Scheme of Teaching and Examinations and Syllabus of

B.Sc. (Hons) Physics for V and VI Semester

As per NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY 2020 regulations

w.e.f. 2023-24 and onwards

Approved in BoS in Physics (UG) dated 05-09-2023

 COURSE FRAME WORK IN GENERAL AND PHYSICS IN PARTICULAR
AS PER HIGHER EDUCATION COUNCIL GUIDELINES ( for Two Major)

of Exam (Hrs.)
Instructional
Marks
Sem. No.

Duration
Credits Hours per week
Course Course
Course Title Assigne Theory Practical
Category Code
d IA Exam Total

Classical Mechanics
PHY A9-T -I and Quantum 04 04 02 40 60 100
Mechanics-I
Classical Mechanics
-I and Quantum
PHY A10-P 02 - 04 03 25 25 50
Mechanics-I
DSC
Practical
PHYSICS
Fifth Semester

Elements of Atomic,
MAJOR PHY A11-T Molecular and 04 04 02 40 60 100
Laser Physics
Elements of Atomic,
Molecular and
PHY A12-P 02 - 04 03 25 25 50
Laser Physics
Practical
X9-T 04 04 02 40 60 100
OTHER DSC
X10-P 02 - 04 03 25 25 50
SECOND
X11-T 04 04 02 40 60 100
MAJOR X12-P 02 - 04 03 25 25 50
Employability skills
SEC 03 02 02 25 25 50
or Cyber Security
Total 27 285 365 650
Elements of
PHY A13-T Condensed Matter 04 04 02 40 60 100
& Nuclear Physics
Elements of
Condensed Matter
PHY A14-P 02 - 04 03 25 25 50
DSC & Nuclear Physics
Sixth Semester

PHYSICS Practical
MAJOR Electronic
PHY A15-T Instrumentation & 04 04 02 40 60 100
Sensors
Electronic
PHY A16-P Instrumentation & 02 - 04 03 25 25 50
Sensors Practical
X13-T 04 04 02 40 60 100
OTHER DSC
X14-P 02 - 04 03 25 25 50
SECOND
X15-T 04 04 02 40 60 100
MAJOR X16-P 02 - 04 03 25 25 50
Internship INTERNSHIP Internship 02 04 50 50
Total 26 310 340 650
 Government of
Karnataka

Program Name BSc in Physics Semester V

Course Title Classical Mechanics and Quantum Mechanics- I (Theory)

Course Code: PHY A9-T No. of Credits 04

Contact hours 60 Hours Duration of SEA/Exam 2 hours
Formative Assessment Marks 40 Summative Assessment Marks 60

Course Pre-requisite(s):

Course Outcomes (COs): After the successful completion of the course, the student will be able to
• Identify the failure of classical physics at the microscopic level.
• Find the relationship between the normalization of a wave function and the ability to correctly
calculate expectation values or probability densities.
• Explain the minimum uncertainty of measuring both observables on any quantum state.
• Describe the time-dependent and time-independent Schrödinger equation for simple potentials like
for instance one-dimensional potential well and Harmonic oscillator.
• Apply Hermitian operators, their eigenvalues and eigenvectors to find various commutation and
uncertainty relations.

Contents 60 Hrs

Introduction to Newtonian Mechanics: Mechanics of single particle and system of particles (in 15 Hrs
both cases), Conservation of linear momentum, Angular momentum and energy.
Lagrangian formulation: Constraints – Holonomic constraints, non-holonomic constraints,
Scleronomic and Rheonomic constraints with suitable examples. Degrees of freedom.
Generalized coordinates, displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, potential, virtual
displacement, Principle of virtual work, D’Alembert’s principle (derivation), Lagrange equations
for conservative system and non-conservative system (derivation). Applications of Lagrangian
formulations: 1) Newton’s equation of motion (for single particle in one dimension in cartesian
coordinates and polar coordinates). 2) Simple pendulum (expression for acceleration), 3)
Atwood’s machine (expression for common acceleration) and 4) linear harmonic
oscillator (derivation in each case). Advantages of Lagrangian formulations.
Relativity: Newtonian principle of relativity. Non-Inertial Systems: Non-inertial frames and 15 Hrs
fictitious forces. Uniformly rotating frame-Expression for Coriolis force.
Special Theory of Relativity: Michelson-Morley Experiment and its outcome. Postulates of
Special Theory of Relativity. Lorentz Transformation equations (Quantitative). Relativity of
Simultaneity. Lorentz contraction. Time dilation. Relativistic addition of velocities. Variation of
mass with velocity. Massless Particles. Mass energy Equivalence. Transformation of Energy and
Momentum. Relativistic Doppler effect. Relativistic Kinematics.
 Introduction to Quantum Mechanics 15 Hrs
Brief discussion on failure of classical physics to explain black body radiation, Photoelectric
effect, Compton effect, stability of atoms and spectra of atoms. Compton scattering: Expression
for Compton shift (With derivation). Matter waves: de Broglie hypothesis of matter waves,
Electron microscope, Wave descriptionof particles by wave packets, Group and Phase velocities
and relation between them. Experimental evidence for matter waves: Davisson- Germer
experiment, G.P Thomson’s experiment and its significance.
Heisenberg uncertainty principle: Elementary proof of Heisenberg’s relation between
momentum and position, energy and time, angular momentum and angular position,
illustration of uncertainty principle by Gamma ray microscope thought experiment.
Consequences of the uncertainty relations: Diffraction of electrons at a single slit, why electron
cannot exist in nucleus?
Two-slit experiment with photons and electrons. Linear superposition principle as a
consequence.
Foundation of Quantum Mechanics 15 Hrs
Probabilistic interpretation of the wave function - normalization and orthogonality of wave
functions, Admissibility conditions on a wave function, Schrödinger equation: equation of
motion of matter waves - Schrodinger wave equation for a free particle in one and three-
dimension, time-dependent and time-independent wave equations, Probability current
density, equation of continuity and its physical significance, Postulates of Quantum mechanics:
States as normalized wavefunctions. Dynamical variables as linear Hermitian
operators (position, momentum, angular momentum, and energy as examples). Expectation
values of operators and their time evolution. Ehrenfest theorem (no derivation), Commutator
brackets- Simultaneous Eigen functions, Commutator bracket using position, momentum and
angular momentum operators.
Particle in a one-dimensional infinite potential well (derivation), degeneracy in three-
dimensional case, particle in a finite potential well (qualitative), Transmission across a potential
barrier, the tunnel effect (qualitative), scanning tunnelling microscope, One-dimensional simple
harmonic oscillator (qualitative) - concept of zero - point energy.

Pedagogy: Lecture/ PPT/ Videos/ Animations/ Role Plays/ Think-Pair-Share/ Predict-Observe-Explain/

Demonstration/ Concept mapping/ Case Studies examples/ Tutorial/ Activity/ Flipped Classroom/ Jigsaw/
Field based Learning/ Project Based Learning/ Mini Projects/ Hobby Projects/ Forum Theatre/ Dance/ Problem
Based Learning/ Game Based Learning/ Group Discussion/ Collaborative Learning/ Experiential Learning / Self
Directed Learning etc.

Formative Assessment for Theory

Assessment Occasion/ type Marks

Internal Assessment / Tests (Two) 20

Assignments / Seminars 10
Activities 10
Total 40 Marks

Should be followed for all SIX SEMESTERS

 References
1 Classical Mechanics, H.Goldstein, C.P. Poole, J.L. Safko, 3rd Edn. 2002, Pearson Education.
2 Classical Mechanics: An introduction, Dieter Strauch, 2009, Springer
3 Classical Mechanics, G. Aruldhas, 2008, Prentice-Hall of India Private limited, New Delhi.
4 Classical Mechanics, Takwale and Puranik-1989, Tata Mcgraw Hill, new Delhi
5 Concepts of Modern Physics, Arthur Beiser, McGraw-Hill, 2009.
6 Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics, Serway and Jewett, 9th edition, Cengage
Learning, 2014.
7 Quantum Physics, Berkeley Physics Course Vol. 4. E.H. Wichman, Tata McGraw-Hill Co., 2008.
8 Six Ideas that Shaped Physics: Particle Behave like Waves, Thomas A. Moore, McGraw Hill, 2003.
9 P M Mathews and K Venkatesan, A Textbook of Quantum Mechanics, Tata McGraw Hill
publication, ISBN: 9780070146174.
10 Ajoy Ghatak, S. Lokanathan, Quantum Mechanics: Theory and Applications, Springer
Publication,ISBN 978-1-4020-2130-5.
11 Modern Physics; R.Murugeshan & K.Sivaprasath; S. Chand Publishing.
12 G Aruldhas, Quantum Mechanics, Phi Learning Private Ltd., ISBN: 97881203363.
13 Gupta, Kumar & Sharma, Quantum Mechanics, Jai Prakash Nath Publications.
14 Physics for Degree Students B.Sc., Third Year, C.L.Arora and P.S.Hemne, 1st edition, S.Chand &
Company Pvt. Ltd., 2014.
 Program Name Classical Mechanics and Practical Credits 02
Quantum Mechanics - I Lab (Practical)
Course Code PHY A10-P Contact Hours 4 Hours
Formative Assessment 25 Marks Summative Assessment 25 Marks
Practical Content
1) To determine 'g', the acceleration due to gravity, at a given place, from the L – T2 graph, for a
simple pendulum.
2) Studying the effect of mass of the bob on the time period of the simple pendulum.
[Hint: With the same experimental set-up, take a few bobs of different materials (different masses) but
of same size. Keep the length of the pendulum same for each case. Starting from a small angular
displacement of about 10° find out, in each case, the time period of the pendulum, using bobs of
different masses. Does the time period depend on the mass of the pendulum bob? If yes, then see the
order in which the change occurs. If not, then do you see an additional reason to use the pendulum as a
time measuring device.
3) Studying the effect of amplitude of oscillation on the time period of the simple pendulum.
[Hint: With the same experimental set-up, keep the mass of the bob and length of the pendulum fixed.
For measuring the angular amplitude, make a large protractor on the cardboard and have a scale marked
on an arc from 0° to 90° in units of 5°. Fix it on the edge of a table by two drawing pins such that its 0°-
line coincides with the suspension thread of the pendulum at rest. Start the pendulum oscillating with a
very large angular amplitude (say 70°) and find the time period T of the pendulum. Change the amplitude
of oscillation of the bob in small steps of 5° or 10° and determine the time period in each case till the
amplitude becomes small (say 5°). Draw a graph between angular amplitude and T. How does the time
period of the pendulum change with the amplitude of oscillation? How much does the value of T for A
=10° differ from that for A= 50° from the graph you have drawn? Find at what amplitude of oscillation ,
the time period begins to vary? Determine the limit for the pendulum when it ceases to be a simple
pendulum.]
4) Determine the acceleration of gravity is to use an Atwood's machine.
5) Study the conservation of energy and momentum using projectile motion.
6) Verification of the Principle of Conservation of Linear Momentum
7) Determination of Planck constant and work function of the material of the cathode
using Photo-electric cell.
8) To study the spectral characteristics of a photo-voltaic cell (Solar cell).
9) Determination of electron charge ‘e’ by Millikan’s Oil drop experiment.
10) To study the characteristics of solar cell.
11) To find the value of e/m for an electron by Thomson’s method using bar magnets.
12) To determine the value of e/m for an electron by magnetron method.
13) To study the tunnelling in Tunnel Diode using I-V characteristics.
14) Determination of quantum efficiency of Photodiode.
15) A code in C/C++/Scilab to find the first seven eigen states and eigen functions of Linear
HarmonicOscillator by solving the Schrödinger equation.
16) A code in C/C++/Scilab to plot and analyse the wavefunctions for particle in an infinite
potentialwell.
17) Measurement of wavelength of sodium D line / wavelength separation of sodium D
doublet lines using Michelson Interferometer.
18) Construction and application of Simple Multimeter (or VOM meter).
19) Measurements using C.R.O. and digital multimeter.
NOTE: Students must perform at-least EIGHT Experiments from the above list.
Pedagogy: Demonstration/Experiential Learning / Self Directed Learning etc.
 Formative Assessment for Practical

Assessment Occasion/ type Marks

Internal Assessment / Test (Only one) 15

Assignments / Seminars 05
Activities 05
Total 25 Marks
Should be followed for all SIX SEMESTERS

References
1 B.Sc Practical Physics by C.L Arora.
2 B.Sc Practical Physics by Harnam Singh and P.S Hemne.
3 Practical Physics by G.S Squires.
4 Scilab Manual for CC-XI: Quantum Mechanics &Applications (32221501) by Dr Neetu Agrawal,
Daulat Ram College, of Delhi.
5 Scilab Textbook Companion for Quantum Mechanics by M. C. Jain.
6 Computational Quantum Mechanics using Scilab, BIT Mesra.
7 Advanced Practical Physics for Students by Worsnop B L and Flint H T.

Summative Assessment
(Scheme of Valuation in Practical Exam.)
Assessment Occasion / Type Marks
1) Formula, description of formula, units, nature of graph and diagrams 05
2) Tabular Columns, blank observations, skill of experiment, 05
3) Recording observations, proper units, calculations, drawing graph, Accuracy of result 05
4) Viva – voce 05
5) Record book / Journal Completed and Certified 05
Total 25
Should be followed for all SIX SEMESTERS
 Activities
1

Atwood's Machine
Everyone is fascinated by pulleys. In this Interactive, learners will attach two objects together
by a string and stretch the string over a pulley. Both an Atwood's machine and a modified
Atwood's machine can be created and studies. Change the amount of mass on either object,
introduce friction forces, and measure distance and time in order to calculate the
acceleration.

Newton's Laws of Motion

Force
When forces are unbalanced, objects accelerate. But what factors affect the amount of
acceleration? This Interactive allows learners to investigate a variety of factors that affect
the acceleration of a box pushed across a surface, The amount of applied force, the mass,
and the friction can be altered. A plot of velocity as a function of time can be used to
determine the acceleration.
In the Balloon Car Lesson Plan, students build and explore balloon-powered cars. This lesson
focuses mostly on energy, but it also demonstrates Newton's laws of motion. Guidance is
provided for talking specifically about the third law of motion. Question: how does the air
escaping the balloon relate to Newton's third law of motion? Does the car continue to coast
after the balloon is deflated? Why or why not?
Most of the activities and lessons below focus on one or two of the laws of motion. The Build
a Balloon Car activity specifically talks about all three of Newton's laws of motion students
can observe when building and experimenting with a simple balloon-powered car. This is an
accessible hands-on activity that uses recycled materials and balloons for a fun combined
engineering design project and physics experiment. The activity can be used with a wide
range of grade levels to introduce and demonstrate the laws of motion. See the "Digging
Deeper" section for a straightforward discussion of how each law of motion can be identified
in the balloon car activity. (For a related lesson plan, see Balloon Car Lesson Plan, which is
NGSS-aligned for middle school and focuses on the third law of motion.)

In the Push Harder — Newton's Second Law , students build their own cars using craft
materials and get hands-on exploring Newton's second law of motion and the equation
"force equals mass times acceleration" (F=ma). Options for gathering real-time data include
using a mobile phone and a sensor app or using a meter stick and a stopwatch. Questions:
What is the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration? As force increases, what
happens to acceleration?

In the Skydive Into Forces , students make parachutes and then investigate how they work
to slow down a falling object. As students investigate the forces that are involved, educators
can introduce Newton's second law of motion and how different forces change the resulting
speed of a falling object. Questions: What forces help slow down the speed of a falling
object? How does a parachute help slow the fall?
2 Both standard cameras (DSLRs, phone cameras) and our scientific cameras work on the
principle of photoelectric effect to produce an image from light, involving the use of
photodetectors and sensor pixels. Prepare a report on the working of digital camera.

3 Demonstration of Heisenberg uncertainty principle in the context of diffraction at a single

slit:
The uncertainty in the momentum ∆𝑝𝑥 correspond to the angular spread of principal
maxima ϴ.

Then, ∆𝑝𝑥 = sin 𝜃. 𝑝 where p is the momentum of the incident photon.

Conduct the diffraction at a slit experiment virtually using the following link
https://www.walter-fendt.de/html5/phen/singleslit_en.htm

1. Measure the angular spread (ϴ) for different slit widths (∆𝑥) for given wavelength of
the incident photon.
2. Determine the momentum of the incident photon using
ℎ
𝑝=
𝜆

1
3. Create a line of best fit through the points in the plot ∆𝑝 against ∆𝑥 and find its slope.
𝑥
How this exercise is related to Heisenberg Uncertainty principle.
Make a report of the observations.
4 Virtual lab to demonstrate Photoelectric effect using Value@Amritha: Conduct the virtual
experiment using the following link
https://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=1&brch=195&sim=840&cnt=1
1. Determine the minimum frequency required to have Photoelectric effect for an EM radiation,
when incident on a zinc metal surface.
2. Determine the target material if the threshold frequency of EM radiation is 5.5x1015 Hz in a
particular photoelectric experimental set up.
3. Determine the maximum kinetic energy of photo-electrons emitted from a Zinc metal surface,
if the incident frequency is 3x1015Hz.
4. What should be the stopping potential for photoelectrons if the target Material used is
Platinum and incident frequency is 2x1015Hz? Make a report of the calculations.
5 Visualization of wave packets using Physlet@Quantum Physics:
The concept of group velocity and phase velocity of a wave packet can be studied using this
link https://www.compadre.org/PQP/quantum-need/section5_9.cfm
Students can take up the exercises using the link which is as follows
https://www.compadre.org/PQP/quantum-need/prob5_11.cfm
Six different classical wave packets are shown in the animations. Which of the wave packets
have a phase velocity that is: greater than / less than / equal to the group velocity? Make a
report of the observations.
6 Superposition of eigen states in an infinite one - dimensional potential well using QuVis
(Quantum Mechanics Visualization Project):
Construct different possible states by considering the first three eigen states and study the
variation of probability density with position. Take the challenges after understanding the
simulation and submit the report. The link is as follows
https://www.standrews.ac.uk/physics/quvis/simulations_html5/sims/SuperpositionStates/
SuperpositionStates.html
7 Determination of expectation values of position, momentum for a particle in a an infinite
one - dimensional potential well using Physlet@Quantum Physics:
The link to the visualization tool for the calculation is as follows
https://www.compadre.org/PQP/quantum-theory/prob10_3.cfm
A particle is in a one-dimensional box of length L = 1. The states shown are normalized. The
results of the integrals that give <x> and <x2> and <p> and <p2>. You may vary n from 1 to
10.
a) What do you notice about the values of <x> and <x2> as you vary n?
b) What do you think <x2> should become in the limit of n → ∞? Why?
What do you notice about the values of <p> and <p2> as you vary n?Make a report of the
calculations.
8 Determination of expectation values for a particle in a one-dimensional harmonic oscillator
using Physlet@Quantum Physics:
The link to the visualization tool for the calculation is as follows
https://www.compadre.org/PQP/quantum-theory/prob12_2.cfm
A particle is in a one-dimensional harmonic oscillator potential (ħ = 2m = 1; ω = k = 2). The
states shown are normalized. Shown are ψ and the results of the integrals that give <x> and
<x2> and <p> and <p2>. Vary n from 1 to 10.
a) What do you notice about how <x> and <x2> and <p> and <p2> change?
b) Calculate Δx .Δp for n = 0. What do you notice considering ħ = 1?
c) What is En? How does this agree with or disagree with the standard case
for the harmonic oscillator?
d) How much average kinetic and potential energies are in an arbitrary
energy state?
Make a report of the calculations.
9 Calculate uncertainties of position and momentum for a particle in a box using
Physlet@Quantum Physics:
The link to the visualization tool for the calculation is as follows
https://www.compadre.org/PQP/quantum-theory/prob6_3.cfm
A particle is in a one-dimensional box of length L = 1. The states shown are normalized. The results of
the integrals that give <x> and <x2>, and <p> and <p2>. You may vary n from 1 to 10.

a. For n = 1, what are Δx and Δp?

b. For n = 10, what are Δx and Δp?
10 Write expressions for the three wave functions using Physlet@Quantum Physics: The link to the
visualization tool for the calculation is as follows
https://www.compadre.org/PQP/quantum-theory/prob8_1.cfm

These animations show the real (blue) and imaginary (pink) parts of three time-dependent energy
eigenfunctions. Assume x is measured in cm and time is measured in seconds.

a. Write an expression for each of the three time-dependent energy

eigenfunctions in the form: ei(kx-wt).
b. What is the mass of the particle?
c. What would the mass of the particle be if time was being shown
in ms?Make a report of the calculations.
11 If you store a file on your computer today, you probably store it on a solid-state drive (SSD),
Make a detailed report on the role of quantum tunnelling in these devices.
 Government of Karnataka

Program Name BSc in Physics Semester V

Course Title Elements of Atomic, Molecular & Laser Physics (Theory)

Course Code: PHY A11-T No. of Credits 04

Contact hours 60 Hours Duration of SEA/Exam 2 hours
Formative Assessment Marks 40 Summative Assessment Marks 60
Course Pre-requisite (s): PUC Science Knowledge
Course Outcomes (COs): After the completion of the course, the student will be able to
• Describe atomic properties using basic atomic models.
• Interpret atomic spectra of elements using vector atom model.
• Interpret molecular spectra of compounds using basics of molecular physics.
• Explain laser systems and their applications in various fields.

Contents Hours
Unit 1: Basic Atomic models: 15
Thomson’s atomic model; Rutherford atomic model – Model, Theory of alpha particle
scattering, Rutherford scattering formula (no derivation); Bohr atomic model – postulates,
Derivation of expression for radius, total energy of electron; Origin of the spectral lines;
Spectral series of hydrogen atom; Effect of nuclear motion on atomic spectra - derivation; Ritz
combination principle; Correspondence principle; Critical potentials – critical potential,
excitation potential and ionization potential; Atomic excitation and its types, Franck-
Hertz experiment; Sommerfeld’s atomic model – model, Derivation of condition for allowed
elliptical orbits.

12Hours

Activities: 03 Hours
1. Students to estimate radii of orbits and energies of electron in case of hydrogen atom
in different orbits and plot the graph of radii / energy versus principal quantum number
‘n’. Analyse the nature of the graph and draw the inferences.
2. Students to search critical, excitation and ionisation potentials of different elements
and plot the graph of critical /excitation / ionisation potentials versus atomic
number/mass number/neutron number of element. Analyse the nature of the graph

and draw the inferences.

Unit 2: Vector atomic model and optical spectra 15
Vector atom model – model fundamentals, spatial quantization, spinning electron; Quantum
numbers associated with vector atomic model; Coupling schemes – L-S and j-j schemes; Pauli’s
exclusion principle; Magnetic dipole moment due to orbital motion of electron – derivation;
Magnetic dipole moment due to spin motion of electron; Lande g-factor and its calculation for
different states; Stern-Gerlach experiment – Experimental arrangement and Principle; Fine
structure of spectral lines with examples; Spin-orbit coupling / Spin-Orbit Interaction –
qualitative; Optical spectra – spectral terms, spectral notations, selection rules, intensity rules;
Fine structure of the sodium D-line; Zeeman effect: Types, Experimental study and classical
theory of normal Zeeman effect, Zeeman shift expression, examples; Stark effect:
Experimental study, Types and examples. 12 Hours

Activities: 03 Hours
1. Students to couple a p-state and s-state electron via L-S and j-j coupling schemes for a
system with two electrons and construct vector diagrams for each resultant. Analyse
the coupling results and draw the inferences.
2. Students to estimate magnetic dipole moment due to orbital motion of electron for
different states 2P1/2, 2P3/2, 2P5/2, 2P7/2, 2P9/2 and 2P11/2 and plot the graph of dipole
moment versus total orbital angular momentum “J’. Analyse the nature of the graph
and draw the inferences.

Unit 3: Molecular Physics 15

Types of molecules based on their moment of inertia; Types of molecular motions and
energies; Born-Oppenheimer approximation; Origin of molecular spectra; Nature of molecular
spectra; Theory of rigid rotator – energy levels and spectrum, Qualitative discussion on Non-
rigid rotator and centrifugal distortion; Theory of vibrating molecule as a simple harmonic
oscillator – energy levels and spectrum; Electronic spectra of molecules – fluorescence and
phosphorescence; Raman effect – Stoke’s and anti-Stoke’s lines, characteristics of Raman
spectra, classical and quantum approaches, Experimental study of Raman effect; Applications
of Raman effect. 12 Hours
Activities: 03 Hours
1. Students to estimate energy of rigid diatomic molecules CO, HCl and plot the graph of
rotational energy versus rotational quantum number ‘J’. Analyse the nature of the
graph and draw the inferences. Also students study the effect of isotopes on rotational
energies.
2. Students to estimate energy of harmonic vibrating molecules CO, HCl and plot the
graph of vibrational energy versus vibrational quantum number ‘v’. Analyse the nature
of the graph and draw the inferences.

Unit 4: Laser Physics 15

Ordinary light versus laser light; Characteristics of laser light; Interaction of radiation with
matter - Induced absorption, spontaneous emission and stimulated emission with mention of
rate equations; Einstein’s A and B coefficients – Derivation of relation between Einstein’s
coefficients and radiation energy density; Possibility of amplification of light; Population
inversion; Methods of pumping; Metastable states; Requisites of laser – energy source, active
medium and laser cavity; Difference between Three level and four level lasers with examples;
Types of lasers with examples; Construction and Working principle of Ruby Laser and He-Ne
Laser; Application of lasers (qualitative) in science & research, isotope separation,
communication, fusion, medicine, industry, war and
space. 12 Hours
Activities: 03 Hours
1. Students to search different lasers used in medical field (ex: eye surgery, endoscopy,
dentistry etc.), list their parameters and analyse the need of these parameters for
specific application, and draw the inferences. Students also make the presentation of
the study.
2. Students to search different lasers used in defence field (ex: range finding, laser
weapon, etc.), list their parameters and analyse the need of these parameters for
specific application, and draw the inferences. Students also make the presentation of

the study.
Pedagogy: Lecture/ PPT/ Videos/ Animations/ Role Plays/ Think-Pair-Share/ Predict-Observe-Explain/
Demonstration/ Concept mapping/ Case Studies examples/ Tutorial/ Activity/ Flipped Classroom/ Jigsaw/
Field based Learning/ Project Based Learning/ Mini Projects/ Hobby Projects/ Forum Theatre/ Dance/ Problem
Based Learning/ Game Based Learning/ Group Discussion/ Collaborative Learning/ Experiential Learning / Self
Directed Learning etc.

Formative Assessment for Theory

Assessment Occasion/ type Marks

Internal Assessment / Tests (Two) 20

Assignments / Seminars 10
Activities 10
Total 40 Marks
Should be followed for all SIX SEMESTERS

References
1 Modern Physics, R. Murugeshan, Kiruthiga Sivaprakash, Revised Edition, 2009, S. Chand &
Company Ltd.
2 Atomic & Molecular spectra: Laser, Raj Kumar, Revised Edition, 2008, Kedar Nath Ram Nath
Publishers, Meerut.
3 Atomic Physics, S.N. Ghoshal, Revised Edition, 2013, S. Chand & Company Ltd.
4 Concepts of Atomic Physics, S.P. Kuila, First Edition, 2018, New Central Book Agency (P) Ltd.
5 Concepts of Modern Physics, Arthur Beiser, Seventh Edition, 2015, Shobhit Mahajan, S. Rai
Choudhury, 2002, McGraw-Hill.
6 Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy, C.N. Banwell and E.M. McCash, Fourth Edition, 2008,
Tata McGraw-Hill Publishers.
7 Elements of Spectroscopy – Atomic, Molecular and Laser Physics, Gupta, Kumar and Sharma,
2016, Pragati Publications.
 Course Title Elements of Atomic, Molecular Practical Credits 02
& Laser Physics Lab (Practical)
Course Code PHY A12-P Contact Hours 04 Hours

Formative Assessment 25 Marks Summative Assessment 25 Marks

Practical Content

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. To determine Planck’s constant using Photocell.

2. To determine Planck’s constant using LED.
3. To determine wavelength of spectral lines of mercury source using spectrometer.
4. To determine the value of Rydberg’s constant using diffraction grating and hydrogen discharge tube.
5. To determine the wavelength of H-alpha emission line of Hydrogen atom.
6. To determine fine structure constant using fine structure separation of sodium D-lines using a plane
diffraction grating.
7. To determine the value of e/m by Magnetic focusing or Bar magnet.
8. To determine the charge of an electron by dispersion method.
9. To determine the ionization potential of mercury.
10. To setup the Millikan oil drop apparatus and determine the charge of an electron.
11. To determine the absorption lines in the rotational spectrum of Iodine vapour.
12. To determine the force constant and vibrational constant for the iodine molecule from its absorption
spectrum.
13. To determine the wavelength of LASER using diffraction by single slit/double slits.
14. To determine wavelength of LASER using plane diffraction grating.
15. To determine the energy of photon of LASER using diffraction grating.
16. To determine angular spread of LASER using plane diffraction grating.
17. Study of Raman scattering by CCl4 using LASER and spectrometer/CDS.
18. Measurement of frequency of AC signal using C.R.O. from Lissajous’ figures.
19. LDR Characteristics.
NOTE: Students must perform at-least EIGHT Experiments from the above list.

Pedagogy: Demonstration/Experiential Learning / Self Directed Learning etc.

 References
1 Practical Physics, D.C. Tayal, First Millennium Edition, 2000, Himalaya Publishing House.
2 B.Sc. Practical Physics, C.L. Arora, Revised Edition, 2007, S. Chand & Comp.Ltd.

3 An Advanced Course in Practical Physics, D. Chatopadhyaya, P.C. Rakshith, B. Saha, Revised Edition,
2002, New Central Book Agency Pvt. Ltd.
4 Physics through experiments, B. Saraf, 2013, Vikas Publications.

Formative Assessment for Practical

Assessment Occasion/ type Marks

Test (Only one) 15

Assignments / Seminars 05
Activities 05
Total 25 Marks
Should be followed for all SIX SEMESTERS

Summative Assessment
(Scheme of Valuation in Practical Exam.)
Assessment Occasion / Type Marks
1) Formula, description of formula, units, nature of graph and diagrams 05
2) Tabular Columns, blank observations, skill of experiment, 05
3) Recording observations, proper units, calculations, drawing graph, Accuracy of result 05
4) Viva – voce 05
5) Record book / Journal Completed and Certified 05
Total 25
Should be followed for all SIX SEMESTERS
 Government of Karnataka

Program Name BSc in Physics Semester VI

Course Title Elements of Condensed Matter & Nuclear Physics

Course Code: PHY A13 - T No. of Credits 4
Contact hours 60 Hours Duration of SEA/Exam 3 hours
Formative Assessment Marks 40 Summative Assessment Marks 60

Course Pre-requisite(s):
Course Outcomes (COs): After the successful completion of the course, the student will be able to:
• Explain the basic properties of nucleus and get the idea of its inner information.
• Understand the concepts of binding energy and binding energy per nucleon v/s mass number graph.
• Describe the processes of alpha, beta and gamma decays based on well-established theories.
• Explain the basic aspects of interaction of gamma radiation with matter by photoelectric effect,
Compton scattering and pair production.
• Explain the different nuclear radiation detectors such as ionization chamber, Geiger-Mueller counter
etc.
• Explain the basic concept of scintillation detectors, photo-multiplier tube and semiconductor
• detectors

Contents 60 Hrs

Unit 01: Crystal systems and X-rays: Crystal structure: Space Lattice, Lattice translational 15 Hrs
vectors, Basisof crystal structure, Types of unit cells, primitive, non-primitive cells. Seven crystal
system, Coordination numbers, Miller Indices, Expression for inter planner spacing. X Rays:
Productionand properties of X rays, Coolidge tube, Continuous and characteristic X-ray spectra;
Moseley'slaw. X-Ray diffraction, Scattering of X-rays, Bragg's law. Crystal diffraction: Bragg’s
X-ray spectrometer- powder diffraction method, Intensity vs 2𝜃 plot (qualitative).
Free electron theory of metals: Classical free electron model (Drude-Lorentz model),
expression for electrical and thermal conductivity, Weidman-Franz law, Failure of classical free
electron theory; Quantum free electron theory, Fermi level and Fermi energy, Fermi-Dirac
distribution function (expression for probability distribution F(E), statement only); Fermi Dirac
distribution at T=0 and E<Ef, at 𝑇 ≠ 0 and E>Ef, F(E) vs E plot at T = 0 and 𝑇 ≠ 0. Density of
states for free electrons (statement only, no derivation). Qualitative discussion of lattice
vibration and concept of Phonons.; Specific heats of solids: Classical theory, Einstein’s and
Debye’s theory of specific heats. Hall Effect in metals.
Unit 02: – Magnetic Properties of Matter, Dielectrics and Superconductivity Magnetic 15
Properties of Matter:
Review of basic formulae: Magnetic intensity, magnetic induction, permeability, magnetic
susceptibility, magnetization (M), Classification of Dia, Para, and ferro magnetic materials;
Langevin Classical Theory of dia – and Paramagnetism. Curie’s law, Ferromagnetism and
Ferromagnetic Domains. Discussion of B-H Curve. Hysteresis and Energy Loss, Hard and Soft
magnetic materials. (Quantitative treatment of all topics)
Dielectrics: Static dielectric constant, polarizability (electronic, ionic and orientation),
calculation of Lorentz field (derivation), Clausius-Mosotti equation (derivation), dielectric loss.
Piezo electric effect, cause, examples and applications.
Superconductivity: Definition, Experimental results – Zero resistivity and Critical temperature–
The critical magnetic field – Meissner effect, Type I and type II superconductors.
Unit 03: General Properties of Nuclei: Constituents of nucleus and their intrinsic properties, 15
quantitative facts about mass, radii, charge density (matter density), binding energy, main
features of binding energy versus mass number curve, angular momentum, parity, magnetic
moment, electric moments
Radioactivity decay: Radioactivity: definition of radioactivity, half-life, mean-life, radioactivity
equilibrium (a) Alpha decay: basics of α-decay processes, theory of α emission (brief), Gamow
factor, Geiger-Nuttall law. (b) β-decay: energy kinematics for β-decay, positron emission,
electron capture, neutrino hypothesis. (c) Gamma decay: Gamma rays emission & kinematics,
internal conversion (Definition).
Unit: 04 Interaction of Nuclear Radiation with matter: Gamma ray interaction through matter, 15
photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, pair production, Energy loss due to ionization
(quantitative description of Bethe Block formula), energy loss of electrons, introduction of
Cerenkov radiation.
Detector for Nuclear Radiations: Gas detectors: estimation of electric field, mobility of particle,
for ionization chamber and GM Counter. Basic principle of Scintillation Detectors and
construction of photo-multiplier tube (PMT). Semiconductor Detectors (Si and Ge) for charge
particle and photon detection (concept of charge carrier and mobility) qualitative only,
Accelerators: Cyclotrons and Synchrotrons
Suggested Activities:
1) Students to construct seven crystal systems with bamboo sticks and rubber bands. Use foam
ball as atoms and study the BCC and FCC systems.
2)Students to search the characteristic X ray wavelength of different atoms/elements and plot
characteristic wavelength vs atomic number and analyse the result and draw the inference.
3)Magnetic field lines are invisible. Students to trace the magnetic field lines using bar magnet
and needle compass. https://nationalmaglab.org/magnet-academy/try-this-at-home/drawing-
magnetic-field-lines/ ,
4)Using vegetable oil and iron fillings students to make ferrofluids and see how it behaves in
the presence of magnetic field. https://nationalmaglab.org/magnet-academy/try-this-at-
home/making-ferrofluids/
1) Study the decay scheme of selected alpha, beta & gamma radioactive sources with the help
of standard nuclear data book.
2) Calculate binding energy of some selected light, medium and heavy nuclei. Plot the graph
of binding energy versus mass number A
3) Study the decay scheme of standard alpha, beta and gamma sources using nuclear data
book.
4) Make the list of alpha emitters from Uranium series and Thorium series. Search the kinetic
energy of alpha particle emitted by these alpha emitters. Collect the required data such as half
life or decay constant. Verify Geiger-Nuttal in each series.
5) Study the Z dependence of photoelectric effect cross section.
Study the Z dependence of common cross section for selected gamma energies and
selected elements through theoretical calculation.
7) List the materials and their properties which are used for photocathode of PMT.
8) Study any two types of PMT and their advantages and disadvantages.
Pedagogy: Lecture/ PPT/ Videos/ Animations/ Role Plays/ Think-Pair-Share/ Predict-Observe-Explain/
Demonstration/ Concept mapping/ Case Studies examples/ Tutorial/ Activity/ Flipped Classroom/ Jigsaw/
Field based Learning/ Project Based Learning/ Mini Projects/ Hobby Projects/ Forum Theatre/ Dance/ Problem
Based Learning/ Game Based Learning/ Group Discussion/ Collaborative Learning/ Experiential Learning / Self
Directed Learning etc.

Formative Assessment for Theory

Assessment Occasion/ type Marks

Internal Assessment / Tests (Two) 20

Assignments / Seminars 10
Activities 10
Total 40 Marks
Should be followed in all SIX SEMESTERS

References
Text Books
1. Solid State Physics-R. K. Puri and V.K. Babber., S.Chand publications,1st Edition(2004).
2. Fundamentals of Solid State Physics-B.S.Saxena,P.N. Saxena,Pragati prakashan Meerut(2017).
3. Introductory nuclear Physics by Kenneth S. Krane (Wiley India Pvt. Ltd., 2008).
4. Nuclear Physics, Irving Kaplan, Narosa Publishing House
Reference Books
1. Introduction to solid State Physics, Charles Kittel, VII edition, (1996)
5. Solid State Physics- A J Dekker, MacMillan India Ltd, (2000)
6. Essential of crystallography, M A Wahab, Narosa Publications (2009)
7. Solid State Physics-S O Pillai-New Age Int. Publishers (2001).
8. Concepts of nuclear physics by Bernard L. Cohen. (Tata McGraw Hill, 1998).
9. Introduction to the physics of nuclei & particles, R.A. Dunlap. (Thomson Asia, 2004).
10. Introduction to High Energy Physics, D.H. Perkins, Cambridge Univ. Press
11. Basic ideas and concepts in Nuclear Physics - An Introductory Approach by K. Heyde (Institute of
Physics (IOP) Publishing, 2004).
12. Radiation detection and measurement, G.F. Knoll (John Wiley & Sons, 2000).
13. Physics and Engineering of Radiation Detection, Syed Naeem Ahmed (Academic Press, Elsevier,
2007).
 Course Title Elements of Condensed Matter & Practical Credits 02
Nuclear Physics Lab (Practical)
Course Code PHY A14- P Contact Hours 04 Hours

Formative Assessment 25 Marks Summative Assessment 25 Marks

Practical Content

CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS

1. Determination of Plank’s constant by Photo Cell
2. Hall Effect in semiconductor: determination of mobility, hall coefficient.
3. Energy gap of semiconductor (diode/transistor) by reverse saturation method
4. Thermistor energy gap
5. Fermi Energy of Copper
6. Analysis of X-ray diffraction spectra and calculation of lattice parameter.
7. Plank’s constant by LED
8. Specific Heat of Solid by Electrical Method
9. Determination of Dielectric Constant of polar liquid.
10. Determination of dipole moment of organic liquid.
11. B-H Curve Using CRO.
12. Spectral Response of Photo Diode and its I-V Characteristics.
13. Determination of particle size from XRD pattern using Debye-Scherrer formula.
14. Measurement of susceptibility of paramagnetic solution (Quinck`s Tube Method).
15. Measurement of susceptibility of paramagnetic solid (Gouy’s Method).
16. Spectral response and I – V characteristics of Solar Cell.
17. Verification of Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorems.
NUCLEAR PHYSICS
1. Study the characteristics of Geiger-Mùller Tube. Determine the threshold voltage, plateau region
and operating voltage.
2. Study the absorption of beta particles in aluminium foils using GM counter. Determine mass
attenuation coefficient of Aluminium foils.
3. Study the absorption of beta particles in thin copper foils using G M counter and determine mass
attenuation coefficient.
4. Study the attenuation of gamma rays in lead foils using Cs-137 source and G M counter. Calculate
mass attenuation coefficient of Lead for Gamma.
5. Determine the end point energy of Tl-204 source by studying the absorption of beta particles in
aluminium foils.
6. Study the attenuation of absorption of gamma rays in polymeric materials using Cs-137 source and
G M counter.
7. Simulation of half life of radioactive decay using rolling dice.
NOTE: Students must perform at-least EIGHT Experiments from the above list.
Pedagogy: Demonstration/Experiential Learning / Self Directed Learning etc.

Formative Assessment for Practical

Assessment Occasion/ type Marks

Test (Only one) 15

Assignments / Seminars 05
Activities 05
Total 25 Marks

Should be followed for all SIX SEMESTERS

References
1 IGNOU : Practical Physics Manual

2 Saraf : Experiment in Physics, Vikas Publications

3 S.P. Singh : Advanced Practical Physics

4 Melissons : Experiments in Modern Physics

5 Misra and Misra, Physics Lab. Manual, South Asian publishers, (2000)

6 Gupta and Kumar, Practical physics, Pragati prakashan, (1976)

Summative Assessment
(Scheme of Valuation in Practical Exam.)
Assessment Occasion / Type Marks
1) Formula, description of formula, units, nature of graph and diagrams 05
2) Tabular Columns, blank observations, skill of experiment, 05
3) Recording observations, proper units, calculations, drawing graph, Accuracy of result 05
4) Viva – voce 05
5) Record book / Journal Completed and Certified 05
Total 25
Should be followed for all SIX SEMESTERS
 Government of Karnataka

Program Name BSc in Physics Semester VI

Course Title Electronic Instrumentation & Sensors (Theory)

Course Code: PHY A15 - T No. of Credits 04
Contact hours 60 Hours Duration of SEA/Exam 2 hours
Formative Assessment Marks 40 Summative Assessment Marks 60

Course Pre-requisite(s):

Course Outcomes (COs): After the successful completion of the course, the student will be able to:
• Identify different types of tests and measuring instruments used in practice and understand their
basic working principles.
• Get hands on training in wiring a circuit, soldering, making a measurement using an electronic circuit
used in instrumentation.
• Have an understanding of the basic electronic components viz., resistors, capacitors, inductors,
discrete and integrated circuits, colour codes, values and pin diagram, their practical use.
• Understanding of the measurement of voltage, current, resistance value, identification of the
terminals of a transistor and ICs.
• Identify and understand the different types of transducers and sensors used in robust and hand-held
instruments.
• Understand and give a mathematical treatment of the working of rectifiers, filter, data converters
and different types of transducers.
• Connect the concepts learnt in the course to their practical use in daily life.
• Develop basic hands-on skills in the usage of oscilloscopes, multimeters, rectifiers, amplifiers,
oscillators and high voltage probes, generators and digital meters.
• Servicing of simple faults of domestic appliances: Iron box, immersion heater, fan, hot plate, battery
charger, emergency lamp and the like.

Contents 60 Hrs

Unit-I: Power supply 15

AC power and its characteristics, Single phase and three phase, Need for DC power supply and its
characteristics, line voltage and frequency, Rectifier bridge, Filters: Capacitor and inductor filers,
L-section and π-section filters, ripple factor, electronic voltage regulators, stabilization factor,
voltage regulation using ICs (78xx & 79xx). (5 hours)
Basic electrical measuring instruments
Cathode ray oscilloscope- Block diagram, basic principle, electron beam, CRT features, signal
display. Basic elements of digital storage oscilloscopes.
Basic DC voltmeter for measuring potential difference, Extending Voltmeter range, AC voltmeter
using rectifiers. Basic DC ammeter, requirement of a shunt, Extending of ammeter ranges. (5 hours)
Topics for self-study:
Average value and RMS value of current, Ripple factor, Average AC input power and DC output
power, efficiency of a DC power supply. Multirange voltmeter and ammeter.
Activities (3 hours)
1. Design and wire your own DC regulated power supply. Power output: 5 V, 10 V, ± 5 V.
Components required: A step down transformer, semiconductor diodes (BY126/127),
Inductor, Capacitor, Zener diode or 3-pin voltage regulator or IC. Measure the ripple
factor and efficiency at each stage. Tabulate the result.
2. Extend the range of measurement of voltage of a voltmeter (analog or digital) using
external component and circuitry. Design your own circuit and report.
3. Measure the characteristics of the signal waveform using a CRO and function generator.
Tabulate the frequency and time period. Learn the function of Trigger input in an CRO.
4. Learn to use a Storage Oscilloscope for measuring the characteristics of a repetitive input
signal. Convince yourself how signal averaging using Storage CRO improves S/N ratio.

Unit-II: Wave form generators and Filters 15

Basic principle of standard AF signal generator: Fixed frequency and variable frequency, AF sine
and square wave generator, basic Wein-bridge network and oscillator configuration, Triangular
and saw tooth wave generators, circuitry and waveforms. (5 hours)
Passive and active filters: Fundamental theorem of filters, Proof of the theorem by considering a
symmetrical T-network. Types of filters, Circuitry and Cut-off frequency and frequency response of
Passive (RC) and Active (op-amp based) filters: Low pass, high pass and band pass. (5 hours)
Activities (3 hours)
1. Measure the amplitude and frequency of the different waveforms and tabulate the results.
Required instruments: A 10 MHz oscilloscope, Function generators (sine wave and square wave).
2. Explore where signal filtering network is used in real life. Visit a nearby telephone exchange
and discuss with the Engineers and technicians. Prepare a report.
3. Explore op-amp which works from a single supply biasing voltage (+15V). Construct an
inverting/non-inverting amplifier powered by a single supply voltage instead of dual or
bipolar supply voltage.
4. Op-amp is a linear (analog) IC. Can it be used to function as logic gates? Explore, construct
and implement AND, OR NAND and NOR gate functions using op-amps.

Verify the truth table. Hint: LM3900 op-amp may be used. The status of the output may be checked
by LED.

Unit-III: Data Conversion and display

Digital to Analog (D/A) and Analog to Digital (A/D) converters – A/D converter with pre-
amplification and filtering. D/A converter - Variable resistor network, Ladder type (R-2R) D/A
converter, Op-amp based D/A converter. (4 hours)
Digital display systems and Indicators – Classification of displays, Light Emitting Diodes (LED) and
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) – Structure and working. (3 hours)
Data Transmission systems – Advantages and disadvantages of digital transmission over analog
transmission, Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), Pulse time modulation (PTM) and Pulse width
modulation (PWM)- General principles. Principle of Phase Sensitive Detection (PSD). (3 hours)
Topic for self-study: Lock-in amplifier and its application, phase locked loop.
 Activities (3 hours)
1. Explore where modulation and demodulation technique is employed in real life. Visit a
Radio broadcasting station. (Aakashavani or Private). Prepare a report on different AM and
FM stations.
2. Explore and find out the difference between a standard op-amp and an instrumentation
Op-amp. Compare the two prepare a report.

Unit-IV: Transducers and sensors 15

Definition and types of transducers. Basic characteristics of an electrical transducer, factors
governing the selection of a transducer, Resistive transducer-potentiometer, Strain gauge and
types (general description), Resistance thermometer – platinum resistance thermometer.
Thermistor. Inductive Transducer-general principles, Linear Variable Differential Transducer
(LVDT) – principle and construction, Capacitive Transducer, Piezo-electric transducer, Photoelectric
transducer, Photovoltaic cell, photo diode and phototransistor – principle and working. (10 hours)
Activities (3 hours)
1. Construct your own thermocouple for the measurement of temperature with copper and
constantan wires. Use the thermocouple and a Digital multimeter (DMM). Record the emf
(voltage induced) by maintaining one of the junctions at a constant temperature (say at 0 o
C, melting ice) and another junction at variable temperature bath. Tabulate the voltages
induced and temperatures read out using standard chart (Chart can be downloaded from
the internet).
Observe a solar water heater. Some solar water heaters are fitted with an anode rod (alloy of
aluminium). Study why it is required. Describe the principle behind solar water heater.

Pedagogy: Lecture/ PPT/ Videos/ Animations/ Role Plays/ Think-Pair-Share/ Predict-Observe-Explain/

Demonstration/ Concept mapping/ Case Studies examples/ Tutorial/ Activity/ Flipped Classroom/ Jigsaw/ Field
based Learning/ Project Based Learning/ Mini Projects/ Hobby Projects/ Forum Theatre/ Dance/ Problem Based
Learning/ Game Based Learning/ Group Discussion/ Collaborative Learning/ Experiential Learning / Self
Directed Learning etc.

Formative Assessment for Theory

Assessment Occasion/ type Marks

Internal Assessment / Tests (Two) 20

Assignments / Seminars 10
Activities 10
Total 40 Marks
Should be followed for all SIX SEMESTER

References
 1. Physics for Degree students (Third Year) – C.L. Arora and P.S. Hemne, S, Chand and Co. Pvt. Ltd. 2014
(For Unit-1, Power supplies)
2. Electronic Instrumentation, 3rd Edition, H.S. Kalsi, McGraw Hill Education India Pvt. Ltd. 2011 (For rest
of the syllabus)
3. Instrumentation – Devices and Systems (2nd Edition)– C.S. Rangan, G.R. Sarma, V.S.V. Mani, Tata
McGraw Hill Education Pvt. Ltd. (Especially for circuitry and analysis of signal generators and filters)

Course Title Electronic Instrumentation & Sensors Lab

Practical Credits 2
(Practical)
Course Code PHY A16 - P Contact Hours 4 Hours

Formative Assessment 25 Marks Summative Assessment 25 Marks

Practical Content
1. Construct a DC power supply using a bridge rectifier and a capacitor filter. Use a Zener diode or a 3-
pin voltage regulator and study the load and line regulation characteristics. Measure ripple factor
with and without filter and compare with theoretical values.
2. Calibration of a low range voltmeter using a potentiometer
3. Calibration of an ammeter using a potentiometer
4. Design and construct a Wien bridge oscillator (sine wave oscillator) using μA 741 op-amp. Choose the
values of R and C for a sine wave frequency of 1 KHz. Vary the value of R and C to change the
oscillation frequency.
5. Design and construct a square wave generator using μA 741 op-amp. Determine its frequency and
compare with the theoretical value. Also measure the slew rate of the op-amp. If the 741 is replace
by LM318, study how does the waveform compare with the previous one.
6. Study the frequency response of a first order op-amp low pass filter
7. Study the frequency response of a first order op-amp high pass filter
8. Study the characteristics of pn-junction of a solar cell and determine its efficiency.
9. Study the illumination intensity of a solar cell using a standard photo detector (e.g., lux meter).
10. Study the characteristics of a LED (variation of intensity of emitted light).
11. Study the characteristics of a thermistor (temperature coefficient of resistance)
12. Study the characteristics of a photo-diode
13. Determine the coupling coefficient of a piezo-electric crystal.
14. Study the amplitude modulation using a transistor.
15. Op – Amp as adder & Subtractor.
16. Op – Amp as differentiator & Integrator.
17. Performance analysis of A/D and D/A converter using resistor ladder network and op-amp.
18. Study of half adder and full adder using digital ICs.
19. Study of 4 – bit binary counter.
NOTE: Students must perform at-least EIGHT Experiments from the above list.
Pedagogy: Lecture/ PPT/ Videos/ Animations/ Role Plays/ Think-Pair-Share/ Predict-Observe-Explain/
Demonstration/ Concept mapping/ Case Studies examples/ Tutorial/ Activity/ Flipped Classroom/ Jigsaw/ Field
based Learning/ Project Based Learning/ Mini Projects/ Hobby Projects/ Forum Theatre/ Dance/ Problem Based
Learning/ Game Based Learning/ Group Discussion/ Collaborative Learning/ Experiential Learning / Self
Directed Learning etc.
 Formative Assessment for Practical

Assessment Occasion/ type Marks

Test (Only one) 15

Assignments / Seminars 05
Activities 05
Total 25 Marks

Should be followed for all SIX SEMESTERS

Summative Assessment
(Scheme of Valuation in Practical Exam.)
Assessment Occasion / Type Marks
1) Formula, description of formula, units, nature of graph and diagrams 05
2) Tabular Columns, blank observations, skill of experiment, 05
3) Recording observations, proper units, calculations, drawing graph, Accuracy of result 05
4) Viva – voce 05
5) Record book / Journal Completed and Certified 05
Total 25
Should be followed for all SIX SEMESTERS

References
1. Advanced Practical Physics for students, B. L. Flint and H.T. Worsnop, 1971, Asia Publishing House.
2. B.Sc. Practical Physics, C.L. Arora (Revised Edition), S. Chand and Co. Ltd. 2007
3. Practical Physics, D.C. Tayal, First Millennium Edition, Himalaya Publishing House, 2000
 Government of Karnataka
Karnataka State Akkamahadevi Women’s University, Vijayapura
UG Physics (NEP-2020) THEORY MODEL QUESTION PAPER PATTERN FOR V & VI SEMESTERS

Continuous Assessment Scheme

C1: Internal Assessment: 20 Marks
C2: Internal Assessment: 20 Marks

Semester End Examination

Max. Time: 3.00 HOUR Max. Mark: 60
Instruction to Candidate:
1) Part A: All questions are compulsory
2) Part B: Answer any five questions.
PART-A 5x2=10

Q1.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
PART-B 5x10=50

Q2. (10)
a.
b.
Q3. (10)
a.
b.
Q4. (10)
a.
b.
Q5. (10)
a.
b.
Q6. (10)
a.
b.
Q7. (10)
a.
b.
Q8. (10)
a.
b.