Submitted By: Submitted To:

Name: Kamrul Hasan Joy Name: Kawser Ahmed Asif Sir

Roll: 917
Batch: 34A
Course Name: Basic Mathematics
Course Code: MAT 102

Question 1: How many methods are there to solve a system of linear

equations in two unknowns? Solve the following simultaneous
equations with the help of matrices:
2𝑟 + 𝑠 − 𝑡 = 3

𝑟 − 2𝑠 − 3𝑡 = 4
−𝑟 + 2𝑠 + 4𝑡 = −3

Answer: There are 3 methods to solve a system of linear equations in

two unknowns.
The above system of linear equations can be written in matrix form as:

= −3 ⇒ 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 … … … (1)
[ ][ ] [ ]
2 1 −1 r 3
−1 2 4 s
1 −2 −3 t 4

[ ] [ ] []
2 1 −1 3 r
Where, A= −1 2 4 B= −3 X= s
1 −2 −3 4 t

Let, D be the determinant of the Matrix A

 | |
2 1 −1
Then D=| A|= −1 2 4
1 −2 −3

= +2 −2 |2 | -1|−11 −34 |-1 |−11 −22 |

4
−3

= 2(-6+8)-1(3-4)-1(2-2)
= 2×2-1×(-1)-1×0
= 4+1
=5
Since D=| A|=5≠0, So the Matrix 𝐴 is Non-singular and hence A-1 exists.
We multiply both sides of equation (1) by A-1 on the left. Then we get
𝐴-1𝐴𝑋 = 𝐴-1𝐵 ⇒ 𝐼𝑋 = 𝐴-1𝐵 ⇒ 𝑋 = 𝐴-1𝐵 … … … (2)
Now the cofactors of 𝐷 are

|2
A11= + −2
4
−3 | A12= - |−11 −34 | A13= +|−11 −22 |
= -6+8 = -(3-4) = 2-2
=2 =1 =0
|1
A21= - −2
−1
−3 | A22= + 1 |2 −1
−3| |2 −21 |
A23= - 1
= -(-3-2) = -6+1 = -(-4-1)
=5 = -5 =5
A31= + 2|1 −14 | |2
A32= - −1
−1
4 | | 2 12|
A33= + −1
= 4+2 = -(8-1) = 4+1
=6 = -7 =5

[ ]
2 1 0
∴ Cofactor ¿ A , Cof(A)= 5 −5 5
6 −7 5
∴Adjoint Matrix of A, Adj(A)= [Cof(A)]T

[ ]
2 5 6
= 1 −5 −7
0 5 5

[ ]
2 5 6
-1 1 1
Thus A = D Adj(A)= 5
1 −5 −7
0 5 5

[ ]
2 6
1
5 5
= 1
−1
−7
5 5
0 1 1

Now, From equation (2)

X = A-1B

[ ][ ]
2 6
1

[]
r 5 5 3
s = 1 −7 −3
−1
t 5 5 4
0 1 1

[ ]
2 6
.3+1. (−3 ) + .4
5 5
= 1 7
.3−1. (−3 )− .4
5 5
0.3+1. (−3 ) +1.4

[ ]
6 24
−3+
5 5
= 3 28
+3−
5 5
0−3+ 4

[ ]
6−15+24
5
= 3+15−28
5
1
 []
3
= −2
1

∴ r=3 , s=¿ -2, t= 1

Question 2: What is the condition for a matrix to be orthogonal?

Determine the eigenvalues of the orthogonal matrix

[ ]
1 2 2
1
L= 3
2 1 −2
2 −2 1

Answer: A real Square Matrix 𝐴 is said to be Orthogonal if

𝐴T = 𝐴-1 , i. e. if 𝐴𝐴T = ATA= 𝐼

Question 3: Is it possible to find the inverse of the matrix

[ ]
−1 2 −3
4 0 4 ? If not possible, then explain the reason.
−3 6 −9

Answer:

[ ]
−1 2 −3
Given Matrix, A= 4 0 4
−3 6 −9

| |
−1 2 −3
Let D =|A| = 4 0 4
−3 6 −9

|0 −94 | – 2 |−34 −94 | + (-3) |−34 06|

= (-1) 6
= -1 (0-24) -2 (-36+12) -3 (24-0)
 = 24 + 48 -72
=0
Though, D = |A| = 0
The Matrix A is a Singular Matrix and hence A-1 doesn’t exist.

M = 2𝑦𝑧 i^ − 𝑥2 𝑦 ^j + 𝑥𝑧2 k^ , ⃗
Question 4: If ⃗ N = 𝑥2 i^ + 𝑦𝑧 ^j − 𝑥𝑦 k^ and

𝜙 = 2𝑥2𝑦𝑧3, find (a) ⃗ ∇ 𝜙 and (b) ⃗

M ∙⃗ ∇ 𝜙 at the point (1, −2, −1).
N ∙⃗

Answer:
M = 2𝑦𝑧 i^ − 𝑥2𝑦 ^j + 𝑥𝑧2 k^
Given, ⃗
N=
⃗ 𝑥2 i^ + 𝑦𝑧 ^j − 𝑥𝑦 k^
𝜙 = 2𝑥2𝑦𝑧3
= +
⃗ ∂ ^ ∂ ^ ∂ ^
∇ i j +¿ k
∂x ∂y ∂z

(a) ∇ 𝜙=
∴⃗ ( ∂∂ ϕx i^ + ∂∂ ϕy ^j + ∂∂ ϕz k^ )
= ∂ x 2𝑥 𝑦𝑧 )
2 3 ^
+ ¿2𝑥2𝑦𝑧3) ^j+¿
∂ z 2𝑥 𝑦𝑧 )
2 3 ^
∂ ∂ ∂
¿ i ¿ k
∂y

= (2x.2𝑦𝑧3) i^ + (1. 2𝑥2𝑧3) ^j + (3z2. 2𝑥2𝑦) k^

= 4x𝑦𝑧3 i^ + 2𝑥2𝑧3 ^j + 6𝑥2𝑦z2 k^

M ∙⃗
∇ 𝜙= (2𝑦𝑧 i^ − 𝑥2𝑦 ^j + 𝑥𝑧2 k^ )(4x𝑦𝑧3 i^ + 2𝑥2𝑧3 + 6𝑥2𝑦z2
k^ )
∴ ⃗ ^j

= (2𝑦𝑧.4x𝑦𝑧3) + (−𝑥2𝑦.2𝑥2𝑧3) + (𝑥𝑧2.6𝑥2𝑦z2)

= 8xy2z4 – 2x4yz3 + 6x3yz4
At the point (1, −2, −1)
M ∙⃗
⃗ ∇𝜙 = 8xy2z4 – 2x4yz3 + 6x3yz4
= {8.1.(-2) 2. (-1)4} – {2. (1)4.(-2). (-1)3} + {6. (1)3. (-
2). (-1)4}
= 32 – 4 – 12
= 16

(b) ∴ ⃗∇𝜙= ( ∂∂ ϕx i^ + ∂∂ ϕy ^j + ∂∂ ϕz k^ )
= ∂ x 2𝑥 𝑦𝑧 )
2 3 ^
+ ∂ y 2𝑥 𝑦𝑧 )
2 3 ^
∂ z 2𝑥 𝑦𝑧 )
2 3 ^
∂ ∂ ∂
¿ i ¿ j+¿ ¿ k

= (2x.2𝑦𝑧3) i^ + (1. 2𝑥2𝑧3) ^j + (3z2. 2𝑥2𝑦) k^

= 4x𝑦𝑧3 i^ + 2𝑥2𝑧3 ^j + 6𝑥2𝑦z2 k^

∇ 𝜙=
N ∙⃗
∴⃗ (𝑥2 i^ + 𝑦𝑧 ^j − 𝑥𝑦 k^ )(4x𝑦𝑧3 i^ + 2𝑥2𝑧3 ^j + 6𝑥2𝑦z2 k^ )
= (x2.4x𝑦𝑧3) + (𝑦z.2𝑥2𝑧3) + (-𝑥y.6𝑥2𝑦z2)
= 4x3yz3 + 2x2yz4 – 6x3y2z2
At the point (1, −2, −1)
∇𝜙
N ∙⃗
⃗ = 4x3yz3 + 2x2yz4 – 6x3y2z2
= {4. (1)3.(-2).(-1)3} + {2.(1)2.(-2)(-1)4} - {6.(1)3.(-
2)2.(-1)2}
= 8 – 4 – 24
= -20
or the Del operator. Prove that (𝑦2 – 𝑧2 + 3𝑦𝑧 − 2𝑥) i^ + (3𝑥𝑧 + 2𝑥𝑦) ^j
Question 5: Explain the significance of the vector differential operator

+ (3𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑧 + 2𝑧) k^ is both solenoidal and irrotational.

Answer: The vector differential operator Del is written as ⃗
∇ and it is
defined by

+
⃗ ∂ ^ ∂ ^ ∂ ^
∇≡ i j +¿ k
∂x ∂y ∂z

 This vector operator possesses properties analogous to those of

ordinary vectors.
 It is useful in defining three quantities which arise in practical
applications and are known as the gradient, the divergence and
the curl.
 The operator ⃗∇ is also known as Nabla.

Given,
⃗
A = (𝑦2 – 𝑧2 + 3𝑦𝑧 − 2𝑥) i^ + (3𝑥𝑧 + 2𝑥𝑦) ^j + (3𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑧 + 2𝑧)
k^

∇. ⃗
⃗ A = ( ∂∂x i^ + ∂∂y ^j+ ∂∂z k^ )(𝑦
2
– 𝑧2 + 3𝑦𝑧 − 2𝑥) i^ + (3𝑥𝑧 + 2𝑥𝑦) ^j + (3𝑥𝑦 −
2𝑥𝑧 + 2𝑧) k^

= (𝑦2 – 𝑧2 + 3𝑦𝑧 − 2𝑥) + ∂ y (3𝑥𝑧 + 2𝑥𝑦) + ∂ z (3𝑥𝑦 −

∂ ∂ ∂
∂x
2𝑥𝑧 + 2𝑧)
= (0-0+0-2.1) + (0+2.1) + (0-2.1+2.1)
= -2 + 2 +(-2+2)
 =0
Since,
𝑑𝑖𝑣 ⃗A = 0
⇒ ⃗∇ ∙⃗A = 0
So, ⃗Ais Solenoidal

⃗
∇×⃗
A =

[ ]
i^ ^j k^
∂ ∂ ∂
∂x ∂y ∂z
2 2
( y −z +3 yz−2 x) (3 xz +2 xy) (3 xy−2 xz +2 z)

= i^ [ ∂
∂y
∂
(3 xy −2 xz +2 z )− (3 xz +2 xy )
∂z ]
- ^j [ ∂
∂x
∂
( 3 xy−2 xz +2 z )− (( y 2−z 2+3 yz −2 x ))
∂z ]
+ k^ [ ∂
∂x
∂
( 3 xz+ 2 xy ) − (( y 2−z 2+3 yz −2 x ))
∂y ]
= i^ [ ( 3.1−2.0+ 2.0 )−(3.1+2.0)] - ^j [ ( 3.1−2.1+2.0 )−(0−2.1+3.1−2.0)] +
k^ [ ( 3.1+2.1 )−(2.1−0+3.1−2.0) ]

= (3-3) i^ – (3-2+2-3) ^j + (3+2-2-3) k^

=0
Since,
Curl ⃗
A =0
⃗
∇×⃗
A =0
So, ⃗Ais Irrotational.
Question 6: Specify the key difference between Dot product and Cross
product of vectors.
Let ⃗P= ti^ - 3 ^j + 2tk^ , ⃗Q = i^ - 2 ^j + 2k^ and ⃗R= 3i^ + t ^j - k^ Evaluate:
2 2

(a)∫ ⃗P .(¿ Q⃗ × ⃗R ) ¿ dt (b) ∫ ⃗P ×(¿ ⃗Q × ⃗R )¿ dt

1 1

Answer: The key difference between Dot product and Cross product is
that Dot product is the product of magnitude of the vectors and the cos
of the angle between them, whereas the Cross product is the product
of the magnitude of the vector and the sine of the angle in which they
subtend each other. The Dot product is a scalar and the Cross product is
a vector.

Given, P= ti^
⃗ – 3 ^j + 2tk^
Q = i^ - 2 ^j + 2k^
⃗
R = 3i^ + t ^j – k^
⃗

(a)

[ i^ k^
]
^j
Here, ⃗ R=
Q ×⃗ 1 −2 2
3 t −1

= i^ (2-2t) - ^j (-1-6) +k^ (t+6)

= (2-2t) i^ + 7 ^j + (t+6) k^

Then, ⃗
P .( ⃗ R )=
Q ×⃗ (ti^ – 3 ^j + 2tk^ ¿. [(2-2t) i^ + 7 ^j + (t+6) k^ ]
= t.(2-2t) + (-3).7 + 2t. (t+6)
= 2t – 2t2- 21 + 2t2+12t
 = 14t – 21
Now,
2 2

∫ ⃗P .(¿ Q⃗ × ⃗R )=∫ ( 14 t – 21 ) ¿dt

1 1

[ ]
2
t2 t1
= 14 −21
2 1 1

= [7 t
2
2
– 21t ] 1

= [ 7. 2 −21.2−7. 1 +21.1 ]
2 2

= 28 – 42 -7 + 21
=0

2
∴∫ ⃗
P .(¿ ⃗ R )=¿ ¿0
Q× ⃗
1

(b)
i^
[ k^
]
^j
Here, Q × R = 1 −2 2
⃗ ⃗
3 t −1

= i^ (2-2t) - ^j (-1-6) +k^ (t+6)

= (2-2t) i^ + 7 ^j + (t+6) k^

R )=
[ i^ k^
]
^j
⃗
P ×( ⃗
Q× ⃗ t −3 2t
(2−2t ) 7 (t +6)

= i(−3
^ t−18−14 t) - ^j (t2 + 6t - 4t + 4t2)
 + k^ ( 7t + 6 – 6t)
= (-17t -18) i^ - (5t2 + 2t) ^j + (t + 6) k^
2

∫ ⃗P ×(¿ ⃗Q × ⃗R )¿ dt
1

= ∫ ¿ ¿]
1

2 2 2

= i^ ∫ (−17 t−18)
1
- ^j ∫ (5 t 2 +2t )+ k^ ∫ (t+6)
1 1

[ ]- [ ]
2 1 2 3 2 2
t t ^j 5. t +2. t
= i^ −17. 2 −18. 1 3 2
1 1

[ ]
2 1 2

+ ^k t +6. t
2 1 1

1 8
= i^ ¿-17.2 – 18.2) – (-17. 2 – 18.1)] - ^j [(5. 3 + 2.2) –
1 1 1
(5. 3 + 2. 2 )] + k^ [(2+6.2) – ( 2 + 6.1)]

+ 4 - 3 -1) ^j + ( 2 + 12 - – 6)
17 40 5 1
= (-34 -36 + 2 +18) i^ – ( 3 2
k^

= – +
87 ^ 44 ^ 15 ^
i – j k
2 3 2

+
2
87 ^ 44 ^ 15 ^
∴∫ ⃗ ⃗×⃗
P ×(¿ Q R )¿ dt = – 2
i –
3
j
2
k
1