Journal of American Science 2015;11(6) http://www.jofamericanscience.

org

Performance, Immune Response and Carcass Quality of Broilers Fed Low Protein Diets contained either
Moringa Oleifera Leaves meal or its Extract

M.S.M AbouSekken*

* Department of Environmental Sustainable Development and its projects Management, Environmental Studies &
Researches Institute (ESRI), University of Sadat City, Egypt.
[email protected], [email protected]

Abstract: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of adding graded levels of Moringa olifera leaves meal
(MLM) or its extract (MLEx) on the productive performance, mortality, antioxidative potentials, the physico -
chemical characteristics of meat and plasma biochemical parameters of broilers fed low protein diets. A total
number of 270 day old averaging (41.00 ± 1.00 g) chicks were wing banded individually, weighed and randomly
distributed into 6 treatments each in three replicates of 15 birds per replicate. Dietary treatments were T1 – positive
control fed commercial diet with CP recommended requirements. (23; 21 and 19% CP); T2 negative control fed diets
contained lower CP (21, 19 and 17% CP); T3: fed negative control + 5% MLM powder; T4: fed negative control +
10% MLM powder; T5: fed negative control + 50 ml MLEx extract / liter drinking water and T6: fed negative
control + 100 ml MLEx / liter drinking water. Results showed that Moringa leaves contained appreciable amounts of
crude protein 29.62%); carbohydrate (39.49%); crude fiber (10.23%), ash (14.25%), crude fat (8.40%) and
metabolizable energy (2034.82 kcal/kg); Calcium, (2.65%) and Phosphorus, (0.48%). Birds of T6 (fed negative
control +100 ml MLEx) recorded significantly (P < 0.05) the best values of body weight gain (2.63kg); feed
conversion ratio (1.26); growth rate (1.94); performance index (226.66%) and European efficiency ratio (529.68)
followed by birds of T5 (fed negative control +50 ml MLEx) (2.35kg; 1.17; 1.93; 208.99% and 488.39,
respectively). Moringa oleifera leaves Extract groups (T5 and T6) were significantly (P > 0.05) higher in antioxidant
capacity (0.86 mmol/l) meanwhile, the positive control group (T1) was the worst one. Also, Moringa oleifera extract
groups (T5 and T6) achieved significantly (P > 0.05) the best values of total lipids (442.2 and 410.99 mg/dl); total
cholesterol (167.95 and 159.87 mg/dl); HDL cholesterol (111.9 and 125.58 mg/dl) and LDL cholesterol (86.13 and
73.4 mg/dl) compared with control or powder groups. The extent of lipid oxidation (TBA number) in thigh meat
after 7 d of refrigerated storage did not differ among all treatments. However, malonaldehyde concentration was
different after 90 d of freez storage of birds fed diets supplemented with (50 and 100ml/l) of moringa extract
significantly (p<0.05). The lowest TBA number of freez storage obtained at 42 and 90 days, while birds fed control
group showed the highest TBA number. Moringa oleifera leaves extract groups (T5 and T6) appeared a good feed
additive for color, odour, taste and overall acceptance (Table 9). Generally, the best values of overall acceptance
being (8.49) had been significantly (P≤0.05) recorded by birds fed (negative control+100 ml MLEx) (T6). The best
values of net revenue, economical efficiency and relative economical efficiency values due to feeding broiler low
protein diet and supplemented 50 ml MLEx / liter drinking water (T5) compared with control and other experimental
groups, Meanwhile, the lowest value of economic efficiency was obtained by broilers fed 5% MLM (T3). It can be
concluded that, Moringa oleifera aqueous leaf extract given via drinking water (T5 and T6) appeared to be a good
feed additive in order to obtain the best growth and feed utilization as well as the overall better health of broiler.
[M.S.M AbouSekken. Performance, Immune Response and Carcass Quality of Broilers Fed Low Protein Diets
contained either Moringa Oleifera Leaves meal or its Extract. J Am Sci 2015;11(6):153-164]. (ISSN: 1545-
1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 18

Key words: low-protein diets, Moringa oleifera extract, Meat quality, broiler performance, economical efficiency

1- Introduction. generating (Moreki et al., 2010). Any attempt to

Feed cost accounts for 60 to 70% of the total cost improve commercial poultry production and increase
of poultry production. The high cost of conventional its efficiency therefore needs to focus on searching
feed ingredients in poultry diets has necessitated the alternative and better utilization of feed resources
investigation into unconventional readily available (Udedibie and Asoluka, 2008).
feedstuffs. The impact of indigenous chickens in Moringa products have a wide range of
improving the nutritional status, income, food security applications in agricultural, industrial and
and livelihood of small holders is significant owing to pharmaceutical processes. Moringa leaves have a
their low cost of production (FAO, 1997). Indigenous relatively high crude protein content which varies
chickens contribute to the overall well-being of the from 25% to 32%. A high proportion of this protein is
households through employment creation and income potentially available for digestion due to a high

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proportion of pepsin soluble nitrogen (82-91 %) and Recently, Akhouri et al. (2013) reported that
low proportion (1-2%) of acid detergent insoluble aqueous extract and dried powder of Moringa oleifera,
protein (Makkar and Becker, 1997). There has been respectively each at 250 mg/kg body weight detected
an increased interest in the utilization of the M. significant (P<0.05) increase in body weight gain and
oleifera, in improving of ruminants farming feed conversion efficiency in the birds. Few studies
(Gadzirayi et al., 2012) and poultry performances have showed the substitution of Moringa oleifera
(Banjo, 2012; Portugaliza and Fernandez, 2012; leaves or its extract in broilers low protein diets on
Abbas and Ahmed 2012); as a protein source for antimicrobial abilities; immune system; meat quality;
livestock (Makkar and Becker, 1997; Sarwatt et al., antioxidative properties and physiological and
2002); industrial and medicinal uses (Morton, 1991). productive performance of farm animals and poultry.
Moringa oleifera leaves are widely used traditionally Therefore, the aim of this study was designed to
for its antimicrobial abilities (Suarez et al., 2005) and investigate the effect of feeding different levels of
its pharmacological properties (Mehta et al., 2003). Moringa oleifera leaves meal (MLM) or its extract
However, trials were conducted to study the effect of (MLEx) on feed intake, growth performance,
these leaves meal on the growth performance of mortality, antioxidative potentials, immune response
chicks (Melesse et al., 2011), on the productive and the physico -chemical characteristics of meat from
performance of laying hens (Abou-Elezz et al., 2011), broilers.
on broilers’ performance (Olugbemi et al., 2010 and
Zanu et al. 2012), and on the growth, carcass, and 2. Materials and Methods.
blood indices of weaned rabbits (Nuhu, 2010). The The present study was carried out at Poultry
effect of moringa leaves and seeds were also Research Station belonging to Environmental Studies
examined by researchers for increasing immunity and Research Institute (ESRI), University of Sadat
responses and improving physiological and productive City, Minufiya Province, Egypt. A total number of
performance (Abbas and Ahmed, 2012; Tesfaye et 270 day old male Hubbard broiler chicks were used in
al., 2012 and Ibrahim et al., 2014)).Also, Moringa this study. Chicks were given a starter control diet
(Moringa oleifera) leaves had been used as a natural (Table 1) for 4 days of age and then chicks were wing
antioxidant for its antioxidant activity/contain a higher banded, individually weighed and randomly
amount of polyphenols (Sreelatha and Padma, distributed into 6 treatments, each contained three
2009); high pepsin and total soluble protein which is replicates of 15 birds per replicate in floor brooders.
suitable to monogastric animals such as poultry. Preparation of Moringa leaf Extract (MLEx).
(Kakengi et al. (2007) and has a positive effect on The leaves of Moringa oleifera were collected
meat quality (Waskar et al., 2009) especially lipid and dried under shade and ground into powder. About
peroxidation which is a major cause of meat quality 5 kg of M. olefera leaf powder were placed in plastic
deterioration, affecting colour, flavour, texture and container with 25 liter of aqueous ethanol, soaking to
nutritional value (Giannenas et al., 2010). 24 hours and then filtered using a filter paper
Antioxidants have been discovered to be efficient (Whatmann size no.1) and the filtrate evaporated to
in diminishing lipid oxidation of meat. However, the dryness in water bath at 60ºC as described by
use of natural antioxidants to stabilize meat has gained Portugaliza and Fernandez (2012). Ethanol
much attention from consumers because they are extraction was evaporated using rotatory evaporator
considered to be safer than synthetic antioxidants such followed by evaporation to dryness in a water bath at
as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and tertiary butyl 40◦ C. A brownish residue was obtained and kept in air
hydroquinone (TBHQ) and have greater application tight bottle and stored in a refrigerator at 4◦C until
potential for consumer’s acceptability, palatability, used. The concentrated extract was diluted using
stability and shelf-life of meat products (Waskar et distilled water (volume/volume) into 50ml/1000ml
al., 2009). Natural antioxidants also have the ability to and 100ml/1000ml H2O.The extract was stored in a
increase the antioxidant capacity of the plasma and refrigerator for 1 week until being used.
reduce diseases (Chanda and Dave, 2010). The experimental diets were supplied with
The importance of Moringa oleifera in required nutrients to satisfy the recommended
ethanobotany as health remedy the antimicrobial requirements of the breed and were made iso-
property of crude extracts and anti-nutritional factors, nitrogenous and iso-energetic according to
particularly saponins can be removed through solvent NRC(1996). Chicks were allocated on the following
and aqueous extractions of the petals of Moringa dietary treatments:
oleifera that has been studied as part of the 1- (T1): (positive control):fed commercial diet
exploration for new and novel bio-active compounds which contain the recommended crude protein
(Makkar and Becker,1997 and Richter et al.,2003). requirement of Hubbard broilers during starter,

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grower and finisher periods. (23; 21 and MLM powder

19%CP). 4- (T4): fed negative control diet with dietary 10%
2- (T2): (negative control): fed tested diets which MLM powder
contain a lower requirement of crude protein 5- (T5): fed negative control diet with 50 ml MLEx
during starter, grower and finisher periods (21, / liter drinking water
19 and 17% CP) without moringa powder or 6- (T6): fed negative control diet with 100 ml MLEx
extract. / liter drinking water.
3- (T3): fed negative control diet with dietary 5%

Table 1. Composition and calculated analysis of positive and negative control diets.
Starter (4 –10 days) Grower (11 – 24 days) Finisher (25 – 42 days)
Item Positive Negative Positive Negative Positive Negative
control control control control control control
Yellow Corn, ground 56.60 60.44 60.44 63.00 63.00 69.19
Soybean meal (44% CP) 27.00 23.50 23.50 24.00 24.00 19.00
Corn gluten meal (62% CP) 10.00 9.00 9.00 5.51 5.51 4.5
Di-calcium phosphate(Di-Ca-P) 2.00 1.50 1.50 1.34 1.34 1.80
Limestone 1.60 1.60 1.60 1.48 1.48 1.10
Common salt 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.3
Vegetable oil 1.50 2.81 2.81 3.70 3.70 3.13
Premix* 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30
DL-Methionine 0.10 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.18
L-Lysine 0.60 0.40 0.40 0.22 0.22 0.50
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100
Price(L.E. /kg diet)** 3.37 3.32 3.32 3.15 3.15 3.03
Calculated values***
ME, kcal/kg 3027 3153 3153 3195 3195 3209
CP % 23.06 21.00 21.00 19.12 19.12 17.00
CF % 3.47 3.28 3.28 3.30 3.30 3.00
EE % 2.80 2.84 2.84 2.87 2.87 3.00
Ca % 1.00 0.92 0.92 0.85 0.85 0.88
Avail. P % 0.57 0.45 0.45 0.42 0.42 0.46
Lys. % 1.42 1.17 1.17 1.04 1.04 1.10
Meth. % 0.55 0.57 0.57 0.52 0.52 0.51
Meth. + Cyst. % 0.94 0.92 0.92 0.84 0.84 0.799
Determined values
CP % 22.90 20.88 20.47 19.17 19.00 16.78
CF % 3.50 3.11 3.50 2.98 3.50 3.46
EE % 3.00 2.96 2.90 2.58 2.90 2.88
Ash % 9.99 8.87 8.90 8.98 10.15 8.86
Ca % 1.52 1.63 1.53 1.48 1.46 1.76
P% 0.44 0.46 0.53 0.41 0.49 0.52
*
The premix (Vit. & Min.) was added at a rate of 3 kg per ton of diet and supplied the following per kg of diet (as mg or I.U. per kg of
diet): Vit. A 12000 I.U., Vit. D3 2000 I.U., Vit. E 40 mg, Vit. K3 4 mg, Vit. B1 3 mg, Vit. B2 6 mg, Vit. B6 4 mg, Vit. B12 0.03 mg,
Niacin 30 mg, Biotin 0.08 mg, Pantothenic acid 12 mg, Folic acid 1.5 mg, chloride 700 mg, Mn 80 mg, Cu 10 mg, Se. 0.2 mg, I 0.4 mg,
Fe 40 mg, Zn 70 mg and Co 0.25mg.
**
According to market prices of the year 2014.
***
According to Feed Composition Tables for animal & poultry feedstuffs used in Egypt (2001).

Live performance measurements, were measured rate (MR) and European efficiency factor (EEF)
and/or calculated in terms of live body weight (LBW), which calculated according to the methods described
body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), feed by Lemme et al.(2006). as follows: EEF = (Final
conversion ratio (FCR), growth rate (GR) by using the LBW, kg × Livability, %)/(Age, days × FCR) × 100.
following formula: GR=(W2-W1) /0.5(W1+W2)×100. At the end of the experimental period (45 days),
Where: W1 =Initial LBW of a certain period, W2 = three birds were taken randomly from each treatment
Final LBW at the end of the same period; performance and slaughtered to obtain the carcass and edible
index (PI) according the equation reported by North organs included heart, empty gizzard and liver.
(1981) as follows: PI =LBW(kg)/FCR× 100; Mortality Carcass, edible organs and abdominal fat percentage

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were calculated on the basis of live body weight. determined colorimetrically and suitable commercial
Individual blood samples were taken from birds diagnostic kits (Stambio, San Antonio, Texas, USA)
within each treatment and collected into dry clean as described by manufactures in terms of total lipids
centrifuge tubes containing drops of heparin and (TL, mg/dl), cholesterol (Cho, mg/dl), HDL
centrifuged for 20 minutes (3000 rpm) to obtain cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, glucose (mg/dl),
plasma. The antioxidant capacity in plasma was aspartate aminotransferase (AST, U/L), alanine
determined using commercial kits produced by aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase
Biodiagnostic Company. Plasma constituents were (ALP, U/L).

Table 2. Composition and calculated analysis of the basal diets used in the 2nd feeding trial.
Item Starter (0 –10 days) Grower (11 – 24 days) Finisher (25 – 42 days)
Moringa level % 5 10 5 10 5 10
Moringa leaves Powder 5.00 10.00 5.00 10.00 5.00 10.00
Yellow Corn, ground 57.75 54.00 61.00 68.00 66.50 61.00
Soybean meal (44% CP) 20.00 19.00 20.00 18.00 14.75 15.90
Corn gluten meal (62% CP) 10.00 8.25 6.00 5.55 6.00 3.00
Di-calcium phosphate 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.80
Limestone 1.60 1.60 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.65
Common salt 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30
Vegetable oil 3.00 4.50 3.75 4.20 3.50 5.36
Premix* 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.3 0.3
DL-Methionine 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.18
L-Lysine 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.51
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100 100
Price (L.E. /kg diet)** 3.70 4.11 3.89 4.07 3.36 3.81
Calculated values***
ME, kcal/kg 3041 3165 3170 3195 3214 3219
CP % 21.25 21.22 19.14 19.20 17.20 17.07
CF % 3.46 3.80 3.49 3.4 3.23 3.64
EE % 3.12 3.35 3.17 3.70 3.30 3.46
Ca % 1.04 1.1 1.4 1.6 1.26 1.22
Avail. P % 0.44 0.43 0.44 0.6 0.43 0.49
Lys. % 1.14 1.18 1.30 1.14 1.00 1.15
Meth. % 0.58 0.56 0.52 0.5 0.5 0.499
Meth. + Cyst. % 0.94 0.92 0.84 0.84 0.79 0.798
Determined values
CP % 21.65 21.53 19.55 19.83 16.94 17.43
CF % 3.84 4.32 3.58 3.77 3.98 4.04
EE % 2.89 4.25 3.47 4.70 3.58 4.86
Ash % 11.33 10.45 9.89 10.46 10.72 10.43
Ca % 1.04 1.1 1.4 1.6 1.26 1.22
P% 0.45 0.55 0.42 0.48 0.46 0.44
*
The premix (Vit. & Min.) was added at a rate of 3 kg per ton of diet and supplied the following per kg of diet (as mg or I.U. per
kg of diet): Vit. A 12000 I.U., Vit. D3 2000 I.U., Vit. E 40 mg, Vit. K3 4 mg, Vit. B1 3 mg, Vit. B2 6 mg, Vit. B6 4 mg, Vit. B12
0.03 mg, Niacin 30 mg, Biotin 0.08 mg, Pantothenic acid 12 mg, Folic acid 1.5 mg, chloride 700 mg, Mn 80 mg, Cu 10 mg, Se.
0.2 mg, I 0.4 mg, Fe 40 mg, Zn 70 mg and Co 0.25mg.
**
According to market prices of the year 2014.
***
According to Feed Composition Tables for animal & poultry feedstuffs used in Egypt (2001).

Chemical analysis: projects Management, Environmental Studies and

Proximate analysis of moringa leaves meal and Research Institute (ESRI), University of Sadat City
the experimental diets were analyzed for dry matter and Agricultural Research Centre, Ministry of
(DM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), ether Agriculture. Nitrogen free extract (NFE) was
extracts (EE) and Ash content as described by calculated by difference (NFE = 100 - (Moist % +
A.O.A.C (2005). All chemical analysis for feedstuffs CP% + EE% + Ash% + CF %); Tannin was
and excreta samples were carried out at Animal and determined using the method of Trease and Evans
Poultry Nutrition Laboratory (APNL), Department of (2001), Saponin by Birk et al. (1963) as modified by
environmental Sustainable Development and its Hudson and El-Dufrawn (1979), alkaloids level

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using the methods of Harbone, (1980). Moreover, Statistical analysis:

Determination of polysaccharides was done as Data were analyzed using the General Linear
described by Teteh et al. (2013). The quantities of Models (GLM) procedure of SAS (Statistical Analysis
these different components are expressed in % of dry System, Version 9.1, 2003). (One way analysis)
matter (Table 3). (SAS®, Institute 2003). Significant differences
among treatment means were distinguished by using
Table 3: Levels of chemical groups contained in Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (Duncan, 1955). All
hydro-alcoholic extract of Moringa leaves (% of statements of significance were based on P≤0.05. The
DM). statistical model one – way analysis used in the
Chemical groups Quantity(% of DM) experiment was: Yij = µ + Ti + Eij where:
Total phenols 3.65 Yij = the individual observation.
Total flavonoids 0.63 µ = the overall mean.
Tannins 1.98 Ti = The effect of dietary treatment (I =1,
Polysaccharides 21.84 2,,.,.,.,.,4.,).
Eij = the experimental random error.
Lipid oxidation test (TBARS).
The extent of lipid oxidation was determined by 4. Results And Discussion
measuring the Thiobarbituric Acid-Reactive 4.1. Chemical composition of Moringa oleifera
Substances (TBARS) at 7 days for meat stored under leaves ant its extract.
refrigeration and at 30 days for meat stored under The results of proximate analysis of Moringa
frozen conditions and expressed as g of oleifera powder on dry matter (DM) basis are
malonaldehyde per kg of thigh meat using the presented in Table 4a. The results revealed that
procedure described by Strange et al., (1977) and Moringa leaves contained appreciable amounts of
Abou Sekken et al.(2013a) as following: A 20 g of crude protein (29.62%); carbohydrate (37.50%); crude
meat sample was blended with 50 ml of cold 20% fiber (10.23%), ash (14.25%), ether extract (8.40%),
trichloroacetic acid (TCA) for 2 minutes. The blended Metabolizable energy (ME) (2034.82 kcal/kg);
contents were raised with 50 ml of water, mixed Calcium (Ca), (2.65%) and Phosphorus (p),
together, and filtered through Whatman No. 4 filter (0.48%).The fiber fractions of Moringa oleifera leaves
paper. This filtrate is termed TCA extract. A 5 ml of meal (MLM) was higher in NDF(13.78 g/kg) and
the TCA extract was mixed with 5 ml of 0.02 M of Cellulose (6.51 g/kg). Mabruk et al. (2010) reported
TBA. This solution kept for 14 hrs at room that Nutrient composition (DM, Ash, CP, EE, CF) and
temperature. Colorimetric absorbance was measured digestibility of Moringa oleifera leaves,(g/kg) were
using UV scanning spectrophotometer at 532 nm. 930.0; 138.9; 267.9; 64.0; 210.0 and 790.5,
Readings were converted to g of malonaldehyde per respectively.
kg of meat and reported as TBARS values. Recently, Aye and Adegun (2013) found lower
Organoleptic evaluation of chicken cooked meat. percentages of DM of Moringa oleifera leaves
Sensory evaluation of chicken cooked meat was meal(MOLM) to be 93.63±0.01, ash (7.96±0.03), CP
carried out to evaluate the color, odour, taste, texture (22.23±0.25), CF (6.77±0.01), EE (6.41±0.01), NFE
and overall acceptability. Ten experienced panelists (40.28+0.25) while gross energy was (14.790)
were asked to rank the samples on numerical hedonic (MJ/kg). These results indicate that nutrient
scale of 1(very poor), 2-3 (poor), 4-5 (fair), 6-7 composition of MOLM differs according to location
(good), 8 (very good) and 9 (excellent) according to and possibly stage of harvesting of Moringa leaves.
(Malnder, 1960 and Ranadheera et al., 2010). The CP value obtained from Moringa oleifera leaves
Economical efficiency (EEf): (MOL) was comparable to those reported by Makkar
To determine the EEf of the diets for meat and Becker (1996) and Sarwatt et al. (2002). This
production, the management factors in all dietary depicts the nutritional importance and socioeconomic
treatments are stabilized. The price of the use of leaves apart from edible fruits, more in rural
experimental diets was calculated according to the and under-nourished part of the world. Meanwhile,
price of the used ingredients of the local market at the when treated M. oleifera leaves with ethanol, yielded
time of the study. So, the cost of feed consumed of 9.75% of extract on weight basis (Misra et al., 2014).
each treatment was easy to be calculated as well as the Qualitative estimation of phytochemicals in ethanol
price of live weight of broilers,so, the economical extract of leaves as summarized in Table 4b shows the
efficiency could be easily calculated according to presence of carbohydrate, protein, steroid, flavonoids,
Bayoumi (1980). tannin, alkaloid and glycosides.

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Table 4a. Composition of Moringa oleifera leaf meal, Table 4b. Preliminary phytochemical screening of
% of DM Moringa leaves extract. (MLEX)
(On DM Chemical tests Moringa leaf ethanol
Nutrients
basis) extract (MLEX)
Dry matter (DM), % 93.45 1) Carbohydrate ++
Crude protein (CP), % 29.62 2) Protein ++
Crude fiber (CF), % 10.23
3) Steroid +
Ether extract(EE), % 8.40 4) Flavonoids +
Ash, % 14.25
5) Tannin +
Nitrogen free extract(NFE), % 39.49
DE, kcal/kg 4435.63 6)Alkaloids +
ME, kcal/kg 2034.82 7) Glycosides:
Calcium (Ca), % 2.65 a)Coumarin -
Phosphorus (p), % 0.48 b)Saponin +
NDF(g/kg) 13.78 c)Cardiac -
ADF(g/kg) 7.76 d)Anthraquinone +
ADL(g/kg) 1.25 e)Cynogenetic +
Cellulose(g/kg) 6.53 +: Present; -: Absent
Hemicellulose(g/kg) 3.22

4.2. Growth performance of broilers: meal to cassava-based broilers’ diet (20% and 30%)
The data of growth performance of broilers fed had no significant (P >0.05) effect on weight gain,
graded levels of MLM and its extract are shown in feed conversion ratio, final body weight, and feed cost
Table 5. Results showed that birds fed T6 (negative per kilogram of weight gain when compared to control
control diet +100 ml MLEx / liter drinking water) diet. However, levels above 5% of Moringa oleifera
recorded significantly (P < 0.05) the best body weight leaf meal decreased broilers’ performance. Gadzirayi
gain (2.63kg); feed conversion ratio (FCR) (1.26); et al. (2012) investigated the effects of supplementing
growth rate (GR) (1.94); performance index (PI) soya bean meals with MOLM as a protein source in
(226.66%) and European efficiency ratio (EER) poultry and found no significant differences in feed
(529.68) followed by those fed T5 (negative control intake of broilers, Also, Tesfaye et al (2012)
diet +50 ml MLEx / liter drinking water) being concluded that substitution of MLM to soybean meal
2.35kg; 1.17; 1.93; 208.99% and 488.39, respectively appeared not to have a positive effect on broiler
compared to birds fed the control and other performance with the exception of feed efficiency.
experimental groups. This is exhibited through its protein content, relatively
The improve in weight gain of birds fed MLEx low fiber and higher mineral contents. Also,
diets could be attributed to higher protein content and Portugaliza and Fernandez (2012) supplemented
lower content of tannins, alkaloids and glycosides in Cobb broiler diets with varying concentrations of M.
the diets which were efficiently metabolized for oleifera aqueous leaf extract (MoALE) through
growth. The reduced weight gain of birds fed T2 and drinking water and found that at 90 ml MoALE, feed
T3 diets compared to birds fed T5 and T6 diets could be intake of broilers was consistently lower than that of
partly ascribed to the availability of the amino acids control group (commercial diet). The live weight of
contents of T5 and T6 diets which may have impaired broilers given 30 ml, 60 ml and 90 ml MoALE were
nutrient digestion and absorption (Onu and significantly higher than the control group. The
Aniebo,2011). The lower weight gain of birds fed T4 MoALE treated broilers were more efficient
diet despite its higher crude protein content might also converters of feeds into meat than the control group.
be due to the negative effect of the antinutritional Recently, Akhouri et al. (2013) showed that M.
factors present in MLM on the birds. Moringa oleifera oleifera significantly (P<0.05) increased average body
contain 1-23g of tannin per 1 kilogram of leaves weight gain and improved feed conversion efficiency
(Kakengi et al., 2007). Tannins has been reported to of broilers.
interfere with the biological utilization of protein and The crude extract of Moringa oleifera like other
to a lesser extent with available carbohydrate and herbal drugs may contain digestion enhancing properties
lipids. and stimulates favorable growth of good bacteria while,
In contrast to these findings, Olugbemi et al. (2010) decreasing bad microorganisms and influence the growth
found that an addition of 5% Moringa oleifera leaf performance and so gut microflora of poultry.

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Table 5. The effect of feeding different levels of Moringa oleifera leaves meal (MLM) or its extract on broilers Performance at the total period
(4 - 42 days). (Means ± SE)
T** In. Wt.(kg) LBW(Kg) LBWG (Kg) Feed Intake(g) FCR (g feed/g gain) GR PI % EER Mortality rate %
T1 0.041±0.0001 2.067 cd ±0.045 2.03 ±0.045 cd 2900.32 ±45.77 c 1.455 b ±0.034 1.92 cd ±0.001 146.77 bc ±8.03 343.00 bc ±18.77 4.44
T2 0.041±0.0001 1.96 d ±0.044 1.91 d ±0.044 2940.88 c ±45.24 1.46 b ±0.034 1.91 d ±0.001 127.43 cd ±7.94 297.79 cd ±18.56 2.22
T3 0.041±0.0001 2.01 d ±0.044 1.97 d ±0.044 3624.17 a ±44.74 1.88 a ±0.034 1.92 d ±0.001 112.83 d ±7.85 263.68 d ±18.35 0
T4 0.041±0.0001 2.19 c ±0.044 2.15 c ±0.044 3088.08 b ±45.25 1.47 b ±0.034 1.92 c ±0.001 156.52 b ±7.94 365.779 b ±18.56 2.22
T5 0.041±0.0001 2.39 b ±0.044 2.35 b ±0.044 2729.13 d ±44.74 1.17 c ±0.034 1.93 b ±0.001 208.99 a ±7.85 488.39 a ±18.35 0
T6 0.041±0.0001 2.63 a ±0.044 2.60 a ±0.044 3202.04 b ±45.24 1.26 c ±0.034 1.94 a ±0.001 226.66 a ±7.94 529.68 a ±18.56 2.22
Sig. NS * * * * * * *
In. Wt.:Initial weight; LBW(Kg): Live body weight; LBWG(Kg): Live body weight gain; FCR: Feed conversion ratio; GR:
Growth Rate; PI %:Performance Index; EER: European Efficiency Ratio.
*A, b, c and d means in each column, within each item, bearing the same superscripts are not significantly different (P<0.05).
(NS). Not significant
** T1: Positive control fed commercial diet; T2: Negative control fed experimental diet contain lower crude protein without
moringa powder or extract; T3: Fed negative control diet + 5% Moringa leaves powder; T4: Fed negative control diet + 10%
Moringa leaves powder;T5: Fed negative control diet + 50 ml Moringa leaves extract (MLEx) / liter drinking water.;T6: Fed
negative control diet + 100 ml Moringa leaves extract (MLEx) / liter drinking water.

Table 6. The effects of feeding different levels of Moringa oleifera leaves meal (MLM) and its extract on blood Plasma biochemical
Parameters (Means ± SE).
Item T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 Sig.
Antioxidant capacity (mmol/l) 0.48±0.01 0.72 b ±0.01 0.74±0.010 b 0.73b±0.01 0.86 a±0.01 0.86 a±0.01 *
Total lipids (mg/dl) 600.47 ±40.27 576.78 a ±40.27 479.40ab ±40.27 546.82ab ±40.27 442.20c ±40.27 410.99c ±40.27 *
Total Cholesterol (mg/dl) 205.55 a ±3.66 a 192.21b ±3.66 189.81b±3.66 190.60b ±3.66 167.95 ±3.66 159.87c ±3.66 *
HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) 87.83c ±3.37 106.00b ±3.37 95.38c±3.37 89.22 ±3.37 111.9b±3.37 125.58a ±3.37 *
LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) 103.63 a ±5.95 102.07 a ±5.95 88.74ab±5.95 98.22a±5.95 86.13ab±5.95 73.40b ±5.95 *
ALK. P (mg/dl) 161.19 ab ±1.29 155.36d ±1.29 160.02bc ±1.29 156.30 cd ±1.29 162.68ab ±1.29 164.62a ±1.29 *
Glucose (mg/dl) 285.56 ab ±9.14 258.05bc ±9.14 177.69 d±9.14 254.91c ±9.14 281.75bc ±9.14 312.93a ±9.14 *
AST (µ/l) 90.67 ab ±8.75 70.67ab± 8.75 81.00ab±8.75 83.67ab ±8.75 67.00b ±8.75 97.67a ±8.75 *
ALT (µ/l) 25.0±1.87 25.00±1.87 19.00±1.87 24.67±1.87 22.67±1.87 19.00±1.87 NS
*A,b,c and d means in each row, within each item, bearing the same superscripts are not significantly different (P<0.05). (NS).
Not significant
** T1: Positive control fed commercial diet; T2: Negative control fed experimental diet contain lower crude protein without
moringa powder or extract; T3: Fed negative control diet + 5% Moringa leaves powder; T4: Fed negative control diet + 10%
Moringa leaves powder;T5: Fed negative control diet + 50 ml Moringa leaves extract (MLEx) / liter drinking water.;T6: Fed
negative control diet + 100 ml Moringa leaves extract (MLEx) / liter drinking water.

4.3. Blood plasma biochemical parameters: contained polyphenols. Furthermore, there are some
Effect of feeding different levels of Moringa reports which claim that M. oleifera leaves are rich in
oleifera leaves meal (MLM) and its extract on blood polyphenols and flavonoids and have antioxidant
plasma biochemical parameters are presented in Table activity (Luqman et al., 2012; Santos et al., 2012).
6. Data showed that Moringa oleifera extract groups Recently Charoensin (2014) reported that M. oleifera
(T5 and T6) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in leaves extracted with methanol and dichloromethane
antioxidant capacity (0.86 mmol/l) meanwhile, birds also showed antioxidant activity. Olugbemi et al.
of positive control (T1) was the worst one. Also, (2010) investigated the potential of MLM as a
Moringa oleifera extract groups (T5 and T6) achieved hypocholesterolemic agent that facilitate reductions of
significantly (P > 0.05) the best values of total lipids egg cholesterol content.
(442.2 and 410.99 mg/dl); total cholesterol (167.95 4.4. Relative lymphoid organs weight and immune
and 159.87 mg/dl); HDL cholesterol (111.9 and response.
125.58 mg/dl) and LDL cholesterol (86.13 and 73.4 Data in Table 7 illustrate relative lymphoid
mg/dl) compared with control or powder groups organs weight and immunity response as affected by
(T1;T2;T3;T4) (Table 6). Similarly, T6 birds group feeding different levels of Moringa oleifera leaves
achieved significantly (p < 0.05) the best values of meal (MLM) and its extract. Results indicate that the
alkaline phosphatase (164.62 mg/dl) and blood plasma highest spleen relative weight and the minimum size
glucose (312.93 mg/dl) compared with control or and relative weight of bursa have been detected with
powder groups (T1; T2; T3 and T4) (Table 6). In this T6 (0.12 and 0.06%) followed by T5 (0.11and0.10%),
connection, Johnson (2004) detected that exogenous However, the highest thymus relative weight was
antioxidants from natural sources can improve the recorded significantly (P < 0.05) with T5 birds group
function of the endogenous antioxidant system which (0.36%).Also, data of total protein; globulin and
is responsible for preventing free radicals in the body. Albumin/globulin ratio were significantly (P < 0.05)
Also, Charoensin and Wongpoomchai (2012) improved with extracted groups (T5 and T6) compared
reported that the aqueous extract of M. oleifera leaves to control or powder groups(T1;T2;T3and T4).These

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results indicated that feed supplemented with 50 and flavonoids, tannin etc. which may cause immunity
100 ml/l of M. oleifera leaves ethanolic extract in response. In this concern, Katanbaf et al., 1989)
drinking water may improve the immune response and reported that the increase in the relative organ weight
significantly better disease resistance. Since the is considered as an indication of the immunological
extract contains a range of compounds such as protein, advances. The primary organs of immune system are
flavonoids, tannin etc., the observed activity may be bursa of Fabricus and thymus, reached their maximum
due to single chemical moiety and/or group of size in chicks about four weeks after hatching and
therapeutically active components like protein, then undergo gradual involution (Tizard, 1995).

Table 7. The effects of feeding different levels of Moringa oleifera leaves meal (MLM) and its extract on Relative lymphoid
organs weight and Immunity response (Means ± SE).
Item T 1*** T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 Sign.
Spleen % ** 0.11±0.02 0.10±0.02 0.10±0.02 0.09±0.02 0.11±0.02 0.12±0.02 NS
Thymus % ** 0.17bc ±0.03 b
0.25 ±0.03 0.25b ±0.03 bc
0.22 ±0.03 0.36a ±0.03 c
0.14 ±0.03 *
Bursa % ** 0.08cd ±0.02 0.13ab ±0.02 0.16a ±0.02 0.12abc ±0.02 0.10bcd ±0.02 0.06d ±0.02 *
Total protein (g/dl) 4.05bc ±0.28 3.53c ±0.28 4.09bc ±0.28 4.08ab ±0.28 5.16a ±0.28 5.27a ±0.28 *
Albumin (g/dl) 2.22±0.15 2.32±0.15 2.47±0.15 2.27±0.15 2.11±0.15 2.10±0.15 NS
Globulin (g/dl) 1.83b ±0.38 1.20b ±0.38 1.62b ±0.38 2.21ab ±0.38 3.05a ±0.38 3.17a ±0.38 *
A/G Ratio 1.25ab ±0.34 1. 97a ±0.34 1.82a ±0.34 1.31ab ±0.34 0.70b ±0.34 0.68b ±0.34 *
*a,b,c and d means in each row, within each item, bearing the same superscripts are not significantly different (p<0.05). (NS). Not significant. **
As % of live body weight.
***T1: Positive control fed commercial diet; T2: Negative control fed experimental diet contain lower crude protein without moringa powder or
extract; T 3: Fed negative control diet + 5% Moringa leaves powder; T4: Fed negative control diet + 10% Moringa leaves powder;T5: Fed negative
control diet + 50 ml Moringa leaves extract (MLEx) / liter drinking water.;T6: Fed negative control diet + 100 ml Moringa leaves extract (MLEx)
/ liter drinking water.

4.5. Carcass characteristics. be due to presence of phytochemicals in ethanol extract

The effects of feeding different levels of Moringa of moringa leaves which improve the physical and
oleifera leaves meal (MLM) and its extract on carcass chemical proprieties of meat. These results are in
characteristics are presented in Table 8. Results agreement with those obtained by Abousekken et al.
indicated that groups fed dietary moringa extract (T5 (2013b). In this concern, Qiao (2008) reported that
and T6) did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) from treatments of different level of sinipic acid in diets did
control and dietary moringa powder groups (T1; T2;T3 not affect relative weight of gizzard, liver and heart.
and T4). The carcass weight (%) of head and leg Significant differences on abdominal fat % between the
analysis in all the groups did not show appreciable different experimental treatments were observed.
variations while, carcass weight (%) of neck Group fed dietary 100 ml/l MLEx extract (T6) appeared
significantly (P < 0.05) with groups fed both moringa to have significantly (P < 0.05) the lowest abdominal
powder and extract groups. The organ weight (%) of fat (AF %) value (0.44%) followed by those group fed
gizzard, liver and heart showed that birds groups fed 50 dietary 50 ml/l MLEx (T5) (0.70%). Meanwhile, birds
ml/l MLEx (T5) achieved significantly (P < 0.05) the of positive control (T1) were the worst one (1.30%).
best values (1.6; 2.84 and 0.62 %). These results may

Table 8. The effect of feeding different levels of Moringa oleifera leaves meal (MLM) and its extract on carcass
characteristics (Means ± SE).
Group Mean weight and organs: body weight ratio (%)
Parameter Sig.
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
1. Pre-Slaughter weight(Kg/bird) 3.21 a ±0.11 2.93ab ±0.24 2.50 b ±0.20 2.58 b ±0.10 2.58 b ±0.23 2.73ab ±0.11 *
2. Dressed(Carcass) weight(Kg/bird 2.60 a ±0.20 2.38ab ± 0.20 1.55 c ±0.23 1.36 c ±0.15 1.67c±0.31b 1.93abc ±0.24 *
3. Dressing (%) 80.79 a ±5.12 81.31 a ±0.92 61.35 b ±3.92 53.16 b ±7.53 63.85ab ±6.28 70.1ab ±6.24 *
4. Carcass weight (%):
4.1 Nek 5.89bc ±0.45 5.69bc ±0.33 6.87ab ±0.63 7.38 a ±0.31 4.98 c ±0.34 6.47ab ±0.22 *
4.2 Head 2.31±0.25 1.98±0.18 2.22±0.18 2.028±0.08 2.49±0.31 2.47±0.10 NS
4.3 Leg 4.33±0.31 3.77±0.62 4.12±0.09 4.09±0.29 3.82±0.15 3.49±0.02 NS
5. Organ weight (%)
5.1 Gizzard 1.10 c ±0.043 1.27bc ±0.06 1.42ab ±0.07 1.41ab ±0.09 1.60 a ±0.16 1.17bc ±0.02 *
5.2 Liver 1.685c ±0.1 1.88bc ±0.26 2.27abc ±0.06 2.39ab ±0.05 2.84 a ±0.36 2.18abc ±0.13 *
5.3 Heart 0.43ab ±0.06 0.38 b ±0.04 0.61 a ±0.10 0.61± a 0.03 0.62 a ±0.05 0.59 a ±0.02 *
6. Abdominal fat (AF %) 1.30 a ±0.02 1.24 a ±0.17 0.91 b ±0.14 0.75bc ±0.06 0.70c±0.06b 0.44 c ±0.09 *
**Data are mean (±SD) of three results. a,b,c and d means in each row, within each item, bearing the same superscripts are not significantly
different (P<0.05). (NS). Not significant.
*** T1: Positive control fed commercial diet; T2: Negative control fed experimental diet contain lower crude protein without moringa powder or
extract; T 3: Fed negative control diet + 5% Moringa leaves powder; T4: Fed negative control diet + 10% Moringa leaves powder;T5: Fed negative
control diet + 50 ml Moringa leaves extract (MLEx) / liter drinking water.; T6: Fed negative control diet + 100 ml Moringa leaves extract
(MLEx) / liter drinking water.

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4.6. Lipid oxidation test TBARS. indicated that control negative and dietary moringa
TBA-Reactive Substances (TBARS) of thigh powder groups (T2; T3 and T4) significantly (P≤0.05)
muscle (g kg-1 malonaldehyde) of broilers fed achieved lower values of color, taste, Oder, texture,
dietary treatments are presented in Table 9. Results flavor and overall acceptance. Meanwhile, Moringa
indicated that the extent of lipid oxidation (TBA oleifera leaves extract groups (T5 and T6) appeared
number) in thigh meat after 7 d of refrigerated storage significantly (P≤0.05) a good feed additive for color,
was not differed between all treatments. However, odour, taste and overall acceptance (Table 9).
malonaldehyde concentration was different after 90 d Generally, the best values of overall acceptance being
of freeze storage. Birds fed diets supplemented with (8.49) had been significantly (P≤0.05) recorded by
(50 and 100ml/l) of moringa extract significantly birds group fed diets supplemented with (100ml/l)
(p<0.05) had the lowest TBA value for 42 and 90 Moringa oleifera leaves ethanolic extract (T6)
days (0.391;0.373 and 0.466;0.433g/kg-1, followed by T5 (8.09) and control negative (T1)
respectively), while birds fed control group showed (7.87). The worst value (6.89) was achieved by birds
the highest TBA value (0.628 and 0.776 g/kg-1). fed dietary 5% Moringa oleifera leaves meal (MLM).
These results may be attributed to presence of These results may be due to presence of Phenolic
phenolic antioxidants in moringa powder and its antioxidants in moringa extract which improve the
ethanolic extract which improved the oxidative physical and chemical proprieties of meat
stability of poultry abdominal fat (Bartov and (Ranadheera et al., 2012). These results are in
Bornstein, 1981and AbouSekken et al. 2013b). agreement with those obtained by Abou Sekken et
These results are in agreement with Mohdaly et al., al. (2013b) who found that the best value of overall
(2010) who reported that sugar beet pulp (ethanolic acceptance being (8.17) had been recorded by birds
extract) is a potent source of natural antioxidants that fed diets supplemented with (1%) ethanolic extract.
explored to prevent oxidation of storage vegetable Meanwhile, the worst one (6.88) was achieved by
oils. Also, Phenolic antioxidant is less well known birds fed diets with BHT supplementation. In
but improved stability of vegetable oils under storage contradict results, Hayat et al. (2010) reported that
(Pinkowski et al., 1986; Hawrysh et al., 1992). antioxidant supplementation (vitamin E or BHT) did
4.7. Organoleptic characters and evaluation. not enhance the acceptability of eggs by trained
Organoleptic evaluation values of cooked meat panelists, color, odor, taste and overall acceptance
in terms of color, odour, taste, texture, flavor and were decreased.
overall acceptance are illustrated in Table 9. Results

Table 9. TBA-Reactive Substances (TBARS) of Thigh muscle (g kg-1 malonaldehyde) of broilers fed different levels of
Moringa oleifera leaves meal (MLM) and its extract.
Treatments Sig.
Item
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
7 0.446±0.06 0.404±0.06 0.515±0.06 0.511±0.06 0.346±0.06 0.313±0.06 NS
Days after storage 42 0.628 a ±0.05 0.519ab ±0.14 0.565ab ±0.09 0.589ab ±0.01 0.391bc ±0.11 0.373c ±0.08 *
90 0.776 a ±0.05 0.624abc ±0.05 0.602bc ±0.05 0.648 a ±0.05 0.466 cd ±0.05 0.433d ±0.05 *
*a,b,c and d means in each row, within each item, bearing the same superscripts are not significantly different (P<0.05).
** T1: Positive control fed commercial diet; T2: Negative control fed experimental diet contain lower crude protein without moringa powder or
extract; T 3: Fed negative control diet + 5% Moringa leaves powder; T4: Fed negative control diet + 10% Moringa leaves powder;T5: Fed negative
control diet + 50 ml Moringa leaves extract (MLEx) / liter drinking water.;T6: Fed negative control diet + 100 ml Moringa leaves extract (MLEx)
/ liter drinking water.

Table 10. The effects of feeding different levels of Moringa oleifera leaves meal (MLM) and its extract on organoleptic
evaluation of cooked chicken meat (means ± SE).
Treatments
Item Sig.
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Color 8.22ab ±0.34 8.11ab ±0.67 7.78bc ±0.34 6.89 c ±0.34 8.11±0.34ab 8.89±0.34a *
taste 7.67abc ±0.38 7.56± c 0.38 7.22c ±0.38 7.22 c ±0.38 8.56ab ±0.38 8.78±0.38a *
Oder 8.22bc ±0.45 5.22 c ±0.45 6.67c ±0.45 7.00bc ±0.45 7.22ab ±0.45 8.00±0.45a *
Texture 7.33bc ±0.36 6.33 c ±0.36 6.33c ±0.36 7.33bc ±0.36 8.33ab ±0.36 8.67±0.36a *
flavor 7.89ab ±0.28 7.44abc ±0.52 6.44c ±0.20 7.11c ±0.48 8.22a ±0.29 8.11±0.17ab *
a b b b a
Allover acceptability 7.87 ±0.21 6.93 ±0.21 6.89 ±0.21 7.11 ±0.21 8.09 ±0.21 8.49±0.21a *
*a,b,c and d means in each row, within each item, bearing the same superscripts are not significantly different (P≤0.05).
** T1: Positive control fed commercial diet; T2: Negative control fed experimental diet contain lower crude protein without moringa powder or
extract; T 3: Fed negative control diet + 5% Moringa leaves powder; T4: Fed negative control diet + 10% Moringa leaves powder;T5: Fed negative
control diet + 50 ml Moringa leaves extract (MLEx) / liter drinking water.;T6: Fed negative control diet + 100 ml Moringa leaves extract (MLEx)
/ liter drinking water.

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4.8. Economical Efficiency and also decreased the net revenue for broilers. Also,
Results of economical analysis of including The results indicated also that dietary Moringa leaves
moringa leaf meal and its extract in broilers low extract (MLEx), from economical point of view, tend
protein diets are presented in Table 11. The to decrease the feed cost but increased the net revenue
economical efficiency values were calculated by supplementing 50 ml Moringa leaves extract
according to prevailing local market (selling) prices at (MLEx) / liter drinking water (T5) (Table 11).
the experimental time (2015). Results showed an In this connection, Ayssiwede et al. (2011)
improvement in the average values of net revenue, noticed that incorporation of 24% Moringa oleifera
economical efficiency; relative economical efficiency leaf meal in diets of growing chickens produced the
(28.13; 2.97and 122.72%, respectively) due to feeding highest feed cost/kg carcass. However, the lowest feed
broiler low protein diet supplemented with 50 ml cost/kg carcass was achieved when 8% and16% of
(MLEx) / liter drinking water (T5) compared with Moringa oleifera leaf meal was introduced into the
control and other experimental groups. Meanwhile, diets of the birds. Adeniji and Lawal (2012)
the lowest value of economical efficiency was examined the economical benefits of Moringa oleifera
obtained by broilers fed 5% (MLM), being 1.39 (T3). leaf meal in grower rabbit diets and found that
Therefore, using dietary Moringa oleifera leaves increasing the levels of Moringa oleifera leaf meal up
meal (MLM) decreased the feed cost and also to 100% replacement significantly (P < 0.05) reduced
decreased the net revenue for broilers. These results feed cost. Abbas and Ahmed (2012) concluded that
are agreement with those by Zanu et al. (2012) who the levels of inclusion of Moringa leaf meal that can
observed that partial replacement of fish meal with be expected to be cost-effective are 10% to replace
Moringa oleifera leaf meal decreased the feed cost fish meal in broilers.

Table 11. Economic analysis of inclusion of moringa leaf meal (MLM) and its extract in broilers low protein diets
Item T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Average feed intake (kg/bird)=A 2.90 2.94 3.62 3.09 2.73 3.20
Price/Kg feed (LE)=B* 3.28 3.17 3.65 4.00 3.47 3.77
Total feed cost (LE)C=AXB 9.51 9.32 13.21 12.36 9.47 14.85
Average LBWG(kg/bird) =D 2.03 1.91 1.97 2.15 2.35 2.60
Price/Kg live weight (LE)** E 16 16 16 16 16 16
Total Revenue (LE) F=DXE 32.48 30.56 31.52 34.4 37.6 41.6
Net Revenue (LE) =F-C=G*** 22.97 21.24 18.31 22.04 28.13 26.75
Economical Efficiency (G/C) 2.42 2.28 1.39 1.78 2.97 1.80
Relative Economical efficiency**** 100 94.22 57.44 73.55 122.73 74.38
*According to the price of different ingredients available and market price at the experimental time (2014).
** LE:Egyptian Pound and 1 US$=7 LE
*** Net revenue per unit cost. **** Compared to the economical efficiency of the control group.
T1: Positive control fed commercial diet; T2: Negative control fed experimental diet contain lower crude protein without moringa powder or
extract; T 3: Fed negative control diet + 5% Moringa leaves powder; T4: Fed negative control diet + 10% Moringa leaves powder;T5: Fed negative
control diet + 50 ml Moringa leaves extract (MLEx) / liter drinking water.;T6: Fed negative control diet + 100 ml Moringa leaves extract (MLEx)
/ liter drinking water.

Conclusion economical efficiency; relative economical efficiency.

It can be concluded that supplementation of 50 However, further research is needed to validate the
ml and 100 ml concentrations of Moringa oleifera potential promising outcome of Moringa oleifera
aqueous leaf extract/l drinking water had improved aqueous leaf extracts for the broiler industry in terms
growth performance, feed intake, feed conversion of achieving optimum growth performance and better
ratio of broilers, carcass quality and freeze storage of return of investment.
meat (shelf live) and is a good feed additive for color,
odor, taste and overall acceptance. Also, the presence References
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