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Investigation of Hollow Core Slab Floor Vibration due to Human Activities

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DOI: 10.2991/aer.k.201221.080

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 Advances in Engineering Research, volume 198
International Seminar of Science and Applied Technology (ISSAT 2020)

Investigation of Hollow Core Slab Floor Vibration

due to Human Activities
Taufik Hamzah1,* Muhamad Irfan Nurdin1 Sumargo2 Mujiman1 Tjetjep Hartono3
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Bandung, Bandung, West Java 40012, Indonesia
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani, Cimahi, West Java 40285, Indonesia
3
PT Beton Elemenindo Perkasa, Cimahi, West Java 40561, Indonesia
*
Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT
Modern architecture and construction design, leading floor system to have longer spans, lighter weight, and lower
damping. However, it can cause a floor system to have excessive vibration. Vibration on the floor system is the
second most frequent source of complaints from building occupants. Hollow Core Slab (HCS), are precast concrete
floor elements widely used nowadays in multiple construction buildings. HCS has the advantage of lightweight and
prestressed that makes the possibility to create long-span floors that are in line with modern construction design. In
this study, we research the HCS floor's vibration behavior and its compliance with the minimum standards for
serviceability criteria. The test is carried out by giving an impact loads using the impact test method. The
accelerometer sensor used to measure the vibration that occurs. The test is carried out on two treatments, first on
simply supported HCS, and the second is HCS supported to the beam with a shear connector. The test location is on a
two-story parking building with several variations in the floor dimension, and the HCS thickness is 150 mm. This
research shows that all of the floor's natural frequency meets the minimum frequency requirement, 3 Hz. Some floor's
natural frequency had gotten in the human body's sensitive frequency range 4-8 Hz. The majority of the slabs have
low-frequency floor categories. The natural frequency tends to be higher if the span of floors is smaller, and the
natural frequency tends to be higher on HCS supported to the beam using a shear connector.

Keywords: Hollow Core Slab, precast slab, vibration, floor serviceability, impact test.

1. INTRODUCTION offices, parking garages, and apartments. HCS have

longitudinal voids and prestressed using steel strands
Modern architecture and construction design, leading along the full length. Void area of the slab makes HCS
floor system to have longer spans, lighter weight, and have lighter weight than reinforced concrete slab, and
lower damping. However, it can cause a floor system prestressing makes the load capacity of the slabs is
to have excessive vibration. Vibration on the floor increased, which
system is the second most frequent source of
complaints from building occupants [1]. two of them is the advantage of this type of floor slabs
[6]. The combination of the lighter weight and
Various things can cause vibration on the floor, one of prestressing makes the possibilities to create long-span
them is human rhythmic activities. It is well-known floors.
that most disturbing vibrations related to human
perception are in the range of 4 to 8 Hz, and at the 1.1. Related Work
same time, most of the natural frequencies of floor
systems are in this range [2-5]. Excitation frequency According to the floor vibration response, several
due to human rhythmic activities is in the same range research has previously been conducted on various
as well. So, the resonance phenomenon can be precast and prestressed floor systems.
occurred and causing a higher vibration response to
Rahimi et al. [9] have researched the HCS floor
the floor system. [2-5].
system's ambient vibration response using finite
Hollow Core Slab (HCS), are precast concrete floor element modeling and experimental test. The
elements that are widely used nowadays in multiple thickness of the HCS is 265 mm + 75 mm of
construction buildings, like multi-story buildings, reinforced concrete topping. The result is that the floor

Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Atlantis Press B.V.

This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC 4.0 license -http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. 484
 Advances in Engineering Research, volume 198

classified as a low-frequency floor, and the floor's 1), so if the natural frequency of floor systems are in
serviceability is weak. Liu et al. [10] research the this range, resonance phenomenon can be occurred
vibration behavior of composite slab with precast and causing a higher vibration response to the floor
ribbed panels due to transient impact. The research system. [2-5]. Based on SCI P354 [7] and PCI MNL-
shows that CSPRP has lower peak accelerations, and 126-15E [13], floor and floor systems with natural
stiffer than RC slabs under transient impacts. Zhou et frequencies lower than 3 Hz are not recommended
al. [11] research the vibration serviceability of a because people may more readily synchronize their
prestressed concrete floor system under human actions at lower frequencies. Based on SCI P354 [7],
activity. The results show that the floor system found and the Concrete Center [8], both divide the floor
to have a low frequency and modal damping ratio. The systems into two types, which are low-frequency
floor system's peak acceleration response is lower than floors and high-frequency floors. The low-frequency
the acceleration threshold value given in The China's floors are floor systems that have a natural frequency
Code [12] and the AISC design guide [5]. The floor below 10 Hz. To check the serviceability criteria,
system exhibits good vibration perceptibility overall. steady-state and transient response analysis are
required. The High-frequency floors are floor systems
1.2. Our Contribution with a natural frequency above 10 Hz, and to check
the serviceability criteria, only transient analyses are
This paper presents an experimental study on a two- required.
story building to determine the vibration behavior of
prestressed precast HCS floors on two types of
treatment, which is on simply supported HCS to beam
and HCS supported to the beam using a shear
connector.

1.3. Paper Structure

The rest of the paper organized as follows. Section 1
introduces the preliminaries used in this paper, and
Section 2 presents a guide summary of a floor
vibration design, structural floor details, and the
experimental test of HCS to get the natural frequency
of the floor. Section 3 concludes the paper and Figure 1 Recommended peak acceleration levels
presents directions for future research. acceptable for human comfort in different
environments based on AISC DG11.2.2. Structural
2. BACKGROUND Floor Details
A two-story building constructed using steel I-Beam and
2.1. Floor Vibration Design Guide Summary I-Column. The thickness of the HCS is 150 mm, with
There are several design guides regarding to floor various spans. The building consisted of a span of 8,3
vibration serviceability such as American Institute of m x 26 m.
Steel Construction Design Guide Series 11: Vibration There are two test scenarios carried out, first on a floor
of Steel-Framed Structural Systems Due to Human slab that simply supported by an HCS, and on an HCS
Activity [5], SCI P354: Design of Floors for Vibration: that supported to the beam using a shear connector.
A New Approach [7], PCI MNL-126-15E: Manual for The plan of the first test scheme is shown in Figure 2.
the Design of Hollow Core Slabs and Walls [13], and Then the plan of the second test scheme is as shown in
the Concrete Center: A Design Guide for Footfall Figure 3.
Induced Vibration of Structures [8]. Based on AISC
DG11 [5], the most disturbing vibrations related to
human perception are in the range of 4 to 8 Hz (Figure

Figure 2 Test scheme layout of simply supported HCS.

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 Advances in Engineering Research, volume 198

Figure 3 Test scheme layout of HCS supported to the beam using a shear connector.

2.3. Experimental Test This floor is categorized as General floors, open plan
The test is carried out using the impact test method to offices etc., from [7, 8], so the low to high-frequency
see the floor's natural frequency value. The impact test cut-off is 10 Hz.
is carried out three times at each test point. To read the The test results from each point on the floor are
frequency value, an accelerometer is used, which is recapitulated. The results of the simply supported
placed on the floor slab. The location of the impact HCS test are presented in Table 1, Table 2, and Table
test is the same as the location of the accelerometer. 3.
The accelerometer placement location is as shown in
Figure 4 (a) and (b).

(a) (b)
Figure 4 (a) Location of accelerometers of simply supported HCS, and (b) Location of accelerometers of HCS
supported to the beam using a shear connector.

Table 1 Natural frequency of simply supported HCS

and frequency differences to similar floor width Table 2 Simply supported HCS on the low-frequency
floor to high-frequency floor cut-off
Span Ratio
Frequency Low-Frequency Floor
Floor Size Frequency To Similar
Differences Floor Size Frequency to High-Frequency Note
floor Width
Floor Cut-Off
(cm) (Hz) (%)
(cm) (Hz) (Hz)
P1' (235X60) 14,8 1 - P1 (235X120) 17,11 10 HFF
P2'' (585X60) 9,16 2,43 (P1’) -38% P1' (235X60) 14,8 10 HFF
P1 (235X120) 17,11 1 - P2 (585X120) 9,14 10 LFF
P2 (585X120) 9,14 2,43 (P1) -47% P2' (585X120') 9,15 10 LFF
P2' (585X120') 9,15 2,43 (P1) -47% P2'' (585X60) 9,16 10 LFF
P3 (595X120) 8,93 2,53 (P1) -48% P3 (595X120) 8,93 10 LFF
P3' (595X120') 7,76 2,53 (P1) -55% P3' (595X120') 7,76 10 LFF
P3'' (595X100) 8,14 10 LFF
P3'' (595X100) 8,14 - -

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Table 3 Natural frequency of simply supported HCS compared to SCI P35, PCI MNL126-15E, and AISC DG11

Minimum Floor
Floor Size Frequency (Hz) Note Sensitive Human Response [5] Note
Frequency [7,13]
(cm) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz)
P1 (235X120) 17,11 3 Ok 4-8 Ok
P1' (235X60) 14,8 3 Ok 4-8 Ok
P2 (585X120) 9,14 3 Ok 4-8 Ok
P2' (585X120') 9,15 3 Ok 4-8 Ok
P2'' (585X60) 9,16 3 Ok 4-8 Ok
P3 (595X120) 8,93 3 Ok 4-8 Ok
P3' (595X120') 7,76 3 Ok 4-8 Not Ok
P3'' (595X100) 8,14 3 Ok 4-8 Ok

Based on the test results on an HCS supported to the Table 4 Natural frequency of HCS supported to the
beam using a shear connector, the natural frequency beam using a shear connector and frequency
values were obtained from 7.76-17.11 Hz with various differences to similar floor width
floor slab size variations. Table 1 shows that the
floor's natural frequency tends to be lower if the span Span Ratio To
Frequency
of the floor is longer. For example, on P2" which has Floor Size Frequency Similar Floor
Differences
Width
2,43 times longer span to P1', the frequency has 38%
lower, from 14,8 Hz on P1' to 9,16 Hz on P2". (cm) (Hz) (%)
S1 (600X240) 14,85 1 -
Based on Table 3, all the natural frequencies meet the
minimum frequency requirement of floors higher than S2 (610X240) 14,9 1,01 (S1) 0,34%
3 Hz [7,13], but on P3', the floor has the same S3 (600X560) 9,19 1 -
frequency on the most sensitive human response of S4 (800X560) 7,95 1,3 (S3) -13%
vibration [5]. So, on P3' floor, if any vibration occurs
on the floor, the human body will have a higher S5 (830X600) 8,44 - -
response to the vibration and probably can cause
resonance if the vibration type is continuous vibration Table 5 HCS supported to the beam using a shear
[2-5]. connector on low-frequency floor to high-frequency
Based on Table 2, two of the floor slab have been floor cut-off
categorized as a high-frequency floor (P1 and P1'), Low-Frequency Floor
and the other slab is categorized as a low-frequency Floor Size Frequency to High-Frequency Note
floor. Floor Cut-Off
(cm) (Hz) (Hz)
The results of the simply supported HCS test are
presented in Table 4, Table 5, and Table 6. S1 (600X240) 14,85 10 HFF
S2 (610X240) 14,9 10 HFF
S3 (600X560) 9,19 10 LFF
S4 (800X560) 7,95 10 LFF
S5 (830X600) 8,44 10 LFF

Table 6 Natural frequency of HCS supported to the beam using a shear connector compared to SCI P35, PCI
MNL126-15E and AISC DG11

Minimum Floor
Floor Size Frequency (Hz) Note Sensitive Human Response [3] Note
Frequency [1-2]
(cm) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz)
S1 (600X240) 14,85 3 Ok 4-8 Ok
S2 (610X240) 14,9 3 Ok 4-8 Ok
S3 (600X560) 9,19 3 Ok 4-8 Ok
S4 (800X560) 7,95 3 Ok 4-8 Not Ok
S5 (830X600) 8,44 3 Ok 4-8 Ok

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 Advances in Engineering Research, volume 198

Based on the test results on an HCS supported to the - Compare the test results to other floor systems,
beam using a shear connector, the natural frequency like reinforced concrete floors, steel deck floors,
values were obtained from 7.95-14.85 Hz with various composite floors, etc.
floor slab size variations. Table 4 shows that the - Conduct vibration research on other types of
floor's natural frequency tends to be lower if the span building floor.
of the floor is longer. For example, on S4 with 2,43
times longer span to S3, the frequency has 13% lower, ACKNOWLEDGMENT
from 9,19 Hz on S3 to 7,95 Hz on S4.
This research was supported by DIPA Research and
Based on Table 5, all the natural frequencies meet the Community Service Unit (UPPM) Bandung State
minimum frequency requirement of floors higher than Polytechnic (POLBAN), and PT. Beton Elemenindo
3 Hz [7,13], but on S4, the floor has the same Perkasa.
frequency on the most sensitive human response of
vibration [5]. So, on the S4 floor, if any vibration
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