Am not Is not: Isn’t Are not: aren’t

USAGE

Introducing
Age Nationality Descriptions Time Season
People

Professions Places Feelings Relationships Prices Weather

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 THERE IS - THERE ARE
We use there is and there are to indicate the existence or
nonexistence of something in a specific place.

SENTENCE STRUCTURE

➕ There is Singular Noun

There are Plural Noun

➖ There isn’t Singular Noun

There aren’t Plural Noun

❓ Is there Singular Noun?

Are there Plural Noun?

There is:
● Singular Noun
● Uncountable Noun

There are:
● Plural countable nouns

EXAMPLES

THERE IS THERE ARE

➕ There is a dog under the table. The are some people in the
classroom.

➖ There isn’t any water in the There are 4 pencils on the

fridge. table.

❓ Is there any juice in the There are 2 mugs in the sink.

pitcher.

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 SIMPLE PRESENT
We use simple present to talk about:
● General truth.
● Permanent Situations.
● Habits or repeated actions.
● Schedule.
● Diving direction or instructions.

SENTENCE STRUCTURE

➕ Subject verb

➖ Subject don’t / doesn’t Infinitive verb Complement

❓ Do / Does Subject Infinitive verb

EXAMPLES

NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE
USE AFFIRMATIVE
(don’t / doesn’t) (do / does)

Do apples grow in
GENERAL TRUTH Apples grow in trees. Apples don’t grow in trees.
trees?

We read everyday at We don’t read everyday at Do we read everyday at

HABITS
5pm. 5pm. 5pm?

PERMANENT They don’t live in Do they live in

They live in Galapagos.
SITUATIONS Galapagos. Galapagos?

You don’t study art on Do you study art on

SCHEDULE You study art on Friday.
Friday. Friday?

Go straight, then turn Don’t go straight, then

GIVING DIRECTIONS ❌❌❌❌❌❌❌
left. don’t turn left.

GIVING Do you clean your

Clean your room!! Don’t clean your room!!
INSTRUCTIONS room?

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 3rd PERSON RULE
HE - SHE - IT

● Add “s” to most verbs.

My son READS his book. Mrs. Banks WRITES on It DRINKS water.

the board.

● Add “es” to verbs that end in: ch - sh - ss - x - o

● Verbs ending Consonant + Y, delete “Y” and add “IES”

Her dog CATCHES the Matt BRUSHES his She KISSES her mum.
frisbee. daughter’s hair.

David FIXES your chair. Pam DOES yoga. The parrot FLIES high.

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 IMPERATIVES
In imperative sentences the subject "YOU" is implied, so it's not
always explicitly stated.

STRUCTURE

✔ verb in infinitive followed or not by a complement.

❌ Don't / Do + not verb in infinitive

We use imperatives to:

EXAMPLES
USE
✔ POSITIVE ❌ NEGATIVE

Do not smoke in this

Give Orders Clean your room!!
building.

Offer Somethings Have some cookies. XXXXXXXXXXXXX

Give Warnings Watch out!! Don’t touch the wire.

Give Advice Tell her how you feel. Don’t overspend.

Plug in the device and Do not expose to direct

Give Instructions press the power button. sunlight or hot surface.

Make Suggestions Let’s go to the cinema. Let’s not go to the party.

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 IMPERATIVES
We also use imperatives to give directions.

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 TIME EXPRESSIONS

Every (day, year…) Twice a week, once a month, three times a

day

On Mondays… All the time Daily

Weekly
In the morning At night Monthly
In the afternoon At noon Yearly
In the evening At midnight Annually

ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY
Always Usually Generally

100% 90% 75%

Often Sometimes Occasionally

30%
50%
65%

Seldom Rarely Never

5%
15% 0%

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 ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY
SENTENCE STRUCTURE “TO BE”

➕ Subject TO BE Frequency A. Complement

➖ Subject TO BE Frequency A. Complement

❓ TO BE Subject Frequency A. Complement?

✔ Becky is rarely late.

❌ Jim isn’t always polite.

❓ Are we sometimes annoying?

❓ How often are you busy?

SENTENCE STRUCTURE

➕ Subject Frequency A. verb Complement

➖ Subject don’t / doesn’t Frequency A. Infinitive verb Complement

❓ Do / Does Subject Frequency A. Infinitive verb Complement?

✔ Frank never drinks coffee.

❌ Sarah doesn’t often go out?

❓ Do you occasionally drink wine?

❓ How often do they clean their flat?

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 DELEXICAL VERBS
Delexical verbs are action verbs that have no meaning in their
own right. We find the meaning of the action more on the noun.

GET

A job A clue Home Angry Together A headache

Old A cold Started Married A letter Permission

Lost A Call Cool Changed A chance Good Marks

Wet Joke Ready Worried A degree In trouble

A tan Tired Hungry Dressed A ticket Pregnant

Paid Eark Hired Divorced A shock A haircut

MAKE DO

A noise A mistake The ironing Your best

A mess A profit/loss The housework Damage/harm

someone Money Your homework A favour

A phone call A fortune Business Exercise

Progress Friends Well/badly The shopping

A difference War Wrong/right The dishes

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 DELEXICAL VERBS
Delexical verbs are action verbs that have no meaning in their
own right. We find the meaning of the action more on the noun.

GIVE GO

It some thought An opinion Home Downtown

An example An answer Shopping Dancing

Sb a call Priority To school To bed

A hand A description To work To prison

Credit Information To a spa For a drink

A speech A performance To a restaurant On a trip

HAVE TAKE

A look An appointment Part in sth A photo

(Meals) Fun The opportunity Advantage of sb

A headache Trouble A chance Care of sb

A party Sth in common A break Sth into account

A picnic An argument A shower Your time

Time A good day No notice of sth Time

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 PREPOSITION OF TIME
AT
TIMES OF DAY

At half past two At midnight At 1 o’clock

MEALTIMES

At breakfast At lunch At dinner

HOLIDAYS

At Christmas At the weekends At Easter

EXPRESSIONS

At present At night
At the moment

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 PREPOSITION OF TIME
IN
MONTHS and SEASONS

In Spring In November In February

YEARS - DECADES - CENTURIES

In 2002 In the 60’s In the 20th century

LONG PERIODS

In the past In the present In the future

PARTS OF THE DAY

In the morning In the afternoon In the evening

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 PREPOSITION OF TIME
ON
DAYS

On my birthday On Wednesday On Father’s Day

DATES

On the 25th of May On our Anniversary

On May25th

PARTS OF SPECIFIC DAY

On Friday evening On Monday morning On Sunday afternoon

LAST / NEXT
LAST WEEKEND NEXT WEEKEND

4th
Sat 4th Sat 11th
Sun 5th 5th 11th Sun12th
12th

49
 PREPOSITION OF PLACE
AT
AT A POINT / ADDRESS

At the door At the traffic light At 25 Maple Street

25

TOP / BOTTOM / END of

At the top of the At the bottom of the At the end of the

stairs page street

44 45

GROUP ACTIVITIES

At school / At a party At the concert

university

WORK - HOME- SHOPS

At work AT Home At the bakery

50
 PREPOSITION OF PLACE
IN
IN A 3D SPACE

In the bedroom In a box In a car or in a van

TERRITORY

IN ECUADOR IN EUROPE IN THE WORLD

WATER

In a river In a lake

In the swimming
pool

PRINTED MATERIAL

In a book In a picture In the newspaper

51
 PREPOSITION OF PLACE
ON
SURFACE

On the table On the carpet / rug On the roof

FLOOR / STREET

On the first(1st) On Green Street On the last floor

floor

PUBLIC TRANSPORT

On the bus On the train On a plane

MEDIA

On TV On a Website On the Internet

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 PRESENT CONTINUOUS
We use present continuous to talk about:

● We use it for things that are happening at the moment of

speaking.
● Temporary situations, even if the action isn't happening now
● We can use the present continuous for temporary or new
habits.
● We usually use an adverb like 'always', 'forever' or 'constantly'.
Often, we use the present continuous in this way to talk about
an annoying habit.
SENTENCE STRUCTURE

➕ Subject Be (am / is / are)

➖ Subject Be (am / is / are) + not Verb

Complement
(ing)
❓ Be Subject
(am / is / are)

EXAMPLES

USE AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

Unfinished She is eating Are aren’t playing

Actions Now
Is it raining?
dinner. pool.

Temporary He is reading a I am not going to Are we working

Habits book this month. the gym this week. from these days.

Annoying Habits
You're forever It isn’t always Is he always
losing your keys! barking that loud. complaining?

Temporary I am living in La He isn’t working in Are you studying

Situations Paz this month. the office right now. at the university?

54
 TIME EXPRESSIONS

These days I am reading a fantastic book these days

This month It is raining a lot this month.

Tammy is currently studying to become a

Currently
lawyer.

She is wearing pink spotted dress at the

At the moment
moment.

They are working to improve their

At present
performance.

In this very moment I am writing a report, in this very moment.

People are relying heavily on technology for

Nowadays
communication

This morning He is doing his homeworks this morning.

This afternoon She is meeting a client this afternoon.

They are discussing the new marketing

Right now
strategy, right now.

We are using a shared workspace

Temporarily
temporarily.

We are carrying the suitcases during this

During
trip.

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 CONJUNCTIONS
A conjunction is a word that links other words, phrases, and
clauses together.

USE
To connect different possibilities.

Example:

I have to decide between having pizza or pasta.

OR We use or (not and) in negative sentences to mean ‘not

one thing and not another thing’.

Example:

❌ I don’t like oranges and lemons.

✔I don’t like oranges or lemons.

To add similar information or ideas.

Example:

Tom is an actor and Sam is a youtuber.

AND When we are connecting sentences, we don’t need to

repeat the subject.

Example:

Kim loves basketball and tennis.

57
 CONJUNCTIONS

A conjunction is a word that links other words, phrases, and

clauses together.

USE
To say the reason for something.

Example:
BECAUSE
May waters the plants regularly because she
wants them to grow healthy.

To introduce the consequence or the result of

something.
The second part of the sentence is the result of the
first part of the sentence.
SO
Example:

May wants plants to grow healthy, so she

waters the them regularly.

To add contrasting information.

Information that is different.
BUT
Example:

I studied a lot, but I failed the exam.

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 MODAL VERBS
Modal are auxiliary verbs that let us express:

ABILITY PROHIBITION OBLIGATION

SEEKING
DEDUCTION
PERMISSION

As with any auxiliary verb, modal verbs don’t really have a

meaning on their own, it depends on the context of the
sentence and the main verbs.

MODAL VERBS CHARACTERISTICS

They do not conjugate with a grammatical person.

● They do not have infinitive

● They do not have gerund
● They do not have past form
● They do not have participle form

Sentence Structure

➕ Subject Modal

➖ Subject Modal NOT Infinitive verb Complement

❓ Modal Subject

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 MODAL VERBS OF ABILITY

CAN / CAN’T COULD / COULDN’T

We use the the modal verb CAN We use the the modal verb
to express a current ability. COULD to express a past ability.

EXAMPLES

Owls can turn their heads as far as When I was 4, I couldn’t drive a car,
270 degrees. now I can

Mimi can’t ride a bike, but she can Matt could speak english fluently.
roller skate. When he was younger.

Tarja can sing incredible high With practice, Lisa could become a
notes. skilled artist.

MODAL VERBS OF PERMISSION

MAY COULD CAN

Is a polite way to Is a less formal way to Is the least formal way

ask for permission. ask for permission. to ask for permission.

EXAMPLES

May Tim use your Could you borrow me Can Liv come to the party
phone for a moment? your pen, please? with us, please?

May she take a break Could he join us for Can I ask you a question?
after she finishes? dinner tonight?

May we bring our Could John leave early, Can Eva use the
friends to the party? he has an appointment? bathroom?

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 MODAL VERBS OF DEDUCTION

CAN’T MUST

“Can’t” shows that we are 100% “Must” shows that we are 100%
sure that something is true in a sure that something is true in a
negative way. positive way.

EXAMPLES

Tom can’t be his son, they look They left 15 minutes ago, they must be
completely different. home now.

Greg can't be at home right now; He must be very experienced to solve

his car is not in the driveway. those problems so quickly.

It can't be raining; the sky is clear If Kim said that, it must be true. She
and the sun is shining. never lies.

COULD MIGHT MAY

“Might” is less formal

“May” is formal
“Could” shows options, than “may”, and is more
and is often
or possibility. common in
found in writing.
conversation.

EXAMPLES

Mia may know the

Zoe could be running late It might rain later; the sky
answer; she is
because of traffic. looks cloudy.
smart.

Our plan may

They could be interested; Leo might be working late;
work, if we work
it aligns with their goals. his office light is still on.
together.

Max could be planning a Rey might not be into you, They may win the
surprise party. She is just being polite. contest.

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 MODAL VERBS OF OBLIGATION

MUST HAVE TO

We use this modal verb to We use this modal verb to

express INTERNAL express EXTERNAL
OBLIGATION OBLIGATION

EXAMPLES

I must take a shower, I feel My told me that, I have to do the

sticky. dishes

He must wear glasses without

I have to be at work at 8:50.
them he can’t see.

When you feel so terrible, you She has to get to work before 7
must go to the doctor. tomorrow.

DON’T / DOESN’T
MUSTN’T
HAVE TO or NEED TO

We use this modal verb to say We use this modal verb to say
something is forbidden. there is no obligation.

EXAMPLES

You mustn’t tell anyone. It’s a We had an accident, but we didn’t

secret. have to go to the hospital.

You mustn’t feed the animals in We don't need to rush; the movie
the zoo. starts in an hour.

You mustn't play with fire; it's You don't have to attend the
dangerous. meeting if you're busy.

63
 IRREGULAR VERB PATTERNS
INFINITIVE PAST PAST PARTICIPLE

● Irregular verbs that do not change

Set Set Set

Put Put Put
Cut Cut Cut
Hit Hit Hit
Hurt Hurt Hurt
Let Let Let
Bit Bit Bit
Bet Bet Bet
Split Split Split
Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast

● Pattern ow- ew- own

Blow Blew Blown

Grow Grew Grown
Know Knew Known
Throw Threw Thrown
Fly Flew flown

● Pattern ome- ame-ome

Come Came Come

Become Became Became

● Pattern e-en

Drive Drove Driven

Ride Rode Riden
Rise Rose Risen
Write Wrote Writen

65
 IRREGULAR VERB PATTERNS

INFINITIVE PAST PAST PARTICIPLE

● Pattern i-ou-ou

Bind Bound Bound

Find Found Found
Grind Ground Ground
Wind wound wound

● Pattern ept- ept

creep Crept Crept

keep Kept Kept
Sleep Slept Slept
sweep Swept Swept
feel felt felt
leave left left

● Pattern i-a-u

Begin Began Begun

Drink Drank Drunk
Ring Rang Rung
Spit Spat Spit
Sing Sang Sung
Shrink Shrank Shrunk
Sting Stang Stung
swim swam swum

● Pattern ell- old

Sell Sold Sold

Tell Told Told

66
 IRREGULAR VERB PATTERNS

INFINITIVE PAST PAST PARTICIPLE

● Pattern ought

Bring Brought Brought

Buy Bought Bought
Fight Fought Fought
Seek Sought Sought
Think Thought Thought
Teach Taught Taught
catch caught caught

● Change Completely

Be Was / Were Benn

Go Went Gone
Do Did Done
Have Had Had
See Saw Seen
Get Got Got / Gotten
Take Took Taken
Make Made Made
understand Understood Understood

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 SIMPLE PAST
We use simple past to talk about:

● Past finished actions.

● Things that were true in the oast.

● Past Habits or repeated actions.

● Events in chronological order.

SENTENCE STRUCTURE
➕ Subject Verb in past

➖ Subject didn’t Infinitive verb Complement

❓ Did Subject Infinitive verb

EXAMPLES

USE AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE (didn’t ) INTERROGATIVE (did)

She went to the park She didn’t go to the park Did she go to the park
FINISHED ACTIONS
yesterday. yesterday. yesterday?

THINGS THAT
They played incredibly. They didn’t play incredibly. Did they play incredibly.?
WERE TRUE

You swam every

PAST HABITS You didn’t swim every summer. Did you swim every summer?
summer.

I woke up I didn’t wake up Did you wake up, did you have
CHRONOLOGICAL I had a shower I didn’t have a shower a shower, did you eat your
ORDER I ate my breakfast I didn’t eat my breakfast breakfast, and did you go to
I went to work. I didn’t go to work. work?

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 REGULAR PAST VERBS
We use the comparative form of adjective to compare 2 things.

● We often add “d” or ”ed” to verbs to make the past simple.

Listen: Listened Argue: Argued Play: Played

● Verbs ending Consonant + Y, delete “Y” and add “IED”

Study: Studied Marry: Married Copy: Copied

● Double the last consonant when to verbs ending in

CONS+VOWEL+CONS Double CONS and add “ED”

Stop: Stopped Clap: Clapped Hug: Hugged

● Double the last consonant when the STRESS is in the last

syllable when the verb has 2 syllables .

Travel: Travelled Regret: Regretted Label: Labelled

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 PAST SIMPLE

TIME EXPRESSIONS EXAMPLES

You didn’t answer to my call

Yesterday
yesterday!

Last (week, month,

We went hiking last month.
year)

In (year) She was born in 1992.

On (day of the week) They went to the beach on Saturday.

People used to communicate through

In the past
letters in the past.

At that time, we didn't have

At that time:
smartphones.

He once met his favourite singer in a

Once
restaurant.

During (P. A.) childhood They swam a lot during their childhood
/ teenage years: years.

Out of nowhere: Out of nowhere, it started to rain heavily.

He was cooking, and suddenly the smoke

Suddenly
alarm went off.

All of a sudden, the lights went out and

All of a sudden
everything was dark.

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 PAST CONTINUOUS
We use past continuous to talk about:

● Long action or events that happened in the past.

● At the beginning of a story to describe the situation.

● To talk about actions that were in progress at a specific

moment in the past.

SENTENCE STRUCTURE

➕ Subject Be (was / were)

➖ Subject Be (was / were) + not Verb (ing) Complement

Be
❓ (was / were)
Subject

EXAMPLES

USE AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

Long Actions in He was playing He wasn’t playing Was he playing

the past video games. football. tennis?

At the beginning The rain was It was not raining Were you
of a story. pouring heavily. at all. travelling?

Actions at an They were They were not Were they

specific moment cooking dinner at cooking dinner at cooking at 7
in the past. 7 PM. 7 PM. PM?.

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 PAST CONTINUOUS

TIME EXPRESSIONS EXAMPLES

Those days I wasn’t drinking alcohol those days.

That month It was raining a lot that month.

As the sun was setting, we were

As
walking along the beach.

At that moment, the kids were playing

At that moment
happily in the playground

At the time of the accident, I was driving to

At the time
the supermarket.

I was writing a report, in that very

In that very moment
moment.

This/That morning He was doing his homeworks this morning.

She was having lunch at the restaurant this

This/That afternoon
afternoon.

At this time
At this time yesterday, I was having lunch
(yesterday / last
with my friends.
week, etc)

During the party, they were dancing and

During
singing

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 SIMPLE PAST VS PAST CONTINUOUS
“When" and "while" are time expressions used to connect actions
or events that happen at the same time in the past.

USE
A long action that was interrupted by a short action.

It is often used with the past simple to show the timing of

a completed action.

The action described by "when" happens once, and it

does not necessarily interrupt an action in progress.
WHEN
Example:
● I called my friend when I finished my homework.

● We were having dinner, when the phone rang.

● When the movie ended, they left the theater.

Is used to talk about 2 things happening simultaneously in

the past.

Example:

● While I was cooking dinner, my friend was playing

WHILE the guitar.

● She read a book while she was waiting at the

airport.

● She answered emails while having her morning

coffee.

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 INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

SOMEBODY SOMEONE SOMETHING SOMEWHERE

PEOPLE PEOPLE THINGS PLACES

Use these words in positive clauses and questions to refer to general

and specific people, things, places. We use them with a singular verb.

EXAMPLE

● SOMEBODY: Somebody left an umbrella in the office.

● SOMEONE: Someone knocked on the door 2 minutes ago.

● SOMETHING: I have something special for you.

● SOMEWHERE: We usually go somewhere new for our holiday.

ANYBODY ANYONE ANYTHING ANYWHERE

PEOPLE PEOPLE THINGS PLACES

We use these words

● Affirmative clauses to mention one random person from a group,
one random thing or one random place.
● Questions to expect an answer about a random person, thing or
place.
● Negative sentences to indicate the absence of an specific
person, place or thing.

EXAMPLE

● ANYBODY: Does anybody have a question?

● ANYONE: Anyone can join the club;

● ANYTHING: I don’t have anything to wear.

● ANYWHERE: I can not find it anywhere.

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 INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

EVERYBODY EVERYONE EVERYTHING EVERYWHERE

PEOPLE PEOPLE THINGS PLACES

We use these words to refer total number of things, people or

places.

EXAMPLE

● EVERYBODY: Everybody wants to be a youtuber.

● EVERYONE: I buy some gifts for everyone.

● EVERYTHING: Everything is great.

● EVERYWHERE: There is water everywhere.

NOBODY NO ONE NOTHING NOWHERE

PEOPLE PEOPLE THINGS PLACES

We use these words to refer to an absence of people, things

or places. They are used with a singular verb and in positive
sentences, don’t use them after NO, NOT, NEVER or other
words which have a negative meaning (hardly, seldom).

EXAMPLE

● NOBODY: Nobody wants to go out in this heavy rain.

● NO ONE: No one wants to be my friend.

● NOTHING: Nothing happens when you are around

● NOWHERE: She goes nowhere without her backpack.

22
 FUTURE
WILL
We use the word will to talk about:
● Uncertain Predictions (NO evidence) or assumptions.
● Promises or Refusals
● Instant Decisions

Sentence Structure

➕ Subject Will

➖ Subject Will not / won’t Infinitive verb

❓ Will Subject

Write A: Assumptions - P:Promises - R: Refusal - ID: Instant Decisions.

He will probably come back on Tuesday.

It won’t rain tomorrow.

I will make it up to you for the mistake I made.

I will never lie to you again.

They will have the bbq chicken and lemonade, please.

They will choose the red dress.

You look thirsty, I will bring you a glass of water.

We will not lend you any more money.

The price of the product will increase next month.

Will you accept our job offer?

78
 FUTURE
BE GOING TO
We use the word "be going to” to talk about:
● Certain Predictions (Evidence)
● Plans
● Intentions

Sentence Structure

➕ Subject am / is / are

➖ Subject am / is / are Going to Infinitive verb

❓ Am / is / are Subject

Write CP: Certain Predictions - P: Plans - I: Intentions

We are going to travel to Europe during the summer vacation.

She is going to learn how to play the piano.

He is going to enjoy the movie because he is a fan of action films.

We are going to save money for a down payment on a new house.

Based on her dedication and talent, she's going to win the competition.

He is going to quit his job and pursue his passion for photography.

It looks like it's going to rain heavily later this evening.

They are going to organize a family reunion next summer.

I am going to start a new exercise routine.

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 WH QUESTION WORDS

WH WORD USE EXAMPLES

WHO People Who was at the door?

WHERE Place Where is the party

WHEN Time When are you leaving?

WHY Reason Why are the chairs missing?

Which do you prefer, red or

WHICH Options
black?

WHOSE Belonging Whose is this red bottle?

WHAT Thing What is your favorite song?

WHAT TIME Ask about time What time is it?

WHAT KIND Type What kind of music do you like?

HOW Way How are you?

HOW MANY Countable Quantity How many dogs do you have?

How much does this jacket

HOW MUCH Uncountable Quantity
cost?

HOW LONG Duration How long is the movie?

HOW OFTEN Frequency How often do you go to school?

HOW FAR Distance How far is the cinema?

HOW OLD Age How old are you?

81
 COMPARATIVES and SUPERLATIVES

Comparatives Superlatives

We use the superlative form of an

We use the comparative form of an
adjective to compare ➕ than 2
adjective to compare 2 things.
things.

COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE add

RULES ADJECTIVE
add -ER Than The -EST

Young Younger than The Youngest

1 Syllable

Big Bigger than The Biggest

Cons-Vowel-Cons
Double last CONS

Coconut Pineapple Watermelon

Happy Happier than The Happiest

CONS + Y
Change Y → i

83
 COMPARATIVES and SUPERLATIVES

COMPARATIVE add SUPERLATIVE add

RULES ADJECTIVE
MORE adjective THAN The MOST adjective

Expensive More expensive than The most expensive

2 or more
syllables

Good Better than The Best

Bad Worse The Worst

Irregular

Far Farther/Further than The farthest/

furthest

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Let’s Practice!!!