Assignment – Solution: 7

1. For fully-developed turbulent flow in a pipe with heating,

the Nusselt number Nu, varies with Reynolds number Re
and Prandtl number Pr as
(2 marks)
(a) Re0.5Pr1/3
(b) Re0.8Pr0.2
(c) Re0.8Pr0.4
(d) Re0.8Pr0.3
Ans :- option (c)
Solution:-

For heating Nu = 0.023 Re0.8Pr0.4

2. Water at a flow rate of 2 kg/s enters a long section of

pipe with a temperature of 25ºC and a pressure of 100
bars. The pipe wall is heated such that 105 W are
transferred to the water as it flows through the pipe.
If the water leaves the pipe with a pressure of 2 bars,
what is its outlet temperature?
PROPERTIES:- Water (T = 300K): ρ = 997 kg/m3,
cp = cv = 4179 J/kg⋅K.
(2 marks)
(a) 59.6oC
(b) 39.4o C
(c) 19.8o C
(d) 69.9o C
Ans:- option (b)
Solution:-
KNOWN: Flow rate, inlet temperature and pressure, and
outlet pressure of water flowing through a pipe with a
prescribed surface heat rate.
FIND: (a) Outlet temperature,
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Negligible kinetic and potential

energy changes, (2) Constant properties, (3)
Incompressible liquid.
PROPERTIES: Water (T = 300K): ρ = 997 kg/m3, cp =
cv = 4179 J/kg⋅K.
ANALYSIS: (a) Accounting for the flow work effect,
may be integrated from inlet to outlet to obtain

qconv= 𝑚̇[𝑐𝑣 (𝑇𝑚,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑖 ) + (𝑝𝑣)𝑜 − (𝑝𝑣)𝑖 ]

Hence,
as v is specific volume, v =1/ ρ
𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 1
𝑇𝑚,𝑜 = 𝑇𝑚,𝑖 + + (𝑝 − 𝑝𝑜 )
𝑚̇𝑐𝑣 𝜌 𝑐𝑣 𝑖
 105 𝑊
𝑇𝑚,𝑜 = 25°𝐶 + 2𝑘𝑔
× 4179𝑗/𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾
𝑠
(100 − 2) (105 𝑁/𝑚2 )
+
997 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 × 4179𝐽/𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾
Tm,o = 25ºC + 12ºC + 2.4ºC
Tm,o = 39.4ºC

3. Engine oil is heated by flowing through a circular tube of

diameter D = 50 mm and length L = 25 m and whose
surface is maintained at 150ºC.
If the flow rate and inlet temperature of the oil are 0.5
kg/s and 20ºC, what is the outlet temperature Tm,o? What
is the total heat transfer rate q of the tube?
PROPERTIES: Engine oil: ρ = 852 kg/m3, ν = 37.5 × 10-6
m 2 /s, k = 138 × 10-3 W/m⋅K, Pr = 490, µ = ρ⋅ν =
0.032 kg/m⋅s, cp = 2131 J/kg⋅K.

(2 marks)
(a)Tmo = 35oC and Q = 15980 W
(b) Tmo = 15oC and Q = 12980 W
(c) Tmo = 20oC and Q = 10540 W
(d) Tmo = 55oC and Q = 25980 W
Ans:- option (a)
 Solution:-
KNOWN: Inlet temperature and flowrate of oil flowing
through a tube of prescribed surface temperature and
geometry.
FIND: Oil outlet temperature and total heat transfer
rate,
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Negligible temperature drop across

tube wall, (2) Negligible kinetic energy, potential
energy and flow work effects.
PROPERTIES: Engine oil : ρ = 852 kg/m3, ν = 37.5 ×
10-6 m 2 /s, k = 138 × 10-3 W/m⋅K, Pr = 490, µ = ρ⋅ν =
0.032 kg/m⋅s, cp = 2131 J/kg⋅K.
ANALYSIS: (a) For constant surface temperature the
oil outlet temperature may be obtained from
Hence

𝜋𝐷𝐿
Tm,o = Ts - (Ts - Tm,i )exp(− ̅)
ℎ … ..(1)
𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑝
To determine ℎ̅,
first calculate ReD
 4𝑚̇
ReD =
𝜋𝐷𝜇
0.5𝑘𝑔
4( )
𝑠
= 0.032𝑘𝑔 = 398
𝜋(0.05𝑚)( ∙𝑠)
𝑚
Hence the flow is laminar.
Moreover,
Xfd,t ≈ 0.05 D ReD Pr
= 0.05 (0.05m) (398) (490) = 486m.

Since L = 25 m the flow is far from being thermally

fully developed. However from
xfd,h ≈ 0.05 D ReD
= 0.05(0.05)(398) = 1m
and it is reasonable to assume fully developed
hydrodynamic condition throughout the tube.
Hence ℎ̅ may be determined

26
̅̅̅̅
𝑁𝑢D = 3.66+ =11.95.
1+2.14
Hence,
𝑘
ℎ̅ = ̅̅̅̅
𝑁𝑢D
𝐷
0.138𝑊/𝑚∙𝐾
= 11.95 = 33 W/m2∙K
0.05𝑚
and it follow that
 𝜋(0.05𝑚)(25𝑚)
Tm,o = 423K - ( 423K – 293K )exp[ 0.5𝑘𝑔 2131𝐽 ×
×
𝑠 𝑘𝑔∙𝐾

33𝑊/𝑚2 ∙ 𝐾]

Tm,o = 307.7K = 34.7 ºC = 35ºC.

From the overall energy balance,

q = 𝑚̇𝑐𝑝 (Tm,o-Tm,i)
=0.5 kg/s × 2131 J/kg∙K ×(308 - 293)K
q = 15980 W.

4. Ethylene glycol flow at 0.01 kg/s through a 3 mm

diameter, thin-walled tube. The tube is coiled and
submerged in a well-stirred water bath maintained at
25ºC. If the fluid enter the tube at 85ºC, what heat rate
and tube length are required for the fluid to leave at
35ºC? Neglect heat transfer enhancement associate with
the coiling.
PROPERTIES: Ethylene glycol (Tm = (85 + 35)°C/2 = 60°C
= 333 K): cp = 2562 J/kg⋅K, µ = 0.522 × 10-2 N⋅s/m2 ,
k = 0.260 W/m⋅K, Pr = 51.3.
(2 marks)
(a) q = -540 W and L =20.5 m
(b) q = -1085 W and L =10.0 m
(c) q = -1585 W and L =25.4 m
(d) q = -1281 W and L =15.4 m
Ans:- option (d)

Solution:-
KNOWN: Ethylene glycol flowing through a coiled, thin
walled tube submerged in a well-stirred water bath
maintained at a constant temperature.
FIND: Heat rate and required tube length for prescribed
conditions.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Tube wall thermal

resistance negligible, (3) Convection coefficient on water side infinite;
cooling process approximates constant wall surface temperature
distribution, (4) KE, PE and flow work changes negligible, (5) Constant
properties, (6) Negligible heat transfer enhancement associated with the
coiling.
PROPERTIES: Ethylene glycol (Tm = (85 + 35)°C/2 =
60°C = 333 K): cp = 2562 J/kg⋅K, µ = 0.522 × 10-2
N⋅s/m2 , k = 0.260 W/m⋅K, Pr = 51.3.

ANALYSIS: From an overall energy balance on the tube,

 qconv = 𝑚̇cp(Tm,o-Tm,i)
= 0.01kg/s×2562J/kg(35-85)°C
= -1281 W.
For the constant surface temperature condition, from the rate
equation,
As = qconv /ℎ̅∆𝑇𝑙m
∆𝑇𝑜
∆𝑇  m=(∆𝑇o-∆𝑇i)/  n = 𝑙𝑛[(35 − 25)°𝐶 − (85 −
∆𝑇𝑖
35−25
25)°𝐶 ]/  n = 27.9°𝐶.
85−25

Find the Reynolds number to determine flow condition,

4𝑚̇ 4×0.01𝑘𝑔/𝑠
ReD= = = 813.
𝜋𝐷𝜇 𝜋×0.003 𝑚×0.522×10−2 𝑁∙𝑠/𝑚2

Hence, the flow is laminar and, assuming the flow is fully

developed, the appropriate correlation is
ℎ𝐷 ̅
̅̅̅̅
𝑁𝑢D= = 3.66,
𝑘
𝑘 𝑊
ℎ̅ = Nu = 3.66×0.260 /0.003
𝐷 𝑚∙𝐾

= 317 W/m2∙K.
The required area, AS , and tube length, L, are
AS = 1281 W/317 W/m2∙K×27.9°C
=0.1448 m2
L = As/π D = 0.1448m2/π(0.003m)
= 15.4m.
5. Freon is being transported at 0.1 kg/s through a Teflon
tube of inside diameter Di = 25 mm and outside diameter
Do = 28 mm, while atmospheric air at V = 25 m/s and
300 K is in cross flow over the tube. What is the heat
transfer per unit length of tube to Freon at 240 K?
PROPERTIES: Air (T = 300K, 1 atm): ν = 15.89 × 10-6 m 2 /s,
k = 0.0263 W/m⋅K, Pr = 0.707; Freon (T = 240K): µ = 3.85 ×
10-4 N⋅s/m2 , k = 0.069 W/m⋅K, Pr = 5.0;
Teflon (T ≈ 300K): k = 0.35 W/m⋅K.

(2 marks)
(a) q’ = 212 W/m
(b) q’ = 360 W/m
(c) q’ = 312 W/m
(d) q’ = 392 W/m
Ans :-option ( c)

Solution:-
KNOWN: Flow rate and temperature of Freon passing
through a Teflon tube of prescribed inner and outer
diameter. Velocity and temperature of air in cross flow
over tube.
FIND: Heat transfer per unit tube length.
SCHEMATIC
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) One-
dimensional radial conduction, (3) Constant properties, (4)
Fully developed flow.
PROPERTIES: Air (T = 300K, 1 atm): ν = 15.89 × 10-6 m 2 /s,
k = 0.0263 W/m⋅K, Pr = 0.707;
Freon (T = 240K): µ = 3.85 × 10-4 N⋅s/m2 , k = 0.069 W/m⋅K,
Pr = 5.0; Teflon (T ≈ 300K): k = 0.35 W/m⋅K.
ANALYSIS:
Considering the thermal circuit shown above, the heat
rate is

𝑇∞ −𝑇𝑚
q =
1 1
̅ 𝐷𝑜 +[  𝑛(𝐷 𝑜 )/2𝜋𝑘]+( 𝐷𝑖 )
ℎ𝑜 𝜋 𝐷𝑖 ℎ𝑖 𝜋

4𝑚̇
ReD,i =
𝜋𝐷𝑖 𝜇
0.4𝑘𝑔/𝑠
= = 13,228
𝜋(0.025𝑚 )3.85×10−4 𝑁∙𝑠/𝑚2
And the flow is turbulent.
Hence,
from the Dittus. Boelter correlation
4
𝑘
hi = 0.023 𝑅𝑒𝐷,𝑖 𝑃𝑟 0.4
5
𝐷𝑖
0.069𝑊/𝑚∙𝐾
= 0.023(13,228)4/5 (5)0.4
0.025 𝑚
= 240 w/m2∙K.
with
25𝑚
𝑉𝐷𝑜 ( )0.028
𝑠
ReD,o = =
𝑣 15.89×10−6 𝑚2 /𝑠
= 4.405×104

it follows
𝑘
ℎ̅o = 0.6
0.26𝑅𝑒𝐷,𝑜 Pr0.37
𝐷
0.0263𝑊

= 𝑚∙𝐾
0.26(4.405 × 104 )0.6 (0.707)0.37
0.028 𝑚
= 131 W/m2∙K.

(300−240)𝐾
q = 𝑚
(0.087+0.052+0.053) 𝐾∙
𝑊
= 312 W/m.