Assignment_solution:3

1. Water is heated by submerging 50-mm diameter, thin-

walled copper tubes in a tank and passing hot
combustion gases (Tg =750 K) through the tubes. To
enhance heat transfer to the water, four straight fins of
uniform cross section, which form a cross, are inserted in
each tube. The fins are 5 mm thick and are also made of
cooper (k= 400 W/m·K).

If the tube surface temperature is Ts=350 K and the gas-

side convection coefficient is hg = 30 W/m2·K, what is
the rate of heat transfer to the water per meter of pipe
length?
(2 marks)
(a) 4025 W/m
(b) 5000 W/m
(c) 3500 W/m
(d) 4750 W/m
Ans:- option (a)
Solution:-
KNOWN: Diameter and internal fin configuration of copper
tubes submerged in water. Tube wall temperature and
temperature and convection coefficient of gas flow through the
tube.
FIND: Rate of heat transfer per tube length.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state, (2) One-dimensional fin

conduction, (3) Constant properties, (4) Negligible radiation,
(5) Uniform convection coefficient, (6) Tube wall may be
unfolded and represented as a plane wall with four straight,
rectangular fins, each with an adiabatic tip.
ANALYSIS: The rate of heat transfer per unit tube length
is:
q   ohA  T  T 
t t g s
NA
f  
o  1  1   f 
A  
t
NA  4  2 L  80.025m   0.20m
f
A  NA  A  0.20m  D  4t   0,20m    0.05m  4  0.005m   0.337m
t f b
For an adiabatic fin tip,
 qf M tanh mL

f

q max


h2 L 1 Tg Ts 
   
M  h2 1m  t k 1mt  1 / 2 T g Ts  30W / m 2  K 2m 400W / m K  0.005m 2 
  
1/ 2
400 K  4382W
1/ 2
 
 30W / m  K 2m  
2
mL  h21m  t  /k 1mt 1 / 2 L    0.025m  0.137
 400W / m  K 
 0.005m 2 

  

Hence, tanh mL= 0.126,and

4382W 0.136  595W
    0.992
f 2  2 
30W / m  K  0.05m 400 K  600 W
 
o  1 
0.20
1  0.992  0.995
0.337
q   0.995 30W / m 2  K 0.337m400 K   4025W / m
t  

2. A two-dimensional rectangular plate is subjected to the

boundary condition shown. Derive an expression for the
steady-state temperature distribution T(x,y).

 ny 
4 Aa   1n  1  nx 
sin  a 
(a) T  x, y     sin 
 n 1 n  a   nb 
 a 
  ny 
 1  sin 
  a 
n 1  nx 
T  x, y  
4 Aa
(b)   sin 
 n 1 n  a   nb 
 a 

 ny 
 1  sin 
  a 
n 1  nx 
T  x, y  
8 Aa
(c)   sin 
 n 1 n  a   nb 
 a 

 ny 
 1  sin 
  a 
n 1  nx 
T  x, y  
2 Aa
(d)   sin 
 n 1 n  a   nb 
 a 

ANS:- option (d)

Solution:-
KNOWN: Rectangular plate subjected to prescribed boundary
conditions.
FIND: Steady-state temperature distribution.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state, 2-D conduction, (2)

Constant properties.
ANALYSIS: The solution follows the method of Section.
The product solution is
 y  y 
T x, y   X ( x)  Y ( y)  (C cos x  C sin x) C3e  C 4e 
1 2  
and the boundary conditions are: T(0,y) = 0, T(a,y) = 0, T(x,0) =
0, T(x.b) = Ax. Applying BC#1, T(0,y) = 0, find C1 = 0.
Applying BC#2, T(a,y) = 0, find that λ = nπ/a with n = 1,2,….
Applying BC#3, T(x,0) = 0, find that C3 = -C4.
Hence, the product solution is
 n   y  y 
T x, y   X ( x)  Y ( y )  C C sin  x  e e .
2 4  a  

Combining constant and using super position,find

  nx   ny 
T ( x, y )   C sin  sinh  a .
n  a 
n 1

To evaluate Cn,use orthogonal function with

 nx   nb  a 2  nx  dx,
C  0a Ax  sin    dx / sinh    sin  a 
n  a   a 0

Noting that y = b. The numerator, denominator and Cn,

respectively, are:
a
n x  a  2  nx  ax  nx  
A0a x  sin  dx  A  sin   cos  
a   n   a  n  a  
 0
Aa 2 2
  cosn   Aa  1n  1
n n
a
 nb  a 2 nx  nb   1 1  2nx   a  nb 
sinh   0 sin  dx  sinh     sin      sinh  .
 a  a  a  2 4n  a  0 2  a 

Aa 2  nb  n! / n sinh  nb 

 1n  1 / sinh   
a
C   2 Aa  1
n n 2  a   a 

Hence, the temperature distribution is

 ny 
2 Aa   1n  1  nx 
sin  a 
T  x, y     sin  .
 n 1 n  a   nb 
 a 
3. Steel ball 12 mm in diameter are annealed by heating to
1150 K and then slowly cooling to 400 K in an air
environment for which T∞ = 325 K and h = 20 W/m2·K.
Assuming the properties of the steel to be k = 40W/m·K,
 = 7800 kg/m3, and c = 600 J/kg·K, estimate the time
require for the cooling process.

(a) 1000 sec.

(b) 1200 sec.
(c) 1122 sec.
(d) 1050 sec
ANS:- option (c )
Solution:-
KNOWN: Diameter and initial temperature of steel balls
cooling in air.
FIND: Time required to cool to a prescribed temperature.
SCHEMATIC:
 ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Negligible radiation effects, (2)
Constant properties.
ANALYSIS: Applying to a sphere (Lc = ro/3),

hLc hro / 3 20W / m 2  K 0.002m 

Bi     0.001.
k k 40W / m  K

Hence, the temperature of the steel remains approximately

uniform during the cooling process, and the lumped capacitance
method may be used.

Vc T T   D 3 / 6 c
p i    p Ti  T
t 1n  1n
hA T T hD 2 T T
s  

7800kg / m3 (D3 )600 / kg  K 1150  325

t 1n
2 2
6  D x20W / m  K 400  325
t = 1122 sec. = 0.312h
4. The heat transfer coefficient for air flowing over a sphere
is to be determined by observing the temperature-time
history of a sphere fabricated from pure cooper. The
sphere, which is 12.7 mm in diameter, is at 66ºC before
it is inserted into and airstream having a temperature of
27ºC. A thermocouple on the outer surface of the sphere
indicates 55ºC 69 s after the sphere is inserted in the
airstream. Assume, that the sphere behave as a
spacewise isothermal object and calculate the heat
transfer coefficient.
given:- Pure copper (333K): ρ = 8933 kg/m3 , cp = 389
J/kg⋅K, k = 398 W/m⋅K.
(a) 35.3 W/m2K
(b) 30 W/m2K
(c) 31.3 W/m2K
(d) 39.5 W/m2K
ANS:- option (a)
Solution:-
KNOWN:. The temperature-time history of a pure copper
sphere in an air stream
FIND: The heat transfer coefficient between the sphere
and the air stream.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS:(1) Temperature of sphere is spatially

uniform, (2) Negligible radiation exchange, (3) Constant
properties.
PROPERTIES: given:- Pure copper (333K): ρ = 8933
kg/m3 , cp = 389 J/kg⋅K, k = 398 W/m⋅K.
ANALYSIS: The time-temperature history
  (t )  t  1
i
 exp    Where Rt  hA A  D 2
 RtCt  s
s

Ct  VC
p
  T T

D 3
V 
6

Recognize that when t = 69s,

 t  55  27  C  t   
  0.718  exp     exp   69 s 
i      
66  27  C  t   t 

And noting that  t= RtCt find

 t= 208s.
Hence,

Vc 8933kg / m3   0.01273 m 3 / 6 389 J / kg  K

h
p
  
Ast  0.0127 2 m 2  208s
h  35.3W / m 2  K .
5. A thick steel slab (  = 7800 kg/m3, c = 480 J/kg·K, k =
50 W/m·K) is initially at 300ºC and it cooled by water jet
impinging on one of its surface. The temperature of
water is 25ºC, and the jet maintains an extremely large,
approximately uniform convection coefficient at the
surface. Assuming that the surface is maintained at the
temperature of the water throughout the cooling, how
long will it take for the temperature to reach 50ºC at the
distance of 25 mm from the surface?
For cooling time, use Gaussian error function (erf). Note that
erf(0.0807) = 0.0909. use following expression
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡 ) − 𝑇𝑠 𝑥
= erf ( )
𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑠 2√𝛼𝑡

(a) 2000 sec

(b) 1973 sec
(c) 1793 sec.
(d) 1650 sec
ANS:- option (c )
Solution:-
KNOWN: Thermophysical properties and initial
temperature of thick steel plate. Temperature of water
jets used for convection cooling at one surface.
FIND: Time required to cool prescribed interior location
to a prescribed temperature.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS:(1) One-dimensional conduction in slab,

(2) Validity of semi-infinite medium approximation, (3)
Negligible thermal resistance between water jets and
slab surface (Ts = T∞), (4) Constant properties.

ANALYSIS: The desired cooling time may be obtained

With T (0.025m, t) = 50°C,

T ( x, t )  Ts 50  25 C  x 
  0.0909  erf  
Ti  Ts 300  25 C
  2 t 
x
 0.0807
2 t

t
x2

0.025m 2
 1793s
0.0807 4 0.02611.34 10  5 m 2 / s 
2
 

Where
α = k/ρc
= 50 W/m⋅K/(7800 kg/m3 × 480 J/kg⋅K)
= 1.34 × 10-5 m2 /s.
And erf is a Gaussian error function
From Gaussian error function,
If erf w = 0.0909, then
w = 0.0807