JAMM

Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Management Open Access

Quantum Control and Gate Optimization in

Graphane-Based Quantum Systems
José Gabriel Carrasco Ramírez
ACCEPTED FOR PUBLICATION
20 September 2020
PUBLISHED
19 October 2020

Abstract
In this study, we investigate the application of graphane, a novel material evolved from
graphene through hydrogenation, in the domain of quantum computing. Our focus is on
developing and refining quantum control schemes tailored for graphane-based systems,
aiming to harness its distinctive properties for quantum technology advancement. The
research encompasses theoretical modeling of advanced control protocols, extensive
numerical simulations for protocol evaluation, and proposed experimental frameworks for
real-world applicability assessment. Central to our objectives is the enhancement of gate
fidelity, the scalability of quantum systems, and the mitigation of decoherence and
operational errors. Preliminary results from numerical simulations indicate significant
improvements in gate fidelity, underscoring the potential of our optimized control schemes
to elevate quantum computing capabilities, particularly within graphane-based architectures.
Our findings also suggest favorable scalability prospects for graphane-based quantum
systems, alongside robustness against common quantum computing challenges. This
investigation highlights graphane's promise as a quantum computing platform and sets a
foundation for future explorations into novel materials and control strategies, aiming to
advance the field of quantum technologies.

Introduction
The trajectory of quantum computing development is intricately linked to the progression of
quantum control strategies [1]–[4]. These strategies are pivotal in manipulating quantum states
with unparalleled precision while minimizing errors, a critical requirement for the advancement
of quantum technologies. Among the myriad of materials explored for quantum computing,
graphane emerges as a particularly promising candidate [5]. This novel material, derived from
graphene through hydrogenation, presents unique properties that are potentially advantageous
for quantum control applications. Graphane's introduction into the quantum computing
landscape opens new avenues for the development of quantum control protocols [6]–[8]. Unlike
its predecessor graphene, which has been extensively studied for its remarkable electronic
properties, graphane offers a distinct set of electrical and structural characteristics due to its
fully saturated hydrocarbon structure [9]. This difference not only alters the electronic
properties but also introduces new possibilities for qubit implementation and manipulation. The
exploration of quantum control within the context of graphane-based systems necessitates a
thorough understanding of the foundational aspects of quantum control. This understanding
encompasses both the theoretical frameworks and the practical implementations that have been
developed across various quantum computing platforms [10], [11].
Comparative analyses of graphane with other quantum computing materials have been
conducted to evaluate its suitability and potential advantages. Graphane's electrical and
structural properties, as discussed by Flores et al. [6], offer a distinct approach to qubit
manipulation, potentially overcoming some of the limitations faced by traditional materials like

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silicon and superconducting circuits. The fully saturated hydrocarbon structure of graphane, as
elucidated by Casolo et al. [7], provides a new perspective on the electrical properties and their
implications for quantum control. The integration of graphane into quantum computing
necessitates revisiting both theoretical frameworks and practical implementations of quantum
control. The work of Biamonte et al. [8] on quantum machine learning and the adaptive control
schemes proposed by D'Alessandro [9] highlight the evolving nature of quantum control
strategies. These frameworks offer insights into optimizing quantum operations, with potential
applications in graphane-based systems.
This study aims to explore the potential of graphane, a novel material derived from graphene,
as a promising platform for quantum computing by developing and optimizing quantum control
schemes specifically designed for graphane-based systems. Our approach encompasses the
theoretical formulation of advanced control protocols that leverage graphane's unique
properties, extensive numerical simulations to evaluate the effectiveness of these protocols, and
experimental validations to assess their practical applicability. By focusing on enhancing gate
fidelity, ensuring system scalability, and mitigating decoherence and operational errors, this
study seeks to address key challenges in quantum computing. The successful execution of our
proposed work could significantly contribute to the advancement of quantum technologies,
paving the way for the development of scalable, high-fidelity quantum processors and inspiring
further research into novel materials and control strategies for quantum computing.

Related Works
The quest for optimal quantum control strategies and materials that facilitate precise
manipulation of quantum states has been a pivotal area of research in the quantum computing
domain. This section delves into the spectrum of materials and methodologies that have been
explored for quantum control, juxtaposing these with the graphane-based approach central to
our study. We underscore both theoretical innovations and experimental achievements,
delineating the unique challenges and milestones encountered in this journey. Silicon-based
quantum systems, particularly silicon quantum dots and phosphorus-doped silicon, have
demonstrated promising results in terms of coherence times and qubit fidelity [12], [13].
However, the stringent requirements for isotopic purification and the complex fabrication
processes pose significant challenges. Our graphane-based approach offers a unique advantage
in this context due to the relatively simpler synthesis process and the intrinsic properties of
graphane that contribute to enhanced qubit stability and control. Superconducting qubits have
achieved notable success in implementing quantum gates and scaling up quantum systems [14].
The ease of integration with classical electronics and the ability to operate at microwave
frequencies are significant advantages. However, the decoherence rates and the necessity for
ultra-low operating temperatures limit their practicality. The graphane-based systems,
conversely, hold the potential for higher operational temperatures and reduced decoherence,
attributed to the material's unique electronic and vibrational properties.
Topological qubits, based on exotic quasiparticles such as Majorana fermions, offer theoretical
robustness against local sources of decoherence [15]. While this presents an intriguing avenue
for fault-tolerant quantum computing, the experimental realization of such systems remains
challenging. The exploration of graphane as a platform introduces a different paradigm,
focusing on the control of conventional qubit states but with an emphasis on material-based
advantages for error mitigation. Theoretical models have provided deep insights into the
dynamics of various quantum systems, guiding the development of control strategies that
mitigate errors and enhance gate operations. Notably, research on adaptive control schemes and
machine learning algorithms for optimizing quantum operations has shown significant potential

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[16]. Our work extends these theoretical frameworks to the graphane context, adapting and
optimizing control schemes to leverage the specific characteristics of graphane-based qubits.
Experimentally, breakthroughs in qubit manipulation using ultrafast laser pulses and magnetic
resonance techniques have set benchmarks for quantum control [17]. These methodologies
underscore the importance of precise control over qubit interactions and the external
environment. In our study, similar principles are applied to graphane-based systems, with a
focus on developing tailored control pulses that address the unique interaction mechanisms of
graphane qubits [9].

Methods
The methodology underpinning the operation of graphane-based quantum computing systems
is predicated on a precise understanding and manipulation of qubit dynamics. At the heart of
these systems lie the carbon dimer defects in graphane, serving as the fundamental building
blocks—qubits—on which quantum information processing tasks are executed. The methods
section details the theoretical framework and mathematical modeling employed to describe and
analyze the behavior of these qubits in response to external control mechanisms. By leveraging
a combination of quantum mechanical principles and computational techniques, we establish a
robust platform for the examination and optimization of quantum control processes.
A. Theoretical Modeling of Qubit Dynamics in Graphane
The mathematical modeling of qubit dynamics within a graphane lattice is articulated through
a rigorous Hamiltonian formulation. We consider the graphane lattice as a two-dimensional
system in which localized carbon dimer defects provide the potential wells for qubits. The
Hamiltonian H for such a system is postulated as:

𝐻𝐻 = 𝐻𝐻0 + 𝐻𝐻𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 + 𝐻𝐻𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (1)

where 𝐻𝐻0 represents the intrinsic Hamiltonian of the isolated qubits, encapsulating the energy
terms associated with the defect states. It is expressed as:

𝐻𝐻0 = � ϵ𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖† 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖 + � 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 �𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖† 𝑎𝑎𝑗𝑗 + 𝑎𝑎𝑗𝑗† 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖 � (2)
𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖≠𝑗𝑗
Here, ϵ𝑖𝑖 is the on-site energy of the qubit at site 𝑖𝑖, 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖† and 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖 are the creation and annihilation
operators for the qubit, and 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 represents the tunneling amplitude between qubits at sites 𝑖𝑖 and
𝑗𝑗. 𝐻𝐻𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 denotes the interaction Hamiltonian describing the qubit-environment interactions,
which can lead to decoherence and is modeled as:

𝐻𝐻𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = � � 𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑖α �𝑏𝑏α† + 𝑏𝑏α �𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖† 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖 (3)

𝑖𝑖 α
with 𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑖α being the coupling strength between qubit i and environmental mode α , and bα† , bα
being the bosonic creation and annihilation operators for the environmental modes. H control
control is the control Hamiltonian which includes the terms due to external optical and magnetic
fields. It is given by:

𝐻𝐻𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = −μ ��𝐸𝐸(𝑡𝑡)𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖† 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖 + 𝐵𝐵(𝑡𝑡)𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖† 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖 � (4)

𝑖𝑖
Where µ denotes the magnetic moment or electric dipole moment of the qubit, and E (t ), B (t )
represent the time-dependent electric and magnetic fields applied to the system. The dynamics
of the qubit states under this Hamiltonian are governed by the time-dependent Schrödinger
equation:

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𝑑𝑑 (5)
𝑖𝑖ℏ
|Ψ(𝑡𝑡)⟩ = 𝐻𝐻 |Ψ(𝑡𝑡)⟩
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Where |ψ(𝑡𝑡)⟩ is the wave function of the system at time t.
B. Control Scheme Formulation
In the formulation of control schemes for the graphane-based qubit systems, the primary
objective is to achieve high precision in quantum gate operations through the application of
externally controlled optical and magnetic pulse sequences. The construction of these
sequences takes into account the energy spectrum of the qubit states, with a particular focus on
their interaction with the applied fields. This approach involves tuning several key parameters,
such as the amplitude, duration, frequency, and phase of the pulses, to tailor them for optimal
interaction with the qubits.
To elaborate mathematically, consider the time-dependent perturbation theory where the
control Hamiltonian H control .Control applies a perturbation to the system's Hamiltonian H 0 .
This perturbation is described by a time-dependent function, typically modeled as a sinusoidal
wave for optical or magnetic fields:

H control
= (t ) µ ( E0 sin(ωt + φ )aˆ † aˆ + B0 sin(ωB t + φB )aˆ † aˆ ) (6)
Here, E0 and B0 represent the amplitudes of the electric and magnetic fields, ω and ωB are
their respective frequencies, and φ , φB are the phases. The creation and annihilation operators

(aˆ † , aˆ ) act on the qubit states.

The goal is to achieve Rabi oscillations between qubit states, which requires the resonance
condition ω= E1 − E0 , where E1 and E0 are the energy levels of the qubits. The phase and
amplitude of the pulses are adjusted to address specific transitions, leveraging the Rabi formula
for the probability of transitions:

1 
sin 2 
2 δ 2 + Ω 2R t 
 µE  2  (7)
P0→1 (t ) =  0 
   δ + ΩR
2 2

where P0→1 (t ) is the probability of transition from state 0 to state 1, δ is the detuning from
resonance, and Ω R is the Rabi frequency. The pulse shaping techniques are applied to optimize
these transitions by reducing the impact of decoherence, which may be modeled as a damping
factor in the probability amplitude.
C. Numerical Simulation Procedures
The mathematical and computational techniques employed to validate control schemes for
quantum systems. The core objective is to simulate the time evolution of quantum systems
under specific control fields, assess the fidelity and robustness of quantum gates, and quantify
the effects of noise and statistical variations. Here's a detailed breakdown of the numerical
simulation procedures:

a. Time Evolution of Quantum Systems

The time evolution of the quantum system subjected to control fields is governed by the
Schrödinger equation, which, in its most general form, is represented as:

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∂
i = | ψ (t )〉 H (t ) | ψ (t )〉 (8)
∂t
where | ψ (t )〉 is the state vector of the quantum system at time t , H (t ) is the Hamiltonian of
the system incorporating the control fields, and i is the product of the imaginary unit and the
reduced Planck constant. Numerical integration techniques, such as the Runge-Kutta methods
or the Crank-Nicolson scheme, are employed to solve this time-dependent differential equation.
The choice of the numerical method depends on the balance between computational efficiency
and the required accuracy.

b. Quantum Process Tomography

Quantum process tomography (QPT) is a simulation technique used to characterize the quantum
gates within a quantum computing framework. The process is mathematically represented by a
completely positive, trace-preserving (CPTP) map E , which transforms an initial state ρin
into a final state ρout as:

ρout = E( ρin ) (9)

The fidelity of the quantum gate is evaluated by comparing ρout with the ideal final state ρideal
, using the fidelity measure defined as:

( )
2
F = Tr ρideal ρout ρideal (10)

This measure quantifies the closeness between the ideal and the actual output states of the
quantum gate, providing insights into the gate's performance.

c. Monte Carlo Simulations

To incorporate the effects of statistical variations and potential noise sources, Monte Carlo
simulations are conducted. These simulations involve generating random samples of noise and
applying them to the system to observe the resulting variations in gate operations. The impact
of noise is statistically analyzed by repeatedly simulating the quantum process under different
noise realizations. The expectation value of an observable O in the presence of noise can be
estimated as:

1 N
〈O〉
=
N
∑ 〈ψ
i =1
i | O |ψ i 〉 (11)

where N is the number of Monte Carlo trials, and | ψ i 〉 is the state vector of the system in the
i -th trial.
D. Optimization Algorithms
In the pursuit of achieving high-fidelity quantum gates, the optimization of control parameters
emerges as a fundamental task. The fidelity of these gates is contingent upon a
multidimensional parameter space, with each dimension corresponding to an adjustable control
parameter such as amplitude, phase, or duration of the control pulses. The overarching goal of
optimization algorithms in this context is to calibrate these parameters such that the fidelity, a
quantifier of the closeness between the achieved quantum state and the desired state, is
maximized. The quasi-Newton method is a gradient-based optimization strategy distinguished
by its iterative refinement of control parameters to seek local optima of gate fidelity. The crux
of this method lies in approximating the Hessian matrix of second-order partial derivatives,

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which streamlines computational demands. This approximation is used to update the control
parameters vector p ∈  n , based on the gradient of a cost function C (p) = 1 − F (p) , where
F (p) denotes the fidelity. The update rule for the quasi-Newton method is encapsulated by
p k − α k B −k 1∇C (p k ) , where B k approximates the Hessian and α k is the
the relation p k +1 =
step size. Convergence is achieved when the gradient norm diminishes below a pre-established
threshold.
Conversely, genetic algorithms (GAs) offer a heuristic search through the parameter space
inspired by evolutionary biology. They maintain a population of candidate solutions, each
analogous to a chromosome, and apply genetic operations such as selection, crossover, and
mutation. The fitness of each candidate, measured by the fidelity function F (pi ) , guides the
evolutionary process towards high-fidelity solutions. The genetic algorithm iterates through
generations, gradually converging to an optimal set of control parameters that maximize the
fidelity. The integration of quasi-Newton methods and genetic algorithms can yield a robust
two-phase optimization framework. Initially, the genetic algorithm embarks on a global search,
effectively exploring the vast parameter landscape to locate promising regions. Subsequently,
the quasi-Newton method fine-tunes the solutions within these regions, honing in on the local
optima with greater precision. This synergistic approach is particularly efficacious in quantum
control scenarios, where the fidelity landscape can be fraught with multiple local maxima. The
global search capabilities of genetic algorithms are instrumental in identifying the vicinity of
the global optimum, while the quasi-Newton methods expedite convergence to the highest-
fidelity solutions. Together, they form a comprehensive optimization strategy capable of
navigating the intricate topography of quantum gate fidelity landscapes.
E. Evaluation of Gate Performance
The efficacy of quantum gates is predominantly gauged by their fidelity, which is a measure of
the congruence between the target quantum state and the state produced by the gate operation.
This fidelity is a critical metric, as it encapsulates the cumulative effect of all potential
deviations from the ideal operation, providing a comprehensive assessment of gate
performance.
To systematically evaluate gate fidelity, it is imperative to consider both the unitary and non-
unitary dynamics that a quantum system may undergo during a gate operation. The fidelity F
can be quantitatively described by the expression:
2
〈ψ target | ψ achieved 〉
F= (12)

where | ψ target 〉 is the desired state vector and | ψ achieved 〉 is the state vector achieved post-
operation. A fidelity value of 1 indicates perfect gate performance, with values less than 1
signaling a departure from the ideal. To thoroughly examine gate reliability, it is crucial to
dissect the errors into three primary categories:
Table 1. Quantum gate fidelity and the categorization of errors that influence gate
performance

Category Descrip�on Impact on Fidelity Mi�ga�on Strategies

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Systema�c Consistent errors from Reduces fidelity due Calibra�on and

Errors control parameter to predictable control refinement to
imperfec�ons like pulse devia�ons from the correct known
amplitude, frequency, or ideal opera�on. inaccuracies.
phase inaccuracies.
Stochas�c Random errors from Causes fidelity to Employing dynamical
Errors quantum noise and vary unpredictably. decoupling and
fluctua�ons in control quantum error-
parameters. correc�ng codes.
Opera�onal Prac�cal issues such as Poten�ally Stress tes�ng and
Errors �ming errors, significant impact quantum process
environmental depending on tomography to
perturba�ons, and opera�onal iden�fy and address
equipment limita�ons. condi�ons. weaknesses.

To evaluate the robustness of quantum gates, it is necessary to subject them to stress tests by
varying the environmental and system parameters, such as temperature, magnetic fields, and
electric fields, within ranges that are expected in realistic operational settings. This process
involves an extensive series of quantum process tomography experiments, where the stability
of the gate fidelity is monitored under these perturbations. The sensitivity of the fidelity to such
variations directly informs the robustness of the gate.

Results analysis
Our investigation into the optimization of quantum control schemes for graphane-based
quantum systems has yielded promising results, primarily evidenced through extensive
numerical simulations. These simulations were instrumental in evaluating the performance of
quantum gates, with a particular focus on their fidelity—a critical metric for assessing the
practical viability of quantum processors. The enhancements observed in gate fidelities
underscore the potential of our optimized control schemes to significantly advance the field of
quantum computing, specifically within the context of graphane-based technologies.
The core of our findings revolves around the significant improvements in gate fidelities
achieved through the application of optimized control schemes. These enhancements are critical
for the practical realization of quantum processors, as high gate fidelity is essential for
executing quantum algorithms with the required precision. Our results indicate that by
meticulously tuning control parameters—such as amplitude, frequency, phase, and duration of
the control pulses—we can achieve a substantial increase in gate fidelity. This advancement is
pivotal, as it directly translates to a reduction in quantum error rates, thereby enhancing the
reliability and performance of quantum computing systems. An essential aspect of our
discussion is the scalability of the proposed control methods. Given the rapid advancements in
nanofabrication techniques, the physical and technological constraints of scaling quantum
systems are constantly evolving. Our analysis suggests that the control schemes developed for
graphane-based qubit systems exhibit favorable scalability properties. By theoretically
expanding the qubit network within the graphane lattice, we assessed the impact of increased
qubit density on gate fidelity and error rates. The findings suggest that, with appropriate
adjustments to control parameters, it is feasible to scale up the quantum system without
compromising operational integrity. This scalability analysis is crucial for the future
development of large-scale quantum processors capable of solving complex problems beyond
the reach of classical computers.

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Fig. 1a. Improvement in Gate Fidelities Fig. 1b. Scalability Impact on Gate
before and after optimization Fidelity and Error Rates

Fig. 1. Comparison of Gate Fidelities and Scalability Impact

Combining the insights of how gate fidelities improve with optimization and how these
improvements hold up as the system scales is shown in Fig.1.
A critical examination of the robustness of our optimized control schemes against decoherence
and operational errors forms a significant part of our discussion. Decoherence, resulting from
interactions between qubits and their environment, poses a substantial challenge to the
coherence time of qubit states, directly impacting the fidelity of quantum operations. Our
simulations indicate that the integration of dynamical decoupling sequences and composite
pulse techniques into the control schemes significantly mitigates the effects of decoherence and
specific operational errors. This robustness is vital for the real-world application of quantum
computing technologies, where operational conditions can be far from ideal. Together, Fig. 2a
and Fig. 2b encapsulate the dual approach of using both dynamical decoupling and composite
pulse techniques to enhance the performance and reliability of quantum gates, addressing both
coherence time and error rates.

Fig. 2a. Operational Error Reduction with Fig. 2b. Effect of Dynamical
Composite Pulse Techniques Decoupling on Coherence Time

Fig. 2. Enhancing Quantum Gate Performance: Coherence Time and Error

Reduction

Discussion
The outcomes of our study provide a comprehensive analysis of the implementation and
efficacy of optimized control schemes in graphane-based quantum systems, focusing on the

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crucial aspects of gate fidelity enhancement, scalability, and robustness against decoherence
and operational errors.
F. Gate Fidelity Enhancement
At the heart of our investigation, the observed improvement in gate fidelities post-optimization
underscores the pivotal role of precision in control parameter adjustments. These adjustments,
encompassing amplitude, frequency, phase, and pulse duration, have demonstrated a marked
capability to elevate gate fidelity. This is not merely a theoretical advancement but a pragmatic
stride towards the realization of quantum processors that can execute quantum algorithms with
the requisite precision. The nuanced control over quantum states, as evidenced by our
simulations, heralds a significant leap forward in mitigating quantum error rates, thereby
bolstering the reliability and overall performance of quantum computing systems.
G. Scalability
The scalability of quantum control methods presents another critical dimension of our research.
In the face of rapid technological advancements and evolving nanofabrication techniques, our
findings reveal that the proposed control schemes exhibit favorable scalability properties. This
is particularly evident from the analysis that explores the theoretical expansion of the qubit
network within the graphane lattice. The ability to maintain high gate fidelity and manageable
error rates, even as qubit density increases, is indicative of the feasibility of scaling these
quantum systems without compromising their operational integrity. This aspect is instrumental
for the future development of quantum processors that are not only larger in scale but also
capable of tackling complex computational problems that are currently beyond the reach of
classical computing paradigms.
H. Robustness Against Decoherence and Operational Errors
The robustness of the optimized control schemes against decoherence and operational errors
forms a cornerstone of our discussion. Decoherence, primarily arising from qubit-environment
interactions, poses a formidable challenge by directly impacting the coherence time of qubit
states and, consequently, the fidelity of quantum operations. Our simulations have illustrated
that incorporating dynamical decoupling sequences and composite pulse techniques
significantly attenuates the adverse effects of decoherence and specific operational errors. This
enhancement of quantum gate performance through such techniques is crucial, especially in
real-world applications where ideal operational conditions are seldom met. The dual approach,
emphasizing both coherence time extension and error rate reduction, underscores a
comprehensive strategy to augment the performance and reliability of quantum gates.

Conclusion
In conclusion, our exploration into the optimization of quantum control schemes for graphane-
based quantum systems represents a significant step forward in the quest for advanced quantum
computing technologies. By leveraging the unique properties of graphane, we have developed
theoretical control protocols, conducted extensive numerical simulations, and proposed
experimental validations to enhance gate fidelity, scalability, and robustness against
decoherence and operational errors. Our findings underscore the potential of graphane as a
promising material for quantum computing, offering a new paradigm for qubit manipulation
and system scalability. The improvements in gate fidelity achieved through our optimized
control schemes are crucial for the practical realization of quantum processors, enabling the
execution of quantum algorithms with the required precision and reliability. Moreover, the
scalability analysis indicates that graphane-based systems can be expanded without

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compromising their operational integrity, paving the way for large-scale quantum processors
capable of tackling complex computational problems.
The integration of dynamical decoupling and composite pulse techniques into the control
schemes has shown significant potential in mitigating the effects of decoherence and
operational errors, further enhancing the performance and reliability of quantum gates. This
robustness is essential for the real-world application of quantum computing technologies, where
operational conditions are seldom ideal. Our work contributes to the broader field of quantum
computing by demonstrating the feasibility of using graphane for high-fidelity quantum
operations and by providing a foundation for future research into novel materials and control
strategies. The insights gained from this study not only advance our understanding of quantum
control mechanisms but also inspire continued exploration into graphane-based quantum
systems and their applications in the next generation of quantum technologies.

I. Limitations
One notable limitation of our study on the optimization of quantum control schemes for
graphane-based quantum systems is the challenge associated with the experimental realization
and practical implementation of graphane as a material for quantum computing. Despite the
promising theoretical and simulation-based findings, the synthesis of high-quality graphane
with precise control over its defect properties, essential for qubit implementation, remains a
complex and evolving area of research. Additionally, the transition from theoretical models and
simulations to real-world experimental setups involves overcoming significant technical and
material science hurdles, including maintaining the stability of graphane under operational
conditions and integrating it with existing quantum computing architectures. This limitation
underscores the need for continued advancements in materials science and nanofabrication
techniques to fully harness the potential of graphane in quantum computing applications.

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