ELECTRONICS 10 – LESSON 1 Atomic Absorption

- is a special application in which

ELECTROMAGNETISM ground-state atoms of metals absorb
- Electricity + Magnetism light at very specific wavelengths
- physical interaction among corresponding to the energy needed
electric charges, magnetic to cause electronic transitions in their
moments, and the electron orbitals.
electromagnetic field.
Ancient people believed lightning Atomic Emission
was a weapon of the gods. It is also - emission of electromagnetic
a form of punishment radiation from atoms

HOW LIGHTNING IS FORMED The amount of energy:

- is directly proportional to the
Lightning – an electrical discharge photon’s electromagnetic frequency
from clouds to the ground; occurs - is inversely proportional to the
when + and – charges join together wavelength
• Particles in the clouds rub The higher the photon's frequency,
against each other the higher its energy. Equivalently,
• The charges are polarised the longer the photon's wavelength,
where + and – charges move the lower its energy.
to opposite sides of the cloud
• The – charges are attracted to A capacitor holds a charge on its
the positive charges in the plates
ground
Conductor – something that allows
Electricity - electrons moving thermal energy to pass easily
through metal wire - examples are silver, gold, copper,
Current – the movement of steel, and sea water
electrons
Insulator - something that does not
TYPES OF ELECTRICITY allow thermal energy to pass easily
• Electrostatics - examples are rubber, glass, oil,
-is the study of electrical diamond, and dry wood
charge at rest
• Electrodynamics Semi-conductor - a solid substance
-is the study of charges in that has a conductivity between that
motion produced by either of an insulator and that of most
magnetism, chemicals, light, metals, either due to the addition of
heat, or pressure. an impurity or because of
temperature effects.
Static Electricity - examples are silicon, germanium,
gallium, and arsenide
EARLY HISTORY OF Christopher Columbus (1492)
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM He discovered that the declination of
the compass needle varied for
600 BC different parts of the world.
Greeks discovered static electricity by
rubbing wool against amber which The compass was an important
would attract objects navigational tool.

Amber – the common name for William Gilbert (1600)

fossil is the common name for resin - published De Magnete, describing
or tree sap that is appreciated for its Earth as having properties of a
inherent and interesting mixture of huge magnet.
colors and is widely used for the - coined the term “electricity” from
manufacture of ornamental objects “electron,” the Greek word for
Copal – semi-fossilized resin or sub- amber
fossil amber
People somehow noticed that
J.R. Blueford. Ph.D electricity and magnetism were
It was difficult for early people to closely related even back then.
distinguish between electricity and
magnetism. People experienced 1700s - there was a flurry of
magnetism and static electricity since excitement to learn magnetism and
civilization began. Both phenomena electricity
“attract” other substances.
Stephen Gray (1729)
Emperor Hoang-Ti (2635 BC) - English experimenter
- the use of magnetism can be - discovered conductors and
traced to him nonconductors
- lost his way in a thick fog chasing - formulated the use of insulation
the rebellious Prince Tchiyeou
according to legend Charles Francois de Cisternay Du
- to navigate in the fog, he used a Fay of Paris (1733)
floating piece of lodestone which is - discovered 2 kinds of electricity:
naturally magnetic vitreous (positive) and
- the compass was put on his chariot, resinous (negative)
enabling him to locate and kill the - LIKE CHARGES REPEL, UNLIKE
Prince CHARGES ATTRACT

Thales of Miletus (Arnd 600 BC) Benjamin Franklin (1747)

- Greek scientist and philosopher - advanced the understanding of
- discovered attractive properties of electricity by conducting
amber when it was rubbed with cloth experiments.
- beginning of investigating a - his experiment of collecting
“charged” object electrical charges during a
- he was experiencing “static lightning storm made him famous
electricity” (1753)
Benjamin Franklin Hans Christian Oersted (1819)
- invented the lightning rod to - Danish physicist
protect buildings from fires started - demonstrates electromagnetism
by lightning strikes. - current flowing in a wire creates a
- he formed the first fire insurance magnetic field which deflects a
company in Philadelphia compass needle
- buildings were protected with the
new invention Andre Marie Ampere (1820)
- French physicist and science
Cuneus And Pieter teacher
Muschenbrock (1745) - figures out a way to measure
- In Leyden (Netherlands), discover strength of magnetic field in
the Leyden jar – first electrical relation to electric current,
capacitor Ampere’s theorem
- The first ones were filled with
water-two wires suspended in water Michael Faraday (1831)
- learned how to produce
Benjamin Franklin (1752) continuous voltage
- used a Leyden jar to prove - world’s first electrical generator
lightning is an electrical discharge
George Ohm
Luigi Galvani (1771) - used his mathematical genius to
- an Italian physiologist determine relationship between
- discovered electricity is a part of resistance, current, voltage
the living body - His rambling proofs made him an
- discovered that dead frog legs object of ridicule
“jumped” when electricity was put on - His discoveries were beginning of
nerve ends electrical circuits
- V = IR
Charles Angustin de Coulomb - V=voltage, I=current(amps),
(1785) R=Ohms(resistance)
- advanced the theory that electrical
charges can be mathematically Carl Friedrich Gauss(1777-1885)
calculated - German mathematician
- able to link different fields of
Allesandro Volta (1800) electricity, magnetism, & Mechanics
- Italian - term “Gaussian” is used in a
- discovered the first practical number of mathematical terms
method of generating electricity - “Gauss” is the universal unit for
- built a voltaic pile which was a intensity of magnetic force
primitive battery
- it was constructed of layers of
copper and silver plates
- between layers were leather
soaked in a salty solution to
produce an electric current
Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz However, others are believed to have
(1804-1865) invented the telephone, one of whom
- Russian physicist is Antonio Meucci in 1856
- formulated Lenz’s law, stating that
induced electromagnetic force The phone sound waves is converted
generates a current that induces a to electromagnetic signals that move
counter-magnetic field that opposes along a conductor
the magnetic field generating the
current Thomas Alva Edison(1847-1931)
- developed practical electrical
Joseph Henry (1797-1878) lighting and ushered in electrical age
- American inventor - DID NOT invent incandescent light
- best known for discovery of bulb
electromagnetic induction - INVENTED a complete system of
- credited with invention of electric electric light & power & the launching
motor of modern electric utility industry
- built a simple device that creates
movement by using electromagnets Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894)
- German
Samuel Morse (1791-1872) - proved that electricity can be
- founder of American system of transmitted in electromagnetic
electromagnetic telegraph waves, which travel at speed of light
- telegraph was based on an & which possess other properties of
electrical circuit (battery, key, light
electromagnet), all connected by - his experiments w/ electromagnetic
wire waves contributed to development of
- Battery created electricity that wireless telegraph and radio
traveled along the wire
- Key, located at one end of the wire, Nicola Tesla (1856-1943)
completed electrical circuit when - American
depressed - invented alternating current
(AC), induction motor, which
James Maxwell (1831-1879) made universal transmission and
- mathematically develop equations distribution of electricity possible
provided the connection that - Tesla coils are air-cored
electricity & magnetism were related transformers that convert electricity
- provided an understanding that into high frequency, high voltage
help revolutionize the applied use of form and pump it out into the air
electricity & magnetism
Guglielmo Marconi
Alexander Graham Bell (1876) - Italian inventor
- patenting telephone in US - used electric pulses to transmit
- telephone is a device transmitting wireless signals over long distances
speech by means of electrical signals - 1910, open 1st American-European
- popularized its use & started Bell radiotelegraph service
Company, providing tel. services - “FATHER OF WIRELESS”