Volume 9, Issue 8, August – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24AUG483

Quantum Algorithms for optimizing problems

1 2
Diwakar Mainali Megan Nagarkoti
Bachelor of Computer Application Bachelor of Computer Application
Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences
Tribhuvan University, Nepal Tribhuvan University, Nepal

3 4
Bijen Shrestha Deepika Puri
Bachelor of Computer Application Bachelor of Computer Application
Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences
Tribhuvan University, Nepal Tribhuvan University, Nepal

5 6
Pranish Bista Ojaswi Adhikari
Bachelor of Computer Application Bachelor of Computer Application
Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences
Tribhuvan University, Nepal Tribhuvan University, Nepal

7 8
Aanchal Nagarkoti Shrestha Dr. Om Prakash sharma
Bachelor of Computer Application Assistant Professor and Head of the department of
Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences SRM University Sikkim
Tribhuvan University, Nepal

Abstract:- Quantum computing is quickly becoming a I. INTRODUCTION

field that can change the game. It can completely change
how businesses solve optimisation problems. We will be  Background on Quantum Computing and Its Significance
looking at three different quantum algorithms in great Computing that follows quantum laws is quantum
detail: the Quantum Approximate Optimisation computing. Computer speeds have accelerated. Traditional
Algorithm (QAOA), the Variational Quantum computers employ classical bits, but quantum computers use
Eigensolver (VQE), and Grover's Algorithm. We look qubits [1]. Superposition and entanglement let qubits
into how these algorithms work on the inside, how they compute enormous quantities of data simultaneously. This
compare to more traditional methods, and how they processing power lets quantum computers do difficult jobs
might be used in areas like energy, banking, and that traditional computers cannot. This will help materials
logistics. The piece then talks about current research science, drug research, and security.
projects that are trying to fix the technical issues and
hardware limits of quantum technology. In the end, we Optimisation challenges aim to find the best solution
look ahead to possible future developments that might from plausible possibilities, often with constraints.
help solve optimisation problems, such as better Industries like logistics, banking, engineering, and AI face
quantum gear and more complex quantum algorithms. these difficulties [2]. For example, in logistics, optimisation
By combining what has already been written with what can cut down on supply times and costs. In terms of money,
is new, this study aims to shed light on how quantum it can make the best use of the way assets are spread out in a
computing could help solve tough optimisation problems portfolio to boost gains and lower losses. One example of an
and spark new ideas. engineering application is finding the best way to change
design factors to make them work better and cost less. To be
Keywords:- Quantum Computing, Optimization Algorithms, good at these things, cut costs, and run processes smoothly,
Grover's Algorithm, Quantum Approximate Optimization you need to be able to solve optimisation problems quickly.
Algorithm (QAOA), Variational Quantum Eigensolver
(VQE), Quantum Hardware, Quantum Algorithms,  Objectives of the Research
Combinatorial Optimization, Quantum Error Correction,
Future Directions.  Provide a comprehensive review of prominent quantum
algorithms used for optimization, such as Grover's
algorithm, the Quantum Approximate Optimization
Algorithm (QAOA), and the Variational Quantum
Eigensolver (VQE).

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Volume 9, Issue 8, August – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24AUG483

 Compare the performance of these quantum algorithms The Variational Quantum Eigensolver, or VQE, is
with classical optimization algorithms. another method that blends quantum and classical
 Discuss real-world applications and case studies where computing [5].
quantum algorithms have been applied to solve
optimization problems. As an optimisation problem in quantum chemistry,
 Identify the challenges and limitations associated with determining the ground state energy of molecular systems is
implementing quantum algorithms for optimization. where it really shines. In VQE, the quantum states are
 Examine future directions and potential advancements in prepared using a parameterised quantum circuit, and the
quantum computing that could enhance optimization expectation value of the Hamiltonian is minimised using a
problem-solving capabilities. classical optimiser.

 Scope of the Paper  Comparison of Quantum Algorithms with Classical

Secondary research is used to compile and synthesise Algorithms for Optimization Problems
quantum algorithm optimisation research. The book Quantum algorithms outperform traditional algorithms
discusses quantum algorithms, including a comprehensive in speed and scalability. Grover's quadratic speedup for
literature review of recent relevant studies, individual unstructured search jobs beats linear or exponential
algorithms, their methodology, and applications, and case techniques. Hybrid algorithms like QAOA and VQE
studies of how these algorithms are used. The article outperform classical algorithms on many optimisation tasks
examines the merits and cons of employing quantum by combining quantum and conventional computing's
algorithms to optimise issues, as well as quantum strengths [6]. Quantum algorithm performance is limited by
computing's current constraints and future prospects.The current quantum technology. However, classical algorithms
essay seeks to establish the framework for future quantum have robust implementations and work well for many
algorithm studies and implementations in various disciplines optimisation situations. As quantum technology advances,
by increasing our understanding of their capabilities and the performance gap between quantum and classical
limitations in optimisation challenges. algorithms is expected to widen.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW Despite advancements, quantum algorithms for

optimisation research is currently ongoing. Scalable
In recent decades, quantum algorithm research has quantum hardware for large-scale optimisation is difficult to
shown how these systems potentially revolutionise problem- create [7]. Additionally, many quantum algorithms require
solving in numerous industries. Early publications by Jozsa experimentally-tested parameter fine-tuning and error
and Deutsch introduced quantum computation [3]. Later correction. More comparisons of quantum algorithms versus
research has focused on developing algorithms that use classical algorithms for a wider range of optimisation
quantum physics to tackle complex problems quicker than problems are needed. Integrating quantum algorithms into
classical algorithms. Grover and Shor's unstructured search conventional computer frameworks and operations is tough
and factoring algorithms are significant. Recently developed conceptually and practically. Filling these gaps is necessary
quantum algorithms may solve combinatorial and to optimise quantum algorithms.
continuous optimisation problems in the optimisation
framework. III. METHODOLOGY

 Detailed Discussion on Specific Quantum Algorithms This research paper employs a secondary research
used for Optimization method to gather and synthesize existing knowledge on
In 1996, Lov Grover came up with Grover's way to fix quantum algorithms for optimizing problems. The data
problems with unstructured search. It is a powerful tool for sources utilized include academic journals, books,
some optimisation tasks because it is four times faster than conference papers, and reputable online databases such as
traditional methods. When we use amplitude amplification IEEE Xplore, Google Scholar, and arXiv. Sources were
and quantum parallelism together, we can change the chosen for topic relevancy, publication date, and credibility.
process to find a function's lowest or highest point. Preference was given to sources published within the
previous decade to include the latest research and advances.
It was created by Farhi et al. in 2014 to help solve Only peer-reviewed articles from reputable researchers and
combinatorial optimisation problems. It is a hybrid organisations were considered reliable. The analysis
quantum-classical method. First, a quantum gate-based organised the data by quantum algorithm and application
iterative optimisation of the initial state is done. Then, the area. Critically evaluating and synthesising the data revealed
objective function is optimised in the traditional way. Users trends, compared quantum and classical methods, and
have had good results when they used it to solve Max-Cut highlighted their strengths and weaknesses. The paper
and other graph-based planning problems [4]. intends to present a full and fair summary of quantum
algorithm for optimisation research through this rigorous
process.

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Volume 9, Issue 8, August – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24AUG483

IV. QUANTUM ALGORITHMS FOR  Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE)

OPTIMIZATION One of the most important tasks in quantum chemistry
and materials science is finding the ground state energy of a
 Grover's Algorithm quantum system. [10] announced the Variational Quantum
Lov Grover invented Grover's algorithm in 1996. It Eigensolver (VQE), a hybrid quantum-classical method
speeds up unstructured search jobs quadraticly compared to developed for this purpose. In order for VQE to function, a
classical methods. By magnifying its state in a superposition quantum circuit is used to prepare a parameterised quantum
of all conceivable states, the approach can produce the state. The parameters are then optimised using a classical
needed response with high probability in a few repetitions. optimisation technique in order to minimise the expectation
Grover's method can evaluate a function that meets an value of a Hamiltonian that represents the system's energy.
optimisation problem, such as determining the minimum or This method makes it possible for VQE to be used on soon-
maximum value in a range [8]. When classical approaches to-be-released quantum hardware, so the eigenvalue
fail in large, unstructured search areas, this tweak helps. problem of quantum systems doesn't need to be solved by a
fully fault-tolerant quantum computer.
Grover's approach reduces evaluations to find the best
option faster. The approach requires a quantum computer It is a big deal to use VQE in chemistry and materials
with multiple qubits that can only answer issues that match science, whether you are looking at chemical structures,
its structure. Decoherence and error rates in quantum reaction kinetics, or the properties of materials. It makes it
technology render Grover's method unsuitable for general possible to accurately calculate things like electrical
use. Although accepting these limits, Grover's method structures and bond energies, which are very important for
showed that quantum algorithms can outperform classical making new chemicals and materials.
ones in specific optimisation scenarios, making it a
groundbreaking advance to quantum computing. Using the power of quantum computing, which can't be
done by regular computers, VQE opens up systems that
couldn't be reached before when only regular methods were
 Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) used [11].
The QAOA method was created by Farhi et al. in 2014.
It combines quantum and classical techniques to find the One of VQE's strengths is that it can handle
best solutions to combinatorial problems. The QAOA complicated, large-scale systems with a small amount of
method builds the parameterised quantum circuit by moving qubits. A variational method using noisy intermediate-scale
from a mixing Hamiltonian to a problem-specific quantum (NISQ) devices is used to do this. One more
Hamiltonian from a quantum state. Classical optimisers get benefit is that it is easy to change to solve specific problems
the goal function to its best across a certain number of layers by picking from a number of "ansatz circuits." But VQE has
[9] by changing parameters over and over again. After a number of big problems. Because quantum technology is
balancing quantum exploration with classical exploitation, currently noisy, it can be hard to get good classical
the method comes up with an answer that is very close to the optimisation and high-quality ansatz, which are both
best one. necessary for accurate finds [12]. To get reliable results, you
need to know how to reduce errors and have access to
When used to graph-based combinatorial optimisation quantum tools, which both make VQE even more limited.
problems like Max-Cut and moving salesman, QAOA has Even with these problems, VQE is an interesting quantum
shown promise. Because it has a hybrid framework, it can computing method that has a huge potential to improve
use the best parts of both quantum computing and regular chemistry and materials science as well as our understanding
computing. This makes it appropriate for vast solution space of complicated quantum systems.
issues that standard algorithms struggle with.
V. CASE STUDIES AND APPLICATIONS
QAOA may be a less resource-intensive alternative to
classical algorithms for near-optimal solutions. QAOA can  Real-World Applications of Quantum Algorithms in
approximate in polynomial time, while conventional Optimization
algorithms can take exponential time to address Using their computer benefits, quantum algorithms are
combinatorial problems. Adding layers to quantum circuits making big strides in solving real-world optimisation
increases their complexity and quantum hardware needs, problems. These methods are being used to solve issues in
improving QAOA's performance. Although sufficient many fields. Quantum algorithms find the best solutions to
hardware is lacking, preliminary test and simulation results difficult transportation problems like supply chains and
show that QAOA can surpass typical heuristics and routes. Normal ways don't work when there are a lot of lines
approximation algorithms in some cases. With the progress and limits [13].
of quantum technology, QAOA may be able to solve
combinatorial optimisation problems more efficiently than Quantum algorithms can plan the best delivery routes
classical approaches. by taking prices, truck capacity, and delivery windows into
account. Quantum computing is used to price options,
control risk, and find the best way to optimise a portfolio.
Due to the large number of possible outcomes and factors,

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Volume 9, Issue 8, August – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24AUG483

quantum algorithms may work better in these situations than Current quantum hardware limits quantum algorithm
traditional methods. In the energy sector, quantum implementation. The qubit coherence and error rates are
algorithms improve how resources are used, how the grid is substantial obstacles. Decoherence and noise threaten the
managed, and how energy is distributed. This helps include precision and reliability of quantum bit calculations. The
renewable energy sources and keep running costs low. number of qubits in current quantum devices restricts the
size and complexity of issues that can be solved efficiently.
 Case Studies Demonstrating the Effectiveness of Current quantum hardware sometimes has gate fidelity
Quantum Algorithms issues, which occur when quantum gates fail to execute
One well-known case study is using Grover's algorithm operations precisely for accurate computations. Due to
to improve transportation and route planning. Quantum quantum technological restrictions, running large-scale
computing is being looked into by companies like DHL and quantum algorithms and producing practical, scalable
Volkswagen to help them better plan the routes of their solutions is difficult [15].
transport fleets. Since they started using Grover's method,
these companies have been able to find the best ways faster, Several key areas are being studied to solve these
which could mean lower costs and fuel use. JPMorgan issues. Create qubits with higher gate fidelities, longer
Chase has been looking into quantum computing [14] as a coherence periods, and improved stability to improve
way to improve stocks and figure out risks. The business has quantum hardware. Researchers are also exploring quantum
shown that quantum algorithms are a better way to look at error correcting technologies to eliminate errors and
complicated financial models, find the best ways to divide improve quantum calculations. Researchers are studying
up assets, and handle risk across different portfolios than surface and cat codes to safeguard quantum data and repair
standard methods. In the energy industry, tech companies errors. Quantum algorithms are also being optimised to be
like IBM have shown how to use quantum algorithms to more hardware-adaptive and resource-efficient. QAOA and
improve power grid management. VQE are hybrid quantum-classical algorithms in
development. These algorithms optimise quantum and
Quantum algorithms, for example, are better at conventional resources. To bridge theory and practice,
handling the complex, variable nature of smart grid power researchers are developing quantum software and toolkits to
distribution optimisation and the efficient integration of design and test quantum algorithms using present hardware.
renewable energy sources than older methods. This has
helped us reach these goals. To overcome these difficulties and take advantage of
ongoing research, the quantum computing community is
 Future Potential and Emerging Applications developing practical quantum algorithms. This will unleash
Quantum algorithms have a lot of interesting and huge their abilities to solve complex optimisation problems and
possibilities for optimisation. As quantum tech gets better, it innovate in numerous industries.
will be used in more situations. People use quantum
computers to make personalised medicines, study VII. FUTURE DIRECTIONS
medications, and control traffic in real time. By looking at
and estimating traffic patterns, quantum algorithms can Quantum algorithms and technology are getting better
improve traffic flow and make roads less crowded. Quantum all the time, which is good news for the optimisation uses of
computers may speed up the search for new drugs and make quantum computing. Two goals of the ongoing search for
medical care better by modelling how molecules interact better quantum algorithms are to make them more efficient
with each other. Quantum algorithms that analyse medical and to make them able to solve a wider range of planning
and genetic data could improve customised medicine by problems. New ideas like quantum-enhanced optimisation
customising treatments. As quantum computing improves, approaches and quantum machine learning techniques are
its ability to handle increasingly complex optimisation expected to make quantum computers more powerful. On
problems will spur innovation in many fields, impacting the other hand, quantum technology is likely to get a lot
industries and creating new scientific and technological better. For example, bigger and stronger quantum
paths. computers, better quantum error correction systems, and
qubits that are more stable and scalable will all be built.
VI. CHALLENGES AND LIMITATIONS With these hardware improvements, we can finally get past
problems like gate integrity and qubit coherence times. This
Many technological challenges must be addressed to lets us solve optimisation problems that are more
use quantum algorithms. Developing real-world quantum complicated and large. Quantum computing will have a big
algorithms is difficult. Many quantum algorithms need impact on optimisation problems in the long term. It could
complex quantum circuits and deep quantum gates, making make whole businesses different by solving problems no one
them challenging to implement. Another issue is the need for has thought of before. With better quantum algorithms, it
precise control over quantum states and processes, which should be possible to better use resources, lower costs, and
requires complicated error correction and calibration. come up with new ideas more often. This could completely
change fields like energy, transportation, and finance. Once
Quantum algorithms require high accuracy in quantum technology is used more in real-world situations, it
maintaining quantum entanglement and superposition, will completely change how planning is done. The way
making durable and scalable algorithms difficult to build.

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Volume 9, Issue 8, August – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24AUG483

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