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Study on Fly Ash Based Interlocking Concrete Paver Block Using

Chopped Fibers
To cite this article: Truong Cong Bang 2020 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 988 012060

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ICRDMSA 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 988 (2020) 012060 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/988/1/012060

Study on Fly Ash Based Interlocking Concrete Paver Block

Using Chopped Fibers

Cong Bang TRUONG*

Mien Tay Construction University, 20B Pho Co Dieu street, Vinh Long, Vietnam

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract. In modern days concrete paver block turned in to a component of towns and urban
areas. It is to be locating in residential, commercial and industrial areas like as shopping malls,
parking areas, footpaths, transport stops etc. The aim of this paper is to construct paver block
by using cement is replaced by different percentages of fly ash and various types of fibers.
There are the motive behind using of fly ash in concrete to improve the durability and strength
of harden concrete and fly ash also cost effective. In this paper also discussed about the various
types of chopped fibers which used in paver blocks like nylon fiber, steel fiber, coconuts fibers,
glass fibers, polypropylene fibers etc for improving strength of paver blocks. The other
materials have composed to design paver blocks, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate for
concrete mixture. The curing process of paver block has done for 7days, 14 days and 28days.
After curing days it is tested for compressive strength.

Keywords: Chopped fibers, Compressive strength, Fly ash, Aggregates, Paver blocks, Curing
process.

1. Introduction
Interlocking concrete paver block have been using in the World a decade ago. For most necessity of
paver -block in footpaths and parking zones, but now day’s broadly apart uses where the construction
of pavement using hot bituminous mix or cement concrete technology is not possible or advantageous.
Concrete block is used now alternative pavement to asphalt and concrete pavements. Now these
present times there has been investigating the characteristics of various fibers using in paver block to
increases strength, durability and reduction in cracks. Advantages of paver block are low maintenance
and cost effective. The recent experimental studies about fiber using in paver block found that “the
compressive strength and flexural strength increased. For this benefit it can be used in heavy traffic
area and give surface resistance for long life”. By using of fiber to design paver block that give the the
best result to improve the quality of constructions and like pelting asphalt and concrete not cheaply
crack and break use of fiber.
As concrete is second most consumed commodity in the world which generates a large amount of
carbon dioxide and is responsible for global warming. Huge production of conventional concrete for
infrastructural development also leads to probability of difficulties of getting raw materials in future.
So, research is going on for sustainable material for green concrete. Study shows that replacing cement
partially or fully can be a ecofriendly approach which also reduces carbon emission, caused due to
cement production. Concrete can be produced by replacing concrete with fly ash [1-2], red mud [3],
silica fume [4-5], rice husk, metakaolin, blast furnace slag. Geo-polymer masonry can be a sustainable
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ICRDMSA 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 988 (2020) 012060 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/988/1/012060

building material which is produced by complete elimination of cement or partial replacement of

cement with industrial wastes like fly ash, blast furnace slag as binders [6-12].
Mass reduction of GPC block with quarry dust at the end of 84 days is found to be 0.72% due to
hydrochloric acid resistance [13]. Fly ash combines with alkalis from cement that might otherwise
combine with silica from aggregates, prevents destructive expansion, hence durability increases [14].
Addition of fibers may be natural [6][13] [15-16] or synthetic [1] [17-22], in designed concrete
generally not much have effect on compressive strength but flexural strength increases [6].

2. Materials and methods

There were discussed about methodology of different fibers below mentioned with required methods:
To design the paver block with different types of fibers the usual materials used like fine – aggregate
of 20mm size, coarse aggregate, cement, fly ash and water. The additional materials like semi grit less
than 9.5mm particle, dolomite powder, pigment and quarry dust having size less than 4.75mm was
used in coconut fiber paver block. At the content of glass fiber the other materials have used like
Sikament FF liquid as admixture used in concrete. In case of polypropylene fiber, Sodium hydroxide
and Sodium silicate have used. In nylon fiber have no additional materials. [1][6][19][23]
COCONUT FIBER: Coconut fiber is a natural fiber, when it added to the concrete it increases the
many properties of concrete like compressive strength, flexural strength, split tensile strength of
concrete and also reduce the cracking. Coconut fibers are easily available with large amount and also
very cheap. [6][14]

Figure 1. Coconut fiber

Table 1. Properties of coconut fiber

Material Specification
Physical properties of Aggregates Other Materials properties of
Cement coconut fiber
Fine aggregate
Specific 3.05 Specific 2.5 Semi grit Fineness 3.148 length 6 mm
gravity gravity modulus
Consistency 27% Fineness 2.93 Quarry dust Fineness 4.266 Diameter 0.01mm
limit Modulus modulus
Initial setting 45min Water 0.097% Dolomite Specific 2.84 to
time absorption of powder gravity
2.86
aggregate
Final setting 4 hr45min
time
GLASS FIBER: Glass fiber is a material consists of various fine fibers of glass. The use of glass fiber
in concrete is to improve flexural strength. Glass fiber can use replacement of standard steel

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ICRDMSA 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 988 (2020) 012060 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/988/1/012060

reinforcement in concrete. The advantages of Glass fibers to improve the matrix densification,
reducing of voids, minimize cracking due to stresses and improve the durability to reinforcement
corrosion [1][15][17].

Figure 2. Glass fiber

Table 2. Properties of Glass fiber

Material Specification
Chemical properties of Aggregates
Physical
Physical properties of fly ash properties of glass
Cement Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate fiber
Chemical Percentage
Specific Specific Specific Diameter
3.14 SiO2 61.24 2.62 2.66 12
gravity gravity gravity μm
Water
Consistency Fineness Specific
33% Al2O3 25.00 3.034 absorption 0.45% 2.60
limit Modulus Gravity
value
Initial setting Impact Elasticity,
140 min. Fe2O3 8.71 Grading Zone II. 26% 80
time Value (GPa)
Tensile
Final setting
310 min. Na2O 0.09 Strength 2.5
time
(GPa)

Figure 3. Nylon fiber

NYLON FIBER: The melt – processed of nylon is nylon fiber. It is a Thermoplastic silky material.
There is various products manufactured used of nylon fiber like rope, carpet, clothes, tires etc. The
used of fiber in concrete improved the durability of concrete. The addition of nylon fiber with various

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ICRDMSA 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 988 (2020) 012060 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/988/1/012060

proportions in concrete, give the effects on compressive and tensile strengths and work-ability e.t.c.
[19-20][24].
Table 3. Properties of Nylon fiber

Material Specification
Aggregates
Physical properties physical properties Physical properties of
of Cement of Fly ash Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate Nylon fiber

Specific Specific Specific Specific Diameter

3.15 2.50 2.56 2.75 0.30-0.40
gravity gravity gravity gravity μm

Consistency Fineness Fineness Fineness

33% 2.7 3.29 7.44 Cut length 6-12mm
limit Modulus Modulus Modulus

Fineness Impact 15.65 1.15

3.8 % moisture 4.7 Density
Modulus Value % g/cm3
Water Melting 190-
1.4%
absorption Point 350⁰C
POLYPROPYLENE FIBER: Polypropylene is a thermoplastic polymer used in variety applications. It
also known as polypropylene. Polypropylene is the best fiber for its better performance in industrial
and construction field. The use of different proportion of fiber in concrete mix improve the
compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and mechanical properties of concrete [7][23][25-35]

Figure 4. Polypropylene fiber

Table 4. Properties of Polypropylene fiber

Material Specification
physical Aggregates
Physical properties of Physical properties of
properties of Fly Coarse
Cement Fine aggregate Polypropylene fiber
ash aggregate

Specific Specific Specific Specific Diameter 0.03-

3.17 2.35 2.7 2.67
gravity gravity gravity gravity μm 0.04mm

Consistency
37% class F Cut length 6-12mm
limit

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ICRDMSA 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 988 (2020) 012060 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/988/1/012060

60
Initial/ Final Melting
min./450 150-160⁰C
setting time Point
min

2.1. Mixing and casting the specimens

COCONUT FIBER: In the bottom layer of paver block the concrete contains cement, fine aggregates,
quarry dust and in the top layer of paver block the materials used like mix of cement, semi grit,
dolomite powder and fly ash. The 20mm coconut layer is to be added in top layer with the concrete
proportion of 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4% and 0.5% depend on the weight of concrete. The wet purpose of
water only added in the mix at casting time. After 24 hours the specimens placed to water curing
process 7, 14, and 28 days. [6]
GLASS FIBER: The mix proportion of glass fiber paver block have designed M35 grade. At the start
the percentage of glass fiber from 0.1% to 0.4% per the weight of cement added in mix and 10 to 40
percentage of fly ash added to the mix replacement of cement. The casting and testing procedure have
done by two stages. In first stage the paver blocks are casted mix with glass fibre and placed to water
for curing age of 7 and 28 days.
NYLON FIBER: There are two methods used for precast concrete.
[1]. Wet mix
[2]. Dry mix
In wet mix, concrete was compacted in the mould but in dry mix first the semi dry cohesive concrete
mix then placed to mould but not immediately compacted. After compacted the concrete mix putout
from the mould. In this theory M20 concrete mix used. Cement was replaced by fly ash with
percentage of 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%.
POLYPROPYLENE FIBER: In this study the paver block was also designed. The crushed stone of
granite used as coarse aggregate and quarry sand used as fine aggregate. Tap water was used for
mixing and curing process. Fly ash was used replacement of cement and activator alkaline solutions
were used replaced of water. Activator alkaline solution is specially used polymerization process.
Polypropylene fibers were mixed in the concrete with different percentages from 0.1% to 0.5%.
2.2. Testing of the specimens
COCONUT FIBER: There were three types of tests compressive strength test, flexural strength test
and water absorption test done in this study. For compressive strength compressive machine and for
flexural strength universal testing machine was used. All tests determined. For every test three cubes
ware tested and from the result the average value was taken.
GLASS FIBER: The load was applied in compressive strength without flick and the load enhanced
consecutively at a rate of 15 +/- 3N/mm2/min until the found of greater loads.in flexural strength test
the load was applied without flick and load increased consecutively at a rate of 6 KN/min. In the first
stage the results were observed with different percentages of glass fiber but in second stages the results
were observed with different percentages of fly ash added wit glass fiber.
NYLON FIBER: There was only compressive strength test was conducted in this study. After cured
days the test was conducted. For test three cubes was taken and the average strength value was
reported from the test result.
POLYPROPYLENE FIBER: Concrete specimens are under testing three times at 3,7 and 28days.
Another three tests were abrasion resistance test was conducted at 28 days, flexural strength test at 28
days and water absorption test at 24 hours.

3. Results and Discussion

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ICRDMSA 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 988 (2020) 012060 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/988/1/012060

COCONUT FIBER: The compressive strength increased from 1.22% to 6.81% with the enhanced of
fibers from 0.1% to 0.3% at the curing age of 28 days. The increased of flexural strength from 2.55%
to 14.65% with added of fibers from 0.1% to 0.5% respectively. By the changing of top layer,
thickness from 10 mm to 40mm the strength was increased successively.
GLASS FIBER: The addition of 0.2% optimal fiber by weight of cement and inclusion of glass fiber,
the compressive strength of paver block increased. As the curing age of 28 days added 0.2% fiber,
increased of compressive strength 10.52%. There was 90.31% cost decreased compare to the each unit
of paver block. On the replacement of cement with 20% fly ash and addition of 0.2% glass fiber.
NYLON FIBER: After the completed compressive strength test, noticed that the strength was
increased by the addition of 0.3% nylon fiber and 20% fly ash. The strength was increased during the
curing age of 7, 14 and 28 days.
POLYPROPYLENE FIBER: It significant that the use of polypropylene fibers in geo-polymer
concrete increased the flexural, abrasion resistance and compressive strength. The inclusion of 0.2%
Polypropylene fiber in paver block the abrasion result at age of 28 days increased up to 45%. By the
weight of 0.4% Polypropylene fiber was added to the geo-polymer concrete the flexural strength and
compressive strength highly increased.

4. Conclusion
Study about inclusion of various types of fibers in concrete, shows that strength as well as durability
increases. In addition to that fly ash, which was harmful to the environment if dumped openly, can be
used as replacement of cement partially or fully. Fly ash in concrete enhances its strength, durability,
mechanical properties. Hence the use of cement in concrete decreases which ultimately reduces cost,
as well as carbon footprints of structure. So production of concrete for pavers with flyash and fibres is
a economical sustainable approach.

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