Cyber Space

• The term "cyberspace" was coined by science fiction author William

Gibson in his novel "Neuromancer" published in 1984. While the
concept has evolved over time, it generally refers to the digital
world that exists parallel to the physical world and is accessed
through computers and other digital devices connected to the
internet.
• Cyberspace refers to the interconnected digital environment
created by computer systems and networks, where information,
communication, and transactions take place. It's a virtual domain
that exists beyond physical boundaries, allowing people to interact,
share data, and conduct various activities over the internet.
• Cyberspace encompasses a wide range of online platforms,
websites, social media networks, email systems, online databases,
and more. It's the realm where digital information is stored,
transmitted, and accessed, and it plays a crucial role in modern
communication, commerce, entertainment, education, and virtually
every aspect of modern life.
 Data Vs Information
• INPUT Processing OUTPUT

DATA Processing Information

DATA
Organization & Information
Classification Of Information-In Terms
Of Application
• Planning Inf.: E.g. Time or Design Standards.
• Control Inf.: E.g. Reporting the status of an
activity.
• Knowledge Inf.: E.g. Knowledge base.
• Organizational Inf.: E.g. Used by all in org.
• Database Inf.: E.g. Multiple use information.
• Functional/Operational Inf.: E.g. Information
used in operations of a business.
 Why Information System Are
Important
• Information System Resources & Technologies
• An End User Perspective
• An Enterprise Perspective
• A Global Society Perspective
 Information Quality
• Timelines: Information must reach recipient at right
time.
• Accuracy: Information free from mistakes and errors.
• Relevance: Relevant to users, may be for one not for
others.
• Adequacy: Information sufficient in quantity.
• Completeness: Information should be complete.
• Explicitness: Information which doesn’t require further
analysis.
• Exception-based: Only particular information to be
used by manager. To the point.
 Utilities Of Information
• Form Utility: Form should match with user
requirements.
• Time Utility: Information available when needed.
• Place Utility: More value of information if it can
be accessed or delivered easily.
• Possession Utility: Person who had the
information influences its value.
 Characteristics Of Information System
• Management Oriented/Directed: IS for all in organization.
• Business Driven/Justified: Must be linked to business plan of org.
• Integrated: Integration of IS Subsystems.
• Common Data Flows: Because of Integration common data flows.
• Heavy Planning Element: IS doesn’t come overnight, 3-5 years.
• Subsystem Concept: No. of departments = Subsystems.
• Flexibility & Ease Of Use: For future modification & easy to use.
• Data Base: It is the central objective.
• Distributed Systems: E.g. Banking System.
• Information As A Resource
Levels Of Management
Fundamental Role of IS
Components Of An Information
System
 Components Of An Information
System...
• People Resources: End Users: E.g. Accountants, Salesperson,
Customers, Clerks etc. IS Specialist: E.g. System Analyst,
Programmers, Computer Operators etc.
• Hardware Resources: Computer Systems: Computer Peripherals:
• Software Resources: Software System: E.g. Operating System.
Application Software: E.g. Sales Analysis Program, Word Processing
etc. Procedures: E.g. Operating Instructions for using a Software
Package.
• Data Resources: Data Bases: E.g. That hold Processed and Organized
data. Knowledge Bases: E.g. That holds Knowledge in a variety of
forms.
• Network Resources: Communication Media: E.g. Twisted Pair Wire,
Fiber Optics, Microwave etc Network Support: E.g. Modems,
Internet Access Package etc.
Major Types of Systems in
Organization
 Different Kinds Of Systems
• Operational-Level Systems: This system supports
Operational manager by keeping track of the
elementary activities and transactions of the
organization, such as sales, receipts, flow of
material in a factory. E.g. ATM machine, System
that track the no. of hours worked each day by
employees on a factory floor.
• Knowledge-Level Systems The purpose of KLS is
to help the business from integrate new
knowledge into the business.
• Management-Level Systems: These system
serve monitoring, controlling, decision making
and administrative activities of middle
manager. They provide periodic report rather
than instant information on operations.
• Strategic-Level Systems: These systems help
senior management tackle and address
strategic issues and long term trends.
 Six Major Types of Information
Systems
• ESS –Executive Support Systems
• DSS – Decision Support Systems
• MIS – Management Information Systems
• KWS – Knowledge Work Systems
• Office Systems
• TPS - Transaction Processing Systems
Six Major Types of Information
Systems
ICT(Information and Communication Technology)
➢ During last decade of twentieth century there was
extraordinary development in information and
communication technology (ICT) which led to a
transmutation of processes and practices in almost all
aspects of human activities.
➢ Information and communication technologies (ICTs) are
the technologies used in the conveying, manipulation and
storage of data by electronic means.
 ICT
➢ Information is data that has been sorted and arranged.
➢ It consists of organized facts and opinions people receive
during daily life.
➢ Changing data into information is called data processing
or information processing.
➢ It involves gathering, organizing, and reporting data so it is
useful to people.
➢ It is often done using information technology.
 ICT Tools

➢ Radio, television, video, DVD, telephone (fixed line & mobile), satellite
systems, computer and network hardware and software; (equipment
and services associated with these technologies, such as
videoconferencing and electronic mail.) , blogs

Forums
LCD, PC Search
OHP,
TV/VHS, Whiteboard, Engine,
Blackboard Phone,
Wireless Phone Interactive Blogs,
Pager 20
Panel e-Groups
 Information and Communication Technologies
➢ People often use the terms information and communication together.
➢ These terms are related, but each means something different.
➢ Two words we need to know to understand communication technology are data
and information.
➢ Data includes individual facts, statistics (numerical data), and ideas.
➢ These facts and ideas are not sorted or arranged in any manner.
➢ COMMUNICATION:------
➢ Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place
to another.

➢ Exchanging Information from computer to another computer

➢ The classic communication system is made up of an information

source, an encoder, a transmitter, a receiver, a decoder, storage,
retrieval, and an information destination.
 Synchronous Communication

• Online Chat
– Text based
– Audio based
– Video based

• Mobile Technology
– Conferencing
– Phone

• Satellite
– Television channel
– Video Conferencing

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 Asynchronous Communication

 Discussion Forums
 Blogs
 e-Groups
 Wikepedia (Knowledge base)
 Google (search engine)
 Mobile SMS, MMS & Podcasting

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 Scope of Internet as a ICT

• Education
• Research
• Communication
• Leisure and Entertainment
• Exploring the world
• Finance
• Shopping
• And many more ….

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 Scope of Internet as a ICT in Education

➢ ICT as a tool to innovate teaching-learning practice via Internet

(i.e. digital content, multimedia, teaching-learning methods,
learning environment)
➢ ICT as an administrative tool (i.e. education management
information systems (EMIS)
➢ ICT as an expanding learning opportunity (i.e. distance learning, e-
Learning)
➢ ICT as a facilitator of higher-order thinking skills (i.e. learner-
centered, self-directed learning, tailored learning)

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Psychology of using Teaching Aids which include
ICTs
➢ Hear is an effective saying

❖ I hear, I forget : Verbal description only are not enough for learners

to remember and understand. Visualization of objects especially in

science and technology is important

❖ I see, I remember: Knowledge that is gained through the site is more

colorful, accurate and permanent. It is said that 80% of our

knowledge is gained through our eyes.

ICT can help learning

➢ Develop understanding

❖ Speed and automatic functions of ICT can enable teachers to demonstrate,

explore or explain aspects of their teaching, and students learning, more

effectively e.g. use of a spread sheet to perform calculations in order that

patterns can be concentrated on rather than the calculating.

 Digital Economy
• A digital economy is a form of economy in
which the economic activities are performed
by using various digital computing
technologies of hardware and software. It is a
new form of economy. The digital economy is
often perceived as the running and operating
business over the internet and World Wide
Web-based markets. It is also known as New
Economy, Internet Economy, or Web
Economy.
 Concepts of Digital Economy
• According to Thomas Mesenbourg, an American Statistician, there
are three main concepts of the digital economy which are as
follows:
• E-business Infrastructure
The infrastructure of the digital economy includes hardware
devices, software, telecom, networks, human resource, etc.
• E-business
This means how the business is conducted over the internet with
the help of e-business infrastructure or can say via computer-
mediated networks.
• E-commerce
Commerce refers to the transfer or trade of goods and services.
Hence, e-commerce means the transfer of goods and services over
the internet in the digital market. For example, goods such as
clothes, groceries, etc. can be sold online, and services such as
education, medical consultation, etc. are also available through the
medium of e-commerce.
 Features of the Digital Economy

• Digitized and Tracked

The digital economy promotes the use of analog objects which
generates digital signals that can be measured, tracked, and
analyzed. This helps in improving decision-making skills. Other than
this, it is also beneficial in improving the forecast accuracy and
increasing the profitability of the company. Digitization also lowers
the cost of introducing modern technology in the business and
supports operators to invest more processing into the business.
• Connected
The digital economy links assets, suppliers, workers, stakeholders,
customers, etc. via a wireless communication system that allows
everybody to make a data-driven decision. This helps in increasing
safety, efficiency, and visibility across the enterprise and in the
market. By having a proper link with each other, the company can
avoid unexpected failures, enhance the integrity of assets, and
increase assets uptime.
• Shared
The operation of the digital economy works on the principle of sharing. Companies
can buy only what they need and pay as they go thanks to the digital economy.
This form of buying behavior lowers inventory costs and buying as a service allows
businesses to pay only for the time and value they receive.
• Personalized
Customer penalization is another characteristic of the digital economy.
Personalization means the digital economy provides tailored products to the
customers so that they can make them adjust as per their needs and give the
availability of products and services of their favorite brands at their home.
• Direct
With the arrival of the digital economy, the company can eliminate the
unnecessary middlemen, intermediaries, or channels so that a more direct
relationship can be established between buyer and seller. This reduces the cost for
the producer and price for the customers and also makes the process easier and
simpler by eliminating the barrier which increases the number of customers and
producers in the market. One of the best examples of direct operations is remote
service monitoring.
 What are Digital Platforms?

• “The use of new, fast and frequently changing

digital technology to solve problems.”
• Business enterprise terms, a digital platform
can be thought of as the sum total of a place
for exchanges of information, goods, or
services to occur between producers and
consumers as well as the community that
interacts with said platform.
 Types of Digital Platforms

• Social Media Platforms

They include platforms like Facebook, Instagram,
Snapchat, Twitter, LinkedIn, etc.
• Knowledge Platforms
They include platforms like StackOverflow, Quora,
Yahoo! Answers, Byju.com, Udemy, etc.
• Media Sharing Platforms
They include platforms like YouTube, Spotify, Vimeo,
Google Photos, etc.
• Service-Oriented Platforms
They include platforms like Uber, Urbanclap, Ola,
MakeMyTrip, Airbnb, GrubHub, etc.
 Advantages of Digital Economy

• Promotes Use of the Internet

• Rise in E-commerce
• Digital Goods and Services
• Transparency
 Drawbacks of the Digital Economy
• Decrease in Employment Opportunities
• Lack of Experts
• Heavy Investment

• Cryptocurrency
 Critical Infrastructure
• The basic physical and organizational structure
and facilities(Ex- Building, road, power supply)
needed for the operation of a society and
enterprise.
 What is Critical Information
Infrastructure?
• Critical infrastructure refers to the systems,
assets, and networks that are essential for the
functioning of a society and economy. These
infrastructures are deemed crucial because their
disruption or destruction could have a significant
impact on public health, safety, economic
security, and overall national security. Critical
infrastructure includes various sectors and
industries that are vital for the functioning of a
country, and their proper operation is crucial to
maintaining societal stability and well-being.
 What is Critical Information
Infrastructure?
• The Information Technology Act of
2000 defines Critical Information Infrastructure as a
computer resource, the incapacitation
or destruction of which shall have debilitating impact
on national security, economy, public health or safety.
• The government, under the IT Act of 2000, has
the power to declare any data, database, IT network
or communications infrastructure as CII to protect that
digital asset.
• Any person who secures access or attempts to secure
access to a protected system in violation of the
law can be punished with a jail term of up to 10 years.
 Sectors included in CII
• The concept of critical infrastructure covers a wide range of sectors, including:
1. Energy: Power generation, distribution, gas production, power grid, transmission
systems, including electricity, oil, and gas infrastructure.
2. Transportation: Roads, bridges, airports, seaports, railways, and public transportation
systems.
3. Communication: Telecommunications networks, internet infrastructure, and
broadcasting systems.
4. Water: Drinking water supply and distribution systems, wastewater treatment facilities,
and dams.
5. Healthcare: Hospitals, medical facilities, and systems supporting healthcare delivery.
6. Finance: Banking and financial institutions, payment systems, and stock exchanges.
7. Food and Agriculture: Agricultural production, processing, distribution, fishing, crop
breeding, food production and food supply systems.
8. Emergency Services: First responders, law enforcement, fire departments, and
emergency medical services.
9. Government: Public administration, law enforcement, and essential government
functions.
10. Information Technology: Data centers, information systems, and networks supporting
various sectors.
11. Education sector:-education policy and mgt., E-learning, Higher education, Techenical
education, school mgt. And issues
12.Information technology sector:-Telephony, radio, Tv,
Data transmission, press and media, multimedia network,
press and media.
13. Nuclear reactors, material and waste sector
14. Transportation sector
15.Law and order sector
16.Postal and shipping sector
17. Chemical sector
18.Defense sector
19. Dams sector
20.Space and research sector.
 Threats for critical Infrastructure
• Poor design
• Operator error
• Natural disaster
• Theft
• Fraud
• Terrorism
• Human caused error
• Accidental damage
• Technical error
 Steps of CI Protection
• identify the critical infrastructure
• Develop a systematic approach for identifying
vulnerabilities in the assets of CI.
• Develop plan for preventing and eliminating the
vulnerabilities.
• Develop a systematic approach for identifying major
attacks.
• Develop a systematic approach for identifying the risk
involved in CI
• Develop plan for preventing and eliminating major attack.
• Develop plan for risk management.
• Restore an assets after it has been damaged or destroyed.
• Create a manual for protection based on standard
guidelines and make people aware of it.
•
 How are CIIs protected in India?
• Created in January 2014, the National Critical Information
Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC) is the nodal agency for
taking all measures to protect the nation’s critical information
infrastructure.
SOME OF THE CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE SECTORS
• Chemical Sector
• Commercial Facilities Sector
• Communications Sector
• Critical Manufacturing Sector
• Dams Sector
• Defense Industrial Base Sector
• Emergency Services Sector
• Energy Sector
• Financial Services Sector
• Healthcare and Public Health Sector
• Nuclear Reactors, Materials, and Waste Sector
• Information Technology Sector
 Mandate of NCIIPC:
• It is mandated to guard CIIs from unauthorized access,
modification, use, disclosure, disruption, incapacitation
or distraction.
• It will monitor and forecast national-level threats to
CII for policy guidance, expertise sharing and
situational awareness for early warning or alerts.
• In the event of any threat to critical information
infrastructure the NCIIPC may call for information and
give directions to the critical sectors or persons
serving or having a critical impact on Critical
Information Infrastructure.
 Internet as Global Information
Infrastructure
• The term "Global Information Infrastructure" (GII)
refers to the interconnected network of
communication systems, technologies, and
services that facilitate the exchange of
information on a global scale. The internet is a
prime example of a Global Information
Infrastructure. It is a vast network of
interconnected computers and devices that
allows for the exchange of data, communication,
and information sharing across the world.
The internet's role as a Global Information Infrastructure means that it serves as a backbone for a
wide range of activities, including:

1. Communication: The internet enables instant communication through email,

messaging apps, video conferencing, and social media platforms. It has
transformed how people connect and interact with each other, regardless of
geographic location.
2. Information Sharing: The internet provides a platform for sharing information,
news, research, and educational resources. Online platforms, websites, and
databases host a wealth of knowledge accessible to anyone with an internet
connection.
3. Commerce and E-Commerce: The internet facilitates online shopping, electronic
payments, and digital marketplaces, enabling businesses to reach a global
customer base. E-commerce has transformed the way goods and services are
bought and sold.
4. Entertainment: Streaming services, online gaming, and multimedia platforms
provide entertainment to a global audience. The internet has revolutionized how
people access and consume content.
5. Education: Online learning platforms and educational
resources have made learning accessible beyond traditional
classroom settings. People can access educational materials and
courses from around the world.
6. Research and Innovation: The internet accelerates the sharing
of research findings and allows collaboration among researchers
and innovators worldwide. Online resources aid in finding
information and staying updated on the latest developments.
7. Government and Public Services: Many governments use the
internet to provide services, share information, and engage with
citizens. E-government initiatives aim to make government
processes more accessible online.
8. Healthcare: Telemedicine and online health information
resources have transformed the way medical care is delivered and
accessed.
 GII has four basic elements
• People:- People who create, produce use and
operate information.
• Information Appliances:- Information Appliances
that are used to store process and allow access to
information.
• Communication Infrastructure:- Communication
infrastructure which transport the information
between geographically separated information
appliances.
• Information:- Information which is in the form of
video, audio, text and graphic and which may be
converted from an existing medium into
electronic form for use by GII users.