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    Convergence and Divergence 1

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    Convergence and Divergence 1

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    convergence and divergence 1

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    Convergence and Divergence 1

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    of 14

    Convergence of a Series

    • Concepts you should know before starting Convergence


    of a series

    1. Limits calculation { lim 𝑓(𝑛)}


    𝑛→∞

    2. Evaluating nth term of a series

    Let’s first understand these two topics


    Concept of Limits
    1. When degree of polynomial f1(n) is greater than
    degree of polynomial f2(n), then

    lim {f1(n)/f2(n)} = ∞
    n→∞

    n2+n+1 n5+n4+𝑛
    Ex.1- lim { } = ∞ || Ex.2- lim { 4 3 } =∞
    n→∞ 𝑛+2 n→∞ 𝑛 +𝑛
    Concept of Limits
    2. When degree of polynomial f1(n) is less than
    degree of polynomial f2(n), then

    lim {f1(n)/f2(n)} = 0
    n→∞

    n2+n+3 n5+n4+𝑛2
    Ex.1- lim { 3 } = 0 || Ex.2- lim { 7 3 } =0
    n→∞ 𝑛 +2 n→∞ 𝑛 +𝑛
    Concept of Limits
    3. When degree of polynomial f1(n) is equal to degree
    of polynomial f2(n), then

    Co−efficient of highest power in 𝑓1(𝑛)


    lim {f1(n)/f2(n)} =
    n→∞ Co−efficient of highest power in 𝑓2(𝑛)

    2n2+2n+8 8n5+15n4+𝑛2
    Ex.1- lim { 2 } = 1/2 || Ex.2- lim { 5 3 } =4
    n→∞ 4𝑛 +5 n→∞ 2𝑛 +𝑛
    n -term
    th of a Series
    4. You should know what will be the nth term of a
    series

    Ex.1-> 1+2+3+…., {an} (nth term) = n

    Ex.2-> + ⋯ , {an} = ∞
    𝑛, Sn =
    1 1 1 1 𝑛
    𝑥
    +
    𝑥2
    +
    𝑥3 𝑥 𝑛=1 1/𝑥
    Sum of Series
    n -term
    th of a Series
    𝑛
    Ex.3-> 1 − + + ⋯ , {an} = ,
    1 1 1 −1
    −
    𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥𝑛

    S n= ∞ −1 𝑛/𝑥 𝑛
    𝑛=0

    • Series for practice


    𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
    Ex.4-> 𝑥 − + − + ⋯ , Evaluate Sn
    2 3 4
    𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
    Ex.5-> 𝑥 + + + + ⋯ , Evaluate Sn
    2! 3! 4!
    Convergence Rules
    5. nth-term Test for Convergence (Simple Rule)

     If the sequence {an} converges to zero, then


    the series ∞
    𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 converges.

    Ex.->
    1 1 1 1 1
    + + + + ⋯+
    𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 xn
    Convergence Rules
    Ex.-> , an =
    1 1 1 1 1 1
    + + + + ⋯+
    𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 xn xn

    For large value of ‘n’, an = converges to zero.


    1
    xn

    That is,
    1
    lim 𝑛 → 0.
    𝑛→∞ 𝑥

    So, {an} converges to zero, therefore the series ∞ 𝑎 converges.


    𝑛=1 𝑛

    Similarly, If {an} does not converges to zero, then the series


    ∞ 𝑎 diverges
    𝑛=1 𝑛
    Convergence Rules
    6. p- Series Convergence
    • The p-series is given by

    ∞
    1 1 1 1
    𝑝
    =1+ 𝑝+ 𝑝+ 𝑝+⋯
    𝑛 2 3 4
    𝑛=1

    Where, p > 0 (1,2,3…)

    • If p > 1, then the series converges


    • If 0 < p <= 1 then the series diverges
    Convergence Rules

    • Examples-> ∞
    𝑛=1 1/𝑛 3 , ∞
    𝑛=1 1/𝑛 2 , ∞
    𝑛=1 1/𝑛100 , etc.
    all these series converges because p > 1.

    1
    • Examples-> ∞
    𝑛=1 1/𝑛 3 , ∞
    𝑛=1 1/𝑛1/4 , ∞
    𝑛=1 1/𝑛1/100 , etc.
    all these series diverges because 0 < p <= 1
    Convergence Rules
    7. Operations on Convergent Series

    If 𝑎𝑛 converges to ‘A’ and 𝑏𝑛 converges to ‘B’, then the


    following series also converges:

    • 𝑐𝑎𝑛 = cA

    • 𝑎𝑛 + bn = A + B

    • 𝑎𝑛 − bn = A - B
    To be Continued…
    • Two more Important Tests for Convergence

    1. Root Test
    2. Ratio Test

    Will be covered in next formula sheet.!


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