Q1 WEEK 2

Environmental
Science
by Joana Marie M. Inciong
Hello students!
And welcome back
to ENVISCI!
-Ma'am Inciong
Here's our goal!
 1. Familiarize the Energy Transfer in
Trophic Level that makes Biosphere as a
Dynamic and Open System
2. Differentiate the functions of producer,
consumer and decomposer among the
biosphere
3. Identify the three types of consumer
4. Learn the concept of the Biomass Pyramid
Suggest ways on how to prevent food
shortage
 Ecological concepts:

are general
understandings (or facts)
about ecosystems and There are basic
ecosystem management. ecological concept
Ecological principles are provides a framework or
basic assumptions (or understanding and
beliefs) about ecosystems researching more about
and how they function that ecosystem.
are informed by the
ecological concepts.
Study the diagram:
Let's Review!

Population Community
- dynamic of species and these
- group of organisms
populations interact with the
wider environment. It is consist of different species
of individual organisms or which are associated
species that live, interact, and together as a unit.
migrate through
the same niche or habitat.
Let's Review!

Biosphere
Ecological niche
- part of the earth - position of that animal
and atmosphere occupies in a habitat. Includes
physical space where the
inhabited by living organism is found and its role
organisms. in that habitat in terms of
feeding relationships and other
interactions with other species.
Let's Review!

Biomass
Habitat
Refers to plants or animal
- specific locality with a material used for energy
particular set of production (electricity or
conditions where heat), or in various
organisms live. Habitats industrial processes as a
are categorized into raw substance for a range
of products.
terrestrial and aquatic.
Let's Review!

Ecosystem
- natural unit composed of
abiotic and biotic factors
whose interactions leads
to self- sustaining system.
Small bond or a large
ecosystem such as a
tropical forest.
 Benefits of EcologicalConcepts:

Environmental Conservation
- provides on how every organism needs other for peaceful
coexistence.

Resource Allocation
- plants and animals have roles in the environment as they sharing
limited natural resources such as air, minerals, space. Lack of
ecological studies may be the cause of deprivation and looting of
these natural resources.

Take Not e!
 Benefits of Ecological Concepts:

Energy Conservation
- the entire living organism needs energy such as
nutrition, light, radiation.

Eco- Friendliness
- helps to appreciate living among the organisms, this
will follow natural order of things.

Take Not e!
Principles of
Ecological Diversity
Abiotic-non-living chemical
and physical parts of the
environment that affect
living organisms and the
functioning of ecosystems.
 Principles of
Ecological Diversity
Biotic- living organism
that affects another
organism or shapes the
ecosystem.
 Limiting Factor:
in an ecosystem any biotic and abiotic factor that
restricts the number or production of organisms.

In biology, the term limiting factor is defined as an

environmental factor or variable that has the
capacity to restrict growth, abundance, or
distribution of a population in an ecosystem. These
factors are present in limited supply. Thus,
organisms tend to compete for their limited
availability in the ecosystem.
 Law of Tolerance:
-abundance or distribution of an
organism can be controlled by
certain factors (climatic,
topographic, biological requirements
of plants and animals)
As a population is exposed to the
extremes of a particular limiting factor,
the rates of survival begin to drop
 Plant Example
Plant growth varies greatly in response to concentrations of
salt within the soil (salinity levels)
Plant species that are not particularly salt tolerant are
called glycophytes – these plants are easily damaged by
high salinity
Plant species that are salt tolerant are called halophytes
– these plants may become stressed in freshwater
environments

Most plant species are considered to be glycophytes –

relatively few plant species are halophytes (~ less than 2%)
How is energy transferred in
Ecosystem?

Living things need energy to grow,

breathe, reproduce, and move. Energy
cannot be created from nothing, so it
must be transferred through the
ecosystem. The primary source of
energy for almost every ecosystem on
Earth is the sun.
 PRODUCERS

Here are the 5 PHOTOSYNTHESIS

important
factors in the CONSUMERS

transfer of
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
energy:
DECOMPOSERS
What are those?

Producers Photosynthesis Consumers

(autotrophs) organisms the process by which
(heterotrophs)- an
that can produce their green plants and certain
organism that eats other
own food, using materials other organisms
plants or animals for
transform light energy
energy and nutrients.
Inorganic sources. into chemical energy.
What are those?

Decomposers
Aerobic respiration
are made up to the FBI ( fungi,
process by which
bacteria, and invertebrates-
organisms use oxygen
worms and insects).They are all
to turn fuel, such as
living things that get energy by
fats and sugars, into
eating dead animals and plants
chemical energy.
and breaking down waste of
other animals.
ENERGY PATHS: 3 WAYS TO ILLUSTRATE ENERGY FLOW

1. FOOD CHAIN
- the sequence of
transfers of matter
and energy in the
form of food from
organism to
organism.
ENERGY PATHS: 3 WAYS TO ILLUSTRATE ENERGY FLOW

2. FOOD WEB

- is the natural
interconnection of food
chains and a graphical
representation of what-
eats-what in an
ecological community.
ENERGY PATHS: 3 WAYS TO ILLUSTRATE ENERGY FLOW

2. FOOD PYRAMID
- successive levels of
predation in a food chain
represented
schematically as a
pyramid because upper
levels normally consist of
decreasing numbers of
larger predators.
ENERGY PYRAMIDS/ BIOMASS PYRAMIDS

The energy pyramids shows

TOP CONSUMER
energy flow
ENERGY STORED BY SECONDARY CONSUMERS in an ecosystem:
A level of the energy
ENERGY STORED BY PRIMARY CONSUMERS
pyramid is called a
TROPHIC LEVEL.
ENERGY STORED BY PRODUCERS
Each trophic level
represents the energy
for those organisms.
TROPHIC LEVELS
ENERGY is lost with each
trophic
90% is released to the
environment as heat
10% of the energy is
used
Only about 10%
of the energy
from one level
is passed on to
the next level
 W!
VIE
RE
ICK
QU
All organisms in an ecosystem need
_______ from food to live. An energy
_______ shows how much food energy is
passed from one ________ to another
through food chains. __________ have the
largest spot at the base of the pyramid.
Altogether, only about ___ of the food
energy at each level gets passed up to the
next level.