Internship – I Report

on

AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

BY

Kalvakolla Kranthi (160621735084)

UNDER THE ESTEEMED GUIDANCE OF

R. Aarti

Assistant Professor
SCETW

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

STANLEY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY FOR

WOMEN (AUTONOMOUS)

All UG courses Accredited by NBA and NAAC A Grade

(Affiliated to OU & Approved by AICTE)

Chapel road, Hyderabad – 500001

2022-2023
 Stanley College of Engineering and Technology for Women (Autonomous)
All UG courses Accredited by NBA and NAAC A Grade
(Affiliated to OU & Approved by AICTE)

Chapel Road, Hyderabad – 500001

Ref No: SCETW/ECE Dept/SPW 412EC/2023 Date:

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Internship-I titled “Automatic Irrigation System” is a
bona-fide work carried out by Ms. Kalvakolla Kranthi (160621735084) in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree Bachelor of Engineering in
Electronics and Communication Engineering during the IV semester of B.E. Program during
the Academic Year 2023-2024.

R. Aarti Dr. Kedar Nath Sahu

Assistant Professor Head, Department of ECE
Department of ECE
 STANLEY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN

(AUTONOMOUS), Abids, Hyderabad - 500 001

Courses are accredited by BA & Accredited by AAC with 'A' Grade)

Department Electronics and Communication Engineering

Vision of the Institute

Empowering girl students through professional education integrated with values and character to
make an impact in the World.

Mission of the Institute

M1: Providing quality engineering education for girl students to make them competent and confident
to succeed in professional practice and advanced learning. M2: Establish state-of-art-facilities and
resources to facilitate world class education. M3: Integrating qualities like humanity, social values,
ethics, and leadership in order to encourage contribution to society.

Vision of the Department

Empowering girl students with the contemporary knowledge in Electronics and Communication
Engineering for their success in life.

Mission of the Department

Ml: To impart rationalized and high quality technical education and knowledge. M2: To achieve self-
sustainability and overall development through Research and Consultancy activities.

M3: To provide education for life by focusing on the inculcation of human and moral values
through an honest and scientific approach.

M4: To groom students with good attitude and personality skills.

Program Educational Objectives:

PE0-1: Graduate shall have skills to excel in professional career and in applied research through
innovative design by acquiring the knowledge in Electronics and Communication Engineering
principles.

PE0-2: Graduate shall pursue higher education and participate m research and development activities
or entrepreneurship to integrate engineering work in the environmental, ethical and broader societal
contexts.

PE0-3: Graduate shall exhibit effective communication, good team building and leadership qualities
to design socially accepted and economically feasible solutions.
 STANLEY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN

(AUTONOMOUS), Abids, Hyderabad - 500 001

Courses are accredited by 1BA & Accredited by AAC with 'A' Grade)
Department Electronics and Communication Engineering

Program Outcomes:

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,

engmeenng fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the
solution of complex engineering problems.
2. Problem Analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and
analyse complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions
using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering
sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering
problems and design system components or processes that meet the
specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public health and
safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based
knowledge and research methods including design of experiments,
analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to
provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern Tool Usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques,
resources, and modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and
modelling to complex engineering activities with an understanding of the
limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual
knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and
the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering
practice.
7. Environment & sustainability: Understand the impact of professional
engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and
demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and Team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a
member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering
activities with the engineering community and with society at large, such
as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design
documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear
instructions.
11. Work Management and Finance: Demonstrate knowledge and
understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one's own
work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage works and in
multidisciplinary environments.

12. Life-long Learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and

ability to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest

context of technological change.

Program Specific Outcomes:

PSOl: Appertain to Communication and Automation Principles: To apply
principles of Communication engineering and Signal processing both in
private and public organizations.

PS02: Adaptability to Productive Environment: To be well equipped with

Management skills, interdisciplinary and modern technology.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This is an acknowledgement of the intensive drive and competence of everyone

who has contributed to the success of our internship.
We are extremely grateful to our respected Principal Dr. Satya Prasad Lanka,
for fostering an excellent academic climate in our institution and we also express our
sincere gratitude to our respected Head of the Department Dr. Kedar Nath Sahu, for
his encouragement, able guidance and effort in bringing out this Internship.
We are deeply indebted to our internal guide R. Aarti, Assistant Professor,
for her guidance, encouragement, co-operation and kindness during the entire duration
of the course and academics.

Kalvakolla Kranthi (160621735084)

i
 ABSTRACT

This internship on “Automatic Plant Irrigation System” is intended to create an

automated irrigation mechanism which turns the pumping motor ON and OFF by
detecting the dampness/moisture content of the earth. In the domain of farming,
utilization of appropriate means of irrigation is significant. The benefit of employing
these techniques is to decrease human interference and still make certain appropriate
irrigation. The proposed model consists of three stages: Firstly, sensing the land’s
moisture levels. Second stage is the determination of its status: dry or wet. The last and
third stage is Motor control. This internship proposes the development of Automatic
Plant Irrigation System (APIS) capable of detecting loss of moisture in soil using the
soil moisture sensor. Specifically, APIS utilizes the Soil Moisture Sensor to detect
water content level in soil and give appropriate responses to the system based on
detected condition. Using this response, APIS determines whether or not the land needs
to be irrigated. In the current version, APIS is capable of detecting and irrigating a small
area that can be considered to be under a single pump’s coverage. Implemented using
Operational Amplifier LM358, APIS uses live input data to determine the conditions.
APIS represents our most basic step towards automated farming to improve turnover
and reduce the impact of drought or loss due to irrigation issues.

Expected PO’s/PSO’s
1. PO 1:Engineering Knowledge
2. PO 2:Problem Analysis
3. PO 3:Design/development
4. PO 6:The engineering and society
5. PO 7:Environment and sustainability
6. PO 9: Individual And team work
7. PO 10:Communication
8. PSO 1: Appertain to communicate and Automation Principles
9. PSO 2:Adaptibility to Productive environment.
Expected PSO’s
1. PSO1: Appertain to communicate and automation principles.
2. PSO2: Adaptability to productive environment

ii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1 Introduction 1-4

1.1 Aim of the internship 1-2
1.2 Objective of Internship 2
1.3 Scope of Internship 2-3
1.4 Introduction to the domain 3
1.4.1 Examples on embedded system 3
1.4.2 Important Characteristics of Embedded system 3-4
1.5 Summary of Documentation Report 4
Chapter 2 Literature Survey 5-6
2.1 Recent advancement in the domain 5-6
2.2 Interest piqued in this domain 6
Chapter 3 Hardware and Software Specification 7-13
3.1 Automatic Irrigation System by embedded system 7-8
3.2 Components required for Automatic Irrigation System 8-9
3.3 Block diagram of Automatic Irrigation System 9
3.3.1 Block diagram explanation 9-13
Chapter 4 Design and Implementation 14-22
4.1 Flowchart 14
4.2 Flow Diagram 14
4.3 Circuit diagram of Arduino Automatic Irrigation System 15
4.4 Assembling the Automatic Irrigation System 15-17
4.5 Explanation of the code for the Automatic Irrigation System 17
4.6 Calibrating our Moisture Sensor 18-19
4.7 Testing the Automatic Irrigation System 20-22
Chapter 5 Results and Conclusion 23-24
5.1 Results 23
5.2 Conclusion 23-24
References 25

iii
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Number Title Page No

Fig.3.1 Soil Moisture Sensor 7

Fig.3.2 Pump 8
Fig.3.3 Components required for Automatic Irrigation system 9
Fig.3.4 Block diagram of Automatic Irrigation System 9
Fig.3.5 Micro controller 10
Fig.3.6 LCD Display Section 11
Fig.3.7 LM324 Op-Amp 11
Fig.3.8 Moisture Sensor 12
Fig.3.9 DC Motor 12
Fig.3.10 Motor Driving Circuit 13
Fig.3.11 Relay 13
Fig.4.1 Flow chart of Automatic Irrigation System 14
Fig.4.2 Flow diagram of Automatic Irrigation System 14
Fig.4.3 Circuit diagram of Arduino Automatic Irrigation system 15
Fig.4.4 Assembling the automatic irrigation system-1 16
Fig.4.5 Assembling the automatic irrigation system-2 16
Fig.4.6 Writing of code 19
Fig.4.7 Selecting COM 3 for operation 20
Fig.4.8 Sensor probe in a plastic box 21
Fig.4.9 Moisture sensor into the soil 21
Fig.4.10 Motor placed in a container filled with water 22

iv
 LIST OF TABLES
Table Number Title Page No
Table 5.1 Results obtained from operational test of the 24
system

v
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Aim of the Automatic Irrigation System
The greatest crisis in modern day and age is a great disparity in the agricultural
sector turnover. The great losses incurred in agriculture: material losses or financial
losses most of them are attributed to crop health and quality. If the crops are determined
to be not up to par, this may result in a loss. In order to prevent this, we need to maintain
the quality of crops and keep them at maximum health. On a practical basis, this is
nearly impossible for a farmer who has large lands to observe and maintain. However,
this is currently being managed manually. There is a danger in this; many of the
labourers are preferring to work at white collar jobs, and as a result, there is a large
deficiency in manpower. This makes automated farming a necessary part of the future.
The greatest cause for the crops being not on par is improper irrigation (other than
natural calamities).
If the irrigation issues are resolved, most of the problem is solved. Hence this is
the pinnacle point that needs to be renovated with technology. Automating this part of
the process will be extremely beneficial to farmers. The automated plant irrigation
system will help to reduce the work load on farmers, and help to keep the farmlands
well irrigated at all times. Most of the farmers all over the world suffer to maintain their
crops with proper watering methods, but find themselves helpless. This system will
help farmers irrigate their lands even single-handedly, without the need of additional
manpower. Its user-friendly simple circuitry will make the user feel comfortable in
using this system. The user only needs to install the circuit and sensors and connect the
pump to the circuit and its complete. The system will start functioning upon power-up,
and will need no trigger to keep it running.
The motivation for this internship came from the countries where economy is
based on agriculture and the climatic conditions lead to lack of rains & scarcity of water.
Our country mostly depends on agriculture. The farmers working in the farm lands are
solely dependent on the rains and bore wells for irrigation of the land. Even if the farm
land has a water-pump, manual intervention by farmers is required to turn the pump
on/off whenever needed.

1
 The internship aim is to detect the dryness in soil using sensors and provide water
to the plants appropriately. This internship helps to maintain the plants quite easily. In
this internship we are detecting soil moisture and need for Irrigation.
The main aim of this work was to provide water to the plants or gardening
automatically using microcontroller (Arduino Uno). We can automatically watering the
plants when we are going on vacation or don’t we have to bother my neighbour,
Sometimes the neighbour do too much of watering and the plants end up dying anyway.
The artificial application of water to the land or soil. It is used to assist in the growing
of agricultural crops, maintenance of landscapes, and re-vegetation of disturbed soils in
dry areas and during periods of inadequate rainfall.

1.2 Objective of the Automatic Irrigation System

The main objective of this internship was to provide water to the plants or gardening
automatically using microcontroller (Arduino Uno).We can automatically watering the
plants when we are going on vacation or don’t we have to bother my neighbours
Sometimes the neighbours do too much of watering and the plants end up dying
anyway.

The Objective of the internship planning is to provide a framework that enables an

owner to make reasonable estimate of the resources, cost and schedule. We are
responsible for designing the system precisely according to the requirement specified
for the field. We are responsible for maintenance of the system for certain period of
time, since in most cases, cost of maintenance is much higher than cost of developing
the system. Thus to reduce development and maintenance cost and to provide the
system within planned time, proper planning of system is necessary.

1.3 Scope of the Automatic Irrigation System

The proposed system consists of less hardware as compared to the previous model
hence it is compact as compared to the previous system. It is more cost efficient, this
claim is made on the fact that the proposed system does not need the heavy and
expensive hardware for implementation. This type of automated irrigation system
consumes 40-50% less water as compared to the traditional system Ideal growth
condition is been provided when small amount of water is been applied over large
amount of time. This smart irrigation system extends watering time for plants, and

2
provides ideal growth condition. It saves time and timer delay as per the environmental
condition can be added for automatic watering.

1.4 Introduction to the Embedded Systems

Before going to the overview of Embedded Systems, Let’s first know the two
basic things i.e. embedded and system, and what actually do they mean.
System is a set of interrelated parts/components which are designed/developed to
perform common tasks or to do some specific work for which it has been created.
Embedded means including something with anything for a reason. Or simply we
can say something which is integrated or attached to another thing. Now after getting
what actual systems and embedded mean we can easily understand what are
Embedded Systems.

An Embedded system is a special-purpose system in which the computer is

completely encapsulated by or dedicated to the device or system it controls. Unlike a
general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer, an embedded system performs
one or a few predefined tasks, usually with very specific requirements. Since the system
is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it, reducing the size and
cost of the product.

1.4.1 EXAMPLES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM

1. Avionics, such as inertial guidance systems, flight control hardware/software and
other integrated systems in aircraft and missiles
2. Cellular telephones and telephone switches
3. Engine controllers and antilock brake controllers for automobile
4. Home automation products, such as thermostats, air conditioners, sprinklers, and
security monitoring systems
5. Handheld calculators
6. Handheld computers

1.4.2 IMPORTANT CHARATERISTICS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM

1. Performs specific task: Embedded systems perform some specific function or
tasks.
2. Low Cost: The price of an embedded system is not so expensive.
3. Time Specific: It performs the tasks within a certain time frame.

3
4. Low Power: Embedded Systems don’t require much power to operate.
5. High Efficiency: The efficiency level of embedded systems is so high.
6. Minimal User interface: These systems require less user interface and are easy to
use
7. Less Human intervention: Embedded systems require no human intervention or
very less human intervention.
8. Highly Stable: Embedded systems do not change frequently mostly fixed
maintaining stability.
9. High Reliability: Embedded systems are reliable they perform tasks consistently
well.
10. Use microprocessors or microcontrollers: Embedded systems use microprocessors
or microcontrollers to design and use limited memory.
11. Manufacturable: The majority of embedded systems are compact and affordable to
manufacture. They are based on the size and low complexity of the hardware.

1.5 Summary of documentation report

Nowadays, despite being an agricultural country, the number of people who die of
hunger is still quite high. Access to food seems to be difficult, as price and quantity of
food is still beyond the capability of the lower middle class and lower class. Irrigation
induced Crop failure is a major cause of crop loss every year, and in the age of water
crises, this has been elevated to great levels. In order to keep up with increasing demand,
farmers are required to increase crop efficiency, by rapidly advancing technologies. In
order to handle Irrigation issues, this system has been devised and implemented.
Usually, farmers need large scale manpower to irrigate large lands simultaneously.
However Automatic Plant Irrigation System (APIS) is an automatic system that
facilitates automated irrigation of lands simultaneously, upon need.

4
 CHAPTER II

LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 RECENT ADVANCEMENT IN THE EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

A Microcontroller has a CPU (a microprocessor) in addition to a fixed amount of
RAM, ROM, I/O ports, and a timer all on a single chip. In other words, the processor,
the RAM, ROM, I/O ports and the timer are all embedded together on one chip;
therefore, the designer cannot add any external memory, I/O ports, or timer to it. The
fixed amount of on-chip ROM, RAM, and number of I/O ports in Microcontrollers
makes them ideal for many applications in which cost and space are critical.
In many applications, for example a TV remote control, there is no need for the
computing power of a 486 or even an 8086 microprocessor. These applications most
often require some I/O operations to read signals and turn on and off certain bits.
In the Literature discussing microprocessors, we often see the term Embedded
System. Microprocessors and Microcontrollers are widely used in embedded system
products. An embedded system product uses a microprocessor (or Microcontroller) to
do one task only. A printer is an example of embedded system since the processor inside
it performs one task only; namely getting the data and printing it. Contrast this with a
Pentium based PC. A PC can be used for any number of applications such as word
processor, print-server, bank teller terminal, Video game, network server, or Internet
terminal. Software for a variety of applications can be loaded and run. ofcourse the
reason a pc can perform myriad tasks is that it has RAM memory and an operating
system that loads the application software into RAM memory and lets the CPU run it.
PC contains or is connected to various embedded products such as keyboard,
printer, modem, disk controller, sound card, CD-ROM drives, mouse, and so on. Each
one of these peripherals has a Microcontroller inside it that performs only one task. For
example, inside every mouse there is a Microcontroller to perform the task of finding
the mouse position and sending it to the PC.
The system requirements and control specifications clearly rule out the use of
16,32or64 bit micro controllers or microprocessors. Systems using these may be earlier
to implement due to large number of internal features. They are also faster and more
reliable but, 8-bit micro controller satisfactorily serves the above application. Using an

5
inexpensive 8-bit Microcontroller will doom the 32-bit product failure in any
competitive market place.

Coming to the question of why to use AT89C51 of all the 8-bit microcontroller
available in the market the main answer would be because it has 4 K b on chip flash
memory which is just sufficient for our application. The on-chip Flash ROM allows the
program memory to be reprogrammed in system or by conventional non-volatile
memory Programmer. More over ATMEL is the leader in flash technology in today’s
market place and hence using AT 89C51 is the optimal solution.

2.2 INTEREST PIQUED IN EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

In a world that thrives on technological advancements, where devices and systems
intertwine seamlessly to enrich our lives, there’s a hidden realm of innovation called
embedded systems. Embedded systems play a fascinating role in our daily lives,
seamlessly integrated into the very core of modern technology. They power the devices
we depend on daily, such as smartphones, wearables, smart homes, and even
autonomous vehicles. If you are captivated by the intersection of hardware and
software and its limitless possibilities, a career in embedded systems might be the
perfect pathway to channel your passion for innovation.
As technology continues its relentless march forward, the demand for skilled
professionals who can navigate the complex realm of embedded systems has reached
unprecedented heights. From consumer electronics to automotive and healthcare
industries, the need for talented embedded engineers has skyrocketed, driven by the
ever-expanding scope of connected devices and the rapid growth of the Internet of
Things (IoT).
The proliferation of the Internet of Things has propelled the demand for embedded
engineers to new heights. Markets and Markets reports that the global IoT market size
is expected to reach a staggering $650.5 billion by 2026, with a compound annual
growth rate of 16.7%. This exponential growth necessitates a robust workforce of
skilled professionals who can design and develop intricate embedded systems that
power IoT devices.

6
 CHAPTER III

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE SPECIFICATION

3.1 AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION SYSTEM BY EMBEDDED SYSTEM

The logic of this system is very simple. In this system, the moisture sensor senses
the moisture level of the soil and when the sensor senses a low moisture level it
automatically switches the water pump with the help of a microcontroller and irrigates
the plant. After supplying sufficient water, the soil gets retains the moisture hence
automatically stopping the pump.

Soil Moisture Sensor

The working of the soil moisture sensor is very easy to understand. It has 2 probes
with exposed contacts that act like a variable resistor whose resistance varies according
to the water content in the soil. This resistance is inversely proportional to the soil
moisture which means that higher water in the soil means better conductivity and hence
a lower resistance. While the lower water in the soil means poor conductivity and will
result in higher resistance. The sensor produces an analog voltage output according to
the resistance. The sensor comes with an electronic module that connects the probe to
the Arduino. The module has an LM393 High Precision Comparator which converts
the analog signal to a Digital Output which is fed to the microcontroller.

Fig.3.1 Soil Moisture Sensor

7
Pump
We need a small pump to irrigate the plant, but in the case of a garden, we need to drive
a larger pump that can provide a higher volume of water depending on the size of your
garden. So in case you need to operate a larger pump, a driver is necessary to provide
enough current for the pump, to show that I am using a 5v relay. You can also use an
AC-powered pump and use a suitable relay.

Fig.3.2 Pump
3.2 COMPONENTS REQUIRED FOR THE AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION
SYSTEM

Fig.3.3 components required for automatic irrigation system

The work requires very few components and the connection is also very simple. The
components are listed below:
 Arduino-1
 moisture sensor-1
 5v relay module-1
 6v Mini water pump with small pipe-1

8
  Connecting wires
 5v battery-1

3.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Fig.3.4 Block diagram of Automatic Irrigation System

3.3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION

1. POWER SUPPLY
In this system we are using 5V power supply for micro-controller of Transmitter
section as well as receiver section. We use rectifiers for converting the A.C. into D.C
and a stepdown transformer to step down the voltage. The full description of the Power
supply section is given in this documentation in the following sections i.e. hardware
components.

2. MICRO CONTROLLER
In this work work the micro-controller is playing a major role. Micro-controllers were
originally used as components in complicated process-control systems. However,

9
because of their small size and low price, Micro-controllers are now also being used in
regulators for individual control loops.
The purpose of this work work is to present control theory that is relevant to the
analysis and design of Micro-controller system with an emphasis on basic concept and
ideas. It is assumed that a Microcontroller with reasonable software is available for
computations and simulations so that many tedious details can be left to the
Microcontroller. The control system design is also carried out up to the stage of
implementation in the form of controller programs in assembly language OR in C-
Language.

Fig.3.5 Micro controller (Arduino)

3. LCD DISPLAY SECTION
This section is basically meant to show up the status of the work. This work makes use
of Liquid Crystal Display to display/prompt for necessary information.

Fig.3.6 LCD Display Section

10
4. LM324 OP AMP
This device consists of 14 pins. It consists of four independent, high gain, internally
frequency compensated operational amplifiers which were designed specifically to
operate from a single power supply over a wide range of voltages. Operation from split
power supplies is also possible and the low power supply current drain is independent
of the magnitude of the power supply voltage.

Fig.3.7 LM324 OP AMP

5. MOISTURE SENSOR
A soil moisture sensor is a water conservation accessory for conventional automatic
irrigation controllers or time clocks with the potential for eliminating excessive
irrigation cycles. The device connects to a typical residential system and consists of a
sensor that is buried in the root zone of the irrigated area and a control unit that is placed
near the irrigation time clock. The irrigation time clock is programmed normally, but
when irrigation is scheduled to occur, the soil moisture sensor is queried.

Fig.3.8 Moisture Sensor

11
6. DC MOTOR
An electric motor is a machine which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
DC motors are configured in many types and sizes, including brush less, servo, and gear
motor types. A motor consists of a rotor and a permanent magnetic field stator. The
magnetic field is maintained using either permanent magnets or electromagnetic
windings. DC motors are most commonly used in variable speed and torque.

Fig.3.9 DC Motor
6.MOTOR DRIVING CIRCUIT
Motor driving circuit is a relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the
control of another electrical circuit. In the original form, the switch is operated by an
electromagnet to open or close one or many sets of contacts.

Fig.3.10 Motor driving circuit

12
7.RELAY
A relay is an electronically operated switch that is remotely activated by an
electromagnet which pulls a set of contacts to either make or break a circuit.

Fig.3.11 Relay

13
 CHAPTER IV

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 FLOWCHART

Fig.4.1 flow chart of automatic irrigation system

where m – detected moisture level x – threshold moisture level.

4.2 FLOW DIAGRAM

Fig.4.2 flow diagram of automatic irrigation system

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4.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF ARDUINO AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION
SYSTEM
The complete circuit diagram for the Arduino Automatic irrigation system is shown
below:

Fig.4.3 Circuit diagram of Arduino Automatic irrigation system

The Arduino UNO is the brain of this whole work. It controls the motor pump
according to the moisture in the soil which is given by the moisture sensor.
To power the circuit, I am using an external Battery. You can use any 9v or 12-volt
battery. The battery is connected to the Vin and ground pins of Arduino and we can
also connect the motor to this battery via a relay. Moisture sensor output is connected
to the analog pin of Arduino. Do remember to use the Arduino’s 5volt pin to power the
sensor and relay module.

4.4 ASSEMBLING THE AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Let's start with connecting the relay to the Arduino board. Connect the VCC of the
relay module to the 5v pin of the Arduino and connect the ground of the relay to the
ground of Arduino. Now connect the relay signal pin to any digital pin of Arduino
except pin 13. Here I have connected it to pin 3 as shown in the image below.

15
 Fig.4.4 Assembling the automatic irrigation system-1
The next step is to connect the soil moisture sensor with the Arduino. Connect the VCC
and ground of the sensor to the 5volt and ground pin of the Arduino. The analogue
output of the sensor connects to any analogue pin of the Arduino, here I’ve connected
it to pin A0 (according to our program).

Fig.4.5 Assembling the automatic irrigation system-2

Finally, connect the pump to the relay module. A relay module has 3 connection points
which are common, normally closed, and normally open. We have to connect the pump
positive to common and connect the normally open pin to the positive of the battery.
You have to select the battery as per your pump. The next step is to connect the ground
of the pump to the ground of the Arduino and finally, connect the small hose to the
water pump.

16
Now connect the battery to the circuit and if the pump starts working then your circuit
is okay. Now let's upload code to Arduino.

4.5 EXPLANATION OF THE CODE FOR THE AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION

SYSTEM
For this work, we are not using any library we are just using the basic functions for
programming. The code is very simple and easy to use. The explanation of the code is
as follows.
We start by defining all the required integers here I used two integers for storing the
soil moisture and the converted moisture percentage.

int soilMoistureValue = 0;
int percentage=0;

Now, we define the pin mode, here I have used pin 3 as an output and in the next line,
I have initialised Serial Monitor for debugging.

void setup() {
pinMode(3,OUTPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
}

I started the loop section by reading the soil moisture. I used the analog Read function
of Arduino to read the soil moisture and I stored that in soil Moisture Value. This value
varies from 0 to 1023

void loop() {
soilMoistureValue = analogRead(A0);

In the below line, I have converted the sensor values from 0-100 percent for that we use
the map function on Arduino. That means that if the soil is dry then the output moisture
percentage is 0% and if the soil is extremely wet then the moisture percentage is 100%.

percentage = map(soilMoistureValue, 490, 1023, 0, 100);

Serial.println(percentage);

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4.6 CALIBRATING OUR MOISTURE SENSOR
In the map function, we need to assign the dry value and wet value. To do that we need
to monitor that values. You can read that values using the following code:

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
int sensorValue = analogRead(A0);
Serial.println(sensorValue);
delay(1);

Upload the above code to your Arduino and open the serial monitor. Then place your
soil moisture sensor in dry soil or just hold the sensor in the air and read the value. now
put that value in place of 490(second term of map function).
The next step is to place the sensor in wet soil or submerge it in water and read the
value and assign that value in place of 1023 (third term of map function). These values
will calibrate your sensors correctly to get better results.

Fig.4.6 Writing of code

After converting the value we can control the pump according to the soil moisture
percentage. With the help of ‘If condition’, I write the first condition, if the moisture

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percentage goes below 10, then the Arduino will turn pin 3 to LOW and the pump will
turn on (our relay module uses the active low signal to trigger) and the Arduino will
print pump on message in the serial monitor.

If (percentage < 10)

{
Serial.println(" pump on");
digitalWrite(3,LOW);
}

Fig.4.7 selecting com 3 for the operation

When the moisture percentage goes above 80 percent ( indicating soil is filled with
water) the Arduino will turn off the pump and print the ‘pump off’ on the serial monitor.

if(percentage >80)
{
Serial.println("pump off");
digitalWrite(3,HIGH);
}
}

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4.7 Testing the Automatic Irrigation System
After uploading the code to the Arduino, I placed the whole circuit except the pump
and sensor probe in a plastic box as shown in the figure below.

Fig.4.8 Sensor probe in a plastic box

Now place the moisture sensor into the soil. Place the sensor as close to the roots of the
plants as possible for higher accuracy.

Fig.4.9 Moisture sensor into the soil

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The final step is to place your motor in a container filled with water and your automatic
irrigation is ready to take care of your lovely plants when you are not around.

Fig.4.10 Motor placed in a container filled with water

You might have to change the moisture percentage to start and stop the pump as
different plants have different water requirements. Hope you enjoyed the work and are
ready to build your own automatic irrigation system using Arduino. If you have any
questions, you can leave them in the comment section below.
Code
int soilMoistureValue = 0;
int percentage=0;
void setup() {
pinMode(3,OUTPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
soilMoistureValue = analogRead(A0);
Serial.println(percentage);
percentage = map(soilMoistureValue, 490, 1023, 100, 0);
if(percentage < 10)

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{
Serial.println(" pump on");
digitalWrite(3,LOW);
}
if(percentage >80)
{
Serial.println("pump off");
digitalWrite(3,HIGH);
}
}

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 CHAPTER V

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

5.1 RESULT
The results obtained from operational test of the system.

Table.5.1 results obtained from operational test of the system

5.2 CONCLUSION
In present days especially farmers are facing major problems in watering their
agriculture fields, it’s because they have no proper idea about when the power is
available so that they can pump water. Even after then they need to wait until the field
is properly watered, which makes them to stop doing other activities. Here is an idea
which helps not only farmers even for watering the gardens also, which senses the soil
moisture and switches the pump automatically when the power is ON. Electronic
Gardner is a prototype for an automatic irrigation system that can be used in wide
landscapes. Properly installed, maintain and managed system can be implemented in
large fields like public gardens, lawns, golf fields etc.
It can be seen that the combination of hardware and software provides a irrigation
controller that can be implemented at relatively low cost and which is extremely user
friendly. From the point of view of working at remote place the developed

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microcontroller base irrigation system can work constantly for indefinite time period,
even in certain abnormal circumstances. If the plants get water at the proper time then
it helps to increase the production from 25 to 30 %. This system can be used to irrigate
very large areas as it only needs to divide the whole land into number of sectors and
single microcontroller can control the whole process. It saves human energy, time, cost,
etc.

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 REFERENCES

1. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-of-embedded-systems-set-1/

2.https://www.scribd.com/document/354423005/1-Introduction-to-Embedded-
Systems

3. https://www.scribd.com/doc/45628858/Mini-Work-Documentation#

4. https://www.scribd.com/doc/62652186/Automatic-Irrigation-System

5.https://circuitdigest.com/microcontroller-works/automatic-irrigation-system-using-
arduino-uno

6.https://www.techtarget.com/iotagenda/definition/embedded-
system#:~:text=An%20embedded%20system%20is%20a,or%20have%20a%20fixed
%20functionality.

7. Embedded-Systems-Architecture-Programming-and-Design-Raj-Kamal-Second
(2nd)-Edition

8.Microcontrollers and Embedded Systems by Anurag Arora.

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 STANLEY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN

Internship Title: Automatic Irrigation System

Guide/Supervisor: R. Aarti
Assistant Professor

Student Name(s): Kalvakolla Kranthi(160621735084)

Academic Year: 2023-2024

Conclusion of the Internship:

Integrating features of all the hardware components used have been developed in it.
Presence of every module has been reasoned out and placed carefully, thus contributing
to the best working of the unit. Secondly, using highly advanced IC‘s with the help of
growing technology, the work has been successfully implemented. Thus the work has
been successfully designed and tested.
PO Mapping:

Name of the CO Description of the application,

course Number page number in the report Attained
Attained PO
PSO
Embedded EC701.4 Unit 1. Automatic Irrigation
System System
PO1,PO2,PO5

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