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    Boyce ODEch 2 S 3 P 26

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    Edson Magno da Silva

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Boyce ODEch 2 S 3 P 26

    Uploaded by

    Edson Magno da Silva
    11 views2 pages

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    BoyceODEch2s3p26

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    11 views2 pages

    Boyce ODEch 2 S 3 P 26

    Uploaded by

    Edson Magno da Silva

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 2

    Boyce & DiPrima ODEs 10e: Section 2.

    3 - Problem 26 Page 1 of 2

    Problem 26
    A body of mass m is projected vertically upward with an initial velocity v0 in a medium offering a
    resistance k|v|, where k is a constant. Assume that the gravitational attraction of the earth is
    constant.
    (a) Find the velocity v(t) of the body at any time.

    (b) Use the result of part (a) to calculate the limit of v(t) as k → 0—that is, as the resistance
    approaches zero. Does this result agree with the velocity of a mass m projected upward
    with an initial velocity v0 in a vacuum?

    (c) Use the result of part (a) to calculate the limit of v(t) as m → 0—that is, as the mass
    approaches zero.

    Solution

    According to Newton’s second law, the equation of motion for the mass is
    X
    F = ma.

    This is a vector equation; it consists of three scalar equations—one for each direction in the
    chosen coordinate system. Since the mass is projected vertically upward, only the equation in the
    y-direction is relevant. X
    Fy = may
    Draw the free-body diagram for the mass as it’s travelling upward.

    Now the equation of motion can be written.

    −kv − mg = may

    Replace ay with dv/dt, bring kv to the other side, and divide both sides by m.
    dv k
    + v = −g
    dt m
    This is a first-order linear inhomogeneous ODE, so it can be solved by multiplying both sides by
    an integrating factor I. ˆ t 
    k
    I = exp ds = ekt/m
    m

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    Boyce & DiPrima ODEs 10e: Section 2.3 - Problem 26 Page 2 of 2

    Proceed with the multiplication.


    dv k
    ekt/m + ekt/m v = −gekt/m
    dt m
    The left side can be written as d/dt(Iv) by the product rule.

    d kt/m
    (e v) = −gekt/m
    dt
    Integrate both sides with respect to t.
    mg kt/m
    ekt/m v = − e + C1
    k

    Divide both sides by ekt/m .


    mg
    v(t) = − + C1 e−kt/m
    k
    Apply the initial condition v(0) = v0 to determine C1 .
    mg mg
    v(0) = − + C1 = v 0 → C1 = v 0 +
    k k
    Therefore,
    mg  mg  −kt/m
    v(t) = − + v0 + e .
    k k
    The Taylor series expansion of e−x about x = 0 is

    x2 x3
    e−x = 1 − x + − + ··· ,
    2 6
    so in the limit as k → 0, the exponential function can be replaced by this expansion.
    ( " #)
    1 kt 2 1 kt 3
         
    mg  mg  kt
    lim v(t) = lim − + v0 + 1− + − + ···
    k→0 k→0 k k m 2 m 6 m
    ( "   #)
    mg  1 kt 2 1 kt 3
     
    mg mg kt mg kt 
    = lim − + v0 + − v0 − + v0 + − + ···
    k→0 k k m k m k 2 m 6 m
    ( "   #)
    1 t 2 k t 3
     
    kt
    = lim v0 − v0 − gt + k(kv0 + mg) − + ···
    k→0 m 2 m 6 m
    = v0 − gt

    This result agrees with the velocity in a vacuum v = v0 + at = v0 − gt. Now take the limit of v(t)
    as m → 0.
    h mg  mg  −kt/m i
    lim v(t) = lim − + v0 + e
    m→0 m→0 k k
    = lim v0 e−kt/m
    m→0
    = v0 e−∞
    =0

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