St.

Clare College
Caloocan City, NCR
Philippines

I. INSTITUTIONAL VISION:
To become the leading institution for professional development and the first and foremost
provider of quality, affordable and sustainable development education.

II. INSTITUTIONAL MISSION:

To provide quality and excellent global education for the total development of a
responsible, innovative, skillful and professional global workforce whose values and
dignity are beyond par.

III. CORE VALUES:

St. Clare College of Caloocan aims to foster distinction and excellence in all the endeavors
of the school community members. All stakeholders are envisioned to be imbued with
enduring core values which define and shape the central beliefs and character of every
genuine Clarean student, employee and administrator within and beyond the premises of
the academic institution.

Hereafter are the core values of St. Clare College:

1. Star that Shines

Note: This material is protected by the Copyright Law under the Republic Act No. 8293, otherwise known as the Intellectual
Property Code of the Philippines. As such, the same may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, sold, altered,
displayed, published or broadcast without the prior written permission of St. Clare College of Caloocan, Inc.

Copyright © 2021 St. Clare College Inc. All rights reserved.

 St. Clare College
Caloocan City, NCR
Philippines

All members of the school community are encouraged to exemplify remarkable standards in
attaining excellence in every aspect of life, making them role models who possess the values
and character that are worth emulating.

2. Truthfulness

Truthfulness is characterized by embracing honesty in thoughts, words and deeds of all

concerned individuals who are part of the school community.

3. Compassion
Selflessness and genuine concern for others are instilled in Clareans through constant
exposure to various academic, extracurricular and co-curricular activities that will bring out
their compassionate attribute.

4. Love
Love for oneself, for others and for noble causes are pivotal in cultivating a well-rounded
individual who embodies unwavering desire and sustained commitment in undertaking

5. Amiable
Displaying a friendly disposition and pleasant attitude towards other people inspires
positive rapport and desirable outcomes.

6. Righteousness
All concerned members are expected to uphold the ideals and moral principles of the
institution as a reflection of their integrity and dignity.
Note: This material is protected by the Copyright Law under the Republic Act No. 8293, otherwise known as the Intellectual
Property Code of the Philippines. As such, the same may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, sold, altered,
displayed, published or broadcast without the prior written permission of St. Clare College of Caloocan, Inc.

Copyright © 2021 St. Clare College Inc. All rights reserved.

 St. Clare College
Caloocan City, NCR
Philippines

7. Ever Loyal
Remaining steadfast to the ideals and good name of the institution is a desirable impression
ingrained in the minds and hearts of all the members of the school community.

IV. INSTITUTIONAL OUTCOMES:

1. Intellectual Creativity, Critical Thinking and Innovativeness

Graduates can use their imagination as well as their rational thinking abilities and
innovation, in order to adopt and adjust to the changing needs of the times both nationally and
globally.

2. Effective Communication
Graduates are proficient and skillful in the four areas of communication: reading,
writing, listening and speaking. They can use their skills in solving problems and articulating
their thoughts when engaging with people in various situations.

3. Leadership Effectiveness and Managerial Skills

Graduates are developed to become the best professionals in their respective
specializations by imploring leadership competencies, managerial skills and technical know-
how.

4. Sense of Nationalism and Global Responsiveness

Graduates are nationalists and respect the values of global citizenship.

5. Personal and Professional Ethical Standard of Excellence

Note: This material is protected by the Copyright Law under the Republic Act No. 8293, otherwise known as the Intellectual
Property Code of the Philippines. As such, the same may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, sold, altered,
displayed, published or broadcast without the prior written permission of St. Clare College of Caloocan, Inc.

Copyright © 2021 St. Clare College Inc. All rights reserved.

 St. Clare College
Caloocan City, NCR
Philippines

Graduates demonstrate desirable strength of character and attitudes in their personal

and professional endeavours.

6. Quality Service and Collaboration

Graduates exemplify the potentialities of an efficient, responsible and well-rounded
professional committed to quality service, honest toil and collaboration.

7. Adeptness in the Use of Information Communication Technology (ICT) Modern Facilities

Graduates are skilful and knowledgeable in the use of digital learning devices/facilities,
including technical and numerical skills.

8. Community Engagement
Graduates assume an active role in organizing projects, programs and activities to help
and advance the interest and welfare of the people in their respective communities.

9. Passionate to Perpetual Learning

Graduates are committed to continually advance their knowledge and technical skills in
order to keep themselves abreast to the needs and challenges of their profession, both
nationally and globally.

10. Strong Sense of Spiritual and Moral Values

Graduates are morally and spiritually upright in their day to day undertakings.
Introduction
Rationale
Note: This material is protected by the Copyright Law under the Republic Act No. 8293, otherwise known as the Intellectual
Property Code of the Philippines. As such, the same may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, sold, altered,
displayed, published or broadcast without the prior written permission of St. Clare College of Caloocan, Inc.

Copyright © 2021 St. Clare College Inc. All rights reserved.

 St. Clare College
Caloocan City, NCR
Philippines

MODULE 4: TOURISM ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Tourism and travel, encompassing the transport, hospitality, visitor services and gaming sectors
are considered to be the world’s largest service industries (World Travel and Tourism Council, 1996).
Tourism in Australia equates to big business as tourism is increasingly considered a viable income
alternative to traditional agricultural and resource-based industries. Tourism entrepreneurship is
believed to flourish in an environment where the social, economic and political conditions serve as a
motivational force.

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this module, students are expected to:
1. Identify who are tourism entrepreneurs.
2. Understand tourism entrepreneurship.
3. Know what tourism enterprise is.

TOURISM ENTREPRENEURSHIP
As regards the definition of tourism entrepreneurship, we believe that the most useful and
convincing way to define tourism entrepreneurship is to establish its congruence with entrepreneurship
it has emanated from.
Accordingly, tourism entrepreneurship can be defined as the professional application of
knowledge, skills and competencies and/or of monetizing a tourism related new idea, by an individual or
a set of people by launching an enterprise de novo or diversifying from an existing one (distinct from
seeking self-employment as in a profession or trade), thus, to pursue growth while generating wealth,
employment and social good.
In other words, tourism entrepreneurship refers to the activities of the major group of
stakeholders of this service sector primarily designed for the effective and profitable interaction of

Note: This material is protected by the Copyright Law under the Republic Act No. 8293, otherwise known as the Intellectual
Property Code of the Philippines. As such, the same may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, sold, altered,
displayed, published or broadcast without the prior written permission of St. Clare College of Caloocan, Inc.

Copyright © 2021 St. Clare College Inc. All rights reserved.

 St. Clare College
Caloocan City, NCR
Philippines

demand for and supply of tourism products; at the same time assuring competitive professionalism and
gainful socio-economic status.
In simple words, it embraces all sorts of activities involved in creation and operation of a legal
tourism enterprise. A legal tourism enterprise excludes all forms of tourism or tourism like activities
which are against the generally accepted laws of the Land. For example, in India, wildlife hunting, flesh-
trading (prostitution), drug trafficking, etc. are considered illicit and illegal and hence, do not fall within
the purview of tourism enterprises.
The above literature on the nature of tourism entrepreneurship reveals the difficulties of
applying accepted concepts that relate to small firm entrepreneurship and innovation in general.
Characteristics of micro tourism operators include:
Differences in motivators in business start-up. Tourism operators often consciously
reject opportunities for economic and business growth in favor of lifestyle choice and
perceptions of independence.
Micro and small tourism enterprises have been described as ‘gap fillers’ or constrained
entrepreneurs which do not display evidence of significant process or product
innovation due to extreme seasonality of visitor flows and the uncompetitive nature of
the industry in general
Entrepreneurship as defined by operators is generally confined to marketing
applications: achievement by effective communication or attaining power by taking risks
or having good luck.

The authors of this paper do not only support the argument that these characteristics of
tourism entrepreneurship derive from the lack of barriers to entry into the industry, accompanied by the
very low skill base of industry entrants. The authors also argue that the nature and extent of
entrepreneurs that enter the tourism industry has considerable impact on the industry status as a whole
and on the number of tourism business failures in particular.

Note: This material is protected by the Copyright Law under the Republic Act No. 8293, otherwise known as the Intellectual
Property Code of the Philippines. As such, the same may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, sold, altered,
displayed, published or broadcast without the prior written permission of St. Clare College of Caloocan, Inc.

Copyright © 2021 St. Clare College Inc. All rights reserved.

 St. Clare College
Caloocan City, NCR
Philippines

BUSINESS FAILURE- UNIQUE TO THE TOURISM ENTREPRENEUR?

A consistent pathology emerges across a range of international studies on small business and
failure conducted over a significant period (Shaw & Williams, 1990, Brans grove, 1992; Williams, 1993;
Collings, 1994; Meredith, 1995; Neck, 1995; Leiper, 1995, 1997; McKercher & Robbins, 1998; Page, Forer
& Lawton, 1999; Wanhill, 1999; Ladkin, 2000; McGibbon & Leiper 2001).

New business entrants in general were found to have failed or under-performed because of:
Poor or non-existent management skills,
Inability to manage adverse external impacts occurring in the business environment
such as rising inflation & interest rates,
Insufficient capital, and
Resistance to accepting the advice of others.

In the tourism industry similar trends can be noted which, as such, does not set the tourism
entrepreneur apart from any other entrepreneur. New tourism entrepreneur entrants were found to
have no formal business skills, no management background, insufficient capital and no prior industry
experience. In concluding a literature review in their research, McKercher & Robbins (1998) identify lack
of skills as a major impediment for tourism entrepreneurs.

(Note: While many of these writers’ emphasis particular issues the consensus of opinion is that
the key to small business success or failure lies with the quality of management skills and knowledge of
the owner/operator. Although there are clearly factors which lie outside the immediate control of small
business managers, well informed and skilled managers can cope with and anticipate the impact of
these factors. It is apparent that small businesses will not be successful simply because the

Note: This material is protected by the Copyright Law under the Republic Act No. 8293, otherwise known as the Intellectual
Property Code of the Philippines. As such, the same may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, sold, altered,
displayed, published or broadcast without the prior written permission of St. Clare College of Caloocan, Inc.

Copyright © 2021 St. Clare College Inc. All rights reserved.

 St. Clare College
Caloocan City, NCR
Philippines

owner/operator is good at the core activity...small businesses need to be much more sophisticated in
the way they are managed (McKercher & Robbins, 1998, 28)
What may be different, however, is that the picture for tourism business entry suggests that
tourism entrepreneurs consistently develop their business with minimal strategic planning and their
mediocre performance is believed to be an outcome of lifestyle choice. Leiper & McGibbon (2001)
acknowledge that indicators of failure depend on the aims of the entrepreneur in question which, as
seen earlier, in tourism are not always related to generating a profit. Although strong lifestyle
motivators, such as social interaction with visitors and living in an aesthetic setting, permeate business
performance in tourism start up, it is necessary to proceed with a working definition of business failure.
Collings, Taylor & Barrile (1994), cut to the chase by suggesting that failure occurs where the decision to
cease trading is not taken willingly by the operator, but is forced upon them because for whatever
reason they have failed to generate a large enough surplus to meet all their operating costs.
To increase our understanding of the concept of tourism entrepreneurship and related business
behavior, in particular tourism business failure, the afore review of the tourism literature on tourism
entrepreneurship in a range of foreign and Australian settings was combined with a series of in-depth
interviews (Hollick 2003) conducted with six key stakeholders representing tourism industry manages
and small business advisory and management services in Victoria, Australia.

Tourism Enterprise, Entrepreneur and Entrepreneurship

Tourism enterprises refer to the different forms of tourist related business ventures permitted
within the National Constitution. Like any other enterprise, tourism enterprises are also business
ventures having similar preparative principles but working on a very wide scale.
Sinclair and Stabler (1997) have defined the tourism enterprise as “a composition of products
involving transport, accommodation, catering, natural resources, entertainment and other facilities and
services, such as shops and banks and other tour operators.”

Note: This material is protected by the Copyright Law under the Republic Act No. 8293, otherwise known as the Intellectual
Property Code of the Philippines. As such, the same may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, sold, altered,
displayed, published or broadcast without the prior written permission of St. Clare College of Caloocan, Inc.

Copyright © 2021 St. Clare College Inc. All rights reserved.

 St. Clare College
Caloocan City, NCR
Philippines

A ‘tourism entrepreneur’ may be defined as a person or a group of persons producing and

managing tourism products. In this process the entrepreneur must have the commonly prescribed
entrepreneurial traits along with service sector specialties.
As revealed by Shaw and Williams (2002), the service sector specialties involve two fundamental
objects: “One concerns the commercial structure of the industry (especially the dominance of certain
activity components and ownership groups), while the second relates to an understanding of the
general organization of economic power structures.”
As regards the definition of tourism entrepreneurship, we believe that the most useful and
convincing way to define tourism entrepreneurship is to establish its congruence with entrepreneurship
it has emanated from. Accordingly, tourism entrepreneurship can be defined as the professional
application of knowledge, skills and competencies and/or of monetizing a tourism related new idea, by
an individual or a set of people by launching an enterprise de novo or diversifying from an existing one
(distinct from seeking self-employment as in a profession or trade), thus, to pursue growth while
generating wealth, employment and social good.

(Note: In other words, tourism entrepreneurship refers to the activities of the major group of
stake holders of this service sector primarily designed for the effective and profitable interaction of
demand for and supply of tourism products; at the same time assuring competitive professionalism and
gainful socio-economic status.)
In simple words, it embraces all sorts of activities involved in creation and operation of a legal
tourism enterprise. A legal tourism enterprise excludes all forms of tourism or tourism like activities
which are against the generally accepted laws of the Land. For example, in India, wildlife hunting, flesh-
trading (prostitution), drug trafficking, etc. are considered illicit and illegal and hence, do not fall within
the purview of tourism enterprises.

Note: This material is protected by the Copyright Law under the Republic Act No. 8293, otherwise known as the Intellectual
Property Code of the Philippines. As such, the same may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, sold, altered,
displayed, published or broadcast without the prior written permission of St. Clare College of Caloocan, Inc.

Copyright © 2021 St. Clare College Inc. All rights reserved.

 St. Clare College
Caloocan City, NCR
Philippines

Travel and Tourism Entrepreneur

Travelling and Tourism can be considered as one of the best businesses in the contemporary
world. The ever-increasing need of tourism and travelling has made this business low risk and successful
because people from all over the world travel and arrange tours. Moreover, tourism is the most growing
business and high revenue generating source for some countries like Malaysia, Thailand, America and
Australia. Every business is determined feasible or not based on the calculations or the risks particular
business. When we talk about business of tourism and travelling, very low risk factor is involved.
Individual which wants to initiate the tourism business with an appropriate level of information and
interest can generate good revenue with minimum recourses. The profit margins in travelling and
tourism is generally high, and it is the most feasible business for investors.
The history of travelling is very old. There are hints of ancient travelers who travelled across the
world. Though at times the resources were not sufficient. However, in the present-day world, with the
assistance of travelling medium, tourism facilities and technology, the risk factors are minimized.
Moreover, the individuals interested in the business can get good profit just by organizing and managing
a trip plan.
Qualities in the Travel and Tourism Entrepreneur
Travel and tourism entrepreneurship are based on certain influencing factors. These factors can
be called the qualities should be present in a good entrepreneur. Among them are the knowledge,
leadership and management skill, the awareness of new technology, information about the most
appealing tourism and travelling packages and business sense to compete with the market.
Travelling and tourism business is not only about investment and revenue. It is more related to
interest and creativity. Interest gives us an opportunity to peep inside the industry and creativity give us
an edge to prepare schedules and travelling packages for the clients. A good entrepreneur will always
look for the needs and demands of the customer. Moreover, he will ever try to adjust his offer. Besides,
any successful entrepreneur will be good enough at marketing. With his business skills, he can win the
hearts and minds of the client age. In the long run, these clients will come back to him, resulting in the

Note: This material is protected by the Copyright Law under the Republic Act No. 8293, otherwise known as the Intellectual
Property Code of the Philippines. As such, the same may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, sold, altered,
displayed, published or broadcast without the prior written permission of St. Clare College of Caloocan, Inc.

Copyright © 2021 St. Clare College Inc. All rights reserved.

 St. Clare College
Caloocan City, NCR
Philippines

growth of his business. More precisely, a good entrepreneur is a multi-skilled individual with the best
command on business tactics and the need of the customer.
Subsequently, best tourism entrepreneur must have the required information about the
launched packages in the market. What the competitors are doing and how his/her company can
compete with the ideals that are already present in the market. It is right to say that a travelling and
tourism company has to be very vigilant, cooperative and linked under the supervision of a skilled
entrepreneur.
Development of Entrepreneurial Enterprises and Significant Influential Factors
In order to develop an entrepreneurial enterprise certain initial step are highly important.
Among them are the global trend of tourism business, local market saturation levels, targeted business
domain, appropriate modes of marketing, social contacts, awareness about the global changes in the
business of travelling and tourism, the creativity levels while organizing the business deals and the
appealing promotional deals.
Global Trend of Tourism Business
The foremost step in developing an enterprise entrepreneur should have deeply observed global
trends of tourism. Which country do people prefer to go, and at which rates or packages? Moreover, he
should try to reorient ate him/herself accordingly. For instance, the events of Christmas or new year are
the best examples. These festivals are celebrated all over the world. Now a smart entrepreneur should
notice the general orientation of traffic, or in other words, where people want to go on Christmas or
New Year? Secondly within the country what are the most probable sights which can be targeted for
tourism and travelling? Moreover, travelling and tourism unlike many other businesses, is a whole year
business.
There is no particular time od decline in business. No matter the global economy is decreasing or
increasing the individuals travel. The main reason can be dependency of some countries. There are
countries, which rely on the business of travelling and tourism. Therefore, it is very important to update
yourself if you are functioning as an entrepreneur of any travelling enterprise.

Note: This material is protected by the Copyright Law under the Republic Act No. 8293, otherwise known as the Intellectual
Property Code of the Philippines. As such, the same may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, sold, altered,
displayed, published or broadcast without the prior written permission of St. Clare College of Caloocan, Inc.

Copyright © 2021 St. Clare College Inc. All rights reserved.

 St. Clare College
Caloocan City, NCR
Philippines

Targeted Business Domain

The company should focus on the market domain. The targeted business domain should be
easily coverable. Moreover, it should be flawless. If you cannot try to win the market dealing in Europe
for instance, you should focus on some other areas which that company lacks with flawless
management and attracted packages one can win the trust of the client and make him/her to be your
regular customer. This is important to state that the targeted business domain can act as vital source or
marketing.
Modes of Market
The selection of the appropriate modes of marketing is very significant factor. In some cases
when you are going to target your primary services the selection of appropriate marketing technique
can boost the business. For instance, selecting the medium of marketing, based on resources is
important. Either you select the printing medium, or electronic medium, the decision should be taken
according to the resources.
Social Contacts
Social contacts also play vital role in development of a business. The contacts with the
business community and clients can act like an effective marketing tool. Moreover, the social contacts
can also assist in generating several resources regarding the promotion of business.
Awareness about the global changes in the business of travelling and tourism. Some regional
accidents or terrorist attacks sometimes, influence the travel business. The extent of business decrease
within no time and the tourism industry may collapse. However, with the alteration in targeted sites can
be helpful to sustain the business. For instance, after the attacks of 9/11, any tourism company should
re-orientate its services to some other sites like national tourism or to the sites which are safe for
travelers and tourists.
Appealing promotional packages. The promotional packages either for tourism if remain
successful to grab the attention of the client age, can boost the business. The attractive travelling
packages along with the best facilities can be a vital tool for an entrepreneur to run the business even in
hard conditions. Therefore, it is very important to organize the tourism packages based on the

Note: This material is protected by the Copyright Law under the Republic Act No. 8293, otherwise known as the Intellectual
Property Code of the Philippines. As such, the same may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, sold, altered,
displayed, published or broadcast without the prior written permission of St. Clare College of Caloocan, Inc.

Copyright © 2021 St. Clare College Inc. All rights reserved.

 St. Clare College
Caloocan City, NCR
Philippines

requirements of the tourists. Moreover, it is the duty of a successful entrepreneur to assure the best
quality to the clients.
Business start-up plan. There are several significant steps involved in starting a business. The
foremost step prior to establishes any business is the feasibility report for this project. One should
determine initially that either this business is suitable or not in the coming times. The detail of major
steps is given as under market reconnaissance and feasibility analysis.
Market reconnaissance and feasibility. These steps are taken before the establishment of the
business and are considered the most significant elements of an effective business plan. These steps
deal with detailed investigation of the existing business and the selection of suitable initial components.
In the instance, these steps may involve the name of the selection of place, distance from the main hub,
products, and services other companies are giving, enterprises we will be dealing with in the future and
many more like that.
Financial analysis and capital calculation analysis establishment of significant. These steps deal
business and the In the instance, travelling agency, hub, products and drawbacks in the future and many
Every business needs some initial capital to start up business. It should be determined earlier what is the
size of business should be and all that will be deal with. For big business we need big financial support
and vice versa. The approximated values and calculations about the size of the business and the fields
we will be dealing in must be calculated earlier. The subsequent step deals with the financial
arrangements. It is preferable to initiate the business with less or no financial support which is interest
based. However, subsequent the calculations of site, members, and services, the financial arrangements
should be taken into account. Investments should be welcomed, and investors are guaranteed success.
Moreover, they should be satisfied that investing their company is the best investment opportunity.
Agenda of the company. The agenda of the company is the main element which boosts the
business. The agenda is an accumulation of aims and objectives along with the success targets. The
agenda should be very clear and appealing for investors who want to invest in the company. Moreover,
the agenda is the backbone of any business. In case of tourism and travelling agency, the importance of
agenda cannot be ignored. It may be used as marketing tool if it is promising. The agenda should not be

Note: This material is protected by the Copyright Law under the Republic Act No. 8293, otherwise known as the Intellectual
Property Code of the Philippines. As such, the same may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, sold, altered,
displayed, published or broadcast without the prior written permission of St. Clare College of Caloocan, Inc.

Copyright © 2021 St. Clare College Inc. All rights reserved.

 St. Clare College
Caloocan City, NCR
Philippines

altered in the later stages of the business. Therefore, it is very important to compose all the aims and
objectives which the company is looking forward to in the coming times.
Objective of the business. The objectives are determined as per agenda of the company. On the
very basic level, they can be either long term or short term. Both the objectives are equally important
and assist business to sustain a good profile in the market.
Short term objectives. Shor time objectives are generally much more target based compared to
the long-term objectives. They are in general including the efficient and potential degrees of business at
the coming time. Mostly the timespan is calculated, it can be a year or six months. The short-term
objectives are mainly used as a technique to attract investors. Moreover, these objectives can be
oriented to cut down the loans and other financial liabilities required by the company on marketing and
establishing the workplace in the early stages of the business.
Long term objectives. Long term objectives mainly deal with spreading the business and turning
into a high-profile company. These objectives are plans of five or ten years. Long term objectives may
include additional features in the business. Moreover, they may be dealing with spreading business
nationwide or even internationally.
Appropriate targeted marketing techniques. Can be applied on targeted client. These
techniques can be either physical or virtual. The virtual techniques can be cyber advertisements and use
of internet for floating the advertisements all over the internet. The physical marketing techniques are
frequently in the form of print-based advertisement. These techniques are highly, effective to grab the
attention for the national tourism and travelling enterprise.
Conclusion
Travelling and tourism, is a growing industry and feasible enough to be taken as a business. With
the appropriate level of knowledge, planning and targeting the client age, it can be a good source of
generating revenue. Moreover, it is less risk oriented compared to other business forms. If instructions
followed in the developmental stage along with the influential elements listed in initiating the business
plan. It can be a permanent source of income. With slight to no modification, the business can gain the

Note: This material is protected by the Copyright Law under the Republic Act No. 8293, otherwise known as the Intellectual
Property Code of the Philippines. As such, the same may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, sold, altered,
displayed, published or broadcast without the prior written permission of St. Clare College of Caloocan, Inc.

Copyright © 2021 St. Clare College Inc. All rights reserved.

 St. Clare College
Caloocan City, NCR
Philippines

long as well as short term objectives. Moreover, the appealing packages and decent marketing
technique can grasp the interest of costumers and the business can spread with smart marketing tools.

ACTIVITY
1. What factors encourage the proliferation of smalls and firms in the tourism industry?

2. Discuss the global trends of the tourism business?

3. Explain what tourism enterprise. Give examples.

Reference book: Author: Dr. Rene D. Osorno Dr. Grayfield T. Bajao

Note: This material is protected by the Copyright Law under the Republic Act No. 8293, otherwise known as the Intellectual
Property Code of the Philippines. As such, the same may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, sold, altered,
displayed, published or broadcast without the prior written permission of St. Clare College of Caloocan, Inc.

Copyright © 2021 St. Clare College Inc. All rights reserved.