JEE Main

CHAPTERWISE
SOLUTIONS
2019-2002

Mathematics
All the 16 Question Papers
of JEE Main Online 2019 (Jan & Apr Attempt)
 JEE Main
CHAPTERWISE
SOLUTIONS
2019-2002

Mathematics
All the 16 Question Papers
of JEE Main Online 2019 (Jan & Apr Attempt)

ARIHANT PRAKASHAN (Series), MEERUT

Arihant Prakashan (Series), Meerut
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PREFACE
JEE Main is a gateway examination for candidates expecting to seek
admission in Bachelor in Engineering (BE), Bachelor of Technology
(B.Tech) and Bachelor of Architecture (B.Arch) at Indian Institutes of
Information Technology (IIITs), National Institutes of Technology (NITs),
Delhi Technological University and other Centrally Funded Technical
Institutes (CFTIs).
JEE Main is also an examination which is like screening examination for
JEE Advanced (The gateway examination to India's most reputed
Technical Institutes, Indian Institutes of Technology IITs).
To make the students well-versed with the pattern as well as the level
of the questions asked in the exam, this book contains Chapterwise
Solutions of Questions asked in Last 18 Years’ Examinations of
JEE Main (formerly known as AIEEE). Solutions to all the questions
have been kept very detailed and accurate. Along with the indication
of level of the exam, this book will also teach you to solve the
questions objectively in the examination.
To give the students a complete practice, along with Chapterwise
Solutions, this book contains 5 Practice Sets, based exactly on JEE Main
Syllabus and Pattern. By practicing these sets, students can attain
efficiency in Time Management during the examination.
We hope this book would be highly beneficial for the students. We
would be grateful if any discrepancy or mistake in the questions or
answers is brought to our notice so that these could be rectified in
subsequent editions.

Publisher
CONTENTS

1. Sets, Relations and Functions 1-17

2. Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations 18-42

3. Matrices and Determinants 43-68

4. Permutations and Combinations 69-76

5. Mathematical Induction 77-78

6. Binomial Theorem and Its Simple Applications 79-91

7. Sequences and Series 92-112

8. Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 113-161

9. Integral Calculus 162-201

10. Differential Equations 202-214

11. Coordinate Geometry 215-276

12. Three Dimensional Geometry 277-301

13. Vector Algebra 302-317

14. Statistics and Probability 318-340

15. Trigonometry 341-369

16. Mathematical Reasoning 370-376

PRACTICE SETS for JEE MAIN

Practice Set 1 379-386

Practice Set 2 387-395

Practice Set 3 396-404

Practice Set 4 405-412

Practice Set 5 413-421

SYLLABUS
UNIT 1 Sets, Relations and Functions UNIT 6 Binomial Theorem and
Sets and their representation; Union, its Simple Applications
intersection and complement of sets and their Binomial theorem for a positive integral index,
algebraic properties; Power set; Relation, Types of general term and middle term, properties of
relations, equivalence relations, functions;. one- Binomial coefficients and simple applications.
one, into and onto functions, composition of
functions. UNIT 7 Sequences and Series
Arithmetic and Geometric progressions,
UNIT 2 Complex Numbers and insertion of arithmetic, geometric means
Quadratic Equations between two given numbers. Relation between
Complex numbers as ordered pairs of reals, A.M. and G.M. Sum upto n terms of special
Representation of complex numbers in the form a series: ∑ n, ∑ n2, ∑ n3. Arithmetico - Geometric
+ib and their representation in a plane, Argand progression.
diagram, algebra of complex numbers, modulus
and argument (or amplitude) of a complex UNIT 8 Limit, Continuity
number, square root of a complex number, and Differentiability
triangle inequality, Quadratic equations in real Real valued functions, algebra of functions,
and complex number system and their solutions. polynomials, rational, trigonometric,
Relation between roots and co-efficients, nature of logarithmic and exponential functions, inverse
roots, formation of quadratic equations with given functions. Graphs of simple functions. Limits,
roots. continuity and differentiability.
UNIT 3 Matrices and Determinants Differentiation of the sum, difference, product
Matrices, algebra of matrices, types of matrices, and quotient of two functions. Differentiation of
determinants and matrices of order two and three. trigonometric, inverse trigonometric,
Properties of determinants, evaluation of deter- logarithmic exponential, composite and implicit
minants, area of triangles using determinants. functions derivatives of order upto two. Rolle's
Adjoint and evaluation of inverse of a square and Lagrange's Mean Value Theorems.
matrix using determinants and elementary Applications of derivatives: Rate of change of
transformations, Test of consistency and solution quantities, monotonic - increasing and
of simultaneous linear equations in two or three decreasing functions, Maxima and minima of
variables using determinants and matrices. functions of one variable, tangents and normals.

UNIT 4 Permutations and Combinations UNIT 9 Integral Calculus

Fundamental principle of counting, permutation Integral as an anti - derivative. Fundamental
as an arrangement and combination as selection, integrals involving algebraic, trigonometric,
Meaning of P (n,r) and C (n,r), simple applications. exponential and logarithmic functions.
Integration by substitution, by parts and by
UNIT 5 Mathematical Induction partial fractions. Integration using trigonometric
Principle of Mathematical Induction and its simple identities.
applications. Evaluation of simple integrals of the type
 dx , dx , dx , dx , and a circle with the centre at the origin and
x2 ± a2 Öx 2 ± a 2 a2 – x2 2
Öa – x 2 condition for a line to be tangent to a circle,
equation of the tangent. Sections of cones,
dx , dx , (px + q) dx , equations of conic sections (parabola, ellipse and
2
ax + bx + c Öax 2 + bx + c ax 2 + bx + c hyperbola) in standard forms, condition for y =
(px + q) dx ,
mx + c to be a tangent and point (s) of tangency.
Öax 2 + bx + c Öa 2 ± x 2 dx and Öx 2 – a 2 dx
UNIT 12 Three Dimensional Geometry
Integral as limit of a sum. Fundamental Theorem of Coordinates of a point in space, distance between
Calculus. Properties of definite integrals. Evaluation of two points, section formula, direction ratios and
definite integrals, determining areas of the regions direction cosines, angle between two intersecting
bounded by simple curves in standard form. lines. Skew lines, the shortest distance between
them and its equation. Equations of a line and a
UNIT 10 Differential Equations plane in different forms, intersection of a line and a
Ordinary differential equations, their order and degree. plane, coplanar lines.
Formation of differential equations. Solution of UNIT 13 Vector Algebra
differential equations by the method of separation of
variables, solution of homogeneous and linear Vectors and scalars, addition of vectors, components
differential equations of the type dy +p (x) y = q(x) of a vector in two dimensions and three dimensional
dx space, scalar and vector products, scalar and vector
triple product.
UNIT 11 Coordinate Geometry
Cartesian system of rectangular coordinates in a plane, UNIT 14 Statistics and Probability
distance formula, section formula, locus and its Measures of Dispersion: Calculation of mean,
equation, translation of axes, slope of a line, parallel median, mode of grouped and ungrouped data.
and perpendicular lines, intercepts of a line on the Calculation of standard deviation, variance and
coordinate axes. mean deviation for grouped and ungrouped data.
Probability: Probability of an event, addition and
Ÿ Straight lines
multiplication theorems of probability, Baye's
Various forms of equations of a line, intersection of theorem, probability distribution of a random
lines, angles between two lines, conditions for variate, Bernoulli trials and Binomial distribution.
concurrence of three lines, distance of a point from
a line, equations of internal and external bisectors UNIT 15 Trigonometry
of angles between two lines, coordinates of Trigonometrical identities and equations.
centroid, orthocentre and circumcentre of a Trigonometrical functions. Inverse trigonometrical
triangle, equation of family of lines passing functions and their properties. Heights and
through the point of intersection of two lines. Distances.
Ÿ Circles, conic sections UNIT 16 Mathematical Reasoning
Standard form of equation of a circle, general form
Statements, logical operations and implies, implied
of the equation of a circle, its radius and centre,
by, if and only if. Understanding of tautology,
equation of a circle when the end points of a
contradiction, converse and contra positive.
diameter are given, points of intersection of a line
1
Sets, Relations and
Functions
1 - x  2x  2. Let f ( x ) = a x (a > 0) be written as
1. If f ( x ) = loge   ,| x | < 1, then f   is
1 + x 1 + x2 f ( x ) = f1( x ) + f 2( x ), where f1( x ) is an even
equal to function and f 2( x ) is an odd function. Then
(a) 2 f ( x ) (b) 2 f ( x 2 ) f1( x + y ) + f 1( x - y ) equals
(c) ( f ( x ))2 (d) -2 f ( x ) (a) 2 f 1 ( x + y ) ⋅ f 2 ( x - y )
[JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-I] (b) 2 f 1 ( x + y ) ⋅ f 1 ( x - y )
(c) 2 f 1 ( x ) ⋅ f 2 ( y )
Exp. (a)
(d) 2 f 1 ( x ) ⋅ f 1 ( y ) [JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-II]
1 - x
Given, f( x) = loge   ,| x| < 1, then
 1 + x Exp. (d)
1- 2x  Given, function f( x) = a x , a > 0 is written as sum of
 
 2x   1 + x2    2x   an even and odd functions f1( x) and f2 ( x)
f  
2
= log e ! < 1 respectively.
1 + x   2 x  2
1 +  1 + x  
 1+ x  2  a x + a- x a x - a- x
Clearly, f1( x) = and f2 ( x) =
2 2
 1 + x2 - 2 x 
  So, f1( x + y) + f1( x - y)
 1 + x2  1 1
= loge  2  = [a x + y + a - ( x + y ) ] + [a x - y + a - ( x - y ) ]
1+ x + 2x 2 2
 1 + x2 
  1 1 ax ay 
2
=  a x ay + x y + y + x 
 (1 - x)2  1 - x 2 a a a a 
= loge   = loge 
2

(1 x )  1 + x 1 x y 1 1  1 
 +  = a  a + y  + x  y + ay 
1 - x 2   a  a a  
m
= 2 loge   [!loge| A| = mloge| A|] 1 x 1  y 1
 1 + x = a + x  a + y 
2 a   a 
 1 - x
= 2f( x) ! f( x) = loge    a x + a- x   ay + a- y 
  1 + x  = 2    = 2 f1( x) ⋅ f1( y)
 2   2 
2 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

So, n( A ∩ B ) = 17 and n( A ∩ B) = 12
3. If the function f : R - {1, - 1} Æ A defined by
According to the question, Percentage of the
x2 population who look into advertisement is
f (x ) = , is surjective, then A is equal to
1 - x2 =
30
× n( A ∩ B ) + 
40
× n( A ∩ B)
 100   100 
(a) R - { -1} (b) [0, ∞ )
50
(c) R - [-1, 0) (d) R - ( -1, 0) +  × n( A ∩ B)
[JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-I]  100 
30 40 50
Exp. (c) =  × 17  +  × 12  +  × 8
 100   100   100 
Given, function f : R – {1, - 1} Æ A defined as = 5 .1 + 4 .8 + 4 = 13 .9
x2
f ( x) = = y (let)
1 - x2 5. The domain of the definition of the function
⇒ x2 = y(1 - x2 ) [! x2 ≠ 1] 1
f (x ) = + log 10( x 3 - x ) is
⇒ 2
x (1 + y) = y 4 - x2
y (a) ( -1, 0) ∪ (1, 2 ) ∪ ( 3, ∞ )
⇒ x2 = [provided y ≠ -1] (b) ( -2 , - 1) ∪ ( -1, 0) ∪ ( 2 , ∞ )
1+ y
(c) ( -1, 0) ∪ (1, 2 ) ∪ ( 2 , ∞ )
! x2 ≥ 0 (d) (1, 2 ) ∪ ( 2 , ∞ ) [JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-II]
y
⇒ ≥0
1+ y Exp. (c)
⇒ y ∈ (-∞, - 1) ∪ [0, ∞ ) 1
Given function f( x) = + log10 ( x3 - x)
Since, for surjective function, range of 4 - x2
f = codomain For domain of f( x)
∴Set A should be R - [-1, 0). 4 - x2 ≠ 0 ⇒ x ≠ ± 2 …(i)
3
4. Two newspapers A and B are published in a and x - x> 0
city. It is known that 25% of the city ⇒ x( x - 1)( x + 1) > 0
population reads A and 20% reads B while From Wavy curve method,
8% reads both A and B. Further, 30% of those
who read A but not B look into + +
advertisements and 40% of those who read B –∞ +∞
– +1
but not A also look into advertisements, –1 0 –
while 50% of those who read both A and B
look into advertisements. Then, the
percentage of the population who look into From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get the domain of f( x) as
(-1, 0) ∪ (1, 2 ) ∪ (2, ∞ ).
advertisements is
(a) 13.5 (b) 13 (c) 12.8 (d) 13.9 6. Let f ( x ) = x 2 , x ∈R . For any A Õ R , define
[JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-II]
g ( A ) = { x ∈R : f ( x ) ∈ A }. If S =[0, 4], then
Exp. (d) which one of the following statements is not
Let the population of city is 100. true?
Then, n( A) = 25, n(B) = 20 and n( A ∩ B) = 8 (a) f ( g (S )) = S (b) g ( f (S )) ≠ S
(c) g ( f (S )) = g (S ) (d) f(g(S)) ≠ f (S )
A B U
[JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-I]
Exp. (c)
17 8 12
n(U)=100 Given, functions f( x) = x2 , x ∈ R
and g ( A) = { x ∈ R : f( x) ∈ A}; A Õ R
Now, for S = [0, 4]
Venn diagram g (S ) = { x ∈ R : f( x) ∈ S = [0, 4]}
Sets, Relations and Functions 3

= { x ∈ R : x2 ∈ [0, 4]}
8. Let A ,B andC be sets such that
= { x ∈ R: x ∈ [-2, 2 ]}
φ ≠ A ∩ B Õ C . Then, which of the following
⇒ g (S ) = [-2, 2 ] statements is not true?
So, f(g (S )) = [0, 4] = S (a) B ∩ C ≠ φ
Now, f(S ) = { x2 : x ∈ S = [0, 4]} = [0, 16] (b) If ( A - B ) Õ C , then A Õ C
and g (f(S )) = { x ∈ R : f( x) ∈ f(S ) = [0, 16]} (c) (C ∪ A ) ∩ (C ∪ B ) = C
= { x ∈ R : f( x) ∈ [0, 16]} (d) If ( A - C ) Õ B , then A Õ B
= { x ∈ R: x2 ∈ [0, 16]} [JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-II]
= { x ∈ R : x ∈ [-4, 4]}
Exp. (d)
= [-4 ,4]
From above, it is clear that g (f(S )) = g (S ). Key Idea Use Venn diagram for operations of sets.
 3 According to the question, we have the
7. For x ∈ 0,  , let f ( x ) = x , g ( x ) = tan x and
 2 following Venn diagram.
1 - x2 Here, A ∩ B Õ C
h( x ) = . If φ( x ) = ((hof )og )( x ), then and A ∩ B ≠ φ
1 + x2
 π C
φ   is equal to
 3 A B
π 11 π
(a) tan (b) tan
12 12
7π 5π
(c) tan (d) tan
12 12
[JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-I] A∩B

Exp. (b) Now, from the Venn diagram, it is clear that

Given, for x ∈(0, 3 / 2 ), functions B ∩ C ≠ φ, is true
f ( x) = x … (i)
Also, (C ∪ A) ∩ (C ∪ B) = C ∪ ( A ∩ B) = C is true.
g ( x) = tan x … (ii)
If ( A - B) Õ C, for this statement the Venn diagram
1 - x2
and h( x) = … (iii) is
1 + x2
Also given, φ( x) = ((hof )og )( x) = (hof ) (g ( x)) A B
= h(f(g ( x))) = h(f(tan x))
1 - ( tan x )2
= h( tan x ) = C
1 + ( tan x )2
1 - tan x π
= = tan - x From the Venn diagram, it is clear that
1 + tan x 4 
if A - B Õ C, then A Õ C.
π π π
Now, φ   = tan  -  Now, if ( A - C ) Õ B, for this statement the Venn
 3  4 3
diagram.
3π - 4π 
= tan  
 12 
A
π B
= tan  - 
 12 
π π
= - tan   = tan π - 
C
 12   12 
From the Venn diagram, it is clear that
11π 
= tan   A ∩ B ≠ φ, A ∩ B Õ C and A – C = φ Õ B but
 12  A Õ B.
4 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

1 One-one Let x1, x2 ∈ A such that

9. For x ∈R - {0, 1}, let f1( x ) = , f 2( x ) = 1 - x
x f( x1 ) = f( x2 )
1 2 x1 2 x2
and f 3( x ) = be three given functions. If ⇒ =
1-x x1 - 1 x2 - 1
a function, J (x) satisfies( f 2 °J °f1 )( x ) = f 3( x ), ⇒ 2 x1 x2 - 2 x1 = 2 x1 x2 - 2 x2
then J ( x ) is equal to ⇒ x1 = x2
[JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-I]
1 Thus, f( x1 ) = f( x2 ) has only one solution, x1 = x2
(a) f 2 ( x ) (b) f 3 ( x ) (c) f 1 ( x ) (d) f 3( x )
x ∴ f( x) is one-one (injective)
Exp. (b) 2 ×2
Onto Let x = 2, then f(2 ) = =4
2 -1
We have,
1 1 But x = 2 is not in the domain, and f( x) is one-one
f1( x) = , f2 ( x) = 1 - x and f3 ( x) = function
x 1- x
∴ f( x) can never be 4.
Also, we have (f2 o J o f1 )( x) = f3 ( x)
Similarly, f( x) can not take many values.
⇒ f2 ((Jo f1 )( x)) = f3 ( x) Hence, f( x) is into (not surjective).
⇒ f2 (J (f1( x)) = f3 ( x) ∴ f( x) is injective but not surjective.
1
⇒ 1 - J(f1( x)) = 11. Let f : R Æ R be a function such that
1- x
1 f ( x ) = x 3 + x 2 f ′ (1) + xf ′ ′ (2 ) + f ′′′( 3), x ∈R .
[!f2 ( x) = 1 - x and f3 ( x) =
]
1- x Then, f (2 ) equals [JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-I]
1 1 1 (a) 30 (b) - 4
⇒ 1 - J   = [! f1( x) = ]
 x 1 - x x (c) - 2 (d) 8
 1 1 1- x - 1 -x
⇒ J  = 1- = = Exp. (c)
 x 1- x 1- x 1- x
We have,
1
Now, put = X, then f( x) = x3 + x2 f ′(1) + xf ′ ′(2 ) + f ′ ′ ′(3)
x
-1 ⇒ f ′( x) = 3 x2 + 2 xf ′(1) + f ′ ′(2 ) … (i)
J( X ) = X ! x = 1 
⇒ f ′ ′( x) = 6 x + 2 f ′(1) … (ii)
1  X 
1- ⇒ f ′ ′ ′ ( x) = 6 … (iii)
X
-1 1 ⇒ f′ ′ ′(3) = 6
= =
X - 1 1- X Putting x = 1in Eq. (i), we get
⇒ J( X ) = f3 ( X ) or J( x) = f3 ( x) f ′(1) = 3 + 2 f ′(1) + f ′ ′(2 ) … (iv)
and putting x = 2 in Eq. (ii), we get
10. Let A = { x ∈R : x is not a positive integer}. f ′ ′(2 ) = 12 + 2 f ′(1) …(v)
2x From Eqs. (iv) and (v), we get
Define a function f : A Æ R as f ( x ) = ,
x -1 f ′(1) = 3 + 2 f ′(1) + (12 + 2 f ′(1))
then f is [JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-II]
⇒ 3f′(1) = - 15
(a) injective but not surjective
⇒ f′(1) = - 5
(b) not injective
(c) surjective but not injective ⇒ f′ ′(2 ) = 12 + 2 (- 5) = 2 [using Eq. (v)]
(d) neither injective nor surjective ∴ f( x) = x3 + x2 f ′(1) + xf ′ ′(2 ) + f ′ ′ ′(3)

Exp. (a) ⇒ f ( x) = x 3 - 5 x 2 + 2 x + 6

We have a function f : A Æ R defined as ⇒ f(2 ) = 2 3 - 5(2 )2 + 2(2 ) + 6

2x = 8 - 20 + 4 + 6 = - 2
f ( x) =
x-1
Sets, Relations and Functions 5

12. In a class of 140 students numbered 1 to 140, 13. Let N be the set of natural numbers and two
all even numbered students opted functions f and g be defined as
Mathematics course, those whose number f , g : N Æ N such that
is divisible by 3 opted Physics course and n + 1
those whose number is divisible by 5 opted ; if n is odd

Chemistry course. Then, the number of f (n ) =  2
n
students who did not opt for any of the three  ; if n is even
courses is [JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-I]
 2
and g (n ) = n - ( -1)n . Then, fog is
(a) 42 (b) 102 (c) 38 (d) 1
[JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-II]
Exp. (c) (a) one-one but not onto
(b) onto but not one-one
A B
(c) both one-one and onto
(d) neither one-one nor onto
C Exp. (b)
 n + 1, if n is odd
Let A be the set of even numbered students 
Given, f(n) =  2
then n( A) = 
140 
= 70  n , if n is even,
 2  2
n + 1 , if n is odd
([.] denotes greatest integer function) andg (n) = n - (-1)n = 
Let B be the set of those students whose number n - 1, if n is even
is divisible by 3, f(n + 1), if n is odd
Now, f(g (n)) = 
140  f(n - 1), if n is even
then n(B) =  = 46
 3   n + 1, if n is odd

([.] denotes greatest integer function) = 2 = f ( x)
Let C be the set of those students whose number  n - 1 + 1 = n , if n is even
 2 2
is divisible by 5,
140  [!if n is odd, then (n + 1) is even and
then n(C ) =  = 28 if n is even, then (n - 1) is odd]
 5 
Clearly, function is not one-one as f(2 ) = f(1) = 1
([.] denotes greatest integer function)
140  But it is onto function.
Now, n( A ∩ B) =  = 23 [!if m ∈ N (codomain) is odd, then 2m ∈ N
 6 
(domain) such that f(2 m) = m and
(numbers divisible by both 2 and 3)
if m ∈ N codomain is even, then
140 
n(B ∩C ) =  =9 2 m - 1 ∈ N (domain) such that f(2 m - 1) = m]
 15 
∴Function is onto but not one-one.
(numbers divisible by both 3 and 5)
140  x
n(C ∩ A) =  = 14 14. Let f : R Æ R be defined by f ( x ) = ,
 10  1 + x2
x ∈R. Then, the range of f is
(numbers divisible by both 2 and 5)
140  [JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-I]
n( A ∩ B ∩ C ) =  =4 1 1
 30  (a)  - ,  (b) ( -1,1) - {0}
 2 2 
(numbers divisible by 2, 3 and 5)
1 1
and n( A ∪ B ∪C ) (c) R -  - ,  (d) R - [-1,1]
 2 2 
= Σn( A) - Σn( A ∩ B) + n( A ∩ B ∩C )
= (70 + 46 + 28 ) - (23 + 9 + 14) + 4 = 102 Exp. (a)
∴ Number of students who did not opt any of the x
three courses We have, f( x) = , x∈R
1 + x2
= Total students - n( A ∪ B ∪C ) = 140 - 102 = 38
6 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Ist Method f( x) is an odd function and maximum 1

occur at x = 1
15. Let fk ( x ) = (sink x + cosk x ) for k = 1, 2 , 3 ... .
k
Y
(1, 1/2)
Then, for all x ∈R , the value of f 4 ( x ) - f 6 ( x ) is
1
y=
2
equal to [JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift I]
–1 1 5 -1 1
X (a) (b) (c) (d)
O1 12 12 12 4
1
y= –
(–1, 1/2)
2 Exp. (a)
We have,
From the graph it is clear that range of f( x) is 1
- 1 , 1  fk ( x) = (sink x + cos k x), k = 1, 2, 3, …
k
 2 2 
1
1 ∴ (sin4 x + cos 4 x)
f4 ( x) =
IInd Method f( x) = 4
1
x+ 1
x = ((sin2 x + cos 2 x)2 - 2 sin2 xcos 2 x)
1 4
If x > 0, then by AM ≥ GM , we get x + ≥ 2 1 1
x =  1 - (sin2 x)2 
1 1 4 2 
⇒ ≤
1 2 1 1 2
x+ = - sin 2 x
x 4 8
1 1
⇒ 0 < f ( x) ≤ and f6 ( x) = (sin6 x + cos 6 x)
2 6
1 1
If x < 0, then by AM ≥ GM , we get x + ≤ -2 = {(sin2 x + cos 2 x)3 - 3sin2 xcos 2 x
x 6
1 1
⇒ ≥- (sin2 x + cos 2 x)}
1 2
x+ 1 3
x = 1 - (2 sin xcos x)2 
6 4 
1
⇒ – ≤ f ( x) < 0 1 1 2
2 = - sin 2 x
6 8
0 1 1 3-2 1
If x = 0, then f( x) = =0 Now, f4 ( x) - f6 ( x) = - = =
1+ 0 4 6 12 12
1 1
Thus, - ≤ f( x) ≤
2 2 16. Let a function f :(0, ∞ ) Æ (0, ∞ ) be defined
1 1 1
Hence, f( x) ∈  - ,  by f ( x ) = 1 - . Then, f is
 2 2  x
IIIrd Method [JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-II]
x (a) injective only
Let y = ⇒ yx2 - x + y = 0
1 + x2 (b) both injective as well as surjective
! x ∈ R, so D≥ 0 (c) not injective but it is surjective
(d) neither injective nor surjective
⇒ 1 - 4 y2 ≥ 0
⇒ (1- 2 y) (1 + 2 y) ≥ 0 Exp. (d)
1 1 - ( x - 1), if 0 < x ≤ 1
⇒ y ∈ - ,  | x - 1| 
 2 2  We have, f( x) = = x
x x-1
+
 , if x > 1
– –  x
–1/2 1/2  1 - 1, if 0 < x ≤ 1

= x
1 1 1
So, range is  - ,  . 1 - , if x > 1
 2 2   x
Sets, Relations and Functions 7

Now, let us draw the graph of y = f( x) occurs = 2 50 - 1

Note that when x Æ 0, then f( x) Æ ∞, when x = 1, So, the required number of non-empty subsets of
then f( x) = 0, and when x Æ ∞, then f( x) Æ 1 ‘S’ such that product of elements is even.
Y = (2 100 - 1) - (2 50 - 1)
= 2 100 - 2 50 = 2 50(2 50 - 1).

x=0 19. Let Z be the set of integers. If

2
y=1 A = { x ∈ Z : 2( x + 2 ) ( x - 5x + 6 ) = 1} and
B = { x ∈ Z : - 3 < 2 x - 1 < 9}, then the number
X of subsets of the set A × B , is
O 1 y=0 [JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-II]
Clearly, f( x)is not injective because if f( x) < 1, then f (a) 212 (b) 218 (c) 215 (d) 210
is many one, as shown in figure. Exp. (c)
Also, f( x)is not surjective because range of f( x)is [ 2
0, ∞[ and but in problem co-domain is (0, ∞ ), which Given, set A = { x ∈ Z : 2( x + 2 )( x -5 x+ 6)
= 1}
is wrong. Consider, 2
2
( x+ 2) ( x -5 x+ 6)
= 1 = 2º
∴f ( x) is neither injective nor surjective ⇒ ( x + 2 ) ( x - 3) ( x - 2 ) = 0
⇒ x = -2, 2, 3
17. The number of functions f from {1, 2, 3, … ,
⇒ A = {-2, 2, 3}
20} onto {1, 2, 3, … , 20} such that f (k ) is a
Also, we have set B = { x ∈ Z : - 3 < 2 x - 1 < 9}
multiple of 3, wheneverk is a multiple of 4, is
[JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-II] Consider, -3 < 2 x - 1 < 9, x ∈ Z
(a) (15)! × 6! (b) 56 × 15 ⇒ -2 < 2 x < 10, x ∈ Z
⇒ -1 < x < 5, x ∈ Z
(c) 5 ! × 6 ! (d) 65 × (15)!
⇒ B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
Exp. (a) So, A × B has 15 elements.
According to given information, we have if ∴ Number of subsets of A × B = 215 .
k ∈{4, 8, 12, 16, 20} [!if n( A) = m, the number
Then, f(k ) ∈ {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18} of possible subsets = 2 m ]
[!codomain (f ) = {1, 2, 3, …, 20}]
Now, we need to assign the value of f(k ) for 20. If the function f given by
k ∈ {4, 8, 12, 16, 20} this can be done in 6 C 5 ⋅ 5! f ( x ) = x 3 - 3(a - 2 ) x 2 + 3ax + 7, for some
ways = 6 ⋅ 5! = 6! and remaining 15 element can a ∈R is increasing in (0, 1] and decreasing
be associated by 15! ways. in [1, 5), then a root of the equation,
∴Total number of onto functions = 15 16 = 15! 6! f ( x ) - 14
= 0 ( x ≠ 1) is
( x - 1)2
18. Let S = {1, 2 , 3,... , 100}. The number of [JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-I]
non-empty subsets A of S such that the (a) - 7 (b) 6 (c) 7 (d) 5
product of elements in A is even, is Exp. (c)
[JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-I]
Given that function,
(a) 2 50 ( 2 50 - 1) (b) 2 50 - 1
f( x) = x3 - 3 (a - 2 ) x2 + 3ax + 7, for some a ∈ R
(c) 2 50 + 1 (d) 2100 - 1
is increasing in (0, 1] and decreasing in [1, 5).
Exp. (a) f′(1) = 0 [!tangent at x = 1will be parallel to X-axis]

Given, set S = {1, 2, 3, ... ,100}. Total number of ⇒ (3 x2 - 6(a - 2 ) x + 3a) x = 1 = 0

non-empty subsets of ‘S’ = 2 100 - 1 ⇒ 3 - 6(a - 2 ) + 3a = 0
Now, numbers of non-empty subsets of ‘S’ in ⇒ 3 - 6a + 12 + 3a = 0
which only odd numbers {1, 3, 5, … , 99 } ⇒ 15 - 3a = 0
8 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

⇒ a=5 Exp. (c)

So, f( x) = x3 - 9 x2 + 15 x + 7 We have, 2 | x - 3| + x( x - 6) + 6 = 0
⇒ f( x) - 14 = x3 - 9 x2 + 15 x - 7 Let x -3= y ⇒ x = y+ 3
⇒ f( x) - 14 = ( x - 1) ( x2 - 8 x + 7 ) ∴ 2 | y| + ( y + 3)( y - 3) + 6 = 0
= ( x - 1) ( x - 1)( x - 7 ) ⇒ 2 | y| + y2 - 3 = 0
f( x) - 14 ⇒ | y|2 + 2 | y| - 3 = 0
⇒ 2
= ( x - 7) …(i)
( x - 1)
⇒ (| y| + 3)(| y| - 1) = 0
f( x) - 14
Now, = 0, ( x ≠ 1) ⇒ | y| ≠ - 3 ⇒ | y| = 1⇒ y = ± 1
( x - 1)2 ⇒ x - 3 = ± 1 ⇒ x = 4, 2
⇒ x-7 = 0 [from Eq. (i)] ⇒ x = 16, 4
⇒ x=7 1 1
23. The function f : R Æ - ,  defined as
21. Two sets A and B are as under x  2 2
f (x ) = is
A = {(a ,b ) ∈ R × R : |a - 5| < 1 and |b - 5| < 1}; 1 + x2 [JEE Main 2017 (offline)]
B = {(a ,b ) ∈ R × R : 4(a - 6)2 + 9(b - 5)2 ≤ 36}. (a) invertible
Then, [JEE Main 2018] (b) injective but not surjective
(a) B ⊂ A (b) A ⊂ B (c) surjective but not injective
(c) A ∩ B = φ (an empty set) (d) neither injective nor surjective
(d) neither A ⊂ B nor B ⊂ A Exp. (c)
x
Exp. (b) We have, f( x) =
1 + x2
We have, |a - 5| < 1 and |b - 5| < 1
1
∴ -1 < a - 5 < 1 and -1 < b - 5 < 1  1 x
∴ f  = x = = f ( x)
⇒ 4 < a < 6 and 4 < b < 6  x 1 + 1 1 + x2
Now, 4(a - 6)2 + 9(b - 5)2 ≤ 36 x 2

(a - 6)2 (b - 5)2  1  1
⇒ + ≤1 ∴ f   = f(2 ) or f   = f(3) and so on.
9 4 2  3
Taking axes as a-axis and b-axis So, f( x) is many-one function.
x
(6, 7) Again, let y = f( x) ⇒ y =
b 1 + x2
Q (6, 6)
P ⇒ y + x2 y = x ⇒ yx2 - x + y = 0
As, x∈R
(0, 5) (3, 5) (4, 5) (6, 5) (9, 5)
∴ (- 1)2 - 4 ( y)( y) ≥ 0 ⇒ 1 - 4 y2 ≥ 0
S R (6, 4)
-1 1
(6, 3) ⇒ y∈ , 
 2 2 
-1 1
∴ Range = Codomain =  , 
a  2 2 
So, f( x) is surjective.
The set A represents square PQRS inside set B
representing ellipse and hence A ⊂ B. Hence, f( x) is surjective but not injective.

22. Let S = { x ∈ R : x ≥ 0 and 24. Let a ,b , c ∈R . If f ( x ) = ax 2+ bx + c be such

2| x - 3| + x ( x - 6) + 6 = 0 . Then, S that a +b + c = 3 and
f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) + f ( y ) + xy , ∀ x , y ∈R , then
(a) is an empty set [JEE Main 2018] 10
(b) contains exactly one element ∑ f (n ) is equal to
(c) contains exactly two elements n =1 [JEE Main 2017 (offline)]
(d) contains exactly four elements (a) 330 (b) 165 (c) 190 (d) 255
Sets, Relations and Functions 9

Exp. (a) 1
f( x) + 2 f   = 3 x
2
We have, f( x) = ax + bx + c - -  x -
6
Now, f( x + y) = f( x) + f( y) + xy 3f( x) = - 3 x
x
Put y = 0
2
⇒ f( x) = f( x) + f(0) + 0 ⇒ f ( x) = - x
x
⇒ f(0) = 0 ⇒c = 0
Now, consider f ( x) = f ( - x)
Again, put y = - x
2 2
∴ f(0) = f( x) + f(- x) - x2 ⇒ - x=- + x
x x
⇒ 0 = ax2 + bx + ax2 - bx - x2
4
1 ⇒ = 2x
⇒2 ax2 - x2 = 0 ⇒ a = x
2
⇒ 2 x2 = 4
Also, a+ b+c=3
1 5 ⇒ x2 = 2
⇒ + b+ 0=3 ⇒ b=
2 2 ⇒ x=± 2
x2 + 5 x Hence, S contains exactly two elements.
∴ f ( x) =
2
2
Now, f(n) =
n + 5n 1 2 5
= n + n 26. If X = ( 4n - 3n - 1 : n ∈ N ) and
2 2 2 Y = {9 (n - 1): n ∈ N }; where N is the set of
10
1 10 2 5 10 natural numbers, then X ∪ Y is equal to
∴ ∑ f(n) = 2 ∑ n + 2 ∑ n
n =1 n =1 n =1 (a) N (b) Y - X
1 10 × 11 × 21 5 10 × 11 (c) X (d) Y [JEE Main 2014]
= ⋅ + ×
2 6 2 2
385 275 660 Exp. (d)
= + = = 330
2 2 2 ! X = {4n - 3n - 1 : n ∈ N}
1 X = {0, 9, 54, 243, ...} [put n = 1, 2, 3, ... ]
25. If f ( x ) + 2 f   = 3x , Y = {9 (n - 1) : n ∈ N}
 x
x ≠ 0 and S = { x ∈R : f ( x ) = f ( - x )}; then S Y = {0, 1, 18, 27, "}
(a) is an empty set [JEE Main 2016 (offline)] It is clear that X ⊂ Y .
(b) contains exactly one element ∴ X∪Y =Y
(c) contains exactly two elements
(d) contains more than two elements
27. If g is the inverse of a function f and
1
f ′ (x ) = , then g ′ ( x ) is equal to
Exp. (c) 1 + x5
1
We have, f( x) + 2 f   = 3 x, x ≠ 0 ...(i) (a) 1 + x 5 (b) 5x 4 [JEE Main 2014]
 x
1
1 (c) (d) 1 + { g ( x )}5
On replacing x by in the above equation, we 1 + { g ( x )}5
x
get Exp. (d)
1 3
f   + 2 f( x) = Here, g is the inverse of f ( x).
 x x
⇒ fog ( x) = x
 1 3
⇒ 2 f ( x) + f   = ...(ii) On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
 x x
f ′ {g ( x)} × g ′ ( x) = 1
On multiplying Eq. (ii) by 2 and subtracting 
1 1 
Eq. (i) from Eq. (ii), we get g ′ ( x) = = 1 + {g ( x)}5 ! f ′ ( x) = 
1 6
f ′ {g ( x)}  1 + x5 
4f( x) + 2 f   = ⇒ g ′ ( x) = 1 + {g ( x)} 5
 x x
10 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

(b) a ∈ Y , i.e., ‘ a’ is present in Y and a ∉ Z, i.e., ‘ a’ is

28. Let X = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. The number of different not present in Z.
ordered pairs (Y , Z ) that can formed such (c) a ∉ Y , i.e., ‘ a’ is not present in Y and a ∈ Z,
thatY Õ X , Z Õ X andY ∩ Z is empty, is i.e., ‘ a’ is present in Z.
[AIEEE 2012]
(d) a ∉ Y , i.e., ‘ a’ is not present in Y and a ∉ Z,
(a) 52 (b) 35 (c) 2 5 (d) 53 i.e., ‘ a’ is not present in Z.
Exp. (b) Analysis of the above 4 cases
Given A set X = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} (a) If ‘ a’ is present in Y and also in Z, then it will be
To find The number of different ordered pairs certainly present in Y ∩ Z.
(Y , Z ) such that Y Õ X, Z Õ X and Y ∩ Z = φ. (b) If ‘ a’ is present in Y but not present in Z, then it
Since, Y Õ X, Z Õ X, hence we can only use the will not be present in Y ∩ Z.
elements of X to construct sets Y and Z.
(c) If ‘ a’ is not present in Y but present in Z, then
Method 1 also it will not be present in Y ∩ Z.
Number of ways (d) If ‘ a’ is not present in both of Y and Z, then it will
n (Y ) Number of ways to not be present in Y ∩ Z.
to make Z such
make Y
that Y ∩ Z = φ We want Y ∩ Z = φ to which only case (a) is not
5 favourable and remaining cases, i.e., cases (b),
0 C0 25
(c) and (d) are favourable.
5
1 C1 24 Hence, for every elements ‘ a’ in X, there are
2 5
C2 2 3 3 favourable ways such that Y ∩ Z = φ.
5
⇒ Total number of ways
3 C3 22
= 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 35
5
4 C4 21
[as there are 5 elements in X and each of them
5 5
C5 20 have 3 options to go or not to go to Y and Z]

Let us explain anyone of the above 6 rows say 29. Let R be the set of real numbers.
third row. In third row, Statement I A = {( x , y ) ∈R × R : y - x is an
Number of elements in Y = 2 integer} is an equivalence relation on R.
[AIEEE 2011]
∴Number of ways to select Y = 5C 2 ways
Statement II B = {( x , y ) ∈R × R : x = αy for
Because any 2 elements of X can be part of Y.
some rational number α} is an equivalence
Now, if Y contains any 2 elements, then these relation on R.
2 elements cannot be used in any way to
(a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
construct Z, because we want Y ∩ Z = φ. Statement II is not a correct explanation of
And from the remaining 3 elements which are not Statement I
present in Y,2 3 subsets can be made each of which (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is false
can be equal to Z and still Y ∩ Z = φ will be true. (c) Statement I is false, Statement II is true
Hence, total number of ways to construct sets Y (d) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
and Z such that Y ∩ Z = φ Statement II is a correct explanation of
Statement I
= 5C 0 × 2 5 + 5C1 × 2 5 - 1 + " + 5C 5 × 2 5 - 5 Condition for equivalence relation A
= (2 + 1)5 = 35 relation which is symmetric, reflexive and
transitive is equivalence relation.
Method 2
Since, Y Õ X, Z Õ X, hence we can only use the Exp. (b)
elements of X to construct sets Y and Z. Statement I
Every elements in X (say a) has four options (as far A = {( x, y) ∈ R × R : y - x is an integer}
as going to Y and Z is concerned). (a) Reflexive
(a) a ∈ Y , i.e., ‘ a’ is present in Y and a ∈ Z, i.e., ‘ a’ is xRx : ( x - x) is an integer. i.e., true
present in Z.
∴ Reflexive
Sets, Relations and Functions 11

(b) Symmetric Statement II For any two invertible 3 × 3

xRy : ( x - y) is an integer. matrices M and N ,( MN )-1 = N -1M -1.
⇒ - ( y - x) is an integer. (a) Statement I is false, Statement II is true
⇒ ( y - x) is an integer. [AIEEE 2011]
⇒ yRx (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
∴ Symmetric Statement II is correct explanation of
(c) Transitive Statement I
(c) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
xRy and yRz
Statement II is not a correct explanation of
⇒( x - y) is an integer and ( y - z) is an Statement I
integer. (d) Statement I is true, Statement II is false
⇒( x - y) + ( y - z) is an integer. Condition for equivalence relation A
⇒( x - z) is an integer. relation which is symmetric, reflexive and
transitive is equivalence relation.
⇒ xRz
∴ Transitive Exp. (c)
Hence, A is an equivalence relation. Given,
Statement II R = {( A, B) : A = P -1 BP for some invertible
B = {( x, y) ∈ R × R : x = αy for some matrix P}
rational number α} For Statement I
1
If α = , then for reflexive, we have (i) Reflexive
2
ARA ⇒ A = P -1 AP, which is true only, if P = I.
1
x Rx ⇒ x = x, which is not true, ∀ x ∈ R - {0}. Since, A = P -1BP for some invertible matrix P.
2
∴ B is not reflexive on R. ∴ We can assume P = I
Hence, B is not an equivalence relation on R. ⇒ ARA ⇒ A = I -1 AI
Hence, statement I is true, statement II is false. ⇒ A= A
⇒ R is Reflexive
30. The domain of the function
1 Note Here, due to some invertible matrix, P is used
f (x ) = is [AIEEE 2011] (reflexive) but if for all invertible matrix is used,
|x | - x then R is not reflexive.
(a) (0, ∞ ) (ii) Symmetric
(b) ( - ∞ , 0) ARB ⇒ A = P -1BP
(c) ( - ∞ , ∞ ) - { 0}
(d) (- ∞, ∞) ⇒ PAP -1 = P(P -1BP) P -1
⇒ PAP -1 = (PP -1 ) B(PP -1 )
Exp. (b) ∴ B = PAP -1
1
y=
| x| - x Since, for some invertible matrix P, we can let
Q = P -1
For domain, | x| - x > 0
∴ B = (P - 1)-1 AP -1
⇒ | x| > x
⇒ B = Q -1 AQ ⇒ BRA
i .e., only possible, if x < 0.
∴ x ∈ (- ∞, 0) ⇒ R is symmetric.
(iii) Transitive
31. Consider the following relation R on the set
ARB and BRC
of real square matrices of order 3.
⇒ A = P -1BP
R = {( A , B ): A = P -1BP for some invertible
and B = P -1CP
matrix P}
⇒ A = P -1 (P -1CP) P
Statement I R is an equivalence relation.
= (P -1 )2 C (P)2
12 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

So, ARC, for some P 2 = P

33. Let f be a function defined by
⇒ R is transitive
f ( x ) = ( x - 1 )2 + 1, ( x ≥ 1 ).
So, R is an equivalence relation.
-1
For Statement II It is always true that Statement I The set{ x : f ( x ) = f ( x )} = {1, 2}
(MN)-1 = N-1M -1 Statement II f is bijection and
Hence, both statements are true but second is f -1
( x ) = 1 + x - 1, x ≥ 1 [AIEEE 2011]
not the correct explanation of first.
(a) Statement I is false, Statement II is true
32. Let for a ≠ a1 ≠ 0, f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c , (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
Statement II is a correct explanation of
g ( x ) = a1x 2 + b1 x + c1 and p ( x ) = f ( x ) - g ( x ).
Statement I
If p ( x ) = 0 only for x = - 1 and p ( - 2 ) = 2 , (c) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
then the value of p (2 ) is [AIEEE 2011] Statement II is not a correct explanation of
(a) 18 (b) 3 (c) 9 (d) 6 Statement I
(d) Statement I is true, Statement II is false
Exp. (a)
Given that p ( x) = f ( x) - g ( x) has only one root -1. Exp. (b)
⇒ p ( x) = (a - a1 ) x2 + (b - b1 ) x + (c - c1 ) has f( x) = ( x - 1)2 + 1, as x ≥ 1
one root, - 1only, When -1
f ( x) = f ( x)
⇒ p′ ( x) will also has root as - 1. ⇒ f ( x) = x
⇒ p′ ( x) = 0 at x = - 1 ⇒ ( x - 1)2 + 1 = x
⇒ 2 (a - a1 ) x + (b - b1 ) = 0 at x = - 1.
⇒ ( x - 1)2 = x - 1
⇒ - 2 (a - a1 ) + (b - b1 ) = 0
- (b - b1 ) ⇒ ( x - 1)2 - ( x - 1) = 0
⇒ = -2 …(i)
(a - a1 ) ⇒ ( x - 1) { x - 1 - 1} = 0
⇒ x = 1, 2
Now, p ( x) = (a - a1 ) x2 + (b - b1 ) x + (c - c1 )
∴ { x : f( x) = f -1( x)} = {1, 2}
p ( x) b - b1 (c - c1 )
⇒ = x2 + x+
a - a1 a - a1 a - a1 Also, let f ( x) = y
! p (- 1) = 0 ∴ y = ( x - 1)2 + 1
(b - b1 ) (c - c1 )
∴ 0 = (- 1)2 - + ⇒ ( x - 1) = ± y-1
a - a1 a - a1
∴ x = 1± y-1
(c - c1 )
⇒ 0 = 1- 2 + [using Eq. (i)] ! x≥1
a - a1
c - c1 Neglecting 1 - y-1
⇒ =1 …(ii)
a - a1 ⇒ x = 1+ y-1
-1
Also, given that p (- 2 ) = 2 or f ( y) = 1 + y-1
⇒ 4 (a - a 1) - 2 (b - b 1) + (c - c 1 ) = 2 …(iii) -1
∴ f ( x) = 1 + x-1
From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we have
So, both statements are correct and Statement II
4 (a - a 1) - 4 (a - a 1) + (a - a 1) = 2 is correct explanation of Statement I.
⇒ a - a1 = 2
On substituting a - a1 = 2 in Eq. (ii), we get 34. Consider the following relations
c - c1 = 2 R = {( x , y ) | x , y are real numbers and x = wy
On substituting a - a 1 = 2 in Eq. (i), we get for some rational number w} ;
b - b1 = 4  m p 
S =   ,  m , n , p and q are integers such
Now, p (2 ) = 4 (a - a 1) + 2 (b - b 1) + (c - c 1)  n q 
= 4×2 + 2 × 4+ 2 that n, q ≠ 0 and qm = pn}. Then, [AIEEE 2010]
= 8 + 8 + 2 = 18
Sets, Relations and Functions 13

(a) R is an equivalence relation but S is not an Exp. (b)

equivalence relation
Given, A ∩ B = A ∩ C
(b) Neither R nor S is an equivalence relation
and A ∪ B = A ∪ C
(c) S is an equivalence relation but R is not an
equivalence relation ∴ B=C
(d) R and S both are equivalence relations
36. For real x, let f ( x ) = x 3 + 5x + 1, then
Exp. (c) (a) f is one-one but not onto R [AIEEE 2009]
Given, relation R is defined as (b) f is onto R but not one-one
R = {( x, y)| x, y are real numbers and (c) f is one-one and onto R
x = wy for some rational number w} (d) f is neither one-one nor onto R
(i) Reflexive xRx ⇒ x = wx
Exp. (c)
∴ w = 1 ∈ rational number
The relation R is reflexive. Given f ( x) = x 3 + 5 x + 1
(ii) Symmetric xRy ⇒ / yRx as 0R1 Now, f ′( x) = 3 x2 + 5 > 0, ∀ x ∈ R
But 1R0 ⇒1 = w ⋅ (0) Thus, f( x) is strictly increasing function.
which is not true for any rational number. So, f( x) is one-one function.
The relation R is not symmetric.
Clearly, f( x) is a continuous function and also
Thus, R is not equivalence relation.
increasing on R.
Now, for relation S which is defined as
∴ lim f( x) = - ∞ and lim = ∞
 m p xÆ -∞ xÆ ∞
S =  ,  m, n, p and q ∈ integers such that
 n q  Hence, f( x)takes every value between - ∞ and ∞.
n, q ≠ 0 and qm = pn} Thus, f( x) is onto function.
m m
(i) Reflexive R ⇒ mn = mn [true]
n n 37. Let f ( x ) = ( x + 1)2 - 1, x ≥ - 1
The relation S is reflexive. Statement I The set{ x : f ( x )= f -1
( x )} = {0,-1}
m p
(ii) Symmetric R ⇒ mq = np Statement II f is a bijection. [AIEEE 2009]
n q
p m (a) Statement I is false, Statement II is true
⇒ np = mq ⇒ R
q n (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
The relation S is symmetric. Statement II is a correct explanation of
m p p r Statement I
(iii) Transitive R and R (c) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
n q q s
Statement II is not a correct explanation of
⇒ mq = np Statement I
and ps = rq (d) Statement I is true, Statement II is false
⇒ mq ⋅ ps = np ⋅ rq
⇒ ms = nr
Exp. (d)
m r m r Given, f( x) = ( x + 1)2 - 1, x ≥ - 1
⇒ = ⇒ R
n s n s ⇒ f ′( x) = 2 ( x + 1) ≥ 0, for x ≥ - 1
The relation S is transitive. ⇒ f( x) is one-one.
Hence, the relation S is equivalence relation. Since, codomain of the given function is not given,
hence it can be considered as R, the set of real
35. If A , B andC are three sets such that and consequently f is not onto.
A ∩ B = A ∩ C and A ∪ B = A ∪ C , then Hence, f is not bijective. Statement II is false.
(a) A =C [AIEEE 2009] Also, f( x) = ( x + 1)2 - 1 ≥ - 1 for x ≥ - 1
(b) B =C ⇒ R f = [- 1, ∞ )
(c) A∩B=φ
Clearly, f( x) = f -1( x) at x = 0 and x = - 1
(d) A=B
∴Statement I is true.
14 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

x∈N
38. Let R be the real line. Consider the following
⇒ y = 4x + 3
subsets of the planeR × R
y-3
S = {( x , y ): y = x + 1 and 0 < x < 2 } ⇒ x=
4
T = {( x , y ): x - y is an integer} [AIEEE 2008]
-1 y-3
∴ Inverse of f is f ( y) = .
Which one of the following is true? 4
(a) T is an equivalence relation on R but S is not π π
(b) NeitherS norT is an equivalence relation on R
40. The largest interval lying in  - ,  for
which the function  2 2
(c) Both S and T are equivalence relations on R
(d)S is an equivalence relation on R but T is not 2 x 
f ( x ) = 4- x + cos -1  - 1 + log (cos x ) is
Exp. (a) 2 
Since, (1, 2 ) ∈S but (2 , 1) ∉S defined, is [AIEEE 2007]
π π
So, S is not symmetric. (a) [0 , π ] (b)  - , 
 2 2
Hence, S is not an equivalence relation. π π π
(c)  - ,  (d) 0, 
Given, T = {( x, y) : ( x - y) ∈ l }  4 2   2 
Now, x - x = 0 ∈ I, it is reflexive relation.
Again now, ( x - y) ∈ I Exp. (d)
y - x ∈ I, it is symmetric relation. Given that,
2 x
Let x - y = I1 and y - z = I2 f( x) = 4- x + cos -1  - 1 + log (cos x)
Now, x - z = ( x - y) + ( y - z) = I1 + I2 ∈ I 2 
So, T is also transitive. - x2  π π
Here, 4 is defined for  - ,  ,
Hence, T is an equivalence relation.  2 2
-1  x  x
cos  - 1 is defined, if -1 ≤ - 1 ≤ 1.
39. Let f : N Æ Y be a function defined as 2  2
f ( x ) = 4x + 3, where Y = { y ∈ N : y = 4x + 3 x
⇒ 0≤ ≤ 2 ⇒0≤ x≤ 4
for some x ∈ N }. [AIEEE 2008] 2
Show that f is invertible and its inverse is And log (cos x) is defined, if cos x > 0.
π π
-1 y -3 -1 3y + 4 ⇒ - < x<
(a) f (y)= (b) f (y)= 2 2
4 3 2 x
-1 y+3 -1 y+3 Hence, f( x) = 4- x + cos -1  - 1 + log (cos x)
(c) f ( y ) = 4 + (d) f ( y ) = 2 
4 4  π
is defined, if x ∈ 0,  .
 2 
Exp. (a)
The given function is f : N Æ y defined as
41. Let W denotes the words in the English
f ( x) = 4 x + 3 dictionary define the relation R by
where y = { y ∈ N : y = 4 x + 3 for some x ∈ N}
R = {( x , y ) ∈W × W : the words x and y have
Now, f ( x) = 4 x + 3 atleast one letter in common}. Then, R is
⇒ f ′ ( x) = 4 > 0 (a) reflexive, symmetric and not transitive
⇒ f is a strictly increasing function. (b) reflexive, symmetric and transitive
⇒ f is one-one. (c) reflexive, not symmetric and transitive
Also, here y = {7, 8, 9, ... , ∞} (d) not reflexive, symmetric and transitive
and range of f = {7, 8, 9, ... , ∞} [AIEEE 2006]
!Range of f = y = Codomain of f Exp. (a)
⇒ f is onto. Let W = {CAT, TOY , YOU, . . .}
⇒ f is invertible. Clearly, R is reflexive and symmetric but not
Now, let y ∈ Y such that f ( x) = y transitive. [!CAT RTOY, TOY R YOU ⇒
/ CAT R YOU ]
⇒ x = f -1 ( y)
Sets, Relations and Functions 15

42. Let R = {(3, 3), (6, 6), (9, 9), (12, 12), (6, 12), Exp. (d)
(3, 9), (3, 12), (3, 6)} be a relation on the set Given, f( x - y) = f( x)f( y) - f(a - x)f(a + y)
A = {3, 6, 9, 12}. The relation is [AIEEE 2005] Let x=0= y
(a) reflexive and symmetric only ⇒ f(0) = [ f(0)]2 - [ f(a)]2
(b) an equivalence relation ⇒ 1 = 1 - [ f(a)]2 [given, f(0) = 1]
(c) reflexive only ⇒ f ( a) = 0
(d) reflexive and transitive only ∴ f(2 a - x) = f{a - ( x - a)}
Exp. (d) = f(a)f( x - a) - f(a - a)f( x)
= 0 - f ( x) ⋅ 1 = - f ( x)
Since, for every elements of A, there exists
elements (3, 3), (6, 6), (9, 9), (12, 12) ∈ R ⇒ R is 45. Let R = {(1, 3), (4, 2), (2, 4), (2, 3), (3, 1)} be a
reflexive relation.
relation on the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4}. The
Now, (6, 12 ) ∈ R but (12 , 6) ∉R, so it is not a relation R is [AIEEE 2004]
symmetric relation. (a) a function (b) transitive
Also, (3, 6), (6, 12 ) ∈ R ⇒(3, 12 ) ∈ R (c) not symmetric (d) reflexive
∴ R is transitive relation.
Exp. (c)
43. Let f :( -1, 1) Æ B be a function defined by Given, R = {(1, 3), (4, 2 ), (2 , 4), (2 , 3), (3, 1)} is a
 2x 
-1 relation on the set A = {1, 2 , 3, 4}.
f ( x ) = tan   , then f is both one-one (a) Since, (2 , 4) ∈ R and (2 , 3) ∈ R. So, R is not a
1 - x2
function.
and onto when B is in the interval
(b) Since, (1, 3) ∈ R and (3, 1) ∈ R but (1, 1) ∉R. So,
[AIEEE 2005] R is not transitive.
π π π π
(a)  - ,  (b)  - ,  (c) Since, (2 , 3) ∈ R but (3, 2 ) ∉R. So, R is not
 2 2  2 2 
symmetric.
π π
(c) 0,  (d)  0,  (d) Since, (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4) ∉R. So, R is
 2   2 not reflexive.

Exp. (a) 46. The graph of the function y = f ( x ) is

symmetrical about the line x = 2 , then
Given, x ∈ (-1, 1) [AIEEE 2004]
π π
⇒ tan x ∈  - , 
-1
(a) f (x + 2) = f (x - 2)
 4 4 (b) f (2 + x) = f (2 - x)
π π
⇒ 2 tan-1 x ∈  - ,  (c) f ( x ) = f ( -x )
 2 2 (d) f ( x ) = - f ( -x )
 2x 
Given that, f( x) = tan-1  
2
Exp. (b)
1 - x 
Given, graph is symmetrical about the line x = 2.
= 2 tan-1 x [! x2 < 1] ∴ f(2 + x) = f(2 - x)
π π
So, f( x) ∈  - , 
 2 2 47. The domain of the function,
Hence, function is one-one onto. sin -1 ( x - 3)
f (x ) = is [AIEEE 2004]
44. A real valued function f ( x ) satisfies the 9 - x2
functional equation (a) [2, 3] (b) [2, 3)
f ( x - y ) = f ( x ) f ( y ) - f (a - x ) f (a + y ), (c) [1, 2] (d) [1, 2)
wherea is a given constant and f (0) = 1, then
Exp. (b)
f (2a - x ) is equal to [AIEEE 2005]
sin-1 ( x - 3)
(a) f ( - x ) (b) f (a ) + f (a - x ) Given function f( x) = will be defined, if
(c) f ( x ) (d) - f ( x ) 9 - x2
16 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

-1 ≤ ( x - 3) ≤ 1 n

⇒ 2 ≤ x≤ 4 …(i) ∑ f(r ) = f(1) + f(2 ) + f(3) + . . . + f(n)

r =1
and 9 - x2 > 0 = f(1) + 2 f(1) + 3f(1) + . . . + nf(1)
⇒ -3 < x < 3 …(ii)
[!f( x + y) = f( x) + f( y)]
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
2 ≤ x< 3 = (1 + 2 + 3 + . . . + n)f(1) = f(1)Σn
7 n(n + 1)
Hence, domain of the given function is [2, 3). = [!f(1) = 7, given]
2
48. A function f from the set of natural numbers 50. Domain of definition of the function
to integers defined by 3
f (x ) = 2
+ log 10 ( x 3 - x ), is
n - 1 4- x [AIEEE 2003]
, when n is odd

f (n ) =  2 is (a) (1, 2) (b) ( -1, 0) ∪ (1, 2 )
n (c) (1, 2 ) ∪ ( 2 , ∞ ) (d) ( -1, 0) ∪ (1, 2 ) ∪ ( 2 , ∞ )
 - , when n is even
 2
Exp. (d)
(a) one-one but not onto [AIEEE 2003]
3
(b) onto but not one-one Given, f( x) = + log10 ( x3 - x)
(c) one-one and onto both 4 - x2
(d) neither one-one nor onto For domain of f( x),
Exp. (c) x3 - x > 0 ⇒ x( x - 1)( x + 1) > 0
 n - 1, when n is odd

Given that, f(n) =  2 – + – +
n
 - , when n is even –1 0 1
 2
and f : N Æ I, where N is the set of natural numbers ⇒ x ∈ (-1, 0) ∪ (1, ∞ ) and 4 - x2 ≠ 0
and I is the set of integers. ⇒ x≠±2
Let x, y ∈ N and both are even.
⇒ x ∈ (-∞, - 2 ) ∪ (-2 , 2 ) ∪ (2 , ∞ )
Then, f( x) = f( y)
x y So, common region is (-1, 0) ∪ (1, 2 ) ∪ (2 , ∞ ).
⇒ - =- ⇒ x= y
2 2
51. The function f ( x ) = log ( x + x 2 + 1 ), is
Again, x, y ∈ N and both are odd.
x-1 y-1 (a) an even function [AIEEE 2003]
Then, f( x) = f( y) ⇒ = ⇒x= y
2 2 (b) an odd function
So, mapping is one-one. (c) a periodic function
Since, each negative integer is an image of even (d) neither an even nor an odd function
natural number and positive integer is an image of
odd natural number. So, mapping is onto. Hence, Exp. (b)
mapping is one-one onto. Given that, f( x) = log ( x + x2 + 1)
49. If f : R Æ R satisfies f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) + f ( y ), Now, f(- x) = log (- x + x2 + 1)
n
for all x , y ∈R and f (1) = 7, then ∑ f (r ) is ∴ f( x) + f(- x) = log ( x + x2 + 1)
r =1 + log (- x + x2 + 1)
[AIEEE 2003]
= log (1) = 0
7n 7(n + 1 )
(a) (b) Hence, f( x) is an odd function.
2 2
7n(n + 1 )
(c) 7n(n + 1 ) (d)
2
52. The period of sin 2 θ is 1[AIEEE 2002]
2 π
(a) π (b) π (c) 2 π (d)
Exp. (d) 2
Exp. (b)
Sets, Relations and Functions 17

We know that, 1
(sin 2 x)2
= 1-
1 - cos 2 θ 1 1 2
sin2 θ = = - cos 2 θ
2 2 2 1 1 - cos 4 x 
2π = 1 -  
2 2  2 
∴Period of sin θ = = π
2 3 1
= + cos 4 x
 x 
53. The domain of sin -1 log 3    is 4 4
  3  2π π
∴The period of f( x) = =
[AIEEE 2002] 4 2
(a) [1, 9] (b) [–1, 9] (c) [–9, 1] (d) [–9, –1] [! cos x is periodic with period 2 π]

Exp. (a) 55. The domain of definition of the function

-1
Since, domain of sin x is [–1, 1].  5x - x 2 
x f ( x ) = log 10   is
∴ -1 ≤ log 3   ≤ 1
  4  [AIEEE 2002]
 3
x (a) [1, 4] (b) [1, 0]
⇒ 3-1 ≤ ≤ 3 ⇒ 1 ≤ x ≤ 9
3 (c) [0, 5] (d) [5, 0]
 x 
Hence, domain of sin-1 log 3   is [1, 9]. Exp. (a)
  3  
 5 x - x2 
54. The period of the function Given that, f( x) = log10  
 4 
f ( x ) = sin 4 x + cos 4 x is [AIEEE 2002]
π For domain of f( x),
(a) π (b)
2  5 x - x2 
log10  ≥0
(c) 2 π (d) None of these  4 
Exp. (b) 5 x - x2
⇒ ≥1
Given that, f( x) = sin4 x + cos 4 x 4
⇒ x2 - 5 x + 4 ≤ 0
∴ f( x) = (sin2 x + cos 2 x)2 - 2 sin2 x cos 2 x
⇒ ( x - 1)( x - 4) ≤ 0 ⇒ x ∈[1, 4]
1
= 1- (2 sin x cos x)2
2
2
Complex Numbers and
Quadratic Equations
1. If α and β are the roots of the equation 2. The sum of the solutions of the equation
2 | x - 2 | + x ( x - 4 ) + 2 = 0 ( x > 0 ) is equal to
x - 2 x + 2 = 0, then the least value of n for
n [JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-I]
α
which   = 1 is (a) 9 (b) 12
β [JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-I] (c) 4 (d) 10
(a) 2 (b) 5 (c) 4 (d) 3
Exp. (d)
Exp. (c) Key Idea Reduce the given equation into
Given, α and β are the roots of the quadratic quadratic equation.
equation,
Given equation is
x2 - 2 x + 2 = 0
2 2 | x - 2| + x( x - 4) + 2 = 0
⇒ ( x - 1) + 1 = 0 ⇒( x - 1) = - 1
⇒ | x - 2| + x - 4 x + 4 = 2
⇒ x - 1= ± i [where i = -1]
⇒ x = (1 + i )or (1 - i ) ⇒ | x - 2| + ( x - 2 )2 = 2
Clearly, if α = 1 + i, then β = 1 - i ⇒ (| x - 2|)2 + | x - 2| - 2 = 0
n
α Let| x - 2| = y, then above equation reduced to
According to the question   = 1
β y2 + y - 2 = 0
n
⇒
1 + i 
  =1 ⇒ y2 + 2 y - y - 2 = 0
1- i  ⇒ y( y + 2 ) - 1( y + 2 ) = 0
n
 (1 + i )(1 + i ) ⇒ ( y + 2 )( y - 1) = 0
⇒   =1 [by rationalization]
 (1 - i )(1 + i )  ⇒ y = 1, - 2
n
 1 + i 2 + 2i  ∴ y=1 [!y = | x - 2| ≥ 0]
⇒   = 1
 1- i
2
 ⇒ | x - 2| = 1
n ⇒ x -2 = ±1
⇒  2i  = 1⇒ i n = 1
  ⇒ x = 3 or 1
2
⇒ x = 9 or 1
So, minimum value of nis 4. [!i 4 = 1]
∴ Sum of roots = 9 + 1 = 10
Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations 19

3 i Given quadratic equation is

3. If z = + (i = -1 ), then (1 + iz + z 5 + iz 8 )9 (1 + m2 )x2 - 2(1 + 3m)x + (1 + 8m) = 0 …(i)
2 2
is equal to [JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-II] Now, discriminant
(a) 1 (b) ( -1 + 2i )9 D = [-2(1 + 3m)]2 - 4(1 + m2 )(1 + 8m)
(c) -1 (d) 0 = 4[(1 + 3m)2 - (1 + m2 )(1 + 8m)]

Exp. (c) = 4[1 + 9m2 + 6m - (1 + 8m + m2 + 8m3 )]

= 4[-8m3 + 8m2 - 2 m]
Key Idea Use, e i θ = cos θ + i sin θ
π = - 8m(4m2 - 4m + 1) = - 8m(2 m - 1)2
3  1 π π i
Given, z = +   i = cos + i sin = e 6 According to the question there is no solution of
2 2 6 6 the quadratic Eq. (i), then
so, (1 + iz + z5 + iz8 )9 D< 0
9 ∴ -8m(2 m - 1)2 < 0 ⇒ m > 0
 π 5π 8π 
i i i
=  1 + ie 6 + e 6 + ie 6  So, there are infinitely many values of ‘m’ for which,
  there is no solution of the given quadratic
 
9
equation.
 π π 5π π 4π   π
i i i i i i 
= 1 + e 2 ⋅ e 6 + e 6 + e 2 ⋅ e 3  ! i = e 2  5. All the points in the set
   
  α + i 
2π 5π 11π 
9 S = : α ∈ R (i = -1 ) lie on a
 i i i  α - i 
= 1 + e 3 + e 6 + e 6  [JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-I]
 
 
(a) circle whose radius is 2.
  cos 2 π + i sin 2 π  +  cos 5 π + i sin 5 π  (b) straight line whose slope is -1.
= 1+    
  3 3   6 6  (c) circle whose radius is 1.
9 (d) straight line whose slope is 1.
11π 11π  
+  cos + i sin 
 6 6   Exp. (c)
9 α+ i
 1 i 3 3 1 3 i Let x + iy =
= 1 - + - + i + -  α-i
 2 2 2 2 2 2
(α + i )2 (α 2 - 1) + (2α )i
9 9 ⇒ x + iy = 2
=
1 3i   π π α +1 α2 + 1
= +  =  cos + i sin  2
2 2   3 3 α - 1  2α 
= 2 + i
= cos 3 π + i sin 3 π [!for any natural number ‘n’ α + 1  α 2 + 1
(cos θ + i sinθ)n = cos(nθ) + i sin(nθ)] On comparing real and imaginary parts, we get
= -1 α2 - 1 2α
x= and y =
α2 + 1 α2 + 1
4 The number of integral values ofm for which 2 2
the equation  α 2 - 1 2α 
Now, x2 + y2 =  2  +  2 
(1 + m 2 )x 2 - 2(1 + 3m )x + (1 + 8m ) = 0, has no  α + 1  α + 1
real root is [JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-II]
α 4 + 1 - 2α 2 + 4α 2
(a) 3 (b) infinitely many =
(α 2 + 1)2
(c) 1 (d) 2
(α + 1)2
2
= =1
Exp. (b) (α 2 + 1)2
Key Idea ⇒ x 2 + y2 = 1
(i) First convert the given equation in quadratic α+ i
equation. So, S =  ;α ∈ R lies on a circle with
α - i 
(ii) Use, Discriminant, D = b 2 - 4ac < 0 radius 1.
20 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

6 Let p, q∈R. If2 - 3 is a root of the quadratic 8 If m is chosen in the quadratic equation
2
equation, x + px + q = 0, then (m 2 + 1)x 2 - 3x + (m 2 + 1)2 = 0 such that the
[JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-I] sum of its roots is greatest, then the absolute
(a) q 2 - 4p - 16 = 0 difference of the cubes of its roots is
[JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-II]
(b) p 2 - 4q - 12 = 0
(a) 10 5 (b) 8 5
(c) p 2 - 4q + 12 = 0 (c) 8 3 (d) 4 3
(d) q 2 + 4p + 14 = 0
Exp. (b)
Exp. (b) Given quadratic equation is
Given quadratic equation is (m2 + 1)x2 - 3 x + (m2 + 1)2 = 0 …(i)
x2 + px + q = 0, where p, q ∈R having one root Let the roots of quadratic Eq. (i) are α and β, so
3
2 - 3 , then other root is 2 + 3 (conjugate of α+β= 2 and αβ = m2 + 1
2 - 3) m +1
[!irrational roots of a quadratic According to the question, the sum of roots is
equation always occurs in pairs] greatest and it is possible only when ‘‘(m2 + 1) is
So, sum of roots = - p = 4 ⇒ p = -4 minimum’’ and ‘‘minimum value of m2 + 1 = 1,
and product of roots = q = 4 - 3 ⇒ q = 1 when m = 0’’.
Now, from options p2 - 4q - 12 = 16 - 4 - 12 = 0 ∴α + β = 3 and αβ = 1, as m = 0
5 + 3z Now, the absolute difference of the cubes of roots
7 Let z ∈C be such that | z|< 1. If ω = , = |α 3 - β 3|
5(1 - z )
then [JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-II] = |α - β||α 2 + β 2 + αβ|
(a) 4 Im(ω) > 5 (b) 5 Re (ω) > 1 = (α + β )2 - 4αβ |(α + β )2 - αβ|
(c) 5 Im(ω) < 1 (d) 5 Re(ω) > 4
= 9 - 4 |9 - 1|
Exp. (b) =8 5
Given complex number
5 + 3z 9 If α and β are the roots of the quadratic
ω=
5(1 - z)  π
equation, x 2 + x sin θ - 2 sin θ = 0, θ ∈ 0,  ,
⇒ 5ω - 5ω z = 5 + 3 z
 2
⇒ (3 + 5ω)z = 5ω - 5 α12 + β12
then is equal to
⇒ |3 + 5ω|| z| = |5ω - 5| …(i) (α -12 + β -12 )(α - β )24
[applying modulus both sides and [JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-I]
| z1 z2| = | z1|| z2|] 212 26
(a) (b)
! | z| < 1 (sin θ + 8)12
(sin θ + 8)12
∴ |3 + 5ω| > |5ω - 5| [from Eq. (i)] 2 12
212
 3 (c) (d)
⇒ ω + > |ω - 1| (sin θ - 4)12
(sin θ - 8)6
 5
2
3
Let ω = x + iy, then  x +  + y2 > ( x - 1)2 + y2
Exp. (a)
 5 Given quadratic equation is
9 6 π
⇒ x2 + + x > x2 + 1 - 2 x x2 + xsinθ - 2 sinθ = 0, θ ∈  0, 
25 5  2
16 x 16 and its roots are α and β.
⇒ >
5 25
So, sum of roots = α + β = - sinθ
1
⇒ x > ⇒ 5x > 1 and product of roots = αβ = - 2sinθ
5
⇒ 5 Re( ω) > 1 ⇒ αβ = 2(α + β ) …(i)
Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations 21

α12 + β12
Now, the given expression is -12 11 All the pairs ( x , y ) that satisfy the inequality
(α + β -12 )(α - β)24
sin 2 x - 2 sin x + 5 1
α12 + β12 2 ⋅ ≤ 1 also satisfy the
= sin 2 y
4
 1 1  24
 12 + 12  (α - β) equation [JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-I]
α β  (a) 2 | sin x| = 3 sin y (b) sin x = | sin y |
α12 + β12 (c) sin x = 2 sin y (d) 2 sin x = sin y
=
 β + α12 
12
 12 12  (α - β)24 Exp. (b)
 α β 
Given, inequality is
12 12
 αβ   αβ  sin 2 x - 2 sin x + 5 1
= =   2 ⋅ ≤1
2 2 sin 2 y
 (α - β )   (α + β ) - 4αβ  4
12 (sin x - 1) 2 + 4 2
 2(α + β)  ⇒ 2 ⋅ 2 -2 sin y
≤1
= 2  [from Eq. (i)]
(sin x - 1) 2 + 4 2 sin 2 y
 (α + β ) - 8(α + β)  ⇒ 2 ≤2
12 12

=
2 


=
2 
 ⇒ (sin x - 1) + 4 ≤ 2 sin2 y
2

 (α + β ) - 8   - sinθ - 8  [if a > 1and am ≤ an ⇒ m ≤ n]

[!α + β = - sinθ] !Range of (sin x - 1)2 + 4 is [2, 2 2 ]
212
= and range of 2 sin2 y is [0, 2 ].
(sinθ + 8)12
∴The above inequality holds, iff
(1 + i )2 2 (sin x - 1)2 + 4 = 2 = 2 sin2 y
10 If a > 0 and z = , has magnitude ,
a -i 5 ⇒ sin x = 1and sin2 y = 1
then z is equal to ⇒ sin x = |sin y| [from the options]
[JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-I]
1 3 1 3 12 If z and w are two complex numbers such
(a) - i (b) - - i
5 5 5 5 π
1 3 3 1 that | zw | = 1 and arg( z ) - arg(w ) = , then
(c) - + i (d) - - i 2
5 5 5 5 [JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-II]
1 -i
Exp. (b) (a) zw = - i (b) zw =
2
(1 + i )2 -1 + i
The given complex number z = (c) zw = i (d) zw =
a-i 2
(1 - 1 + 2 i ) (a + i )
= [! i 2 = - 1] Exp. (a)
a2 + 1
2 i (a + i ) -2 + 2 ai It is given that, there are two complex numbers z
= 2 = and w, such that | z w| = 1 and
a +1 a2 + 1 arg( z) - arg(w) = π / 2
! z = 2/5 [given] ∴ | z|| w| = 1 [!| z1 z2 | = | z1 || z2 |]
2 π
4 + 4a 2 2 2 and arg( z) = + arg(w)
⇒ = ⇒ = 2
(a2 + 1)2 5 1+ a 2 5 1
Let| z| = r, then| w| = …(i)
4 2 r
⇒ = ⇒ a2 + 1 = 10
1 + a2 5 π
and let arg(w) = θ, then arg( z) = + θ … (ii)
2
⇒ a2 = 9 ⇒a = 3 [!a > 0]
So, we can assume
-2 + 6i 1 3 1 3
So, z = = - + i ⇒z= - - i z = re i ( π / 2 + θ ) …(iii)
10 5 5 5 5
[!if z = x + iy is a complex number, then it can
[!if z = x + iy, then z = x - iy]
be written as z = re iθ where, r =| z| and θ = arg ( z)]
22 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

1 iθ Exp. (b)
and w= e …(iv)
r
1 Let the complex number z = x + iy
Now, z ⋅ w = re - i( π / 2 + θ)
⋅ e iθ Also given,| z - i | = | z - 1|
r
⇒| x + iy - i | = | x + iy - 1|
= e i( - π / 2 - θ + θ)

- i( π / 2 ) ⇒ x2 + ( y - 1)2 = ( x - 1)2 + y2
=e =-i
[!e - i θ = cos θ - i sinθ] [!| z| = (Re( z))2 + (Im( z))2 ]
1 On squaring both sides, we get
and zw = re i ( π / 2 + θ ) ⋅ e - iθ
r x 2 + y2 - 2 y + 1 = x 2 + y2 - 2 x + 1
= e i( π / 2 + θ - θ ) = e i ( π / 2 ) = i ⇒ y = x, which represents a line through the origin
with slope 1.
13. The number of real roots of the equation
5 + | 2 x - 1 | = 2 x (2 x - 2 ) is 15. Let z ∈C with Im ( z ) = 10 and it satisfies
[JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-II] 2z - n
= 2i - 1 for some natural number n,
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 2 2z + n
Exp. (a) then [JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-II]
(a) n = 20 and Re( z ) = -10
Given equation 5 + | 2 x - 1| = 2 x (2 x - 2 )
(b) n = 40 and Re( z ) =10
Case I (c) n = 40 and Re( z ) = -10
If 2 x - 1 ≥ 0 ⇒ x ≥ 0, (d) n = 20 and Re( z ) =10
then 5 + 2 x - 1 = 2 x (2 x - 2 )
Put 2 x = t , then Exp. (c)
5 + t - 1 = t 2 - 2t ⇒ t 2 - 3t - 4 = 0 Let z = x + 10i , as Im ( z) = 10 given.
2
⇒ t - 4t + t - 4 = 0 ⇒ t (t - 4) + 1(t - 4) = 0 Since, z satisfies,
2z - n
⇒ t = 4 or - 1 ⇒ t = 4 (!t = 2 x > 0) = 2 i - 1, n ∈ N,
2z + n
⇒ 2x = 4⇒ x = 2 > 0
∴ (2 x - 20i - n) = (2 i - 1) (2 x + 20i + n)
⇒ x = 2 is the solution.
⇒ (2 x - n) + 20i = (- 2 x - n - 40)
Case II
+ (4 x + 2 n - 20)i
If 2 x - 1 < 0 ⇒ x < 0,
On comparing real and imaginary parts, we get
then 5 + 1 - 2 x = 2 x (2 x - 2 )
2 x - n = - 2 x - n - 40 and 20 = 4 x + 2 n - 20
Put 2 x = y, then 6 - y = y2 - 2 y
⇒ 4 x = - 40 and 4 x + 2 n = 40
⇒ y2 - y - 6 = 0 ⇒ y2 - 3 y + 2 y - 6 = 0
⇒ x = - 10 and - 40 + 2 n = 40 ⇒ n = 40
⇒ ( y + 2 ) ( y - 3) = 0 ⇒ y = 3 or - 2 So, n = 40 and x = Re ( z) = - 10
⇒ y= 3(as y = 2 x > 0) ⇒2 x = 3
⇒ x = log 2 3 > 0 16. Let α and β be two roots of the equation
So, x = log 2 3 is not a solution. x 2 + 2 x + 2 = 0, then α15 + β15 is equal to
Therefore, number of real roots is one. [JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-I]
(a) 256 (b) 512 (c) -256 (d) -512
14. The equation | z - i | = | z - 1|, i = -1,
represents [JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-I] Exp. (c)
(a) a circle of radius
1 We have, x2 + 2 x + 2 = 0
2 -2 ± 4-8
(b) the line passing through the origin with ⇒ x=
2
slope 1
(c) a circle of radius 1 [!roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are
(d) the line passing through the origin with -b± b 2 - 4ac
given by x = ]
slope -1 2a
Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations 23

⇒ x = - 1± i  π 3 + 2i sin θ
Let α = - 1 + i and β = - 1 - i. 17. Let A = θ ∈  - , π :
  2
 1 - 2i sin θ
Then, α15 + β15 = (-1 + i )15 + (- 1 - i )15

= - [(1 - i )15 + (1 + i )15 ]
is purely imaginary . Then, the sum of the

 15 15
= -   2 
1 i    1 + i   elements in A is [JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-I]
-  +  2   3π 5π
   2 2    2 2  
 (a) (b)
4 6
 15 2π
π π
 2  cos - i sin    (c) π (d)
  4 4 3
=- 
 15 
+  2  cos π + i sin π    Exp. (d)
   
  4 4     3 + 2 i sinθ   1 + 2 i sinθ 
Let z =   × 
 15 π 15 π   1 - 2 i sinθ   1 + 2 i sinθ 
= -( 2 )15  cos - i sin 
  4 4  (rationalising the denominator)
+  cos
15 π
+ i sin
15 π   3 - 4sin2 θ + 8i sinθ
 =
 4 4   1 + 4sin2 θ
[using De Moivre’s theorem [! a2 - b 2 = (a + b)(a - b) and i 2 = - 1]
n
(cos θ ± i sinθ) = cos nθ ± i sin nθ, n ∈ Z]  3 - 4sin2 θ   8sinθ 
15 π  =  2 
 +  2 
i
= - ( 2 ) 2 cos
15
 1 + 4sin θ   1 + 4sin θ 
 4 
1  Since, real part of z = 0
= - ( 2 )15 2 × 3 - 4sin2 θ
 2  ∴ =0
1 + 4sin2 θ
 15 π π π 1 
!cos = cos  4 π -  = cos = ⇒ 3 - 4sin2 θ = 0
 4  4 4 2 
3 3
= - ( 2 )16 = - 2 8 = - 256. ⇒ sin2 θ = ⇒ sinθ = ±
4 2
Alternate Method
α15 + β15 = (-1 + i )15 + (-1 - i )15 Y
1 y=sin θ
= - [(1 - i )15 + (1 + i )15 ]
√3/2
 (1 - i )16 (1 + i )16 
=- + 
 1- i 1+ i  –π/2 –π/3
X′ π X
O π/3 2π/3
 [(1 - i )2 ]8 [(1 + i )2 ]8 
=- + 
 1- i 1+ i 
–√3/2
 [1 + i 2 - 2 i ]8 [1 + i 2 + 2 i ]8  -1
=- +  Y′
 1- i 1+ i 
π π 2π
 (-2 i )8 (2 i )8  ⇒ θ ∈ - , , 
=- +   3 3 3 
 1- i 1+ i  2π
Sum of values of θ = .
 1 1  3
= - 28  + [!i 4 n = 1, n ∈ Z]
 1 - i 1 + i 
18. Let z0 be a root of the quadratic equation,
 2 
= - 256  x 2 + x + 1 = 0, If z = 3 + 6iz081 - 3iz093, then arg z
2
 1 - (i )  is equal to [JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-II]
2
= - 256   = - 256 (a)
π
(b)
π
(c) 0 (d)
π
 2 
4 6 3
24 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Exp. (a) 20. If both the roots of the quadratic equation

Given, x2 + x + 1 = 0 x 2 - mx + 4 = 0 are real and distinct and they
- 1 ± 3i lie in the interval [1, 5] then m lies in the
⇒ x=
2 interval [JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-II]
[!Roots of quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a) (4, 5) (b) ( -5, - 4) (c) (5, 6) (d) (3, 4)
2
-b± b - 4ac Exp. (a)
are given by x = ]
2a
According to given information, we have the
⇒ z0 = ω, ω2
following graph
- 1+ 3 i - 1- 3 i
[where ω = and ω2 = are
2 2 Y
2
the cube roots of unity and ω, ω ≠ 1)
Now consider z = 3 + 6i z081 - 3i z093
= 3 + 6i - 3i (!ω3 n = (ω2 )3 n = 1)
X
= 3 + 3i = 3(1 + i ) O 1 5
If ‘θ’ is the argument of z, then
Im( z) Now, the following conditions should satisfy
tan θ = [!z is in the first quadrant]
Re( z) (i) D> 0 ⇒ b 2 - 4ac > 0
3 π ⇒ m2 - 4 × 1 × 4 > 0
= = 1⇒ θ =
3 4
⇒ m2 - 16 > 0
19. The number of all possible positive integral ⇒ (m - 4) (m + 4) > 0
values of α for which the roots of the ⇒ m ∈ (- ∞, - 4) ∪ (4, ∞ )
quadratic equation, 6x 2 - 11x + α = 0 are (ii) The vertex of the parabola should lie
rational numbers is between x = 1and x = 5
[JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-II] b m
∴ - ∈ (1, 5) ⇒1 < < 5
(a) 5 (b) 2 2a 2
(c) 4 (d) 3 ⇒ m ∈(2, 10)
(iii) f(1) > 0 ⇒1 - m + 4 > 0
Exp. (d) ⇒ m < 5 ⇒ m ∈ (-∞, 5)
For the roots of quadratic equation (iv) f(5) > 0 ⇒ 25 - 5m + 4 > 0 ⇒ 5m < 29
ax2 + bx + c = 0 to be rational D = (b 2 - 4ac ) 29
⇒ m ∈  - ∞, 
should be perfect square.  5
In the equation 6 x2 - 11x + α = 0 From the values of m obtained in (i), (ii), (iii) and
a = 6, b = - 11and c = α (iv), we get m ∈(4, 5).
∴For roots to be rational
D = (- 11)2 - 4(6)(α) should be a perfect square. –∞ ∞
–4 2 4 5 29/5
⇒ D(α) = 121 - 24α should be a perfect square
Now,
D(1) = 121 - 24 = 97 is not a perfect square. 21. Let z1 and z2 be any two non-zero complex
D(2 ) = 121 - 24 × 2 = 73 is not a perfect square. numbers such that 3| z1| = 4| z2 |. If
D(3) = 121 - 24 × 3 = 49 is a perfect square. 3z 2 z
z = 1 + 2 , then
D(4) = 121 - 24 × 4 = 25 is a perfect square. 2 z2 3z1 [JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-I]
D(5) = 121 - 24 × 5 = 1 is a perfect square. 1 17
(a) | z | = (b) Im( z ) = 0
and for α ≥ 6, D(α) < 0, hence imaginary roots. 2 2
∴ For 3 values of α (α = 3, 4, 5), the roots are 5
(c) Re(z) = 0 (d) | z | =
rational. 2
Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations 25

Exp. (*) In both cases f(0). f(2 ) < 0 and f(2 )f(3) < 0
| z1| 4 Now, consider
Given, 3| z1| = 4| z2| ⇒ =
| z2| 3 f(0)f(2 ) < 0
[! z2 ≠ 0 ⇒| z2| ≠ 0] ⇒ (c - 4) [4(c - 5) - 4c + (c - 4)] < 0
z1 z1 iθ z2 z ⇒ (c - 4) (c - 24) < 0
∴ = e and = 2 e - iθ
z2 z2 z1 z1 ⇒ c ∈(4, 24) … (i)
iθ
[! z =| z|(cos θ + i sinθ) = | z| e ] Similarly, f(2 ) ⋅ f(3) < 0
z1 4 iθ z 3 ⇒ [4(c - 5) - 4c + (c - 4)]
⇒ = e and 2 = e - iθ
z2 3 z1 4 [9(c - 5) - 6c + (c - 4)] < 0
3 z1 2 z2 1 - iθ ⇒ (c - 24) (4c - 49) < 0
⇒ = 2e iθ and = e
2 z2 3 z1 2
On adding these two, we get –∞ ∞
3 z1 2 z2 1 –4 2 4 5 29/5
z= + = 2e iθ + e - iθ
2 z2 3 z1 2
49
1 1
= 2 cos θ + 2 i sinθ + cos θ - i sinθ ⇒ c ∈  , 24 …(ii)
 4 
2 2
[!e ± iθ = (cos θ ± i sinθ)] From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
49
5 3 c ∈  , 24
= cos θ + i sinθ  4 
2 2
2 2 ∴Integral values of c are 13, 14, ……, 23.
⇒ | z| =  5 +  3 =
34
=
17
    Thus, 11 integral values of c are possible.
2 2 4 2
5 5
Note that z is neither purely imaginary and nor  3 i  3 i
purely real.
23. Let z =  +  + -  . If R ( z ) and
 2 2  2 2
‘*’ None of the options is correct.
I ( z ) respectively denote the real and
22. Consider the quadratic equation imaginary parts of z, then
[JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-II]
(c - 5)x 2 - 2cx + (c - 4) = 0, c ≠ 5. Let S be the
(a) R( z )> 0 and I ( z )> 0
set of all integral values of c for which one (b) I ( z ) = 0
root of the equation lies in the interval (c) R( z )< 0 and I ( z )> 0
(0, 2) and its other root lies in the interval (d) R( z ) = - 3
(2, 3). Then, the number of elements in S is
[JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-I] Exp. (b)
(a) 11 (b) 10 (c) 12 (d) 18 5 5
 3 i  3 i
Given, z =  +  + - 
Exp. (a)  2 2  2 2
Let f( x) = (c - 5)x2 - 2 cx + (c - 4) = 0. Then, ! Euler’s form of
according to problem, the graph of y = f( x) will be 3 i  π π
+ =  cos + i sin  = e i( π / 6 )
either of the two ways, shown below. 2 2  6 6
3 i -π  π
and - = cos  + i sin -  = e
- iπ / 6
2 2  6   6
O So, z = (e iπ / 6 )5 + (e - iπ / 6 )5
2 3
5π 5π
i -i
=e 6 +e 6
5π 5π 5π 5π
=  cos + i sin  +  cos - i sin 
O 2 3  6 6   6 6 
[! e iθ = cos θ + i sinθ]
26 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

5π On equating real and imaginary part, we get

= 2 cos
6 x = - 198 and y = - 107
∴ I( z) = 0 ⇒ y - x = - 107 + 198 = 91
π
and R( z) = -2 cos = - 3< 0
6 26. If one real root of the quadratic equation

!cos
5π π
= cos π -  = - cos
π 81x 2 + kx + 256 = 0 is cube of the other root,
 6  6 6  then a value of k is
[JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-I]
24. The value of λ such that sum of the squares (a) 100 (b) 144 (c) -81 (d) -300
of the roots of the quadratic equation,
x 2 + ( 3 - λ )x + 2 = λ has the least value is Exp. (d)
[JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-II] Given quadratic equation is
(a)
4
(b)1 (c)
15
(d) 2 81x2 + kx + 256 = 0
9 8 Let one root be α, then other is α 3 .
Exp. (d) Now, α + α 3 = -
k
and α ⋅ α 3 =
256
Given quadratic equation is 81 81
b
[!for ax2 + bx + c = 0, sum of roots = - and
x2 + ( 3 - λ ) x + 2 = λ a c
x2 + (3 - λ )x + (2 - λ ) = 0 … (i) product of roots = ]
a
4
Let Eq. (i) has roots α and β, then α + β = λ - 3 4  4
and αβ = 2 - λ ⇒ α = 
 3
b
[!For ax2 + bx + c = 0, sum of roots = - ⇒ α=±
4
a 3
c
and product of roots = ] ∴ k = - 81 (α + α 3 )
a
Now, α 2 + β 2 = (α + β )2 - 2αβ = - 81 α (1 + α 2 )
4 16 
= (λ - 3)2 - 2(2 - λ ) = - 81  ±   1 +  = ± 300
 3  9
= λ2 - 6λ + 9 - 4 + 2 λ
= λ2 - 4λ + 5 27. Let z be a complex number such that
2
= (λ - 4λ + 4) +1 | z | + z = 3 + i (where i = - 1).
2
= (λ - 2 ) + 1 Then, | z | is equal to
2 2 [JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-II]
Clearly, a + β will be least when λ = 2.
34 5 41 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 3 4 4
1 x + iy
25. Let  -2 - i = (i = -1 ), where x and
 3  27 Exp. (b)
y are real numbers, then y - x equals We have,| z| + z = 3 + i
[JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-I] By inspection it is clearly that imaginary part is 1.
(a) 91 (b) 85 ∴ z = x + i for some x ∈ R
(c) – 85 (d) – 91
⇒ |x + i| + x + i = 3 + i
Exp. (a) ⇒ x2 + 1 = 3 - x
x + iy  1 –1
3 3
⇒ x2 + 1 = 9 - 6 x + x2
We have, =  - 2 - i  =  (6 + i )
27  3   3  ⇒ 6x = 8 ⇒ x =
4
x + iy 1 2 3 3
⇒ =- (216 + 108i + 18i + i )
27 27 4
⇒ z= + i
1 3
=- (198 + 107 i )
27 16 25 5
⇒ | z| = + 1= ⇒ | z| =
[!(a + b )3 = a3 + b 3 + 3a2 b + 3ab 2 and i 2 = - 1] 9 9 3
Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations 27

α
28. Let α and β be the roots of the quadratic Also, let =λ
β
equation x 2 sin θ - x (sin θ cos θ + 1) + cos θ = 0 1 α β
Then, λ+ = 1⇒ + = 1 (given)
∞ 
( - 1)n  λ β α
(0 < θ < 45º ) and α < β. Then, ∑ αn + n 
n = 0 β  ⇒ α 2 + β 2 = αβ ⇒ (α + β )2 = 3αβ
is equal to [JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-II] m (m - 4)2
2
2
⇒ =3 2
(a)
1
-
1
(b)
1
+
1 9m4 3m
1 - cosθ 1 + sin θ 1 - cosθ 1 + sin θ ⇒ (m - 4)2 = 18 [!m ≠ 0]
1 1 1 1 ⇒ m - 4 = ±3 2
(c) - (d) +
1 + cosθ 1 - sin θ 1 + cosθ 1 - sin θ ⇒ m = 4± 3 2
Exp. (b) The least value of m = 4 - 3 2

Given, z -α
30. If (α ∈R ) is a purely imaginary number
x2 sinθ - xsinθcos θ - x + cos θ = 0, z +α
where 0 < θ < 45° and | z| = 2, then a value of α is
[JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-I]
⇒ xsinθ( x - cos θ) - 1( x - cos θ) = 0
1
⇒ ( x - cos θ) ( xsinθ - 1) = 0 (a) 2 (b) (c) 1 (d) 2
⇒ x = cos θ, x = cosec θ 2
⇒ α = cos θ and β = cosec θ
Exp. (d)
1 z-α
(!For 0 < θ < 45°, < cos θ < 1 and Since, the complex number (α ∈ R ) is purely
2 z+α
2 < cosec θ < ∞ ⇒ cosθ < cosec θ) imaginary number, therefore
Now, consider, z-α z-α
+ =0 [!α ∈ R]
∞ 
n (-1)n  ∞
n
∞
(-1)n z+α z+α
∑  α + β n  = ∑ α + ∑ β n
n=0 n=0 n=0 ⇒ zz - αz + αz - α 2 + zz - αz + αz - α 2 = 0
2 3
= (1 + α + α + α + .... ∞ ) ⇒ 2 z
2
- 2 α2 = 0 [!zz = z ]
2

 1 1 1  2
+  1 - + 2 - 3 + .... ∞  ⇒ α2 = z =4 [| z| = 2 given]
 β β β 
1 1 1 1 ⇒ α = ± 2.
= + = +
1- α  1 1 - α 1 + 1
1- - 
β
31. The number of integral values ofm for which
 β
the quadratic expression,
1 1  1 
= + ! = sinθ (1 + 2m ) x 2 - 2(1 + 3m )x + 4(1 + m ), x ∈R , is
1 - cos θ 1 + sinθ  β  always positive, is [JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-II]
29. If λ be the ratio of the roots of the quadratic (a) 6 (b) 8 (c) 7 (d) 3
equation in x, 3m 2x 2 + m (m - 4)x + 2 = 0, Exp. (c)
1
then the least value of m for which λ + = 1, The quadratic expression
λ ax2 + bx + c, x ∈ R is always positive,
is [JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-I]
(a) - 2 + 2 (b) 4 - 2 3 if a > 0 and D < 0.
(c) 4 - 3 2 (d) 2 - 3 So, the quadratic expression
(1 + 2 m) x2 - 2 (1 + 3m)x + 4(1 + m), x ∈ R will be
Exp. (c)
always positive, if1 + 2 m > 0 …(i)
Let the given quadratic equation in x,
3m2 x2 + m(m - 4)x + 2 = 0, m ≠ 0 have roots α and D = 4(1 + 3m)2 - 4(2 m + 1) 4(1 + m) < 0 …(ii)
and β, then From inequality Eq. (i), we get
m(m - 4) 2 1
α+β = - 2
and αβ = m> - …(iii)
3m 3m2 2
28 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

From inequality Eq. (ii), we get

34. Let ω be a complex number such that
1 + 9m2 + 6m - 4 (2 m2 + 3m + 1) < 0
2ω + 1 = z, where z = - 3. If
⇒ m2 - 6m - 3 < 0 1 1 1
⇒ [m - ( 3 + 12 )][m - (3 - 12 )] < 0 1 -ω - 1 ω 2 = 3k , then k is equal to
2
[! m2 - 6m - 3 = 0
1 ω2 ω7 [JEE Main 2017 (Offline)]
6± 36 + 12
⇒ m= =3± 12] (a) - z (b) z
2
(c) -1 (d)1
⇒ 3 - 12 < m < 3 + 12 …(iv)
From inequalities Eqs. (iii) and (iv), the integral Exp. (a)
values of m are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Given, 2ω + 1 = z
Hence, the number of integral values of m is 7. ⇒ 2ω + 1 = - 3 [! z = - 3]
- 1 + 3i
32. Let z1 and z2 be two complex numbers ⇒ ω=
2
satisfying | z1 | = 9 and | z2 - 3 - 4i | = 4. Then,
Since, ω is cube root of unity.
the minimum value of | z1 - z2 | is
- 1 - 3i
[JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-II] ∴ ω2 = and ω3 n = 1
2
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 2 (d) 0 1 1 1
Exp. (d) Now, 1 - ω2 - 1 ω2 = 3k
1 ω2 ω7
Clearly | z1|= 9, represents a circle having centre
C1(0, 0) and radius r1 = 9. 1 1 1
and | z2 - 3 - 4i|= 4 represents a circle having ⇒ 1 ω ω2 = 3k
centre C 2 (3, 4) and radius r2 = 4. 1 ω2 ω
The minimum value of | z1 - z2| is equals to
minimum distance between circles | z1|= 9 and [!1 + ω + ω2 = 0 and ω7 = (ω3 )2 ⋅ ω = ω]
| z2 - 3 - 4i|= 4. On applying R1 Æ R1 + R 2 + R 3 , we get
2 2
! C1C 2 = (3 - 0) + (4 - 0) = 9 + 16 = 25 = 5 3 1 + ω + ω2 1 + ω + ω2
and |r1 - r2|=|9 - 4|= 5 ⇒ C1C 2 =|r1 - r2| 1 ω ω2 = 3k
2
∴ Circles touches each other internally. 1 ω ω
Hence, | z1 - z2|min = 0
3 0 0
33. If α , β ∈C are the distinct roots of the ⇒ 1 ω ω2 = 3k
1 ω2 ω
equation x 2 - x + 1 = 0, then α101 + β107 is
equal to [JEE Main 2018] ⇒ 3(ω2 - ω4 ) = 3k
(a) -1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2 ⇒ (ω2 - ω) = k

Exp. (c)  - 1 - 3i   - 1 + 3i 
∴ k=  - 
We have, α, β are the roots of x - x + 1 = 0 2  2   2 
! Roots of x2 - x + 1 = 0 are -ω,-ω2 =- 3i = - z
2
∴ Let α = - ω and β = - ω 35. For a positive integer n, if the quadratic
⇒ α101 + β107 = (- ω)101 + (- ω2 )107 equation, x ( x + 1) + ( x + 1)( x + 2 ) + ...
= - (ω 101
+ω 214
) + ( x + n - 1)( x + n ) = 10n
2 3 has two consecutive integral solutions, then
= - (ω + ω) (!ω = 1)
= - (-1) [!1 + ω + ω = 0] 2 n is equal to [JEE Main 2016 (Offline)]
(a) 12 (b) 9
=1 (c) 10 (d) 11
Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations 29

Exp. (d) 2 - 6 sin2 θ 7 sin θ

= + i
Given, quadratic equation is 1 + 4 sin2 θ 1 + 4 sin2 θ
x( x + 1) + ( x + 1)( x + 2 ) + ... + ( x + n - 1) ! Re( z) = 0
( x + n) = 10n 2 - 6 sin2 θ
⇒ ∴ = 0 ⇒ 2 = 6 sin2 θ
( x2 + x2 + ... + x2 ) + [(1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2 n - 1)]x 1 + 4 sin2 θ
1 1
+ [(1⋅ 2 + 2 ⋅ 3 + ... + (n - 1)n] = 10n ⇒ sin2 θ = ⇒ sin θ = ±
n(n2 - 1) 3 3
2 2
⇒ nx + n x + - 10n = 0
3
1  -1  1 
2
n -1 ⇒ θ = sin- 1  ±  = ± sin  
⇒ x2 + nx + - 10 = 0  3  3
3
2 2
⇒ 3 x + 3nx + n - 31 = 0
37. The sum of all real values of x satisfying the
2
Let α and β be the roots. equation ( x 2 - 5x + 5)x + 4 x - 60
= 1 is
Since, α and β are consecutive. [JEE Main 2016 (Offline)]
∴ |α - β| = 1 (a) 3 (b) - 4 (c) 6 (d) 5
⇒ (α - β )2 = 1
Exp. (a)
Again, (α - β )2 = (α + β )2 - 4αβ 2
2
Given, ( x2 - 5 x + 5) x + 4 x - 60
=1
- 3n   n2 - 31
⇒ 1 =   - 4  Clearly, this is possible when
 3   3 
I. x2 + 4 x - 60 = 0and x2 - 5 x + 5 ≠ 0
4
⇒ 1 = n2 - (n2 - 31) or
3
⇒ 3 = 3n2 - 4n2 + 124 II. x2 - 5 x + 5 = 1
or
⇒ n2 = 121
III. x2 - 5 x + 5 = - 1 and x2 + 4 x - 60
⇒ n = ± 11
= Even integer
∴ n = 11 [!n > 0]
2 + 3i sin θ Case I When x2 + 4 x - 60 = 0
36. A value of θ for which is purely
1 - 2i sin θ ⇒ x2 + 10 x - 6 x - 60 = 0
imaginary, is [JEE Main 2016 (Offline)] ⇒ x( x + 10) - 6( x + 10) = 0
π π ⇒ ( x + 10) ( x - 6) = 0
(a) (b)
3 6 ⇒ x = - 10 or x = 6
 3 1 
(c) sin -1   (d) sin -1   Note that, for these two values of x,
 4   3
x2 - 5 x + 5 ≠ 0
Exp. (d) Case II When x2 - 5 x + 5 = 1

Let z =
2 + 3i sin θ
is purely imaginary. Then, we ⇒ x2 - 5 x + 4 = 0
1 - 2 i sin θ ⇒ x2 - 4 x - x + 4 = 0
have Re( z) = 0 ⇒ x( x - 4) - 1 ( x - 4) = 0
2 + 3i sin θ
Now, consider z = ⇒ ( x - 4) ( x - 1) = 0
1 - 2 i sin θ
⇒ x = 4 or x = 1
(2 + 3i sin θ) (1 + 2 i sin θ) Case III When x2 - 5 x + 5 = - 1
=
(1 - 2 i sin θ) (1 + 2 i sin θ)
⇒ x2 - 5 x + 6 = 0
2 + 4i sin θ + 3i sin θ + 6i 2 sin2 θ
= ⇒ x2 - 2 x - 3 x + 6 = 0
12 - (2 i sin θ) 2
⇒ x( x - 2 ) - 3( x - 2 ) = 0
2 + 7 i sin θ - 6 sin2 θ ⇒ ( x - 2 ) ( x - 3) = 0
=
1 + 4 sin2 θ ⇒ x = 2 or x = 3
30 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Now, when x = 2, x2 + 4 x - 60 Exp. (c)

= 4 + 8 - 60 = - 48, which is an even Given, α and β are the roots of the equation
integer. x2 - 6 x - 2 = 0.
When x = 3, x2 + 4 x - 60 = 9 + 12 - 60 ! an = α n - β n for n ≥ 1
= - 39, ∴ a10 = α10 - β10
which is not an even integer. a8 = α 8 - β 8 ⇒ a9 = α 9 - β 9
Thus, in this case, we get x = 2.
Now, consider
Hence, the sum of all real values of
a10 - 2 a8 α10 - β10 - 2(α 8 - β 8 )
x = - 10 + 6 + 4 + 1 + 2 = 3 =
2 a9 2(α 9 - β 9 )
38. A complex number z is said to be α 8 (α 2 - 2 ) - β 8 (β 2 - 2 ) !α and β are the
unimodular, if | z | = 1. Suppose z1 and z2 = 9 9 roots of
2(α - β )
z - 2 z2 x2 - 6 x - 2 = 0
are complex numbers such that 1 α 8 ⋅ 6α - β 8 ⋅ 6β
2 - z1z2 = or x2 = 6 x + 2
2(α 9 - β 9 )
is unimodular and z2 is not unimodular. ⇒ α 2 = 6α + 2
Then, the point z1 lies on a [JEE Main 2015] 6α 9 - 6β 9 6 ⇒ α 2 - 2 = 6α
= = =3
(a) straight line parallel to X-axis 2(α 9 - β 9 ) 2 and β 2 = 6β + 2
(b) straight line parallel to Y -axis ⇒ β - 2 = 6β 2

(c) circle of radius 2 Alter

(d) circle of radius 2 Since, α and β are the roots of the equation
x2 - 6 x - 2 = 0 or x2 = 6 x + 2
Exp. (c)
Central Idea If z is unimodular, then| z| = 1. ∴ α 2 = 6α + 2
Also, use property of modulus i.e. z z =| z|2 . ⇒ α10 = 6α 9 + 2α 8 …(i)
10 9 8
Given, z2 is not unimodular i.e.| z2| ≠ 1 Similarly, β = 6β + 2β …(ii)
z - 2 z2 On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get
and 1 is unimodular
2 - z1 z2 α10 - β10 = 6(α 9 - β 9 ) + 2(α 8 - β 8 )

⇒
z1 - 2 z2
=1 ⇒ a10 = 6a9 + 2 a8 (! an = α n - β n )
2 - z1 z2 a - 2 a8
⇒ a10 - 2 a8 = 6a9 ⇒ 10 =3
2 2 2 a9
⇒ | z1 - 2 z2| = |2 - z1 z2|
⇒( z1 - 2 z2 )( z1 - 2 z2 ) = (2 - z1 z2 )(2 - z1 z2 ) 40. If z is a complex number such that | z | ≥ 2 , then
2 1
(! zz = | z| )
the minimum value of z +
⇒ | z1|2 + 4| z2|2 - 2 z1 z2 - 2 z1 z2 2
5 [JEE Main 2014]
= 4 + | z1|2| z2|2 - 2 z1 z2 - 2 z1 z2 (a) is equal to
2
⇒ (| z2|2 - 1)(| z1|2 - 4) = 0 (b) lies in the interval (1, 2 )
5
! | z2| ≠ 1 (c) is strictly greater than
2
∴ | z1| = 2 3 5
(d) is strictly greater than but less than
Let z1 = x + iy ⇒ x2 + y2 = (2 )2 2 2
∴Point z1 lies on a circle of radius 2. Exp. (b)
39. Let α and β be the roots of equation | z|≥ 2 is the region on or outside circle whose centre is
x 2 - 6x - 2 = 0. If an = αn - βn , for n ≥ 1, (0, 0) and radius is 2.
a - 2a 8 1
Minimum z + is distance of z, which lie on the
then the value of 10 is equal to 2
2a 9 -1
[JEE Main 2015] circle| z|= 2 from  , 0 .
(a) 6 (b) -6 (c) 3 (d) -3 2 
Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations 31

1 1
∴Minimum z + = Distance of  - , 0 from ⇒ 1 + 3 a2 < 4 ⇒ a2 - 1 < 0
2  2 
(-2, 0) ⇒ (a + 1)(a - 1) < 0
2 + - +
=  -2 + 1  + 0 = 3
  –1 1
 2 2
Geometrically a ∈ (-11
, )
2 For no integral solution of a, we consider the
1  -1 + 2  + 0 = 3
Min z + = AD =   interval (-1, 0) ∪ (0,1.)
2 2  2
Note Here, when we figure out the non-integral
Y solution, we get a ≠ 0. This implies any interval
excluding zero should be correct answer as it
give either no solution or no integral solution.

42. Let α and β be the roots of equation

X′
D A
X px 2 + qx + r = 0,p ≠ 0. If p ,q and r are in AP
(0, 0) (2, 0) 1 1
(–2, 0)
(– 21 , 0) and + = 4, then the value of |α - β | is
α β
[JEE Main 2014]
61 2 17
(a) (b)
Y′ 9 9
41. If a ∈R and the equation 34 2 13
(c) (d)
- 3( x - [ x ])2 + 2( x - [ x ]) + a 2 = 0 (where,[ x ] 9 9
denotes the greatest integer ≤ x) has no ! If ax 2 + bx + c = 0 has roots α and β, then
integral solution, then all possible values of -b c
α+β = and αβ = .
a lie in the interval [JEE Main 2014] a a
(a) ( -1,0) ∪ (0,1) (b) (1, 2 ) Exp. (d)
(c) ( -2 , - 1 ) (d) ( - ∞ , - 2 ) ∪( 2 , ∞ ) Since, α and β are roots of px2 + qx + r = 0, p ≠ 0.
-q r
! x - [x ] = [X ] which is a fractional part function lie ∴ α+β = ,αβ =
between 0 ≤ {X } < 1. p p
Since, p, q and r are in AP.
Exp. (a) ∴ 2q = p + r
Here, a ∈ R and equation is 1 1 α+β
Also, + =4 ⇒ =4
-3{ x - [ x]}2 + 2{ x - [ x]} + a2 = 0 α β αβ
Let t = x - [ x] - q 4r
⇒ α + β = 4αβ ⇒ =
∴-3t 2 + 2 t + a2 = 0 p p
! 2q = p + r
1± 1 + 3a2
⇒ t = ⇒ 2(-4r ) = p + r ⇒ p = -9 r
3
- q 4r 4r 4
! t = x - [ x] = { X } [fractional part] ! α+β = = = =-
P p -9r 9
∴ 0≤ t ≤ 1
r r 1
and αβ = = =
1 ± 1 + 3a2 p -9r -9
⇒ 0≤ ≤1
3 ∴ (α - β)2 = (α + β )2 - 4αβ
Taking positive sign 16 4 16 + 36
= + =
! [{ x} > 0] 81 9 81
1 ± 1 + 3a2 2 52
∴ 0≤ <1 ⇒ (α - β ) =
3 81
2
⇒ |α - β|= 13
⇒ 1 + 3a2 < 2 3
32 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

43. The real number k for which the equation, 46. The equation e sin x - e - sin x - 4 = 0 has
2 x 3 + 3x + k = 0 has two distinct real roots in
[0, 1] [JEE Main 2013] (a) infinite number of real roots [AIEEE 2012]
(a) lies between 1 and 2 (b) no real root
(b) lies between 2 and 3 (c) exactly one real root
(d) exactly four real roots
(c) lies between -1 and 0
(d) does not exist Exp. (b)
Exp. (d) Given equation is
1
Let 3
f ( x) = 2 x + 3 x + k esin x
- e - sin x
= 4 ⇒ esin x
- =4
esin x

On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get Now, let y = esin x

2
f ′( x) = 6 x + 3 > 0, ∀ x ∈ R Hence, we get
Thus, f( x) is strictly increasing function. 1
y - = 4 ⇒ y2 - 4 y - 1 = 0
Hence, f( x) = 0 has only one real root, so two roots y
are not possible. 4±
16 + 4
⇒ y= ⇒ y=2 ± 5
2
2
44. If the equations x + 2 x + 3 = 0 and On substituting the value of y, we get
ax 2 + bx + c = 0; a ,b , c ∈R , have a common esin x
=2 ± 5
root, then a :b : c is equal to [JEE Main 2013]
Now, since sine is a bounded function, i.e.,
(a) 1 : 2 : 3 (b) 3 : 2 : 1 (c) 1 : 3 : 2 (d) 3 : 1 : 2 -1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1. Hence, we get
1
Exp. (a) e -1 ≤ esin x ≤ e ⇒ esin x ∈  , e 
 e 
Given equations are
Also, it is obvious that 2 + 5 > e
x2 + 2 x + 3 = 0 …(i)
1 1
and 2
ax + bx + c = 0 …(ii) and 2 - 5 < ⋅ ⇒ 2 ± 5 ∉  , e 
e  e 
Since, Eq. (i) has imaginary roots. So, esin x = 2 + 5 is not possible for any x ∈ R
So, Eq. (ii) will also have both roots same as and esin x = 2 - 5 is also not possible for any
Eq. (i).
a b c x ∈ R.
Thus, = = Hence, we can say that the given equation has no
1 2 3
solution.
Hence, a : b : c is 1 : 2 : 3.
z2
47. If z ≠ 1 and is real, then the point
45. If z is a complex number of unit modulus z -1
1 + z represented by the complex number z lies
and argument θ, then arg   is equal to
1 + z  (a) either on the real axis or on a circle passing
π through the origin [AIEEE 2012]
(a) - θ (b) -θ
2 (b) on a circle with centre at the origin
(c) θ (d) π - θ [JEE Main 2013] (c) either on the real axis or on a circle not passing
through the origin
Exp. (c) (d) on the imaginary axis
Given, | z| = 1, arg ( z) = θ
∴ z = e iθ Exp. (a)
1 z2
But z= Given A complex number , ( z ≠ 1) is purely
z z-1
real.
 
 1+ z To find The locus of the complex number z.
∴ arg   = arg ( z) = θ
1 + 1 z2
Method 1 Since, , ( z ≠ 1) is purely real.
 z z-1
Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations 33

z2 z2 Since, the complex roots are conjugate of each

Then, =
z-1 z-1 other.
∴ z = 1 + iy and 1 - iy are two roots of
⇒ z2 ( z - 1) = z 2 ( z - 1)
z2 + αz + β = 0
⇒ z2 z - z2 = z 2 z - z 2
Product of roots = β
⇒ zzz - z2 = zz ⋅ z - z 2
⇒ (1 + iy) (1 - iy) = β
⇒ z| z|2 - z2 = z | z|2 - z2 ∴ β = 1 + y2 ≥ 1 ⇒ β ∈ [1, ∞ )
Rearranging the terms, we get
z| z|2 - z | z|2 = z2 - z 2 49. If ω ( ≠ 1) is a cube root of unity and
⇒ | z|2 ( z - z) = ( z - z)( z + z) (1 + ω ) 7 = A + Bω. Then, ( A , B ) is equal to
⇒ | z|2 ( z - z) - ( z - z)( z + z) = 0 (a) (1,1 ) (b) (1, 0) [AIEEE 2011]
(c) ( -1,1 ) (d) (0,1 )
⇒ ( z - z) [| z|2 - ( z + z)] = 0
Either ( z - z) = 0 or [| z|2 - ( z + z)] = 0 Exp. (a)
Now, z = z ⇒ Locus of ‘ z ’ is real axis and (1 + ω)7 = A + Bω, we know 1 + ω + ω2 = 0
{| z|2 - ( z + z)} = 0 ∴ 1 + ω = - ω2
⇒ zz - ( z + z) = 0 ⇒ (- ω2 )7 = A + Bω
Hence, locus of ‘ z ’ is a circle passing through ⇒ - ω14 = A + Bω
origin.
⇒ - ω2 = A + Bω [!ω14 = ω12 ⋅ ω2 = ω2 ]
Method 2 Put z = x + iy, then
⇒ 1 + ω = A + Bω
z2 ( x + iy)2 ( x2 - y2 ) + i (2 xy)
= = On comparing, we get
z - 1 ( x + iy) - 1 ( x - 1) + iy
A = 1, B = 1
( x2 - y2 ) + i (2 xy) ( x - 1) - iy
= ×
( x - 1) + iy ( x - 1) - iy 50. Sachin and Rahul attempted to solve a
z2 quadratic equation. Sachin made a mistake
Since, , ( z ≠ 1) is purely real, hence its in writing down the constant term and
z-1
imaginary part should be equal to zero.
ended up in roots (4, 3). Rahul made a
mistake in writing down coefficient of x to
⇒ ( x2 - y2 )(- y) + (2 xy)( x - 1) = 0 get roots (3, 2). The correct roots of equation
⇒ y( x2 - y2 + 2 x - 2 x2 ) = 0 are [AIEEE 2011]
⇒ y( x2 + y2 - 2 x) = 0 (a) - 4, - 3 (b) 6,1 (c) 4, 3 (d) - 6, - 1
2 2
Either y = 0 or x + y - 2 x = 0 Exp. (b)
Now, y=0 Let the quadratic equation be
⇒ Locus of ‘ z ’ is real axis and x2 + y2 - 2 x = 0. ax2 + bx + c = 0
⇒ Locus of ‘ z ’ is a circle passing through origin. Sachin made a mistake in writing down constant
Hence, locus of ‘ z ’ is either real axis or a circle terms.
passing through origin. So, sum of roots is correct.
48. Letα , β be real and z be a complex number. If i.e., α + β =7
z 2 + αz + β = 0 has two distinct roots on the Rahul made mistake in writing down coefficient of x.
line Re z = 1, then it is necessary that So, product of roots is correct.
(a) β ∈( -1, 0) (b) | β | =1 [AIEEE 2011]
i.e., αβ = 6
(c) β ∈[1, ∞ ) (d) β ∈(0,1 )
Correct quadratic equation is
Exp. (c) x2 - (α + β )x + αβ = 0
Let z = x + iy, given Re( z) = 1 x2 - 7 x + 6 = 0 having roots 1 and 6.
∴ x = 1 ⇒ z = 1 + iy
34 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

51. The number of complex numbers z such 53. Let f : R Æ R be a continuous function
that | z - 1| = | z + 1| = | z - i | is equal to 1
defined by f ( x ) = .
(a) 0 (b) 1 [AIEEE 2010] e + 2e- x x

(c) 2 (d) ∞ 1
Statement I f (c ) = , for some c ∈R .
3
Exp. (b) 1
We have, | z - 1| = | z + 1| = | z - i| Statement II 0 < f ( x ) ≤ ,∀ x ∈R .
2 2
Clearly, z is the circumcentre of the triangle [AIEEE 2010]
formed by the vertices (1, 0) and (0, 1) and (-1, 0 ) (a) Statement I is false, Statement II is true
which is unique. (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
Y Statement II is a correct explanation of
Statement I
(0, 1)
(c) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
Statement II is not a correct explanation for
Statement I
(–1, 0) (1, 0) (d) Statement I is true, Statement II is false
X′ X
=

O
Exp. (b)
1
! f ( x) =
x 2
|z+i| e +
ex
Y′
Using AM ≥ GM
Hence, the number of complex number z is one. x 2
e + x 1/ 2
e ≥  e x ⋅ 2  , as e x > 0
52. If α and β are the roots of the equation 2  x
e 
x 2 - x + 1 = 0 , then α 2009 + β 2009 is equal to ⇒ x 2
e + x ≥2 2
(a) – 2 (b) – 1 [AIEEE 2010] e
1 1
⇒ 0< ≤
(c) 1 (d) 2 x 2 2 2
e + x
e
Exp. (c) 1
∴ 0 < f ( x) ≤ , ∀ x∈R
Since, α and β are roots of the equation 2 2
x2 - x + 1 = 0. Statement II is true and Statement I is also true as
⇒ α + β = 1, αβ = 1 for some ‘c’.
1
⇒ f (c ) = [for c = 0]
1± 3i 3
⇒ x=
2 1
which lies betwen 0 and .
1+3i 1- 3 i 2 2
⇒ x= or So, statement II is correct explanation of statement I
2 2
⇒ x = -ω or -ω2 Alternate Solution
Thus, α = -ω 2 1 ex
f ( x) = x -x
= 2x
e + 2e e +2
Then, β = -ω
(e 2 x + 2 )e x - 2 e 2 x ⋅ e x
or α = - ω, then β = - ω2 [where, ω3 = 1] ⇒ f ′( x) =
(e 2 x + 2 )2
2009 2009 2009 2 2009
Hence, α +β = ( - ω) + (- ω ) ⇒ f ′( x) = 0 ⇒ e 2 x + 2 = 2 e 2 x
3 669 2 3 1337
= - [(ω ) ⋅ ω + (ω ) ⋅ ω] ⇒ e2 x = 2 ⇒ e x = 2
= - [ω2 + ω] 2 1
Maximum value of f ( x) = =
= - (-1) = 1 4 2 2
Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations 35

1
0 < f ( x) ≤, ∀ x∈R Exp. (d)
2 2
1
1 1 Let z=
Since, 0< < i -1
3 2 2
⇒ For some c ∈ R, f (c ) = 1 / 3  1  1 1
Then, z=  = =-
 i - 1 - i - 1 i +1
54. If the roots of the equationbx 2 + cx + a = 0 is
imaginary, then for all real values of x, the 57. The quadratic equations
expression 3b 2x 2 + 6bcx + 2 c 2 is [AIEEE 2009] x 2 - 6x + a = 0
(a) greater than 4ab (b) less than 4ab and x2 -c x + 6 =0
(c) greater than - 4ab (d) less than - 4ab have one root in common. The other roots of
the first and second equations are integers
Exp. (c)
in the ratio 4 : 3. Then, the common root is
Given bx2 + cx + a = 0 has imaginary roots. (a) 2 (b) 1 [AIEEE 2008]
⇒ c 2 - 4ab < 0 ⇒ c 2 < 4ab
(c) 4 (d) 3
⇒ - c 2 > - 4ab …(i)
Let f( x) = 3b 2 x2 + 6bcx + 2 c 2 Exp. (a)
Here, 3b 2 > 0 Let the roots of x2 - 6 x + a = 0 be α, 4β and that
So, the given expression has a minimum value. of x2 - cx + 6 = 0 be α and 3β.
-D ∴ α + 4β = 6 and 4αβ = a
∴ Minimum value =
4a and α + 3β = c and 3αβ = 6
4ac - b 2 4(3b 2 ) (2 c 2 ) - 36b 2c 2 a 4
= = ⇒ = ⇒ a=8
4a 4(3b 2 ) 6 3
2 2
12 b c ∴ x2 - 6 x + 8 = 0
=- = - c 2 > - 4ab [from Eq. (i)]
12 b 2 ⇒ ( x - 4)( x - 2 ) = 0
4 ⇒ x = 2, 4
55. Ifz - = 2, then the maximum value of| z | is
 z and x2 - cx + 6 = 0
equal to [AIEEE 2009] ⇒ 22 - 2c + 6 = 0 ⇒ c = 5
(a) 3 +1 (b) 5 +1 (c) 2 (d) 2 + 2 ∴ x2 - 5 x + 6 = 0
⇒ x = 2, 3
Exp. (b)
Hence, common root is 2.
 z - 4  + 4
| z| =  
 z z 58. If | z + 4 | ≤ 3 , then the maximum value of
⇒  z - 4
| z| ≤  + 4 | z + 1| is [AIEEE 2007]
 z | z| (a) 4 (b) 10 (c) 6 (d) 0
4
⇒ | z| ≤ 2 + Exp. (c)
| z|
⇒ 2
| z| - 2| z| - 4 ≤ 0 | z + 4| ≤ 3 represents the interior and boundary of
the circle with centre at (- 4, 0) and radius = 3.
⇒ [| z| - ( 5 + 1)] [| z| - (1 - 5 )] ≤ 0
Y
⇒ 1- 5 ≤ | z| ≤ 5+1
1
56. The conjugate of a complex number is .
i -1 X′ X
Then, the complex number is [AIEEE 2008] (–7, 0) (–4, 0) (–1, 0)
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) - (c) (d) -
i -1 i -1 i +1 i +1
Y′
36 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

As -1 is an end point of a diameter of the circle, Exp. (c)

hence maximum possible value of| z + 1| is 6. 10
 2 kπ 2 kπ 
Alternate Solution ∑  sin 11
+ i cos
11 

k =1
| z + 1| = | z + 4 - 3| ≤ | z + 4| + |- 3| ≤ 6 2 kπ
10
2 kπ 2 kπ  10  - i

Hence, maximum value of| z + 1| is 6. =i ∑  cos 11
- i sin
11 
 =i ∑  e 11 

k =1 k = 1 
59. If the difference between the roots of the
 10  - 2 kπ i  
equation x 2 + ax + 1 = 0 is less than 5 , then  
= i  ∑  e 11  - 1 = - i
the set of possible values of a is [AIEEE 2007]  
k = 0   
(a) ( - 3, 3) (b) ( - 3, ∞ )  10 2 kπ 
- i
(c) (3, ∞) (d) ( - ∞ , - 3) ∴sum of roots of unity is zero ⇒ ∑ e 11 = 0
 k =0 
 
Exp. (a)
Let α and β be the roots of equation 62. All the values of m for which both roots of
the equation x 2 - 2mx + m 2 - 1 = 0 are
x2 + ax + 1 = 0, then
greater than –2 but less than 4 lie in the
α + β = -a and αβ = 1 interval [AIEEE 2006]
Now, |α - β | = (α + β )2 - 4αβ (a) m > 3 (b) -1 < m < 3
2 (c) 1 < m < 4 (d) -2 < m < 0
⇒ |α - β | = a -4
According to given condition, Exp. (b)
2 2 Since, both roots of equation
a - 4 < 5 ⇒ a - 4< 5
⇒ a2 < 9 ⇒ |a| < 3 x2 - 2 mx + m2 - 1 = 0 are greater than –2 but
⇒ a ∈ (- 3, 3) less than 4.
b
∴ D ≥ 0, -2 < - < 4,
2a
60. If the roots of the quadratic equation
x 2 + px + q = 0 are tan 30° and tan 15° f(4) > 0 and f(-2 ) > 0

respectively, then the value of 2 + q - p is Now, D ≥ 0; 4m - 4m2 + 4 ≥ 0

2

(a) 3 (b) 0 [AIEEE 2006]

(c) 1 (d) 2 –b/2a
Exp. (a) –2 4 or
Since, tan 30° and tan 15° are the roots of -2 4
equation x2 + px + q = 0. ⇒ 4 > 0, ∀ m ∈ R …(i)
∴ tan 30°+ tan 15°= - p b
-2 < - <4
and tan 30° tan 15°= q 2a
2m
Now, 2 + q - p = 2 + tan 30° tan15° ⇒ -2 <  <4
+ (tan 30°+ tan 15°)  2 ⋅ 1
= 2 + tan 30° tan 15°+ 1 - tan 30° tan 15° ⇒ -2 < m < 4 …(ii)
 tan 30°+ tan 15°  f(4) > 0
! tan 45°= 1 - tan 30° tan 15° ⇒ 16 - 8m + m2 - 1 > 0
 
⇒ 2 + q - p= 3 ⇒ m2 - 8m + 15 > 0

10
⇒ (m - 3)(m - 5) > 0
 2 kπ 2 kπ 
61. The value of ∑  sin + i cos  is ⇒ -∞ < m < 3 and 5 < m < ∞ …(iii)
k =1
 11 11  and f(-2 ) > 0
(a) 1 (b) –1 [AIEEE 2006] ⇒ 4 + 4m + m2 - 1 > 0
(c) -i (d) i ⇒ m2 + 4m + 3 > 0
Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations 37

⇒ (m + 3)(m + 1) > 0
64. If the cube roots of unity are1,ω andω 2 ,then
⇒ -∞ < m < - 3 and -1 < m < ∞ …(iv)
the roots of the equation ( x - 1)3 + 8 = 0, are
From Eqs. (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv), we get
(a) -1,1 + 2 ω ,1 + 2 ω2 [AIEEE 2005]
m lie between –1 and 3.
(b) -1,1 - 2 ω ,1 - 2 ω2
Alternate Solution
(c) -1, - 1, - 1
The given equation is
(d) -1, - 1 + 2 ω , - 1 - 2 ω2
x2 - 2 mx + m2 - 1 = 0
⇒ x2 - 2 mx + m2 = 1 Exp. (b)
⇒ ( x - m)2 = 1 Given that, ( x - 1)3 + 8 = 0
⇒ x - m = ±1 ⇒ ( x - 1)3 = (-2 )3
⇒ x = m± 1 3
⇒  x - 1 = 1
Since, it is given that the roots of the equation  
 -2 
are greater than -2 but less than 4.
⇒  x - 1 = (1)1/ 3
∴ -2 < x < 4 ⇒ -2 < m ± 1 < 4  
 -2 
⇒ -2 < m + 1 < 4 and -2 < m - 1 < 4
x - 1
⇒ -3 < m < 3 ∴ Cube roots of  2
 are 1, ω and ω .
 -2 
and -1 < m < 5
Cube roots of ( x - 1) are –2, -2 ω and - 2 ω2 .
⇒ -1 < m < 3
Cube roots of x are –1, 1 - 2 ω and 1 - 2 ω2 .
63. If z 2 + z + 1 = 0, where z is complex number,
then the value of [AIEEE 2006] 65. If z1 and z2 are two non-zero complex
2 2 2 numbers such that | z1 + z2| = | z1| + | z2|, then
 1  2 1  3 1
z +  + z + 2 + z + 3 arg ( z1 ) - arg ( z2 ) is equal to [AIEEE 2005]
 z  z   z 
π π
1
2 (a) - (b) 0 (c) - π (d)

+ ... +  z 6 + 6  is 2 2
 z 
(a) 54 (b) 6 Exp. (b)
(c) 12 (d) 18 Let z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2

Exp. (c) Given that,

| z1 + z2| = | z1| + | z2|
Given equation is z2 + z + 1 = 0
-1 ± 1- 4 × 1× 1 ∴ ( x1 + x2 )2 + ( y1 + y2 )2
⇒ z=
2 ×1
= x12 + y12 + x22 + y22
-1 ± -3
⇒ z= On squaring both sides, we get
2
x12 + x22 + 2 x1 x2 + y12 + y22 + 2 y1 y2
⇒ z = ω, ω2
2 2 2
= x12 + y12 + x22 + y22 + 2 ( x12 + y12 )( x22 + y22 )
Now,  z + 1  +  z2 + 1  +  z3 + 1 
      ⇒ x1 x2 + y1 y2 = ( x12 + y12 )( x22 + y22 )
 z  z2   z3 
1
2
1
2
1
2 Again squaring, we get
+  z4 + 4  +  z5 + 5  +  z6 + 6 
 z   z   z  x12 x22 + y12 y22 + 2 x1 x2 y1 y2
= (-1)2 + (-1)2 + (1 + 1)2 + (-1)2 + (-1)2 + (1 + 1)2 = x12 x22 + y12 y22 + x12 y22 + y12 x22
When we put either z = ω or z = ω2 , ⇒ ( x1 y2 - y1 x2 )2 = 0
we get the same result y1 y2
⇒ =
= 1 + 1 + 4 + 1 + 1 + 4 = 12 x1 x2
38 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

y  y  z
⇒ tan-1  1  = tan-1  2  67. Ifw = and |w | = 1, then z lies on
 x1   x2  i
z-
3 [AIEEE 2005]
⇒ arg ( z1 ) = arg ( z2 )
⇒ arg ( z1 ) - arg ( z2 ) = 0 (a) a parabola (b) a straight line
(c) a circle (d) an ellipse
Alternate Solution
Given that, | z1 + z2| = | z1| + | z2| Exp. (b)
z
On squaring both sides, we get Given that, w = and|w| = 1
i
2 2 z-
| z1| + | z2| + 2 Re ( z1 z2 ) 3
= | z1|2 + | z2|2 + 2| z1|| z2| z
⇒ z - i 
i = 1 ⇒ | z| =  
⇒ Re ( z1 z2 ) = | z1|| z2| z-  3
3
⇒ | z1|| z2| cos (θ1 - θ2 ) = | z1|| z2|
⇒ θ1 - θ2 = 0 So, z lies on perpendicular bisector of (0, 0) and
 0, 1  .
⇒ arg ( z1 ) - arg ( z2 ) = 0  
 3
66. The value of a for which the sum of the Hence, z lies on a straight line.
squares of the roots of the equation 68. If the roots of the equation x 2 - bx + c = 0 is
x 2 - (a - 2 )x - a - 1 = 0 assume the least two consecutive integers, thenb 2 - 4c equal
value is [AIEEE 2005] to [AIEEE 2005]
(a) 2 (b) 3 (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) –2
(c) 0 (d) 1
Exp. (a)
Exp. (d)
Let n and (n + 1) be the two consecutive roots of
Let α and β be the roots of equation
x2 - bx + c = 0. Then, n + (n + 1) = b
x2 - ( a - 2 ) x - a - 1 = 0
and n(n + 1) = c.
Then, α + β = a - 2 and αβ = - a - 1 ∴ b 2 - 4 c = (2 n + 1)2 - 4n(n + 1)
Now, α 2 + β 2 = (α + β )2 - 2 αβ
= 4n2 + 4n + 1 - 4n2 - 4n = 1
⇒ α 2 + β 2 = (a - 2 )2 + 2(a + 1)
⇒ α 2 + β 2 = a2 - 2 a + 6
69. If both the roots of the quadratic equation
x 2 - 2 kx + k 2 + k - 5 = 0 are less than 5, then
⇒ α 2 + β 2 = (a - 1)2 + 5 k lies in the interval [AIEEE 2005]
The value of α 2 + β 2 will be least, if a - 1 = 0. (a) [4, 5] (b) ( -∞ , 4) (c) (6, ∞ ) (d) (5, 6]
⇒ a=1
Exp. (b)
Alternate Solution Let f( x) = x2 - 2 kx + k 2 + k - 5
Since, α + β = (a - 2 ) and αβ = - a - 1
Since, both roots are less than 5. Then,
Let f(a) = α 2 + β 2 = (α + β )2 - 2 αβ b
D ≥ 0, - < 5 and f(5) > 0
= (a - 2 )2 + 2 (a + 1) 2a
= a2 - 2 a + 6 Now, D = 4k 2 - 4(k 2 + k - 5)
⇒ f ′ ( a) = 2 a - 2 = - 4k + 20 ≥ 0
For maxima or minima, put f ′(a) = 0. ⇒ k≤ 5 …(i)
b
∴ 2a - 2 = 0 ⇒ a = 1 - < 5 ⇒ k< 5 …(ii)
Now, f ′ ′ ( a) = 2 2a
⇒ f′ ′(1) = 2 > 0 and f(5) > 0
So, f(a) is minimum at a = 1. ⇒ 25 - 10k + k 2 + k - 5 > 0
Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations 39

⇒ k 2 - 9k + 20 > 0 Exp. (d)

⇒ (k - 5)(k - 4) > 0 ! z1/ 3 = p + iq
⇒ k < 4 and k > 5 …(iii) ∴ z = ( p + iq )3
From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
= p3 - iq 3 + 3 ip2q - 3 pq 2
k< 4
Given that, z = x - iy
∴ x - iy = p3 - 3 pq 2 + i (3 p2q - q 3 )
70. If the equation
an x n + an - 1x n - 1 + ... + a1x = 0, a1 ≠ 0, n ≥ 2 , ⇒ x = p3 - 3 pq 2 and - y = 3 p2q - q 3
x
has a positive root x = α, then the equation ⇒ = p2 - 3q 2
p
nan x n - 1 + (n - 1)an - 1x n - 2 + ... + a1 = 0 has a y
and = - 3 p2 + q 2
positive root, which is [AIEEE 2005] q
x y
(a) equal to α ∴ + = - 2 p2 - 2q 2
(b) greater than or equal to α p q
(c) smaller than α 1 x y
⇒  +  = -2
(d) greater than α ( p2 + q 2 )  p q 

Exp. (c) 73. If | z 2 - 1| = | z |2 + 1, then z lies on [AIEEE 2004]

Let f( x) = an xn + an - 1 xn - 1 + ... + a1 x = 0 …(i)
(a) the real axis (b) the imaginary axis
f(0) = 0 and f(α ) = 0 (c) a circle (d) an ellipse
According to the Rolle’s theorem,
f ′ ( x) = 0
Exp. (b)
has atleast one root between (0, α ). Using the relation, if
So, f ′( x) = 0 has a positive root less than α. | z1 + z2| = | z1| + | z2|
Then, arg ( z1 ) = arg ( z2 )
71. Let z ,w be complex numbers such that Since, | z2 + (-1)| = | z2| + |- 1|
z + iw = 0 and arg ( zw ) = π. Then, arg ( z ) is Then, arg ( z2 ) = arg (-1)
equal to [AIEEE 2004]
π π 3π 5π ⇒ 2 arg ( z) = π [!arg (-1) = π ]
(a) (b) (c) (d) π
4 2 4 4 ⇒ arg ( z) =
2
Exp. (c) So, z lies on Y-axis (imaginary axis).
Given that, z + i w = 0 ⇒ z = - i w 74. If (1 - p ) is a root of quadratic equation
⇒ z = iw ⇒ w = - i z
x 2 + px + (1 - p ) = 0, then its roots are
and arg ( zw) = π
(a) 0, 1 (b) –1, 1 [AIEEE 2004]
⇒ arg (- iz2 ) = π
(c) 0, –1 (d) –1, 2
⇒ arg (- i ) + 2 arg ( z) = π
⇒
π π
- + 2 arg ( z) = π ! arg (- i ) = - 
Exp. (c)
2  2  Since, (1 - p) is a root of quadratic equation
3π x2 + px + (1 - p) = 0 …(i)
⇒ arg ( z) =
4
So, (1 - p) satisfied the above equation.
72. If z = x - iy and z = p + iq , then 1/3 ∴ (1 - p)2 + p (1 - p) + (1 - p) = 0
x y 2 2
⇒ (1 - p)(1 - p + p + 1) = 0
 +  (p + q ) is equal to ⇒ (1 - p) 2 = 0 ⇒ p = 1
p q  [AIEEE 2004]
On putting this value in Eq. (i), we get
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 2 (d) –2
x2 + x = 0 ⇒ x = 0, - 1
40 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

75. If one root of the equation x 2 + px + 12 = 0 is 77. Let two numbers have arithmetic mean
4, while the equation x 2 + px + q = 0 has
9 and geometric mean 4. Then, these
equal roots, then the value of q is
49
numbers are the roots of the quadratic
(a) (b) 12 [AIEEE 2004]
equation [AIEEE 2004]
4
(c) 3 (d) 4 (a) x 2 + 18x + 16 = 0 (b) x 2 - 18x + 16 = 0
(c) x 2 + 18x - 16 = 0 (d) x 2 - 18x - 16 = 0
Exp. (a)
Since, one of the roots of equation Exp. (b)
x2 + px + 12 = 0 is 4. Let α and β be two numbers whose arithmetic
∴ 16 + 4 p + 12 = 0 mean is 9 and geometric mean is 4.
⇒ 4 p = - 28 ⇒ p = - 7 ∴ α + β = 18 and αβ = 16
So, the other equation is x2 - 7 x + q = 0 whose ∴ Required equation
roots are equal. Let the roots be α and α. x2 - (α + β )x + (αβ ) = 0
7 7 ⇒ x2 - 18 x + 16 = 0
∴ Sum of roots = α + α = ⇒ α =
1 2
And product of roots = α ⋅ α = q 78. Let z1 and z2 be two roots of the equation
2
7 = q z 2 + az + b = 0, z being complex. Further,
⇒  
2 assume that the origin, z1 and z2 form an
49 equilateral triangle. Then, [AIEEE 2003]
∴ q=
4 (a) a 2 = b (b) a 2 = 2 b
2
(c) a = 3b (d) a 2 = 4b
76. If 2a + 3b + 6c = 0,then atleast one root of the
equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 lies in the interval Exp. (c)
[AIEEE 2004] Since, origin z1 and z2 are the vertices of an
(a) (0, 1) (b) (1, 2) equilateral triangle, then
(c) (2, 3) (d) (1, 3) z12 + z22 = z1 z2
Exp. (a) ⇒ ( z1 + z2 )2 = 3 z1 z2 …(i)

Let f ′( x) = ax2 + bx + c Again, z1, z2 are the roots of the equation

z2 + az + b = 0
On integrating both sides, we get Then, z1 + z2 = - a and z1 z2 = b
ax3 bx2 On putting these values in Eq. (i), we get
f ( x) = + + cx + d
3 2
(- a)2 = 3b ⇒ a2 = 3b
3 2
2 ax + 3bx + 6 cx + 6 d
⇒ f ( x) =
6 79. If z and w are two non-zero complex
Since, f( x) is a polynomial function and is numbers such that | zw | = 1 and
continuous as well as differentiable in its entire real π
arg ( z ) - arg (w ) = , then z (w ) is equal to
set. 2
2 a + 3b + 6 c + 6 d
⇒ f(1) = (a) 1 (b) –1
6
(c) i (d) -i [AIEEE 2003]
6d
= =d [!2 a + 3b + 6 c = 0, given]
6 Exp. (d)
6d Let z = r1 e iθ and w = r2 e iφ ⇒ z = r1 e - iθ
and f(0) = =d
6
Given, | zw| = 1
∴ f(0) = f(1)
⇒ |r1 e iθ ⋅ r2 e iφ| = 1
Hence, according to Rolle’s theorem, atleast one
⇒ r1r2 = 1 …(i)
root of ax2 + bx + c = 0 lies between 0 and 1.
Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations 41

and arg ( z) - arg (w) =

π 1 1 α2 + β2
Also given, α+β= + =
2 α 2
β 2
α 2β 2
π 2
⇒ θ-φ= …(ii) α + β 2
2 ⇒ α+β=  -
 αβ  αβ
Now, zw = r1 e - iθ ⋅ r2 e iφ = r1r2e - i ( θ - φ ) 2
 - b  =  - b/a  - 2
= 1 ⋅ e iπ / 2 [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)] ⇒   
 a   c /a 

c/a
π π 2
= cos - i sin b  b 2a
2 2 ⇒ - =  -
⇒ zw = - i a c c
x 2a b  b c
1 + i ⇒ =  + 
80. If   = 1, then c c c a
1 - i [AIEEE 2003] 2a b c
⇒ = +
(a) x = 4n , where n is any positive integer b c a
(b) x = 2 n , where n is any positive integer c a b
Since, , and are in AP.
(c) x = 4n + 1, where n is any positive integer a b c
(d) x = 2 n + 1, where n is any positive integer a b c
Hence, , and are in HP.
Exp. (a) c a b
x x
1 + i  (1 + i )(1 + i ) 82. The number of the real solutions of the
Now,   =
1- i  (1 - i )(1 + i )  equation x 2 - 3| x | + 2 = 0 is [AIEEE 2003]
x x
 (1 + i )2  1 - 1 + 2 i  (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 1 (d) 3
=  =
i2   2 
 1- Exp. (b)
x
1 + i  x Given equation is
⇒   = (i) = 1 [given]
1- i  x2 - 3| x| + 2 = 0
⇒ ( i ) x = ( i )4 n Case I When x > 0, then| x| = x
where, n is any positive integer. ∴ x2 - 3 x + 2 = 0
∴ x = 4n ⇒ ( x - 1)( x - 2 ) = 0
⇒ x = 1, 2
81. If the sum of the roots of the quadratic Case II When x < 0, then| x| = - x
equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 is equal to the sum
∴ x2 + 3 x + 2 = 0
of the squares of their reciprocals, then
⇒ ( x + 1)( x + 2 ) = 0
a b c
, and are in ⇒ x = - 1, - 2
c a b [AIEEE 2003] Hence, four solutions are possible.
(a) arithmetic progression
(b) geometric progression 83. The value of ‘a’ for which one root of the
(c) harmonic progression quadratic equation
(d) arithmetic-geometric progression (a 2 - 5a + 3)x 2 + ( 3a - 1)x + 2 = 0
Exp. (c) is twice as large as the other, is [AIEEE 2003]
(a) 2/3 (b) –2/3
Given equation is ax2 + bx + c = 0.
(c) 1/3 (d) –1/3
Let α and β be the roots of the equation.
Then, α+β=-
b Exp. (a)
a Since, one root of the quadratic equation
c (a2 - 5a + 3)x2 + (3a - 1)x + 2 = 0 is twice as
and αβ =
a large as the other, then let their roots beα and 2 α.
42 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

(3a - 1)
∴ α + 2α = - 85. If ω is an imaginary cube root of unity, then
(a2 - 5a + 3)
(1 + ω - ω 2 ) 7 equal to [AIEEE 2002]
(3a - 1)
⇒ 3α = - 2 (a) 128 ω (b) -128 ω
(a - 5 a + 3)
(c) 128 ω2 (d) -128 ω2
2
and α ⋅2α =
(a2 - 5a + 3) Exp. (d)
2
⇒ 2α2 = Now, (1 + ω - ω2 )7 = (-ω2 - ω2 )7
(a2 - 5a + 3)
[! 1 + ω + ω2 = 0]
(3a - 1)2 1
⇒ = = (-2 ω2 )7 = - 2 7 ⋅ ω14
9(a2 - 5 a + 3)2 (a2 - 5a + 3)
= - 128(ω3 )4 ω2
⇒ (3 a - 1)2 = 9(a2 - 5 a + 3)
= - 128ω2 [! ω3 = 1]
⇒ 9a2 - 6a + 1 = 9a2 - 45 a + 27
⇒ 45a - 6a = 27 - 1 6i -3 i 1
26 2 86. If 4 3i -1 = x + iy , then
⇒ a= =
39 3 20 3 i [AIEEE 2002]
2 2 (a) x = 3, y = 1 (b) x = 1, y = 3
84. If α ≠ β and α = 5α - 3 , β = 5β - 3 , then the
(c) x = 0, y = 3 (d) x = 0, y = 0
equation having α/β and β/α as its roots, is
[AIEEE 2002] Exp. (d)
2 2
(a) 3x + 19x + 3 = 0 (b) 3x - 19x + 3 = 0 6i - 3i 1
(c) 3x 2 - 19x - 3 = 0 (d) x 2 - 16x + 1 = 0 Given that, 4 3i -1 = x + iy
20 3 i
Exp. (b)
Applying R1 Æ R1 + R 2
Given α 2 = 5α - 3 ⇒ α 2 - 5α + 3 = 0
6i + 4 0 0
and β2 = 5 β - 3 ⇒ β2 - 5 β + 3 = 0
⇒ 4 3i -1 = x + iy
These two equations shows that α and β are the 20 3 i
roots of the equation x2 - 5 x + 3 = 0.
3i -1
∴ α + β = 5 and αβ = 3 ⇒ (6 i + 4) = x + iy
3 i
2 2
α β α +β
Now, + = ⇒ (6 i + 4)(3 i 2 + 3) = x + iy
β α αβ
⇒ 0 + 0i = x + iy
(α + β )2 - 2 αβ
= ∴ x = 0 and y=0
αβ
2
25 - 6 19 87. The number of real roots of 32x - 7x + 7
= 9 is
= =
3 3 (a) 0 (b) 2 [AIEEE 2002]
α β
and ⋅ =1 (c) 1 (d) 4
β α
Thus, the equation having roots
α β
and is given Exp. (b)
β α 2
Given that, 32 x - 7x + 7
= 32
by 2
⇒ 2x - 7x + 7 = 2
α β  α β
x2 -  +  x + ⋅ = 0
β α β α ⇒ 2 x2 - 7 x + 5 = 0
19 Now, D = b 2 - 4ac = (-7 )2 - 4 × 2 × 5
⇒ x2 - x + 1= 0
3 = 49 - 40 = 9 > 0
2 Hence, it has two real roots.
⇒ 3 x - 19 x + 3 = 0
3
Matrices and
Determinants
⇒ (c + 1)[2c 2 + 2c - c - 1] = 0
1. The greatest value of c ∈R for which the
system of linear equations ⇒ (c + 1)(2c - 1)(c + 1) = 0
1
x -cy - cz =0,cx -y + cz =0,cx + cy - z =0 ⇒ c = - 1or
2
has a non-trivial solution, is 1
[JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-I] Clearly, the greatest value of c is .
1 2
(a) -1 (b)
2 cos α - sin α
(c) 2 (d) 0 2. Let A =   ,(α ∈R ) such that
 sin α cos α 
Exp. (b) 0 -1
A 32 =   . Then, a value of α is
Key Idea A homogeneous system of linear 1 0 
equations have non-trivial solutions iff ∆ = 0 [JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-I]
π π π
Given system of linear equations is (a) (b) 0 (c) (d)
32 64 16
x - cy - cz = 0,
cx - y + cz = 0 Exp. (c)
and cx + cy - z = 0 cos α - sinα 
Given, matrix A = 
We know that a homogeneous system of linear 
 sinα cos α 
equations have non-trivial solutions iff
cos α - sinα  cos α - sinα 
∆=0 ∴ A2 =   
1 - c - c  sinα cos α   sinα cos α 
⇒ c - 1 c = 0  cos 2 α - sin2 α - cos α sinα - sinα cos α 
  = 
c c - 1 sinα cos α + cos α sinα - sin2 α + cos 2 α 

( - c 2 ) + c(-c - c 2 ) - c(c 2 + c ) = 0
⇒ 11 cos 2 α - sin2 α 
= 
⇒ 2 2 3
1- c - c - c - c - c = 0 3 2  sin2 α cos 2 α 
Similarly,
⇒ -2c 3 - 3c 2 + 1 = 0
cos(nα ) - sin(nα )
⇒ 2c 3 + 3c 2 - 1 = 0 An =  , n ∈ N
 sin(nα ) cos(nα ) 
⇒ (c + 1)[2c 2 + c - 1] = 0
44 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

cos(32 α ) - sin(32 α ) On applying, C 2 Æ C 2 - C1 and C 3 Æ C 3 - C1,

⇒ A 32 =  
 sin(32 α ) cos(32 α )  1 0 0 
 0 -1 we get det( A) = 2 b - 2 c - 2 
=  (given)  
2 2
1 0  4 b - 4 c - 4
So, cos(32 α ) = 0 and sin(32 α ) = 1
π π b-2 c -2
⇒ 32 α = ⇒α = = 2 2

2 64 b - 4 c - 4
b-2 c -2
=
3. If the system of linear equations (b - 2 )(b + 2 ) (c - 2 )(c + 2 )
x - 2 y + kz = 1 , 2 x + y + z = 2 ,  1 1 
= (b - 2 )(c - 2 ) 
3x - y - kz = 3  b + 2 c + 2
has a solution( x , y , z ), z ≠ 0, then( x , y ) lies on [taking common (b - 2 ) from C1
the straight line whose equation is and (c - 2 ) from C 2 ]
[JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-II] = (b - 2 )(c - 2 )(c - b)
(a) 3x - 4y - 4 = 0 (b) 3x - 4y - 1 = 0 Since, 2, b and c are in AP, if assume common
difference of AP is d, then
(c) 4x - 3y - 4 = 0 (d) 4x - 3y - 1 = 0
b = 2 + d and c = 2 + 2d
Exp. (c) So, | A| = d (2d )d = 2d 3 ∈ [2, 16] [given]
Given system of linear equations ⇒ d 3 ∈[1, 8] ⇒ d ∈[1, 2 ]
x - 2 y + kz = 1 …(i) ∴ 2 + 2d ∈ [2 + 2, 2 + 4]
2x + y + z = 2 …(ii) = [4, 6] ⇒ c ∈[4, 6]
and 3 x - y - kz = 3 …(iii)
has a solution ( x, y, z,) z ≠ 0. 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 n - 1 1 78
5. If   .  .  ...  = ,
On adding Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1  0 1 
x - 2 y + kz + 3 x - y - kz = 1 + 3 1 n
4x - 3y = 4
then the inverse of   is
0 1
⇒ 4x - 3y - 4 = 0
[JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-I]
This is the required equation of the straight line in 1 0 1 -13
which point ( x, y) lies. (a)  (b) 
12 1  0 1 


4. Let the numbers 2 ,b , c be in an AP and 1 0 1 -12 

(c)  (d) 
13 1  0 1 

1 1 1 
A = 2 b c . If det( A ) ∈[2 , 16], then c Exp. (b)
 2 2

4 b c  Given
lies in the interval  1 1  1 2   1 3 ...  1 n - 1  1 78
[JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-II]  0 1  0 1  0 1  0 =
     1   0 1 
(a) [3, 2 + 2 3/ 4 ] (b) ( 2 + 2 3/ 4 , 4)
 1 1  1 2   1 2 + 1
(c) [4, 6] (d) [2 , 3) !  0 1  0 1 =  0 ,
    1 
Exp. (c)
 1 2 + 1  1 3  1 3 + 2 + 1
1 1 1  ,
0 1   0 1 =  0 1 
Given, matrix A = 2 b c , so    
 
2 2
 4 b c  : : :
: : :
1 1 1 
 1 1 1 2  1 3  n - 1
1
det( A) = 2 b c 
 2
∴       ...  1 
2  0 1  0 1  0 1  0
4 b c 
Matrices and Determinants 45

 1 (n - 1) + (n - 2 )+ ...+3 + 2 + 1 y 0 0
= 
0 1  ∆= α y+ β -α 1- α
 1 n (n - 1)  1 78 β 1- β y+ α -β
= 2 = 
 0 1   0 1  = y[( y + (β - α )) ( y - (β - α )) - (1 - α ) (1 - β )]

Since, both matrices are equal, so equating [expanding along R1]

corresponding element, we get = y[ y2 - (β - α )2 - (1 - α - β + αβ )]
n(n - 1) = y[ y2 - β 2 - α 2 + 2αβ - 1 + (α + β ) - αβ ]
= 78 ⇒ n(n - 1) = 156
2
= y[ y2 - (α + β )2 + 2αβ + 2αβ - 1 + (α + β ) - αβ ]
= 13 × 12 = 13(13 - 1)
= y[ y2 - 1 + 3 - 1 - 1] = y3 [!α + β = -1and αβ = 1]
⇒ n = 13
 1 13 -1  1 -13
So, A = 
0 1  = A = 0 1  7. If the system of equations 2 x + 3y - z = 0,
   
x + ky - 2 z = 0 and 2 x - y + z = 0 has a
 a b -1  d - b  non-trivial solution ( x , y , z ), then
[!if| A|= 1and A =   , then A =  -c a  
c d    x y z
+ + + k is equal to
y z x
6. Let α and β be the roots of the equation [JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-II]
x 2 + x + 1 = 0. Then, for y ≠ 0 in R, (a) -4 (b)
1
(c) -
1
(d)
3
2 4 4
y +1 α β
Exp. (b)
α y +β 1 is equal to
Given system of linear equations
β 1 y +α 2 x + 3 y - z = 0,
[JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-I] x + ky - 2 z = 0
(a) y ( y 2 - 1) (b) y ( y 2 - 3) and 2 x - y + z = 0 has a non-trivial solution
( x, y, z).
(c) y 3 - 1 (d) y 3
2 3 -1 
∴ ∆ = 0 ⇒ 1 k - 2  = 0
Exp. (d)  
Given, quadratic equation is x2 + x + 1 = 0 having 2 -1 1 
roots α, β. 2(k - 2 ) - 3(1 + 4) - 1(-1 - 2 k ) = 0
Then, α + β = -1and αβ = 1 ⇒ 2 k - 4 - 15 + 1 + 2 k = 0
Now, given determinant 9
⇒ 4 k = 18 ⇒ k =
2
y+ 1 α β
So, system of linear equations is
∆= α y+ β 1
2 x + 3y - z = 0 …(i)
β 1 y+ α
2 x + 9y - 4z = 0 …(ii)
On applying R1 Æ R1 + R 2 + R 3 , we get and 2x - y + z = 0 …(iii)
y + 1+ α + β y + 1+ α + β y + 1+ α + β From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
∆= α y+ β 1 y 1
6 y - 3 z = 0, =
β 1 y+ α z 2
From Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get
y y y x 1
4x + 2 y = 0 ⇒ = -
= α y+ β 1 [!α + β = -1] y 2
β 1 y+ α x x y 1 z  y 1 x 1
So, = × =- ⇒ =- 4 ! z = 2 and y = - 2 
On applying C 2 Æ C 2 - C1 and C 3 Æ C 3 - C1, z y z 4 x  
we get x y z 1 1 9 1
∴ + + + k= - + -4+ = .
y z x 2 2 2 2
46 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

8. The total number of matrices Exp. (c)

 0 2y 1  Given determinants are
A = 2 x y -1 , ( x , y ∈R , x ≠ y ) for which x sinθ cos θ
  ∆1 = - sinθ - x 1
2 x - y 1 
cos θ 1 x
A T A = 3I 3 is [JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-II] 3
= - x + sinθcos θ - sinθcos θ
(a) 2 (b) 4
+ xcos 2 θ - x + x sin2 θ
(c) 3 (d) 6
3
=- x
Exp. (b) x sin2θ cos 2θ
Given matrix and ∆ 2 = - sin2θ - x 1 ,x≠0
 0 2y 1  cos 2θ 1 x
A = 2 x y -1 ,( x, y ∈ R, x ≠ y)
  3
= - x (similarly as ∆1)
2 x - y 1 
So, according to options, we get ∆1 + ∆ 2 = - 2 x3
for which
AT A = 3I3 10. If the system of linear equations
 0 2 x 2 x  0 2 y 1   3 0 0 x + y + z = 5, x + 2 y + 2 z = 6
⇒ 2 y y - y 2 x y -1 =  0 3 0
x + 3y + λz = µ,(λ ,µ ∈R ), has infinitely many
     solutions, then the value of λ + µ is
 1 -1 1  2 x - y 1   0 0 3
[JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-I]
 8 x2 0 0  3 0 0 (a) 7 (b) 12 (c) 10 (d) 9
 2   0 3 0
⇒  0 6 y 0 =   Exp. (c)
 0 0 3  0 0 3
  Given system of linear equations
Here, two matrices are equal, therefore equating x+ y+ z=5 …(i)
the corresponding elements, we get x + 2y + 2z = 6 …(ii)
3 x + 3 y + λz = µ …(ii)
8 x2 = 3 and 6 y2 = 3 ⇒ x = ±
8 (λ,µ ∈ R )
1 The above given system has infinitely many
and y=±
2 solutions, then the plane represented by these
!There are 2 different values of x and y each. equations intersect each other at a line, means
So, 4 matrices are possible such that AT A = 3I3 . ( x + 3 y + λz - µ)
= p( x + y + z - 5) + q ( x + 2 y + 2 z - 6)
x sin θ cos θ = ( p + q )x + ( p + 2q )y + ( p + 2q )z - (5 p + 6q )
9. If ∆1 = - sin θ -x 1 and On comparing, we get
cos θ 1 x p + q =1, p + 2q = 3, p + 2q = λ and 5 p + 6q = µ
So, ( p, q ) = (-1, 2 )
x sin 2θ cos 2θ
⇒ λ = 3 and µ = 7 ⇒ λ + µ = 3 + 7 = 10
∆ 2 = - sin 2θ -x 1 , x ≠ 0, then
cos 2θ 1 x 11. Let λ be a real number for which the system
of linear equations
 π x + y + z = 6, 4x + λy - λz = λ - 2 and
for all θ ∈ 0, 
 2  [JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-I] 3x + 2 y - 4z = - 5
(a) ∆1 + ∆ 2 = - 2( x 3 + x - 1) has infinitely many solutions. Then λ is a
root of the quadratic equation
(b) ∆1 - ∆ 2 = - 2 x 3
[JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-II]
(c) ∆1 + ∆ 2 = - 2 x 3 (a) λ2 - 3λ - 4 = 0 (b) λ2 + 3λ - 4 = 0
(d) ∆1 - ∆ 2 = x(cos 2θ - cos 4θ) 2
(c) λ - λ - 6 = 0 (d) λ2 + λ - 6 = 0
Matrices and Determinants 47

Exp. (c) Exp. (b)

Given, system of linear equations Given matrix A is a symmetric and matrix B is a
x+ y+ z=6 … (i) skew-symmetric.
4 x + λy - λz = λ - 2 …(ii) ∴ AT = A and BT = - B
and 3x + 2 y - 4z = - 5 …(iii) 2 3 
has infinitely many solutions, then ∆ = 0 Since, A + B =   (given)… (i)
1 1 1  5 - 1
⇒ 4 λ -λ =0 On taking transpose both sides, we get
T
3 2 -4 2 3
( A + B)T = 
5 - 1
⇒1(- 4λ + 2 λ ) - 1(- 16 + 3λ) + 1(8 - 3λ) = 0
2 5
⇒ - 8λ + 24 = 0 ⇒ λ = 3 ⇒ AT + BT =  … (ii)
3 - 1
From, the option λ = 3, satisfy the quadratic
T T
equation λ2 - λ - 6 = 0. Given, A = A and B = - B
2 5 
⇒ A- B= 
12. The sum of the real roots of the equation 
 3 - 1
x -6 -1 On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
2 - 3x x - 3 = 0, is equal to 2 4   0 - 1
A=
4 - 1  and B =  1 0 
-3 2x x +2    
[JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-II] 2 4   0 - 1  4 - 2 
So, AB =   = 
(a) 0 (b) - 4 (c) 6 (d) 1  4 - 1  1 0   - 1 - 4

Exp. (a) 5 2 α 1
x -6 -1 14. If B = 0 2 1  is the inverse of a 3 × 3
Given equation 2 - 3x x-3 =0  
α 3 -1
- 3 2x x+2
matrix A, then the sum of all values of α for
On expansion of determinant along R1, we get which det ( A ) + 1 = 0, is
x[(- 3 x)( x + 2 ) - 2 x( x - 3)]+ 6[2( x + 2 ) + 3( x - 3)] [JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-I]
- 1[2(2 x) - (- 3 x) (- 3)] = 0 (a) 0 (b) -1 (c) 1 (d) 2
⇒ x[- 3 x2 - 6 x - 2 x2 + 6 x] + 6[2 x + 4 + 3 x - 9]
Exp. (c)
- 1[4 x - 9 x] = 0
Given matrix B is the inverse matrix of 3 × 3
⇒ x(- 5 x2 ) + 6(5 x - 5) - 1(- 5 x) = 0
matrix A,
⇒ -5 x3 + 30 x - 30 + 5 x = 0  5 2α 1 
⇒ 5 x - 35 x + 30 = 0 ⇒ x3 - 7 x + 6 = 0.
3 where B =  0 2 1
 
Since all roots are real α 3 - 1
coefficient of x2 We know that,
∴ Sum of roots = - =0
coefficient of x3 det( A) =
1 
!det( A - 1 ) =
1 
det(B)  det( A)
13. If A is a symmetric matrix and B is a Since, det( A) + 1 = 0 (given)
skew-symmetric matrix such that 1
2 3  + 1 = 0 ⇒ det(B) = - 1
det(B)
A +B =  , then AB is equal to
5 -1 ⇒ 5(- 2 - 3) - 2α(0 - α ) + 1 (0 - 2α ) = - 1
[JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-I]
 -4 -2  4 -2  ⇒ - 25 + 2α 2 - 2α = - 1 ⇒ 2α 2 - 2α - 24 = 0
(a)   (b) 
 -1 4   -1 -4  ⇒ α 2 - α - 12 = 0 ⇒ (α - 4) (α + 3) = 0
 4 -2   -4 2 ⇒ α = - 3, 4
(c)   (d) 
1 -4  1 4  So, required sum of all values of α is 4 - 3 = 1
48 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

15. A value of θ ∈(0, π / 3), for which Exp. (c)

2 2 cos θ - sinθ
1 + cos θ sin θ 4cos 6θ We have, A =  
 sinθ cos θ 
cos 2 θ 1 + sin 2 θ 4cos 6θ = 0, is
2
cos θ 2
sin θ 1 + 4cos6θ ∴ | A| = cos 2 θ + sin2 θ = 1

[JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-II]  cos θ sinθ 

and adj A =  
(a)
π
(b)
π  - sinθ cos θ
9 18
 a b  d - b
7π 7π [!If A = 
(c) (d) , then adj A =  -c a  ]
24 36 c d   
 cos θ sinθ   adj A 
Exp. (a) ⇒ A -1 =  
-1
! A = 
 - sinθ cos θ  | A| 
1 + cos 2 θ sin2 θ 4cos 6 θ
Let ∆ = cos 2 θ 1 + sin2 θ 4cos 6 θ =0 Note that, A -50 = ( A -1 )50
cos 2 θ sin2 θ 1 + 4 cos 6 θ Now, A -2 = ( A -1 )( A -1 )

Applying C1 Æ C1 + C 2 , we get  cos θ sinθ   cos θ sinθ 

⇒ A -2 =   
2 sin2 θ 4cos 6 θ  - sinθ cos θ  - sinθ cos θ
∆ = 2 1 + sin2 θ 4cos 6 θ =0  cos 2 θ - sin2 θ cos θsinθ + sinθcos θ
=
1 sin2 θ 1 + 4 cos 6 θ 
- sin2 θ + cos 2 θ 
 - cos θsinθ - cos θsinθ
Applying R1 Æ R1 - 2 R 3 and R 2 Æ R 2 - 2 R 3 , we get  cos 2 θ sin2 θ 
=
0 - sin2 θ - 2 - 4cos 6 θ 
 - sin2 θ cos 2 θ
∆ = 0 1 - sin2 θ - 2 - 4cos 6 θ = 0
Also, A -3 = ( A -2 )( A -1 )
1 sin2 θ 1 + 4 cos 6 θ
 cos 2 θ sin2 θ   cos θ sinθ 
On expanding w.r.t. C1, we get A -3 =    
 - sin2 θ cos 2 θ  - sinθ cos θ
⇒sin2 θ (2 + 4 cos 6 θ) + (2 + 4 cos 6 θ)
 cos 3θ sin 3θ 
(1 - sin2 θ) = 0 = 
 - sin 3θ cos 3θ
⇒ 2 + 4 cos 6 θ = 0
1 2π  cos 50θ sin 50θ 
⇒ cos 6 θ = - = cos Similarly, A -50 =  
2 3  - sin 50θ cos 50θ
2π π  π 
⇒ 6θ = ⇒θ = !θ ∈  0,   cos 25 π sin 25 π 
3 9   3   
= 6 6   when θ = π 
25 25   
sin cos  12 
cos θ - sin θ  - π π
16. If A =   , then the matrix  6 6 
sin θ cos θ   cos π sin π 
π  6
A -50 when θ = , is equal to = 6
12 π π
 - sin cos 
[JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-I]  6 6
 1 3  3 1   25 π   π π
 2   - 

!cos   = cos 4 π +  = cos 
(a)  2 (b)  2 2  6   6 6
 
- 3 1  1 3 25 π  π π
 and sin  
 = sin 4 π +  = sin 
 2 2   2 2    6   6  6 
 3 1   1 3  3 1 
 -
(c)  2 2  
(d)  2 2  
= 2 2 
1 3 3 1 
-   -1 3
 2 2   2 2   2 2 
Matrices and Determinants 49

17. The system of linear equations et e -t cost

 t
x + y + z =2 18. If A = e -e -t cost - e -t sint
2 x + 3y + 2 z = 5 et 2e -t sint

2 x + 3y + (a 2 - 1)z = a + 1
e -t sint 
[JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-I] 
-t -t
(a) has infinitely many solutions for a = 4 - e sint + e cost  then A is
(b) is inconsistent when a = 4 -2e -t cost 

(c) has a unique solution for | a | = 3
(d) is inconsistent when | a | = 3 [JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-II]
(a) invertible only when t = π
Exp. (d) (b) invertible for every t ∈ R
According to Cramer’s rule, here (c) not invertible for any t ∈ R
1 1 1 1 0 0 π
(d) invertible only when t =
D= 2 3 2 = 2 1 0 2
2 3 a2 - 1 2 1 a2 - 3 Exp. (b)
(Applying C 2 Æ C 2 - C1 and C 3 Æ C 3 - C1) et e - t cos t e - t sint
= a2 - 3 (Expanding along R1) | A | = et - e - t cos t - e - t sin t - e - t sint + e -t cos t
and et 2e - t sin t - 2e - t cos t
2 1 1 2 1 0
1 cos t sint
D1 = 5 3 2 = 5 3 -1
= (et ) (e - t ) (e - t ) 1 - cos t - sin t - sin t + cos t
a + 1 3 a2 - 1 a + 1 3 a2 - 1 - 3
1 2 sin t - 2 cos t
(ApplyingC 3 Æ C 3 - C 2 )
(taking common from each column)
Aplying R 2 Æ R 2 - R1 and R 3 Æ R 3 - R1, we get
2 0 0
5 1 cos t sin t
= 5 3- -1 -t
2 =e 0 - 2 cos t - sint - 2 sin t + cos t
a + 1 3 - (a + 1) a2 - 1 - 3 0 2 sint - cos t - 2 cos t - sin t
2
1 [!et -t
= e 0 = 1]
(ApplyingC 2 Æ C 2 - C1) -t 2 2
2 =e ((2 cos t + sin t ) + (2 sin t - cos t ) )
(expanding along column 1)
2 0 0 = e - t (5 cos 2 t + 5sin2 t )
= 5 1 -1
2 = 5e - t (!cos 2 t + sin2 t = 1)
5 a 2
a -4 ⇒ | A | = 5e ≠ 0 -t
for allt ∈ R
a+1 -
2 2 ∴ A is invertible for all t ∈ R.
1  5 - a   (Expanding along R )
= 2 (a2 - 4) +   1 [!if| A | ≠ 0, then A is invertible]
 2  2 2  
 a2 5 a 19. If the system of linear equations
= 2 -2 + - 
x - 4y + 7z = g
2 2 2
3y - 5z = h
= a2 - 4 + 5 - a
- 2 x + 5y - 9z = k
= a2 - a + 1 is consistent, then
Clearly, when a = 4, then D = 13 ≠ 0 ⇒ unique (a) 2 g + h + k = 0
solution and (b) g + 2h + k = 0
when|a| = 3, then D = 0 and D1 ≠ 0. (c) g + h + k = 0
∴When|a| = 3, then the system has no solution (d) g + h + 2k = 0 [JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-II]
i.e. system is inconsistent.
50 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Exp. (a) 21. Let d ∈R , and

1 -4 7
-2 4+d (sin θ ) - 2 
Here, D = 0 3 -5  ,
A= 1 (sin θ ) + 2 d
-2 5 -9  
 5 (2 sin θ ) - d ( - sin θ ) + 2 + 2d 
= 1(- 27 + 25) + 4(0 - 10) + 7(0 + 6)
θ ∈[θ , 2 π]. If the minimum value of det(A) is
[expanding along R1]
8, then a value of d is [JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan
= - 2 - 40 + 42 = 0 Shift-I]
∴ The system of linear equations have infinite (a) -5
many solutions. (b) -7
[!system is consistent and does not have (c) 2( 2 + 1)
unique solution as D = 0] (d) 2( 2 + 2 )
⇒ D1 = D2 = D3 = 0
g -4 7 Exp. (a)
Now, D1 = 0 ⇒ h 3 - 5 = 0 Given,
k 5 -9  -2 4+d (sinθ) - 2 
A =  1 (sinθ) + 2 d 
⇒ g (- 27 + 25) + 4(- 9h + 5k ) + 7(5h - 3k ) = 0  
⇒ - 2 g - 36h + 20k + 35h - 21k = 0  5 (2 sinθ) - d (- sinθ) + 2 + 2d 
⇒ - 2g - h - k = 0 -2 4+d (sinθ) - 2
⇒ 2g + h + k = 0 ∴| A| = 1 (sinθ) + 2 d
5 (2 sinθ) - d (- sinθ) + 2 + 2d
20. If the system of equations -2 4+d (sinθ) - 2
x + y + z = 5, x + 2 y + 3z = 9, x + 3y + αz = β
= 1 (sinθ) + 2 d
has infinitely many solutions, then β - α
1 0 0
equals [JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-I]
(a) 8 (b) 18 (R 3 Æ R 3 - 2 R 2 + R1 )
(c) 21 (d) 5 = 1 [(4 + d )d - (sinθ + 2 ) (sinθ - 2 )]
(expanding along R 3 )
Exp. (a) = (d 2 + 4d - sin2 θ + 4)
Since, the system of equations has infinitely many = (d 2 + 4d + 4) - sin2 θ
solution, therefore D = D1 = D2 = D3 = 0 = (d + 2 )2 - sin2 θ
Here, Note that| A| will be minimum if sin2 θ is maximum
1 1 1 i.e. if sin2 θ takes value 1.
D= 1 2 3 = 1(2α - 9) - 1 (α - 3) + 1(3 - 2 ) ! | A|min = 8,
1 3 α therefore (d + 2 )2 - 1 = 8

=α - 5 ⇒ (d + 2 )2 = 9
1 1 5 ⇒ d+2=± 3
and D3 = 1 2 9 ⇒ d = 1, - 5
1 3 β 2 b 1
= 1 (2 β - 27 ) - 1(β - 9) + 5(3 - 2 ) 22. Let A = b b 2 + 1 b  , whereb > 0. Then, the
 
= β - 13 1 2 b
Now, D = 0 det ( A )
minimum value of is
⇒ α-5=0 ⇒ α=5 b
and D3 = 0 ⇒ β - 13 = 0 [JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-II]
⇒ β = 13 (a) - 3 (b) -2 3
∴ β - α = 13 - 5 = 8 (c) 2 3 (d) 3
Matrices and Determinants 51

Exp. (c) and (sin 3θ)x + (cos 2 θ)y + 2 z = 0

Given matrix has non-trivial solution, then
1 3 7
2 b 1
A = b b 2 + 1 b , b > 0 -1 4 7 =0
  sin 3θ cos 2 θ 2
 1 b 2 
2 b 1 ⇒ 1(8 - 7 cos 2 θ) - 3 (- 2 - 7 sin 3θ)
So, det ( A) =| A| = b b2 + 1 b + 7 (- cos 2 θ - 4 sin 3θ) = 0
1 b 2 ⇒ 8 - 7 cos 2 θ + 6 + 21 sin 3θ
- 7 cos 2 θ - 28 sin 3θ = 0
= 2 [2(b 2 + 1) - b 2 ] - b(2 b - b ) +1(b 2 - b 2 - 1)
⇒ - 7 sin 3θ - 14 cos 2 θ + 14 = 0
= 2[2 b 2 + 2 - b 2 ] - b 2 - 1
⇒ - 7 (3 sin θ - 4sin3 θ) - 14(1 - 2 sin2 θ) +14 = 0
2 2 2
= 2b + 4 - b - 1= b + 3
[ !sin 3 A = 3 sin A - 4 sin3 A and
det( A) b 2 + 3 3
⇒ = = b+
b b b cos 2 A = 1 - 2 sin2 A]
Now, by AM ≥ GM, we get ⇒ 28 sin3 θ + 28 sin2 θ - 21 sinθ - 14 + 14 = 0
3
b+ 1/ 2 ⇒ 7 sin θ [4 sin2 θ + 4 sinθ - 3] = 0
b ≥  b × 3  {! b > 0}
2  b  ⇒ sin θ [4sin2 θ + 6sinθ - 2 sinθ - 3] = 0
3 ⇒ sin θ [2 sin θ (2 sin θ + 3) - 1 (2 sin θ + 3)] = 0
⇒ b+ ≥2 3
b ⇒ (sin θ) (2 sin θ - 1) (2 sin θ + 3) = 0
det ( A) 1
So, minimum value of =2 3 Now, either sin θ = 0 or
b 2
!sin θ ≠ - 3 as - 1 ≤ sinθ ≤ 1
23. The number of values of θ ∈(0, π ) for which  2 
the system of linear equations
In given interval (0, π ),
x + 3y + 7z = 0, 1 π 5π
sin θ = ⇒ θ = ,
- x + 4y + 7z = 0, 2 6 6
(sin 3θ )x + (cos 2θ )y + 2 z = 0 [!sin θ ≠ 0, θ ∈ (0, π )]
has a non-trivial solution, is Hence, 2 solutions in (0, π )
[JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-II]
(a) two (b) three 24. Let a1 , a 2 , a 3.....,a10 be in GP with ai > 0 for
(c) four (d) one
i = 1, 2 ,.....,10 and S be the set of pairs (r , k ),
Exp. (a) r , k ∈ N (the set of natural numbers) for
which
We know that,
the system of linear equations
log e a1r a k2 log e a r2a k3 log e a r3 a k4
a1 x + b1 y + c1 z = 0 log e a r4 a k5 log e a r5 a k6 log e a r6 a k7 = 0
a2 x + b2 y + c 2 z = 0 log e a r7 a k8 log e a r8 a k9 log e a r9 a10
k

a3 x + b3 y + c 3 z = 0 Then, the number of elements in S, is

has a non-trivial solution, if [JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-II]
a1 b1 c1 (a) 4 (b) 2
a2 b2 c 2 = 0 (c) 10 (d) infinitely many
a3 b3 c 3 Exp. (d)
Now, if the given system of linear equations loge a1r a2k loge a2r a3k loge a3r a4k
x + 3y + 7 z = 0 Given, loge a4r a5k loge a5r a6k loge a6r a7k = 0
- x + 4 y + 7 z = 0, loge a7r a8k loge a8r a9k loge a9r a10
k
52 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

On applying elementary operations

C 2 Æ C 2 - C1 and C 3 Æ C 3 - C1, we get 25. If the system of linear equations
loge a1r a2k loge a2r a3k - loge a1r a2k 2 x + 2 y + 3z = a
loge a4r a5k loge a5r a6k - loge a4r a5k
3x - y + 5z = b
loge a7r a8k loge a8r a9k - loge a7r a8k
x - 3y + 2 z = c
where a ,b , c are non-zero real numbers, has
loge a3r a4k - loge a1r a2k more than one solution, then
loge a6r a7k - loge a4r a5k =0 [JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-I]
loge a9r a10
k
- loge a7r a8k (a) b - c - a = 0 (b) a + b + c = 0
(c) b - c + a = 0 (d) b + c - a = 0
 ar ak   ar ak 
loge a1r a2k loge  2 3  loge  3 4 
 ar ak 
 1 2
 ar ak 
 1 2
Exp. (a)
 a r
a k   ar ak  We know that, if the system of equations
⇒ loge a4r a5k loge  5r 6k  loge  6r 7k  = 0 a1 x + b1 y + c1 z = d1
 a4 a5   a4 a5 
a2 x + b2 y + c 2 z = d 2
 a8r a9k   a9r a10
k 
loge a7r a8k loge  r k  loge  r k  a3 x + b3 y + c 3 z = d 3
 a7a8   a7a8  has more than one solution, then D = 0 and
 m  D1 = D2 = D3 = 0. In the given problem,
!loge m - loge n = loge  
  n   a 2 3
[!a1, a2 , a3 ......., a10 are in GP, therefore put D1 = 0 ⇒ b - 1 5 = 0
a1 = a, a2 = aR, a3 = aR 2 , ..., a10 = aR 9 ] c -3 2
 ar + k R r + 2k  ⇒ a (- 2 + 15) - 2(2 b - 5c ) + 3(- 3b + c ) = 0
loge ar + k
Rk loge  
 a
r + k k
R  ⇒ 13a - 4b + 10c - 9b + 3c = 0
 ar + k R 4 r + 5 k  ⇒ 13a - 13b + 13c = 0
⇒ loge ar + k
R3r + 4k
loge  r + k 3 r + 4 k  ⇒ a - b + c = 0⇒b - a - c = 0
a R 
 ar + k R 7r + 8 k   0 2q r
loge ar + k
R6r + 7k loge  r + k 6 r + 7k   
a R  26. Let A = p q -r  . If AA T = I 3, then |p | is
 p -q r 
a r + k
R 2r + 3k  
loge  r + k k
 [JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-I]
 a R 
1 1 1 1
 ar + k R 5 r + 6 k  (a) (b) (c) (d)
loge  r + k 3 r + 4 k  = 0 5 2 3 6
a R 
 ar + k R 8 r + 9 k  Exp. (b)
loge  r + k 6 r + 7k  Given, AAT =I
a R 
r + k k r + k 2r + 2k 0 2q r 0 p p   1 0 0
loge (a R ) loge R loge R
r + k 3r + 4k ⇒p q -r 2q q -q  =  0 1 0
⇒ loge a R loge R r + k
loge R 2 r + 2k
=0      
r + k 6 r + 7k  p -q r   r - r r   0 0 1
loge a R loge R r + k
loge R 2 r + 2k

 0 + 4q 2 + r 2 0 + 2q 2 - r 2 0 - 2q 2 + r 2 
loge (ar + k R k ) loge R r + k
2 loge R r + k
 
⇒  0 + 2q 2 - r 2 2
p +q + r 2 2
p2 - q 2 - r 2 
⇒ loge (ar + k R 3 r + 4 k ) loge R r + k
2 loge R r + k
=0  0 - 2q 2 + r 2 p2 - q 2 - r 2 p2 + q 2 + r 2 
loge (ar + k R 6 r + 7k ) loge R r + k
2 loge R r + k  
 1 0 0
[!log mn = n log m and here =  0 1 0
loge R 2r + 2k
= loge R 2( r + k ) = 2 loge R r + k ]  
 0 0 1
! Column C 2 and C 3 are proportional,
So, value of determinant will be zero for any value We know that, if two matrices are equal, then
of (r, k ), r, k ∈ N. corresponding elements are also equal, so
∴Set ‘S’ has infinitely many elements. 4q 2 + r 2 = 1 = p2 + q 2 + r 2 , … (i)
Matrices and Determinants 53

2q 2 - r 2 = 0 ⇒ r 2 = 2q 2 … (ii) Exp. (b)

and p2 - q 2 - r 2 = 0 … (iii) a- b-c 2a 2a
Using Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get Let ∆ = 2b b-c - a 2b
p2 = 3q 2 … (iv) 2c 2c c-a-b
Using Eqs. (ii) and (iv) in Eq. (i), we get Applying R1 Æ R1 + R 2 + R 3 , we get
4q 2 + 2q 2 = 1 a+ b+c a+ b+c a+ b+c
⇒ 6q 2 = 1 ⇒ 2 p2 = 1 [using Eq. (iv)] ∆= 2b b-c - a 2b
1 1 2c 2c c-a-b
p2 = ⇒ | p| =
2 2 1 1 1
= (a + b + c ) 2 b b - c - a 2b
27. Let A and B be two invertible matrices of 2c 2c c-a-b
order 3 × 3. If det( ABA T ) = 8 and
-1 -1 T (taking common (a + b + c ) from R1)
det( AB ) = 8, then det(BA B ) is equal to
Applying C 2 Æ C 2 - C1 and C 3 Æ C 3 - C1, we get
[JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-II]
1 ∆
(a) 1 (b) 1 0 0
4
1 = (a + b + c ) 2 b -(a + b + c ) 0
(c) (d) 16
16 2c 0 -(a + b + c )

Exp. (c) Now, expanding along R1, we get

∆ = (a + b + c ) 1. {(a + b + c )2 - 0 }
Given, | ABAT| = 8
= (a + b + c )3 = (a + b + c )( x + a + b + c )2
⇒ | A||B|| AT| = 8 [!| XY| = | X||Y|]
(given)
∴ | A|2 |B| = 8 …(i)
⇒ ( x + a + b + c )2 = (a + b + c )2
[!| AT| = | A|]
⇒ x + a + b + c = ± (a + b + c )
Also, we have | AB-1| = 8 ⇒| A||B-1| = 8 ⇒ x = - 2(a + b + c ) [! x ≠ 0]
| A|
⇒ =8 …(ii)
|B| 29. An ordered pair(α , β ) for which the system of
 -1 -1 1 linear equations
!| A |=| A| = | A| (1 + α )x + βy + z = 2
 
On multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get αx + (1 + β )y + z = 3
| A|3 = 8 ⋅ 8 = 43 ax + βy + 2 z = 2
⇒ | A| = 4 has a unique solution, is
| A| 4 1 [JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-I]
⇒ |B| = = =
8 8 2 (a) (2, 4) (b) ( - 4, 2 )
1 1 1 1 1
Now, |BA B | = |B| |B| =     =
-1 T
(c) (1, - 3) (d) ( -3,1)
| A|  2  4  2  16
Exp. (a)
a -b - c 2a 2a
Given system of linear equations,
28. If 2b b -c -a 2b (1 + α )x + βy + z = 2
2c 2c c - a -b αx + (1 + β )y + z = 3
= (a + b + c )( x + a + b + c )2, x ≠ 0 and αx + βy + 2 z = 2
a + b + c ≠ 0, then x is equal to has a unique solution, if
[JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-II] 1+ α β 1
(a) - (a + b + c ) (b) - 2(a + b + c ) α (1 + β ) 1 ≠ 0
(c) 2(a + b + c ) (d) abc α β 2
54 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Apply R1 Æ R1 - R 3 and R 2 Æ R 2 - R 3  2 0 0
1 0 -1 and 5 
Q = I + P = 15 2 0 = [q ij ]
 
0 1 -1 ≠ 0 135 15 2 
α β 2 ⇒ q 21 = 15, q 31 = 135 and q 32 = 15
⇒ 12( + β ) - 0(0 + α ) - 1(0 - α ) ≠ 0 q 21 + q 31 15 + 135 150
Hence, = = = 10
⇒ α+β+2≠0 … (i) q 32 15 15
Note that, only (2, 4) satisfy the Eq. (i)
31. The set of all values of λ for which the system
1 0 0
of linear equations x - 2 y - 2 z = λx ,
30. Let P = 3 1 0 and Q =[qij ] be two 3 × 3 x + 2 y + z = λy and - x - y = λz
 
9 3 1 has a non-trivial solution
matrices such that Q - P 5 = I 3. Then, [JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-II]
q 21 + q 31 (a) contains exactly two elements
is equal to (b) contains more than two elements
q 32
[JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-I]
(c) is a singleton
(d) is an empty set
(a) 10 (b) 135
(c) 9 (d) 15 Exp. (c)
Exp. (a) The given system of linear equations is
x - 2 y - 2 z = λx
Given matrix
x + 2 y + z = λy
 1 0 0  0 0 0  1 0 0
- x - y - λz = 0,
P =  3 1 0 =  3 0 0 +  0 1 0
      which can be rewritten as
 9 3 1  9 3 0  0 0 1
(1 - λ )x - 2 y - 2 z = 0
⇒ P = X + I (let) ⇒ x + (2 - λ ) y + z = 0
Now, P 5 = (I + X )5 x + y + λz = 0
= I + 5C1( X ) + 5C 2 ( X 2 ) + 5C 3 ( X 3 ) + … Now, for non-trivial solution, we should have
[!I n = I, I ⋅ A = A and (a + x)n = nC 0 an + 1- λ - 2 - 2
n
C1an - 1 x + ...+T nC n xn ] 1 2-λ 1 =0
1 1 λ
 0 0 0  0 0 0  0 0 0
Here, X =  3 0 0  3 0 0 =  0 0 0
2
[! If a1 x +b1 y + c1 z = 0; a2 x + b2 y + c 2 z = 0
    
 9 3 0  9 3 0  9 0 0 a3 x + b3 y + c 3 z = 0]
a1 b1 c1 
and
 0 0 0  0 0 0  0 0 0 has a non-trivial solution, then a2 b2 c 2 = 0

X 3 = X 2 ⋅ X =  0 0 0  3 0 0 =  0 0 0 a3 b3 c 3 
    
 9 0 0  9 3 0  0 0 0 ⇒ (1 - λ ) [(2 - λ )λ - 1] + 2 [λ - 1]
 0 0 0 - 2 [1 - 2 + λ ] = 0
⇒ X 4 = X 5 =  0 0 0 ⇒ (λ - 1)[λ2 - 2 λ + 1 + 2 - 2 ] = 0
 
 0 0 0 ⇒ (λ -1)3 = 0 ⇒ λ = 1
 0 0 0  0 0 0  1 sin θ 1 
So, P = I + 5 3 0 0 + 10  0 0 0
5  
32. 
If A = - sin θ 1 sin θ; then for all
   
 9 3 0  9 0 0  
 - 1 - sin θ 1 
 1 0 0
 3π 5π 
= 15 1 0
 θ ∈ ,  , det( A ) lies in the interval
   4 4
135 15 1 [JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-II]
Matrices and Determinants 55

3 5
(a)  , 3 (b)  , 4 Apply R 2 Æ R 2 - R1 and R 3 Æ R 3 - R1
 2   2  1 2x 0 
3
(c)  0, 
5
(d) 1, 

∴(5 x - 4) 0 - x - 4 0 = ( A + Bx)( x - A)2
 2   2   
0 0 - x - 4
Exp. (a) Expanding along C1, we get
 1 sinθ 1  (5 x - 4)( x + 4)2 = ( A + Bx)( x - A)2
Given matrix A =  - sinθ 1 sinθ Equating, we get
 
 -1 - sinθ 1  A = - 4 and B = 5
1 sinθ 1
34. If the system of linear equations
⇒ det( A) =| A| = - sinθ 1 sinθ x + ky + 3z = 0
-1 - sinθ 1 3x + ky - 2 z = 0
( + sin2 θ) - sinθ(- sinθ + sinθ) + 1(sin2 θ + 1)
= 11 2 x + 4y - 3z = 0
⇒ | A| = 2 (1 + sin2 θ) …(i) xz
has a non-zero solution ( x , y , z ), then is
3π 5π  y2
As we know that, for θ ∈  ,  equal to [JEE Main 2018]
 4 4 
1 1  (a) -10 (b) 10 (c) -30 (d) 30
sinθ ∈  - , 
 2 2
Exp. (b)
1 1
⇒ sin2 θ ∈  0,  ⇒ 1 + sin2 θ ∈  0 + 1, + 1 We have, x + ky + 3 z = 0; 3 x + ky - 2 z = 0;
 2   2 
2 x + 4y - 3z = 0
2  3
⇒ 1 + sin θ ∈ 1,  System of equation has non-zero solution, if
 2 
1 k 3 
3 
⇒ 2(1 + sin2θ) ∈ [2, 3) ⇒| A| ∈ [2, 3) ⊂  , 3  3 k -2  = 0
 2   
 2 4 -3 
x - 4 2 x 2x  ⇒(-3k + 8) - k(-9 + 4) + 3(12 - 2 k ) = 0
33. If 2 x x - 4 2 x = ( A + Bx )( x - A )2, ⇒ -3k + 8 + 9k - 4k + 36 - 6k = 0
 
 2x 2x x - 4 ⇒ -4k + 44 = 0 ⇒ k = 11
then the ordered pair ( A , B ) is equal to Let z = λ , then we get
[JEE Main 2018] x + 11y + 3λ = 0 …(i)
(a) ( -4, - 5) (b) ( -4, 3) 3 x + 11y - 2 λ = 0 …(ii)
(c) ( -4, 5) (d) ( 4, 5) and 2 x + 4 y - 3λ = 0 …(iii)
Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Exp. (c) 5λ -λ
x= , y= , z=λ
Given, 2 2
x - 4 2 x 2x  xz 5λ2
⇒ = = 10
 2x x - 4 2 x  = ( A + Bx)( x - A)2 y 2
λ
2
  2 ×  - 
 2x 2x x - 4  2
⇒ Apply C1 Æ C1 + C 2 + C 3
35. If S is the set of distinct values ofb for which
 5x - 4 2 x 2x 
 5 x - 4 x - 4 2 x  = ( A + Bx)( x - A)2 the following system of linear equations
  x + y + z = 1,
 5x - 4 2 x x - 4
x + ay + z = 1
Taking common (5 x - 4) from C1, we get
and ax + by + z = 0
1 2 x 2x 
) 1 x - 4 2 x  = ( A + Bx)( x - A)2
(5 x - 4 has no solution, then S is
  [JEE Main 2017 (Offline)]
1 2 x x - 4
56 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

(a) an infinite set ⇒ k 2 - 2 k + 15k + 3k 2 + 10 + k 2 = ± 56

(b) a finite set containing two or more elements ⇒ 5k 2 + 13k + 10 = ± 56
(c) singleton set ⇒ 5k 2 + 13k - 66 = 0 or 5k 2 + 13k - 46 = 0
(d) an empty set
⇒ k =2 [!k ∈ I]
Exp. (d) Thus, the coordinates of vertices of triangle are
1 1 1 A(2, - 6), B(5, 2 ) and C(- 2, 2 ).
! ∆ = 1 a 1 = 1 (a - b ) - 1 (1 - a) + 1 (b - a2 ) Y

a b 1
C (–2, 2) D
= - (a - 1)2 B (5, 2)
(2, 1/2)
1 1 1
= 1 (a - b ) - 1 (1) + 1 (b ) E
∆1 = 1 a 1
X′ X
0 b 1 O
A (2, –6)
= - (a - 1)
1 1 1
Y′
∆ 2 = 1 1 1 = 1 (1) - 1 (1 - a) + 1 (0 - a) = 0
a 0 1 Now, equation of altitude from vertex A is
1 1 1 -1
y - (- 6) = ( x - 2) ⇒ x = 2 …(i)
and ∆ 3 = 1 a 1 = 1 ( - b ) - 1 (- a) + 1 (b - a2 )  2 -2 
 
a b 0  - 2 - 5
= - a(a - 1) Equation of altitude from vertex C is
For a=1 -1
y-2 = [ x - (- 2 )]
∆ = ∆1 = ∆ 2 = ∆ 3 = 0  2 - (- 6)
 5-2 
∆ for b = 1only  
x + y + z = 1, x + y + z = 1 and x + y + z = 0 ⇒ 3 x + 8 y - 10 = 0 …(ii)
i.e. no solution (!RHS is not equal) 1
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get x = 2 and y = .
2
Hence, for no solution b = 1only
1
∴ Orthocentre =  2, 
 2
36. Let k be an integer such that the triangle
with vertices (k , - 3k ), (5, k ) and ( - k , 2 ) has  2 -3 2
area 28 sq units. Then, the orthocentre of 37. If A =   , then adj( 3A + 12 A ) is equal
this triangle is at the point -4 1 
[JEE Main 2017 (Offline)] to [JEE Main 2016 (Offline)]
1 3 3 1  72 - 84  51 63 
(a)  2 , -  (b) 1,  (c) 1, -  (d)  2 ,  (a)   (b)  
 2  4  4  2  - 63 51  84 72 
 51 84   72 - 63
Exp. (d) (c)   (d)  
63 72   - 84 51 
Given, vertices of triangle are (k, - 3k ), (5, k ) and
(- k, 2 ). Exp. (b)
k - 3k 1
1  2 - 3
∴ 5 k 1 = ± 28 We have, A =  
2 - 4 1 
-k 2 1
 2 - 3  2 - 3
k - 3k 1 ∴ A2 = A ⋅ A =   
⇒ 5 k 1 = ± 56 - 4 1  - 4 1 
-k 2 1  4 + 12 - 6 - 3  16 - 9
= =  
⇒ k(k - 2 ) + 3k(5 + k ) + 110 2
( + k ) = ± 56  - 8 - 4 12 + 1   - 12 13 
Matrices and Determinants 57

 16 - 9  2 - 3 65b
Now, 3 A 2 + 12 A = 3   + 12  
⇒ = 13
 - 12 13  - 4 1  15
⇒ b=3
 48 - 27   24 - 36  72 - 63
= +  =   Now, substituting the value of b in Eq. (iii), we get
 - 36 39   - 48 12   - 84 51  5a = 2
 51 63 Hence, 5a + b = 2 + 3 = 5
∴adj (3 A 2 + 12 A) =  
 84 72 
39. The system of linear equations
5a - b  T x + λy - z = 0; λx - y - z = 0; x + y - λz = 0
38. If A =   and A adj A = AA , then
 3 2  has a non-trivial solution for
5a + b is equal to [JEE Main 2016 (Offline)] [JEE Main 2016 (Offline)]
(a) -1 (b) 5 (a) infinitely many values of λ
(c) 4 (d) 13 (b) exactly one value of λ
(c) exactly two values of λ
Exp. (b) (d) exactly three values of λ
 5a - b 
Given, A =  and A adj A = AAT Exp. (d)
3 2 
Given, system of linear equations is
Clearly, A(adj A) = A I2 x + λy - z = 0; λx - y - z = 0; x + y - λz = 0
[! if A is square matrix of Note that, given system will have a non-trivial
order n, then A(adj A) = (adj A) ⋅ A = A In ] solution only if determinant of coefficient matrix is
5a - b 1 λ -1
= I2 = (10a + 3b ) I2
3 2 zero, i.e. λ -1 -1 = 0
 1 0 1 1 -λ
= (10a + 3b )  
 0 1 2
⇒ 1 (λ + 1) - λ(- λ + 1) - 1(λ + 1) = 0
10a + 3b 0 
= ...(i) ⇒ λ + 1 + λ3 - λ - λ - 1 = 0
 0 10 a + 3b 
⇒ λ3 - λ = 0
 5a - b   5a 3
and AAT =  ⇒ λ(λ2 - 1) = 0
3 2   - b 2 
⇒ λ = 0 or λ = ± 1
25a2 + b 2 15a - 2 b 
=  ...(ii) Hence, given system of linear equation has a
 15a - 2 b 13  non-trivial solution for exactly three values of λ.
! A(adj A) = AAT 1 2 2
10a + 3b 0  40. If A = 2 1 -2 is a matrix satisfying the
∴  
 0 10 a + 3b   
a 2 b 
25a2 + b 2 15a - 2 b 
=  equation AA T = 9I , where I is 3 × 3 identity
 15a - 2 b 13 
matrix, then the ordered pair(a ,b ) is equal to
[using Eqs. (i) and (ii)] (a) ( 2 , - 1) (b) ( -2 ,1) (c) ( 2 ,1) (d) ( -2 , - 1)
⇒ 15a - 2 b = 0 [JEE Main 2015]
2b
⇒ a= ...(iii)
15 Exp. (d)
and 10a + 3b = 13 ...(iv) 1 2 2 
On substituting the value of ‘a’ from Eq. (iii) in Eq. Given, A = 2 1 -2 
 
(iv), we get  a 2 b 
2b
10 ⋅   + 3b = 13 1 2 a
 15 
20b + 45b AT = 2 1 2
⇒ = 13  
15 2 -2 b 
58 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

1 2 2  1 2 a Since, the system has non-trivial solution.

AA = 2 1 -2  2 1 2 
T
2-λ -2 1
  
 a 2 b  2 -2 b  ∴ 2 - (3 + λ ) 2 = 0
 9 0 a + 4 + 2b  -1 2 -λ
= 0 9 2a + 2 - 2b 2
⇒ (2 - λ )(3λ + λ - 4) + 2(-2 λ + 2 )
 2 2

 a + 4 + 2 b 2 a + 2 - 2 b a + 4 + b  + 1(4 - 3 - λ) = 0
It is given that ⇒ (2 - λ )(λ2 + 3λ - 4) + 4(1 - λ ) + (1 - λ) = 0
AAT = 9I ⇒ (2 - λ )(λ + 4)(λ - 1) + 5(1 - λ ) = 0
 9 0 a + 4 + 2b  ⇒ (λ - 1)[(2 - λ )(λ + 4) - 5] = 0
⇒  0 9 2a + 2 - 2b ⇒ (λ - 1)(λ2 + 2 λ - 3) = 0
 
 a + 4 + 2 b 2 a + 2 - 2 b a2 + 4 + b 2  ⇒ (λ - 1)[(λ - 1)(λ + 3)] = 0
1 0 0 ⇒ (λ - 1)2 (λ + 3) = 0
= 9 0 1 0 ⇒ λ = 1, 1, - 3
 
 0 0 1
 9 0 a + 4 + 2b 
42. If α , β ≠ 0, f (n ) = αn + βn and
 3 1 + f (1) 1 + f (2 )
⇒ 0 9 2a + 2 - 2b
 2 2
 1 + f (1) 1 + f (2 ) 1 + f ( 3)
 a + 4 + 2 b 2 a + 2 - 2 b a + 4 + b 
 9 0 0 1 + f (2 ) 1 + f ( 3) 1 + f ( 4)
=  0 9 0 = K (1 - α )2 (1 - β )2 (α - β )2, thenK is equal to
 
 0 0 9 [JEE Main 2014]
On comparing, we get 1
(a) αβ (b)
a + 4 + 2b = 0 ⇒ a + 2b = - 4 …(i) αβ
2a + 2 - 2b = 0 ⇒ a - b = - 1 …(ii) (c) 1 (d) -1
and a2 + 4 + b 2 = 9 …(iii) ! Two determinants can be multiplied row-to-row
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get or row-to-column.
a = - 2, b = - 1 f (n) = α n + β n
This satisfies Eq. (iii) f (1) = α + β,
f (2) = α 2 + β 2 , f (3) = α 3 + β 3 , f (4) = α 4 + β 4
Hence, (a, b ) ≡ (-2, - 1)
Exp. (c)
41. The set of all values of λ for which the system
of linear equations 2 x1 - 2 x 2 + x 3 = λx1, 3 1 + f(1) 1 + f(2 )
2 x1 - 3x 2 + 2 x 3 = λx 2 and - x1 + 2 x 2 = λx 3 has Let ∆ = 1 + f(1) 1 + f(2 ) 1 + f(3)
a non-trivial solution, [JEE Main 2015] 1 + f(2 ) 1 + f(3) 1 + f(4)
(a) is an empty set
(b) is a singleton set 3 1+ α + β 1 + α2 + β2
(c) contains two elements ⇒ ∆= 1 + α + β 1 + α2 + β2 1 + α3 + β3
(d) contains more than two elements 1 + α2 + β2 1 + α3 + β3 1 + α4 + β4

Exp. (c) 1⋅ 1 + 1⋅ 1 + 1⋅ 1 1⋅ 1 + 1⋅ α + 1⋅ β
Given system of linear equations = 1⋅ 1 + α ⋅ 1 + β ⋅ 1 1⋅ 1 + α ⋅ α + α ⋅ β
2 x1 - 2 x2 + x3 = λx1 1⋅ 1 + 1⋅ α + 1⋅ β 1⋅ 1 + α 2 ⋅ α + β 2 ⋅ β
2 2

⇒ (2 - λ )x1 - 2 x2 + x3 = 0 …(i)
2 x1 - 3 x2 + 2 x3 = λx2 1⋅ 1 + 1⋅ α 2 + 1⋅ β 2
⇒ 2 x1 - (3 + λ )x2 + 2 x3 = 0 …(ii) 1⋅ 1 + α ⋅ α 2 + β ⋅ β 2
- x1 + 2 x2 = λx3 1⋅ 1 + α 2 ⋅ α 2 + β 2 ⋅ β 2
⇒ - x1 + 2 x2 - λx3 = 0 …(iii)
Matrices and Determinants 59

2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 k+1 8
Now, | A| = =0
= 1 α β 1 α β = 1 α β k k+ 3
1 α2 β2 1 α2 β2 1 α2 β2 ⇒ (k + 1) (k + 3) - 8k = 0
On expanding, we get ⇒ k 2 + 4k + 3 - 8k = 0
∆ = (1 - α )2 (1 - β )2 (α - β 2 ) ⇒ k 2 - 4k + 3 = 0
Hence, K (1 - α )2 (1 - β )2 (α - β )2 ⇒ (k - 1) (k - 3) = 0
2 2
= (1 - α ) (1 - β ) (α - β ) 2 ⇒ k = 1 or = 3

∴ K =1 k + 3 - 8 
Now, adj A =  
 - k k + 1
43. If A an 3 × 3 non-singular matrix such that  k + 3 - 8   4k 
Now, (adj A) B = 
AA ′ = A ′ A and B = A -1A ′, then BB ′ is equal  
 - k k + 1  3k - 1
to [JEE Main 2014]
(k + 3) (4k ) - 8 (3k - 1)
(a) I + B (b) I = 2 
(c) B -1 (d) ( B -1 )′  - 4k + (k + 1) (3k - 1)
 4k 2 - 12 k + 8
! (AB )T = B T AT and A -1A = l = 2 
(where, AT = A ′ = Transpose of A)  - k + 2k - 1
Put k = 1
Exp. (b)  4 - 12 + 8  0
(adj A) B =  =  (not true)
If A is non-singular matrix, then| A| ≠ 0.  - 1 + 2 - 1  0
AAT = AT A and B = A -1 AT Put k = 3
BB′ = ( A -1 AT ) ( A -1 AT )T  36 - 36 + 8  8 
(adj A) B =  = ≠0 (true)
= A -1 AT A ( A -1 )T [!( A′ )′ = A]  - 9 + 6 - 1   – 4
= A -1 AAT ( A -1 )T [! AAT = AT A ] Hence, required value of k is 1.
T -1 T T -1 T Alternate Solution
= IA ( A ) = A ( A )
-1
= ( A A) T T
[!( AB) = B A ] T T Condition for the system of equations has no
solution.
= IT = I a1 b c
= 1 ≠ 1
a2 b2 c 2
44. The number of values of k, for which the
k+1 8 4k
system of equations ∴ = ≠
k k + 3 3k - 1
(k + 1)x + 8y = 4k
kx + (k + 3)y = 3k - 1 k+1 8
Take =
k k+ 3
has no solution, is [JEE Main 2013]
(a) ∞ (b) 1 ⇒ k 2 + 4k + 3 = 8k
(c) 2 (d) 3 ⇒ k 2 - 4k + 3 = 0
Exp. (b) ⇒ (k - 1) (k - 3) = 0
Given equations can be written in matrix form k = 1, 3
AX = B 8 4⋅1
If k = 1, then ≠ (not true)
k + 1 8   x 1+ 3 2
where, A =  , X =  y
 k k + 3   8 4⋅ 3
If k = 3, then ≠ (true)
6 9-1
4 k 
and B=  
3 k - 1  k=3
For no solution, | A | = 0 and (adj A) B ≠ 0 Hence, only one value of k exists.
60 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

1 α 3 Since, A is a non-singular matrix, i.e., | A | ≠ 0,

hence multiplying both sides by A -1(from RHS),
45. If P 1 3 3 is the adjoint of a 3 × 3 matrix we get
 
2 4 4  1
A and | A | = 4 , then α is equal to A -1 A(u1 + u 2 ) = A -1  1
 
[JEE Main 2013]  0
(a) 4 (b) 11 (c) 5 (d) 0 -1
1 0 0  1
Exp. (b) ⇒ u1 + u 2 = 2 1 0 ×  1 …(i)
   
If A is matrix of order n , then|adj A| = | A|n - 1.  3 2 1  0
 1 α 3 1 0 0
Given, P =  1 3 3 1 0
  Now, | A |= 2 1 0 = 1× -0+ 0
2 4 4 2 1
3 2 1
∴ | P | = 112
( - 12 ) - α (4 - 6) + 3 (4 - 6)
[by expanding the determinant along row 1]
= 2α - 6
⇒ | A| = 1
! P = adj ( A) [given]
Now, cofactor matrix of A (i.e., the matrix in which
∴ |P| = |adj A| = | A|2 = 16
every element is replaced by corresponding
⇒ 2 α - 6 = 16 ⇒ 2 α = 22 cofactor)
∴ α = 11  1 0 2 0 2 1 
 2 1 -
1 0 0 3 1 3 2 
 
46. Let A = 2 1 0 . If u1 and u 2 are column  0 0
= -
1 0
-
1 0 

 
3 2 1  2 1 3 1 3 2 
 0 0 1 0 1 0 
1 0  - 
 1 0 2 0 2 1 
matrices such that Au 1 = 0 and Au 2 = 1 ,
 
   
0 0  1 -2 1
= 0 1 -2
thenu 1 + u 2 is equal to [AIEEE 2012]  
 0 0 1
 -1   -1   -1   1
T
(a)  1  (b)  1  (c)  -1  (d)  -1  1 - 2 1  1 0 0
       
 0   -1   0   -1  ∴ adj ( A) =  0 1 - 2 = - 2
 1 0
   
 0 0 1  1 -2 1
Exp. (d) adj ( A)
⇒ A -1 =
Given Matrices are | A|
 1 0 0  1  0
 1 0 0
A = 2 1 0 , Au1 = 0 and Au 2 =  1
   
      ⇒ A -1 =  - 2 1 0 [! | A | = 1]
 3 2 1  0  0  
 1 -2 1
To Find Matrix u1 + u 2
From Eq. (i), we get
Since, both Au1 and Au 2 are given, hence adding -1
them, we get 1 0 0  1
 1  0  1 + 0  u1 + u 2 = 2 1 0 ×  1
Au1 + Au 2 =  0 +  1 =  0 + 1    
       3 2 1  0
 0  0  0 + 0
 1 0 0  1
 1 =  -2 1 0 ×  1
⇒ A (u1 + u 2 ) =  1    
   1 -2 1  0
 0
Matrices and Determinants 61

 1+ 0 + 0  1
∴ u1 + u 2 =  -2 + 1 + 0 =  -1
49. Let A and B be two symmetric matrices of
    order 3.
 1 - 2 + 0  -1
Statement I A (BA ) and ( AB ) A are
symmetric matrices.
47. Let P and Q be 3 × 3 matrices P ≠ Q .If P 3 = Q 3
Statement II AB is symmetric matrix, if
and P 2Q = Q 2P , then determinant of matrix multiplication of A with B is
(P 2 + Q 2 ) is equal to [AIEEE 2012] commutative. [AIEEE 2011]
(a) –2 (b) 1 (a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
(c) 0 (d) –1 Statement II is not a correct explanation of
Statement I
Exp. (c) (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is false
Given (c) Statement I is false, Statement II is true
(d) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
(i) Two matrices P and Q of order 3 × 3 such that
Statement II is a correct explanation of
P ≠ Q.
Statement I
(ii) P 3 = Q 3 and P 2Q = Q 2 P
Exp. (a)
To find The value of determinant of P 2 + Q 2 .
Since, A and B are symmetric matrices.
On subtracting the given equations, we get
∴ AT = A
P 3 - P 2Q = Q 3 - Q 2 P
and BT = B
⇒ P 2 (P - Q ) = Q 2 (Q - P)
Now, to check A (BA) is symmetric.
⇒ (P - Q )(P 2 + Q 2 ) = 0 Consider [ A (BA)]T = (BA)T ⋅ AT = ( AT BT ) AT
Now, since P≠Q [given] = ( AB) A = A (BA)
⇒ P-Q≠ 0 T
So, [ A (BA)] = A (BA)
⇒ | P2 + Q 2 | = 0
⇒ A (BA) is symmetric.
∴ P2 + Q 2 = 0
Similarly, ( AB) A is symmetric.
48. The number of values of k for which the So, Statement I is true. Also, Statement II is true,
linear equations 4x + ky + 2 z = 0, as if A and B are symmetric.
kx + 4y + z = 0 and 2 x + 2 y + z = 0 posses a ⇒( AB) is symmetric, iff AB = BA.
non-zero solution, is [AIEEE 2011] i.e., AB commutative.
(a) 2 (b) 1
Hence, both the statements are true but
(c) 0 (d) 3
statement II is not a correct explanation of
Exp. (a) statement I.
Since, equation has non-zero solution.
50. If the trivial solution is the only solution of
⇒ ∆=0
the system of equations
4 k 2
x - ky + z = 0,
∴ k 4 1 =0
kx + 3y - kz = 0
2 2 1
and 3x + y - z = 0
⇒ 4 (4 - 2 ) - k (k - 2 ) + 2 (2 k - 8) = 0 Then, the set of all values of k is [AIEEE 2011]
⇒ 8 - k 2 + 2 k + 4k - 16 = 0
(a) { 2 , - 3 } (b) R - { 2 , - 3}
⇒ k 2 - 6k + 8 = 0 (c) R - { 2 } (d) R - { - 3}
⇒ (k - 2 ) (k - 4) = 0
⇒ k = 2, 4
Exp. (b)
Hence, number of values of k is two. x - ky + z = 0, kx + 3 y - kz = 0 and
3 x + y - z = 0 has trivial solution.
62 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

1 -k 1 ωK + 1 0 
⇒ k 3 -k ≠0 Then, HK + 1 =  K + 1
 0 ω 
3 1 -1
ω70 0  ω 0 
⇒ 1 (- 3 + k ) + k (- k + 3k ) + 1 (k - 9) ≠ 0 ∴ H70 =  70 
=  0 ω = H
 0 ω   
⇒ k - 3 + 2 k2 + k - 9 ≠ 0
2
⇒ 2 k + 2 k - 12 ≠ 0
53. Consider the system of linear equations
⇒ k2 + k - 6 ≠ 0
x1 + 2 x 2 + x 3 = 3,
⇒ (k + 3) (k - 2 ) ≠ 0
2 x1 + 3x 2 + x 3 = 3
∴ k ≠ 2, - 3
and 3x1 + 5x 2 + 2 x 3 = 1
k ∈ R - {2 , - 3}
The system has [AIEEE 2010]
51. Statement I Determinant of a skew- (a) infinite number of solutions
symmetric matrix of order 3 is zero. (b) exactly 3 solutions
Statement II For any matrix A, (c) a unique solution
(d) no solution
det( A T ) = det( A )
and det( - A ) = - det( A ). Exp. (d)
Then, [AIEEE 2011] The given system of linear equations can be put in
(a) Statement I is true and Statement II is false the matrix form as
(b) Both statements are true
 1 2 1  x1   3
(c) Both statements are false
2 3 1  x  =  3
(d) Statement I is false and Statement II is true    2  
 3 5 2   x3   1
Exp. (a)
1 2 1  x1   3 
Determinant of skew-symmetric matrix of odd by R 2 Æ R 2 - 2 R1,
order is zero and of even order is perfect square. ~  0 - 1 - 1  x2  =  - 3 
       R 3 Æ R 3 - 3R1 
So, Statement I is true.  0 - 1 - 1  x3   - 8

Now, det ( AT ) = det ( A)  1 2 1  x1   3

n ~  0 1 1  x2  =  3 [by R 3 Æ R 3 - R 2 ]
and det (- A) = (- 1) det ( A)     
 0 0 0  x3   5
So, Statement II is false.
Clearly, the given system of equations has no
52. If ω ≠ 1 is the complex cube root of unity and solution.
ω 0  70 Alternate Solution
matrix H =  , then H is equal to
 0 ω Subtracting the addition of first two equations from
(a) H (b) 0 [AIEEE 2011] third equation, we get
(c) -H (d) H 2 0 = - 5, which is an absurd result.
Hence, the given system of equations has no
Exp. (a) solution.
ω 0 
Here, H= 
54. The number of 3 × 3 non-singular matrices,
 0 ω with four entries as 1 and all other entries as
ω 0  ω 0  ω 2
0
0, is [AIEEE 2010]
∴ H2 =   =   (a) less than 4
 0 ω  0 ω  0 ω2 
(b) 5
ωK 0 (c) 6
⇒ HK =   (d) atleast 7
0 ωK 
Matrices and Determinants 63

Exp. (d) 56. Let a, b and c be such that (b + c ) ≠ 0.

1 * *
  a a +1 a -1
Consider  * 1 *  . By placing 1 in anyone of
  If -b b + 1 b - 1
 * * 1
the 6 * position and 0 elsewhere, we get c c -1 c +1
6 non-singular matrices. a +1 b +1 c -1
 * * 1 + a -1 b -1 c + 1 = 0,
 
Similarly,  * 1 *  gives atleast one
1 
( - 1)n + 2a ( - 1)n + 1b ( - 1)n c
 * *
non-singular matrix.
then the value of ‘n’ is [AIEEE 2009]
(a) zero (b) any even integer
Hence, we get atleast 7 non-singular matrix.
(c) any odd integer (d) any integer
55. Let A be 2 × 2 matrix with non-zero entries Exp. (c)
and A 2 = I , where I is 2 × 2 identity matrix. 1
a a+ 1 a-1 a + 1 b + 1 c -1
Define tr ( A ) = Sum of diagonal elements of
- b b + 1 b - 1 + (- 1)n a - 1 b - 1 c + 1
A and | A | = Determinant of matrix A.
c c -1 c + 1 a -b c
Statement I tr ( A ) = 0
Statement II | A | = 1 [AIEEE 2010] a a+ 1 a-1 a+1 a -1 a
(a) Statement I is false, Statement II is true = - b b + 1 b - 1 + (- 1)n b + 1 b - 1 - b
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; c c -1 c + 1 c -1 c + 1 c
Statement II is a correct explanation of
[!| A| = | AT|]
Statement I
(c) Statement I is true, Statement II is true, a a+ 1 a-1 a+ 1 a a-1
Statement II is not a correct explanation of = - b b + 1 b - 1 + (- 1)n + 1 b + 1 -b b - 1
Statement I c c -1 c + 1 c -1 c c+1
(d) Statement I is true, Statement II is false
[C 2 ↔ C 3 ]
Exp. (d) a a+ 1 a-1
A satisfies A 2 - tr( A) ⋅ A + (det A) I = 0 = [1 + (- 1)n + 2 ] - b b + 1 b - 1
On comparing with A 2 - I = 0, we get c c -1 c + 1
tr ( A) = 0,| A| = - 1 This is equal to zero only, if n + 2 is odd i.e., n is an
Therefore, Statement I is true but Statement II is odd integer.
false.
Alternate Solution 57. Let A be 2 × 2 matrix.
 a b Statement I adj (adj A) = A
Let A= ; a, b,c,d ≠ 0
c d  Statement II |adj A | = A [AIEEE 2009]
 a b  a b (a) Statement I is false, Statement II is true
Now A2 =  ⋅   (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
c d  c d 
Statement II is a correct explanation of
 a2 + bc ab + bd  Statement I
⇒ A2 =  2
 ac + cd bc + d  (c) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
! A2 = I Statement II is not a correct explanation of
Statement I
⇒ a2 + bc = 1 ⇒ bc + d 2 = 1
(d) Statement I is true, Statement II is false
and ab + bd = ac + cd = 0
Also, c ≠ 0 and b ≠ 0 Exp. (c)
⇒ a + d = 0, tr(A) = a + d = 0 |adj A| = | A|n - 1 = | A|2 - 1 = | A|
and | A| = ad - bc = - a2 - bc = - 1
adj (adj A) = | A|n - 2 A = | A| 0 A = A
Hence, Statement I is true but Statement II is false.
64 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Hence, both the statements are true but Exp. (a)

Statement II is not a correct explanation of
Given equations are
Statement I.
x - cy - bz = 0,
58. Let A be 2 × 2 matrix with real entries. Let I cx - y + az = 0
be the 2 × 2 identity matrix. Denote by tr( A ), and bx + ay - z = 0
the sum of diagonal entries of A. Assume For non-zero solution,
that A 2 = I . 1 -c - b
Statement I If A ≠ I and A ≠ - I , then c -1 a =0
det ( A ) = - 1. b a -1
Statement II If A ≠ I and A ≠ - I , then ⇒ 1(1 - a2 ) + c(- c - ab ) - b(ac + b ) = 0
tr( A ) ≠ 0. [AIEEE 2008] ⇒ 1 - a2 - c 2 - abc - abc - b 2 = 0
(a) Statement I is false, Statement II is true ⇒ a2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2 abc = 1
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
Statement II is a correct explanation of
Statement I
60. Let A be a square matrix all of whose entries
(c) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
are integers. Then, which one of the
Statement II is not a correct explanation of following is true ? [AIEEE 2008]
Statement I (a) If det ( A ) = ± 1, then A -1 need not exist
(d) Statement I is true, Statement II is false (b) If det ( A ) = ± 1, then A -1 exists but all its entries
Exp. (d) are not necessarily integers
 a b (c) If det( A ) ≠ ± 1, then A -1 exists and all its entries
Let A= 
c d  are non-integers
2
 a b  1 0 (d) If det( A ) = ± 1, then A -1 exists and all its entries
∴ c d  =  0 1 [! A 2 = I]
    are integers
 a2 + bc ab + bd   1 0 Exp. (d)
⇒  =
 ac + cd bc + d 2   0 1
As det ( A) = ± 1, A -1 exists.
⇒ b(a + d ) = 0
c(a + d ) = 0 1
And A -1 = (adj A) = ± (adj A)
and a2 + bc = 1 det ( A)
bc + d 2 = 1
All entries in adj ( A) are integers.
⇒ a=1
d = -1 Hence, A -1 has integer entries.
b=c = 0
1 1 1
1 0 
If A =   , then 61. If D = 1 1 + x 1 for x ≠ 0, y ≠ 0, then D
 0 -1
 1 0   1 0   1 0 1 1 1+ y
A2 =   =   = I A ≠ I, A ≠ - I
 0 -1  0 -1  0 1 is [AIEEE 2007]
det ( A) = - 1 (Statement I is true) (a) divisible by neither x nor y
Statement II, tr( A) = 1 - 1 = 0, Statement II is false. (b) divisible by both x and y
(c) divisible by x but not y
59. Let a ,b and c be any real numbers. Suppose (d) divisible by y but not x
that there are real numbers x , y , z not all
zero such that x = cy + bz , y = az + cx and Exp. (b) 1 1 1
z = bx + ay . Then, a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2 abc is equal
Given that, D = 1 1 + x 1
to [AIEEE 2008]
1 1 1+ y
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) –1 (d) 0
Matrices and Determinants 65

Applying C 2 Æ C 2 - C1 and C 3 Æ C 3 - C1, 1 2 a 0

64. Let A =   andB = 0 b ;a ,b ∈ N . Then,
1 0 0  3 4  
= 1 x 0 = xy [AIEEE 2006]
1 0 y (a) there exists more than one but finite number
of B’s such that AB = BA
Hence, D is divisible by both x and y. (b) there exists exactly one B such that AB = BA
5 5 α α (c) there exist infnitely many B’s such that
AB = BA
62. Let A = 0 α 5 α. If | A 2 | = 25, then |α| is
(d) there cannot exist any B such that AB = BA
 
0 0 5 
Exp. (c)
equal to [AIEEE 2007]
1 2
(a) 52 (b) 1 Given that, A = 
1 3 4
(c) (d) 5
5 a 0
and B= 
Exp. (c) 0 b 
 5 5α α 
Since, A =  0 α 5α   1 2   a 0  a 2 b
  Now, AB =   =  
 0 0 5   3 4  0 b   3a 4b 

 5 5α α   5 5α α   a 0   1 2   a 2 a
and BA =   =  
∴ A =  0 α 5α   0 α 5α 
2
 0 b   3 4  3 b 4b 
  
 0 0 5   0 0 5  If AB = BA, then a = b.
25 25α + 5α 2 10α + 25α 2  Hence, AB = BA is possible for infinitely many
  values of B’s.
=0 α2 5α 2 + 25α 
0

0 25 

65. If A 2 - A + I = O , then the inverse of A is
[AIEEE 2005]
25 25α + 5α 2 10α + 25α 2 (a) I -A
⇒ | A 2|= 0 α2 5α 2 + 25α (b) A-I
0 0 25 (c) A
(d) A+I
α 2 25α + 5α 2
= 25 = 625α 2
0 25 Exp. (a)
! A2 - A + I = O
⇒ 625α 2 = 25 [given]
1 ⇒ A -1 A 2 - A -1 A + A -1I = O
∴ |α| =
5 ⇒ ( A -1 A ) A - ( A -1 A ) + A -1 = O
⇒ A - I + A -1 = O
63. If A andB are square matrices of size n × n ⇒ A -1 = I - A
such that A 2 - B 2 = ( A - B )( A + B ), then
which of the following will be always true? 66. Ifa 2 + b 2 + c 2 = - 2 and
(a) AB = BA [AIEEE 2006]
(b) Either of A or B is a zero matrix 1 + a 2x (1 + b 2 )x (1 + c 2 )x
(c) Either of A or B is an identity matrix f ( x ) = (1 + a 2 )x 1 + b 2x (1 + c 2 )x ,
(d) A=B (1 + a 2 )x (1 + b 2 )x 1 + c 2x
Exp. (a) then f ( x ) is a polynomial of degree
Since, A 2 - B2 = ( A - B)( A + B) [AIEEE 2005]
∴ A 2 - B2 = A 2 - B2 + AB - BA (a) 2 (b) 3
⇒ AB = BA (c) 0 (d) 1
66 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Exp. (a) Applying C1 Æ C1 + C 2 + C 3 ,

Given that, α+2 1 1
 1 + a2 x (1 + b 2 )x (1 + c 2 )x α+2 α 1 =0
  α+2 1 α
f( x) = (1 + a2 )x 1 + b 2 x (1 + c 2 )x
(1 + a2 )x (1 + b 2 )x 1 + c 2 x  Applying R 2 Æ R 2 - R1, R 3 Æ R 3 - R1,
 
1 1 1
Applying C1 Æ C1 + C 2 + C 3 , we get
(α + 2 ) 0 α - 1 0 =0
 1 + a2 x + x + b 2 x + x + c 2 x
 0 0 α -1
f ( x) =  x + a 2 x + 1 + b 2 x + x + c 2 x
 x + a2 x + x + b 2 x + 1 + c 2 x ⇒ (α + 2 )(α - 1)2 = 0
 ∴ α = 1, - 2
(1 + b 2 )x (1 + c 2 )x But α = 1 makes given three equations same.

1 + b 2 x (1 + c 2 )x So, the system of equations has infinite solution.
(1 + b 2 )x 1 + c 2 x  So, answer is α = - 2 for which the system of
 equations has no solution.
1 + (a2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2 )x (1 + b 2 )x (1 + c 2 )x

= 1 + (a2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2 )x 1 + b 2 x (1 + c 2 )x
 68. If a1 , a 2 ,..., an ,... are in GP, then the
1 + (a2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2 )x (1 + b 2 )x 1 + c 2 x  determinant
  log an log an + 1 log an + 2
1 (1 + b 2 )x (1 + c 2 )x
  ∆ = log an + 3 log an + 4 log an + 5
=  1 1 + b 2 x (1 + c 2 )x
log an + 6 log an + 7 log an + 8
 1 (1 + b 2 )x 1 + c 2 x 
 
is equal to [AIEEE 2005, 2004]
[!a2 + b 2 + c 2 = - 2, given]
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 0 (d) 1
Applying R1 Æ R1 - R 3 , R 2 Æ R 2 - R 3 , we get
0 0 x -1  Exp. (c)
0 x-1
= 0 1- x x -1  = Since, a1, a2 , . . . , an , . . . are in GP, then
 2 2
 1 - x x-1
 1 (1 + b )x 1 + c x log an , log an + 1, log an + 2 , ..., log an + 8 , ... are in
= ( x - 1) 2 AP.
Hence, f( x) is of degree 2. Given that,
log an log an + 1 log an + 2
67. The system of equations
∆ = log an + 3 log an + 4 log an + 5
αx + y + z = α - 1,
log an + 6 log an + 7 log an + 8
x + αy + z = α - 1
and x + y + αz = α - 1 a a+d a + 2d
has no solution, if α is [AIEEE 2005] ∴ ∆ = a + 3d a + 4d a + 5d =0
(a) 1 a + 6d a + 7d a + 8d
(b) not –2
(c) either –2 or 1 where a and d are the first term and common
(d) –2 difference of an AP.
Applying C 2 Æ C 2 - C1,C 3 Æ C 3 - C1,
Exp. (d)
a d 2d
The system of given equations has no solution, if
⇒ ∆ = a + 3d d 2 d
α 1 1
a + 6d d 2 d
1 α 1 =0
1 1 α =0 [since, two columns are similar]
Matrices and Determinants 67

0
0 -1  4 2 2   1 -1 1 
69. Let A =  0 -1 0 . The only correct ⇒ 10I =  - 5 0 α  2 1 - 3
     
 1 - 2 3   1 1 1 
-1 0 0 
statement about the matrix A is [AIEEE 2004] [! A -1 A = I]
(a) A is a zero matrix 10 0 0   10 0 0 
(b) A = ( -1 ) I , where I is a unit matrix ⇒  0 10 0  =  - 5 + α 5 + α -5 + α 
(c) A -1 does not exist    
 0 0 10  0 0 10 
(d) A2 = I
⇒ -5 + α = 0 and 5 + α = 10 ⇒ α = 5
Exp. (d)  0 0 -1
The given matrix, A =  0 -1 0  71. If the system of linear equations
 
 -1 0 0  x + 2 ay + az = 0, x + 3by + bz = 0
and x + 4cy + cz = 0
(a) It is clear that A is not a zero matrix.
has a non-zero solution, then a ,b and c
 1 0 0  -1 0 0  (a) are in AP [AIEEE 2003]
(b) Now, (-1) I = - 1  0 1 0 =  0 -1 0  ≠ A (b) are in GP
    (c) are in HP
 0 0 1  0 0 -1
(d) satisfy a + 2 b + 3c = 0
∴ (-1) I ≠ A
0 -1 Exp. (c)
(c) Now,| A | = 0 + 0 - 1 = - 1(-1) = 1
-1 0 Since, the system of linear equations has a
-1
non-zero solution, then
Since,| A | ≠ 0, so A exists. 1 2a a
0 0 -1  0 0 -1 1 3b b = 0
(d) Now, A =  0
2
-1 0   0 -1 0  1 4c c
   
 -1 0 0   -1 0 0  Applying R 2 Æ R 2 - R1, R 3 Æ R 3 - R1, we get
1 0 0 1 2a a
⇒ A2 = 0 1 0 ∴ A 2 =I ⇒ 0 3b - 2 a b - a = 0
 
 0 0 1 0 4c - 2 a c - a
⇒ (3 b - 2 a)(c - a) - (4c - 2 a)(b - a) = 0
1 -1 1   4 2 2
⇒ 3 bc - 3 ba - 2 ac + 2 a2
70. Let A = 2 1 -3 and 10B = -5 0 α
    = 4bc - 2 ab - 4ac + 2 a2
1 1 1   1 -2 3
⇒ 2 ac = bc + ab
If B is the inverse of matrix A , then α is equal
On dividing by abc both sides, we get
to [AIEEE 2004]
2 1 1
(a) –2 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 5 = +
b a c
Exp. (d) So, a, b and c are in HP.
Since, B is the inverse of matrix A, i.e., B = A -1.
 4 2 2 a b  2 α β 
72. If A =   and A = β α , then
∴ 10 A -1 =  -5 0 α  b a   
  [AIEEE 2003]
 1 -2 3  (a) α = a 2 + b 2 and β = ab
 4 2 2 (b) α = a 2 + b 2 and β = 2ab
⇒ 10 A -1 A =  - 5 0 α  A (c) α = a 2 + b 2 and β = a 2 - b 2
 
 1 - 2 3  (d) α = 2ab and β = a 2 + b 2
68 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Exp. (b) Exp. (d)

Given that, Since, l , m and n are the pth, qth and rth terms of a
 a b α β  GP whose first term is A and common ratio is R.
A=  ⇒ A2 =  
b a β α  ∴ l = AR p -1

 a b  a b
∴ A2 = A A =   
⇒ log l = log A + ( p - 1) log R
b a b a
Similarly, log m = log A + (q - 1) log R
 a2 + b 2 ab + ba
⇒ A2 =  2 2
and log n = log A + (r - 1) log R
 ba + ab b + a  log l p 1 log A + ( p - 1) log R p 1
α β   a2 + b 2 2 ab  Now, log m q 1 = log A + (q - 1) log R q 1
⇒ β α  =  2 ab 
   a + b2 
2
log n r 1 log A + ( r - 1) log R r 1
2 2
⇒ α = a + b and β = 2 ab Applying C1 Æ C1 - [C 3 log A + (C 2 - C 3 ) log R ],
0 p 1
73. If 1,ω ω 2 are the cube roots of unity, then
= 0 q 1 =0
1 ωn ω 2n 0 r 1
∆ = ωn ω 2n 1 is equal to
ω 2n 1 ωn 75. If ω( ≠ 1) is a cubic root of unity, then
[AIEEE 2003]
1 1 + i + ω2 ω2
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) ω (d) ω2
1-i -1 ω 2 - 1 is equal to
Exp. (a) -i - 1 + ω - i -1
Given that, [AIEEE 2002]
(a) 0
1 ωn ω2 n
(b) 1
∆ = ωn ω2 n 1 (c) i
ω2 n 1 ωn (d) ω
= 1 (ω3 n - 1) - ωn (ω2 n - ω2 n ) + ω2 n (ωn - ω4 n ) Exp. (a)
= 1 (1 - 1) - 0 + ω2 n (ωn - ωn ) [!ω3 = 1]
1 1 + i + ω2 ω2
=0 2
Let ∆ = 1 - i -1 ω -1
74. Ifl , m and n are the pth, qth and rth terms of -i -1 + ω - i -1

log l p 1 Applying R1 Æ R1 + R 3 , we get

a GP and all positive, then log m q 1 is 1- i -1 ω2 - 1
log n r 1 = 1- i -1 ω2 - 1 [! ω + ω2 = - 1]
equal to [AIEEE 2002] -i -1 + ω - i -1
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 0 =0 [since, two rows are identical]
4
Permutations and
Combinations
1. All possible numbers are formed using the 2. The number of four-digit numbers strictly
digits 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4 taken all at a time. greater than 4321 that can be formed using
The number of such numbers in which the the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (repetition of digits is
odd digits occupy even places is allowed) is [JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-II]
[JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-I] (a) 306 (b) 310 (c) 360 (d) 288
(a) 180 (b) 175
Exp. (b)
(c) 160 (d) 162
Following are the cases in which the 4-digit
Exp. (a) numbers strictly greater than 4321 can be formed
using digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (repetition of digits is
Given digits are 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4. allowed)
According to the question, odd numbers 1, 1, 3 Case-I
should occur at even places only.
4 3 2

2/3/4/5 4 ways 4 numbers

Case-II
4 3
3/4/5 0/1/2/3/4/5 3×6=18 numbers
3 ways 6 ways
Even places
Case-III
∴The number of ways to arrange odd numbers at 4
3!
even places are 4 C 3 ×
2! 4/5 0/1/2/3/4/5 2×6×6=72 numbers
2 ways 6 ways
and the number of ways to arrange remaining even
Case-IV
6!
numbers are . 5
4!2 ! 6×6×6=216 numbers
So, total number of 9-digit numbers, that can be 0/1/2/3/4/5
formed using the given digits are 6 ways

4 3! 6! So, required total numbers

C3 × × = 4 × 3 × 15 = 180
2 ! 4!2 ! = 4 + 18 + 72 + 216 = 310
70 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Case II
3. A committee of 11 members is to be formed
Set {a, c, e} = {1, 2, 9} and set {b, d , f} = {0, 5, 7}
from 8 males and 5 females. If m is the
number of ways the committee is formed So, number of 6-digits numbers = 3! × 3! = 36
with at least 6 males and n is the number of So, total number of 6-digits numbers
ways the committee is formed with atleast 3 = 24 + 36 = 60
females, then [JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-I]
(a) m = n = 68 (b) m + n = 68 5. Suppose that 20 pillars of the same height
(c) m = n = 78 (d) n = m - 8 have been erected along the boundary of a
circular stadium. If the top of each pillar has
Exp. (c) been connected by beams with the top of all
Since there are 8 males and 5 females. Out of its non-adjacent pillars, then the total
these 13 members committee of 11 members is to number of beams is
be formed. [JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-II]
According to the question, m = number of ways (a) 180 (b) 210 (c) 170 (d) 190
when there is at least 6 males
Exp. (c)
= ( 8 C 6 × 5C 5 ) + ( 8 C 7 × 5 C 4 ) + ( 8 C 8 × 5 C 3 )
It is given that, there are 20 pillars of the same
= (28 × 1) + (8 × 5)+ (1 × 10) height have been erected along the boundary of a
= 28 + 40 + 10 = 78 circular stadium.
and n = number of ways when there is at least 3 Now, the top of each pillar has been connected by
females beams with the top of all its non-adjacent pillars,
= ( 5C 3 × 8 C 8 ) + ( 5C 4 × 8 C 7 ) + ( 5C 5 × 8 C 6 ) then total number of beams = number of diagonals
of 20-sided polygon.
= 10 × 1 + 5 × 8 + 1 × 28 = 78
! 20 C 2 is selection of any two vertices of 20-sided
So, m = n = 78
polygon which included the sides as well.
4. The number of 6 digits numbers that can be So, required number of total beams = 20C 2 - 20
formed using the digits 0, 1, 2,5, 7 and 9 [!the number of diagonals in a n-sided closed
which are divisible by 11 and no digit is polygon = nC 2 - n]
repeated, is [JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-I] 20 × 19
= - 20
(a) 60 (b) 72 (c) 48 (d) 36 2
= 190 - 20 = 170
Exp. (a)
Key Idea Use divisibility test of 11 and consider
6. The number of ways of choosing 10 objects
out of 31 objects of which 10 are identical and
different situation according to given condition.
the remaining 21 are distinct, is
Since, the sum of given digits [JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-I]
0 + 1 + 2 + 5 + 7 + 9 = 24 (a) 2 20 - 1 (b) 2 21 (c) 2 20 (d) 2 20 + 1
Let the six-digit number be abcdef and to be
divisible by 11, so the difference of sum of odd Exp. (c)
placed digits and sum of even placed digits
should be either 0 or a multiple of 11 means Given that, out of 31 objects 10 are identical and
|(a + c + e ) - (b + d + f )| should be either 0 or a remaining 21 are distinct, so in following ways, we
multiple of 11. can choose 10 objects.
Hence, possible case is 0 identical + 10 distincts, number of ways
21
a + c + e = 12 = b + d + f (only) = 1× C10
Now, Case I 1 identical + 9 distincts, number of ways
set {a, c, e} = {0, 5, 7} and set {b, d , f} = {1, 2, 9} 21
= 1× C9
So, number of 6-digits numbers
= (2 × 2 !) × (3!) = 24 2 identicals + 8 distincts, number of ways
21
[!a can be selected in ways only either 5 or 7]. = 1× C8
Permutations and Combinations 71

10 identicals + 0distinct, number of ways

= 1 × 21C 0
Exp. (d)
Number of girls in the class = 5 and number of
So, total number of ways in which we can choose
boys in the class = 7
10 objects is
21 Now, total ways of forming a team of 3 boys and 2
C10 + 21C 9 + 21C 8 + " + 21C 0 = x (let) … (i)
girls = 7C 3 ⋅5 C 2 = 350
⇒ 21C11 + 21
C12 + 21
C13 + " + 21
C 21 = x … (ii) But, if two specific boys are in team, then number
[! C r = C n - r ] n n
of ways = 5C1 ⋅5 C 2 = 50
On adding both Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get Required ways, i.e. the ways in which two specific
2 x = 21C 0 + 21C1 + 21C 2 + " + 21C10 boys are not in the same team = 350 - 50 = 300.
+ 21
C11 + 21
C12 + " + 21
C 21 Alternate Method
21 20 Number of ways when A is selected and B is not
⇒ 2x = 2 ⇒x=2
= 5C 2 ⋅5 C 2 = 100

7. A group of students comprises of 5 boys and Number of ways when B is selected and A is not
n girls. If the number of ways, in which a = 5C 2 ⋅5 C 2 = 100
team of 3 students can randomly be selected Number of ways when both A and B are not
from this group such that there is at least selected = 5C 3 ⋅5 C 2 = 100
one boy and at least one girl in each team, is ∴Required ways = 100 + 100 + 100 = 300.
1750, then n is equal to
[JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-II] 9. The number of natural numbers less than
(a) 28 (b) 27 (c) 25 (d) 24 7,000 which can be formed by using the
digits 0, 1, 3, 7, 9 (repitition of digits allowed)
Exp. (c) is equal to [JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-II]
It is given that a group of students comprises of 5 (a) 374 (b) 375 (c) 372 (d) 250
boys and n girls. The number of ways, in which a
team of 3 students can be selected from this group Exp. (a)
such that each team consists of at least one boy Using the digits 0, 1, 3, 7, 9
and at least one girls, is = (number of ways
number of one digit natural numbers that can be
selecting one boy and 2 girls) + (number of ways
formed = 4,
selecting two boys and 1 girl)
5 5 number of two digit natural numbers that can be
= ( C1 × nC 2 ) ( C 2 × nC1 ) = 1750 [given]
formed = 20,
n(n - 1)  5 × 4
⇒  5 ×  +  × n = 1750
 2   2 
2
⇒ n (n - 1) + 4n = × 1750 4×5
5
(!0 can not come in Ist box)
⇒ n2 + 3n = 2 × 350
number of three digit natural numbers that can be
⇒ n2 + 3n - 700 = 0 formed = 100
⇒ n2 + 28n - 25n - 700 = 0
⇒ n(n + 28) - 25(n + 28) = 0
⇒ n = 25 [! n ∈ N] 4×5× 5
and number of four digit natural numbers less than
8. Consider a class of 5 girls and 7 boys. The 7000, that can be formed = 250
number of different teams consisting of 2
girls and 3 boys that can be formed from this
class, if there are two specific boys A and B,
2×5× 5×5
who refuse to be the members of the same
team, is [JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-I]
(!only 1 or 3 can come in Ist box)
(a) 350 (b) 500 (c) 200 (d) 300 ∴Total number of natural numbers formed
= 4 + 20 + 100 + 250 = 374
72 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

10. Consider three boxes, each containing 10 12. From 6 different novels and 3 different
balls labelled 1, 2, …, 10. Suppose one ball is dictionaries, 4 novels and 1 dictionary are to
randomly drawn from each of the boxes. be selected and arranged in a row on a shelf,
Denote by ni , the label of the ball drawn so that the dictionary is always in the
from the ith box, (i = 1, 2 , 3). Then, the middle. [JEE Main 2018]
number of ways in which the balls can be The number of such arrangements is
chosen such that n1 < n 2 < n 3 is (a) atleast 1000
[JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-I] (b) less than 500
(a) 82 (b) 120 (c) 240 (d) 164 (c) atleast 500 but less than 750
(d) atleast 750 but less than 1000
Exp. (b)
Given there are three boxes, each containing 10
Exp. (a)
balls labelled 1, 2, 3, … , 10. Given 6 different novels and 3 different
Now, one ball is randomly drawn from each boxes, dictionaries.
and ni denote the label of the ball drawn from the
ith box, (i = 1, 2, 3). Number of ways of selecting 4 novels from 6
6!
Then, the number of ways in which the balls can be novels is 6 C 4 = = 15
chosen such that n1 < n2 < n3 is same as selection 2 ! 4!
of 3 different numbers from numbers {1, 2, 3, … , Number of ways of selecting 1 dictionary is from
10} = 10C 3 = 120. 3!
3 dictionaries is 3 C1 = =3
1!2 !
11. There are m men and two women ∴Total number of arrangement of 4 novels and 1
participating in a chess tournament. Each dictionary where dictionary is always in the middle,
participant plays two games with every is
other participant. If the number of games 15 × 3 × 4! = 45 × 24 = 1080
played by the men between themselves
exceeds the number of games played 13. A man X has 7 friends, 4 of them are ladies
between the men and the women by 84, and 3 are men. His wifeY also has 7 friends, 3
then the value of m is [JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan of them are ladies and 4 are men. Assume X
Shift-II]
andY have no common friends.
(a) 12 (b) 11 (c) 9 (d) 7
Then, the total number of ways in which X
Exp. (a) and Y together can throw a party inviting 3
Since, there are m-men and 2-women and each ladies and 3 men, so that 3 friends of each of
participant plays two games with every other X andY are in this party, is
participant. [JEE Main 2017 (Offline)]
∴ Number of games played by the men between (a) 485 (b) 468
themselves = 2 × mC 2 (c) 469 (d) 484
and the number of games played between the
men and the women = 2 × mC1 × 2C1 Exp. (a)
Now, according to the question, Given, X has 7 friends, 4 of them are ladies and 3
2 mC 2 = 2 mC1 2C1 + 84 are men while Y has 7 friends, 3 of them are
m! ladies and 4 are men.
⇒ = m × 2 + 42
2 !(m - 2 )! ∴Total number of required ways
⇒ m(m - 1) = 4m + 84 = 3C 3 × 4C 0 × 4C 0 × 3C 3
⇒ m2 - m = 4m + 84 + 3C 2 × 4C1 × 4C1 × 3C 2
2
⇒ m - 5m - 84 = 0 + 3C1 × 4C 2 × 4C 2 × 3C1
⇒ m2 - 12 m + 7 m - 84 = 0
+ 3C 0 × 4C 3 × 4C 3 × 3C 0
⇒ m(m - 12 ) + 7 (m - 12 ) = 0
⇒ m = 12 [! m > 0] = 1 + 144 + 324 + 16 = 485
Permutations and Combinations 73

14. If all the words (with or without meaning) Exp. (b)

having five letters, formed using the letters The integer greater than 6000 may be of 4 digit or
of the word SMALL and arranged as in a 5 digit. So, here two cases arise.
dictionary, then the position of the word Case I When number is of 4 digit.
SMALL is [JEE Main 2016 (Offline)] Four digit number can starts from 6, 7 or 8
(a) 46th (b) 59th (c) 52nd (d) 58th 6,7 or 8

Exp. (d)
4!
Clearly, number of words start with A = = 12
2!
Number of words start with L = 4! = 24 3 4 3 2
4!
Number of words start with M = = 12 Thus, total number of 4 digit number, which are
2! greater than 6000 = 3 × 4 × 3 × 2 = 72
3!
Number of words start with SA = =3 Case II When number is of 5 digit.
2!
Total number of five digit number which are greater
Number of words start with SL = 3! = 6 than 6000 = 5! = 120
Note that, next word will be “SMALL”. ∴Total number of integers = 72 + 120 = 192
Hence, the position of word “SMALL” is 58th.
17. Let A and B be two sets containing
15. Let A and B be two sets containing four and 2 elements and 4 elements, respectively.
two elements respectively. Then, the The number of subsets of A × B having 3 or
number of subsets of the set A × B , each more elements is [JEE Main 2013]
having atleast three elements are (a) 256 (b) 220
[JEE Main 2015]
(c) 219 (d) 211
(a) 219 (b) 256 (c) 275 (d) 510
Exp. (c)
Exp. (a)
Given, n( A) = 2 and n(B) = 4
Given,
n( A) = 4, n(B) = 2 ∴ n( A × B) = 8
⇒ n( A × B) = 8 The number of subsets of A × B having 3 or more
elements = 8C 3 + 8C 4 + … + 8C 8
Total number of subsets of set ( A × B) = 2 8
Number of subsets of set A × B having no = 2 8 - 8C 0 - 8C1 - 8C 2
element (i.e. φ) = 1 = 256 - 1 - 8 - 28 = 219
Number of subsets of set A × B having one [!2 n = nC 0 + nC1 + " + nC n ]
element = 8C1
Number of subsets of set A × B having two 18. Let Tn be the number of all possible triangles
elements = 8C 2 formed by joining vertices of an n-sided
∴Number of subsets having atleast three regular polygon. If Tn + 1 - Tn = 10, then the
elements value of n is [JEE Main 2013]
= 2 8 - (1 + 8C1 + 8C 2 ) (a) 7 (b) 5 (c) 10 (d) 8
= 2 8 - 1 - 8 - 28
Exp. (b)
= 2 8 - 37
Given, Tn = nC 3
= 256 - 37 = 219 n+1
Tn + 1 = C3
16. The number of integers greater than 6000 ∴ Tn + 1 - Tn = n+1
C 3 - nC 3 = 10 [given]
that can be formed, using the digits 3, 5, 6, 7
and 8 without repetition, is [JEE Main 2015] ⇒ n C 2 + nC 3 - nC 3 = 10
n
(a) 216 (b) 192 ⇒ C 2 = 10
(c) 120 (d) 72 ∴ n=5
74 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

19. Assuming the balls to be identical except for Exp. (a)

difference in colours, the number of ways in Let the number of ways of distributing n identical
which one or more balls can be selected objects among r persons such that each person
from 10 white, 9 green and 7 black balls is gets atleast one object is same as the number of
[AIEEE 2012] ways of selecting (r - 1) places out of (n - 1)
(a) 880 (b) 629 different places, i.e., n - 1C r - 1.
(c) 630 (d) 879
Statement I Here, n = 10 and r = 4
Exp. (d) ∴ Required number of ways = 10 - 1C 4 - 1 = 9C 3
Given 10 identical white balls, 9 identical green Statement II Required number of ways = 9C 3
balls and 7 identical black balls.
Hence, both the statements are true but Statement
To find The number of ways for selecting atleast II is not a correct explanation of Statement I.
one ball.
Number of ways to choose zero or more white 21. There are 10 points in a plane, out of these 6
balls are collinear. If N is the number of triangles
= (10 + 1) [since, all white balls are mutually formed by joining these points, then
identical] (a) N >190 (b) N ≤100 [AIEEE 2011]
Number of ways to choose zero or more green (c)100 < N ≤ 140 (d)140 < N ≤ 190
balls
= (9 + 1) [since, all green balls are mutually Exp. (b)
identical] If out of n points, m are collinear, then
Number of ways to choose zero or more black Number of triangles = nC 3 - mC 3
balls = (7 + 1) [since, all black balls are mutually ∴ Number of triangles = 10
C 3 - 6C 3
identical]
= 120 - 20
Hence, number of ways to choose zero or more
balls of any colour = (10 + 1)(9 + 1)(7 + 1) ⇒ N = 100
Also, number of ways to choose a total of zero balls 22. From 6 different novels and 3 different
=1
dictionaries, 4 novels and 1 dictionary are to
Hence, the number, if ways to choose atleast be selected and arranged in a row on the
one ball (irrespective of any colour) shelf so that the dictionary is always in the
= (10 + 1)(9 + 1)(7 + 1) - 1 = 879 middle. Then, the number of such
[10 × 9 × 7 - 1 = number of ways to select arrangements is [AIEEE 2009]
atleast one ball of each colour (a) atleast 500 but less than 750
(in case there is some confusion] (b) atleast 750 but less than 1000
(c) atleast 1000
20. Statement I The number of ways of (d) less than 500
distributing 10 identical balls in 4 distinct
boxes such that no box is empty, is 9C 3. Exp. (c)
Statement II The number of ways of The number of ways in which 4 novels can be
choosing any 3 places from 9 different selected
= 6C 4 = 15
places is 9C 3.
The number of ways in which 1 dictionary can be
(a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
selected
Statement II is not a correct explanation of = 3C1 = 3
Statement I
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is false Now, we have 5 places in which middle place is
(c) Statement I is false, Statement II is true fixed.
(d) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; ∴4 novels can be arranged in 4! ways.
Statement II is a correct explanation of ∴The total number of ways = 15 × 4! × 3
Statement I [AIEEE 2011] = 15 × 24 × 3 = 1080
Permutations and Combinations 75

23. In a shop, there are five types of ice-creams 25. The set S = {1, 2 , 3 ,... , 12 } is to be partitioned
available. A child buy six ice-creams. into three sets A , B andC of equal size.
Statement I The number of different ways Thus, A ∪ B ∪ C = S ,
the child can buy the six ice-creams is 10C 5. A ∩ B = B ∩C = A ∩C = φ [AIEEE 2007]
[AIEEE 2008] The number of ways to partition S is
Statement II The number of different ways (a) 12!/3!(4!) 3 (b) 12!/3!(3!) 4
the child can buy the six ice-creams is equal (c) 12!/(4!) 3 (d) 12!/(3!) 4
to the number of different ways of arranging
Exp. (c)
6 A’s and 4 B’s in a row.
(a) Statement I is false, Statement II is true Required number of ways
12
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; = C 4 × 8C 4 × 4C 4
Statement II is a correct explanation of 12 ! 8! 12 !
= × × 1=
Statement I 8! × 4! 4! × 4! (4!)3
(c) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
Statement II is not a correct explanation of
Statement I
26. At an election, a voter may vote for any
number of candidates not greater than the
(d) Statement I is true, Statement II is false
number to be elected. There are
Exp. (a) 10 candidates and 4 are to be elected. If a
Since, the number of ways that child can buy the voter votes for atleast one candidate, then
six ice-creams is equal to the number of different the number of ways in which he can vote, is
ways of arranging 6 A’s and 4 B’s in a row. (a) 6210 (b) 385 [AIEEE 2006]
So, number of ways to arrange 6 A’s and 4 B’s in a (c) 1110 (d) 5040
row
10! 10 Exp. (b)
= = C4
6! 4!
Total number of ways
And number of integral solutions of the equation = 10C1 + 10
C2 + 10
C3 + 10
C4
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 = 6
= 10 + 45 + 120 + 210 = 385
6 + 5 -1 10 10
= C5 - 1 = C4 ≠ C5
Hence, Statement I is false and Statement II is true. 27. If the letters of the word ‘SACHIN’ are
arranged in all possible ways and these
24. How many different words can be formed by words are written out as in dictionary, then
jumbling the letters in the word the word ‘SACHIN’ appears at serial number
‘MISSISSIPPI’ in which no two S are (a) 602 (b) 603 [AIEEE 2005]
adjacent? [AIEEE 2008] (c) 600 (d) 601
(a) 7 ⋅ 6C 4 ⋅ 8C 4 (b) 8 ⋅ 6C 4 ⋅ 7C 4
8
Exp. (d)
(c) 6 ⋅ 7 ⋅ C 4 (d) 6 ⋅ 8 ⋅ 7C 4
In the word ‘SACHIN’, order of alphabets is A, C,
Exp. (a) H, I, N and S. Number of words start with A = 5!, so
with C, H, I, N.
Given word is MISSISSIPPI. Now, words start with S and after that ACHIN are in
Here, I = 4 times, S = 4 times, ascending order of position, so 5 ⋅ 5! = 600 words
P = 2 times M = 1time are in dictionary before words with S start and
_ M_ I_ I_ I_ I_ P_ P_ position of this word is 601.
7!
∴ Required number of words = 8C 4 × 28. The range of the function f ( x ) = 7- x
Px - 3 is
4! 2 !
7 × 6! [AIEEE 2004]
= 8C 4 × = 7 ⋅ 8C 4 ⋅ 6C 4 (a) {1, 2, 3} (b) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
4! 2 !
(c) {1, 2, 3, 4} (d) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
76 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Exp. (a) 5! 8! 5! 8!
= × + ×
Given that, f( x) = 7- x
Px - 3 . The above function is 4!1! 6!2 ! 5! 0! 5! 3!
8×7 8×7 × 6
defined, if7 - x ≥ 0 and x - 3 ≥ 0and 7 - x ≥ x - 3. =5× + 1×
2 3×2
⇒ x ≤ 7, x ≥ 3 and x ≤ 5
∴ Df = {3, 4, 5} = 5 × 4 × 7 + 8 × 7 = 140 + 56 = 196
4
Now, f(3) = P0 = 1
32. The number of ways in which 6 men and
f(4) = 3 P1 = 3 5 women can dine at a round table, if no
and 2
f(5) = P2 = 2 two women are to sit together, is given by
(a) 6! × 5! (b) 30 [AIEEE 2003]
∴ R f = {1, 2 , 3} (c) 5! × 4! (d) 7! × 5!

29. How many ways are there to arrange the Exp. (a)
letters in the word ‘GARDEN’ with the First, we fix the position of men, the number of
vowels in alphabetical order? [AIEEE 2004] ways to sit men = 5! and the number of ways to sit
(a) 120 (b) 240 (c) 360 (d) 480 women = 6 P5
M
Exp. (c)
Total number of ways in which all letters can be
M M
arranged in alphabetical order = 6!.
There are two vowels (A, E) in the word ‘GARDEN’.
Total number of ways in which these two vowels
can be arranged = 2! M M
6!
∴ Total number of required ways = = 360
2! M

30. The number of ways of distributing ∴ Total number of ways = 5! × 6 P5 = 5! × 6!

8 identical balls in 3 distinct boxes, so that
none of the boxes is empty, is [AIEEE 2004] 33. If n C r denotes the number of combinations
8 8
(a) 5 (b) 21 (c) 3 (d) C3 of n things taken r at a time, then the
Exp. (b) expression n C r + 1 + nC r - 1 + 2 × nC r equal to
n+2
The required number of ways = 8 -1
C3 - 1 (a) Cr [AIEEE 2003]
n+2
7! 7⋅6 (b) Cr + 1
= 7C 2 = = = 21 n+1
2 ! 5! 2 ⋅ 1 (c) Cr
n+1
(d) Cr + 1
31. A student is to answer 10 out of 13 questions
in an examination such that he must choose Exp. (b)
n n+1
atleast 4 from the first five questions. The Here, we use Cr -1 + nC r = Cr …(i)
number of choices available to him is n n n
Now, Cr +1 + C r -1 + 2 ⋅ C r
(a) 140 (b) 196 [AIEEE 2003]
(c) 280 (d) 346 = nC r + 1 + nC r -1 + nC r + nC r
= nC r + 1 + n + 1C r + nC r [using Eq. (i)]
Exp. (b) n+1 n+1
= Cr +1 + Cr [using Eq. (i)]
The number of choices available to him
n+ 2
= 5C 4 × 8C 6 + 5C 5 × 8C 5 = Cr +1 [using Eq. (i)]
5
Mathematical Induction
For n = k,
1. Consider the statement : ‘‘P (n ): n 2 - n + 41 is
P(k ) = k 7 - k
prime.’’ Then, which one of the following is
true? [JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift I] Let P(k ) be divisible by 7.
(a) Both P( 3) and P( 5) are true. ∴ k 7 - k = 7 λ, for some λ ∈ N …(i)
(b) P( 3) is false but P( 5) is true. For n = K + 1,
(c) Both P( 3) and P( 5) are false. P(k + 1) = (k + 1)7 - (k + 1)
(d) P( 5) is false but P( 3) is true. = ( 7C 0 k 7 + 7C1 k 6 + 7C 2 k 5 + ! + 7C 6 ⋅ k + 7C 7 )
Exp. (a) - (k + 1)
Given statement is “P(n) : n2 - n + 41 is prime”. = (k 7 - k ) + 7 {k 6 + 3k 5 + ! + k}

Clearly P(3) : 32 - 3 + 41 = 9 - 3 + 41 = 7 λ + 7 {k 6 + 3k 5 + ! + k} [using Eq.(i)]

= 47 which is a prime number. ⇒ Divisible by 7.

2
and P(5) : 5 - 5 + 41 = 25 - 5 + 41 = 61, So, both statements are true and Statement II is
correct explanation of Statement I.
which is also a prime number.
∴ Both P(3) and P(5) are true. 3. Statement I For every natural number
n ≥ 2,
2. Statement I For each natural number 1
+
1
+ ... +
> n
1
n ,(n + 1) 7 - n 7 - 1 is dizvisible by 7. 1 2 n
Statement II For each natural number n, Statement II For every natural number
n 7 - n is divisible by 7. [AIEEE 2011] n ≥ 2, n(n + 1) < n + 1. [AIEEE 2008]
(a) Statement I is false, Statement II is true (a) Statement I is false, Statement II is true
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
Statement II is correct explanation of Statement II is a correct explanation of
Statement I Statement I
(c) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; (c) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
Statement II is not a correct explanation of Statement II is not a correct explanation of
Statement I Statement I
(d) Statement I is true, Statement II is false (d) Statement I is true, Statement II is false

Exp. (b) Exp. (c)

Let P(n) = (n)7 - n Let P(n) =
1
+
1
+ !+
1
By mathematical induction, 1 2 n
For n = 1, 1 1
∴ P( 2 ) = + = 1707
. > 2
P(1) = 0, which is divisible by 7. 1 2
78 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Let us assume that  1 0 1 0  1 0

A3 =   =  
1 1 1 2 1 1 1  3 1
P(k ) = + + !+ > k is true. …(i)
1 2 k ###########
Now, for n = k + 1, n  1 0
1 1 1 1
A =  can be verified by induction.
LHS = + + !+ +  n 1
1 2 k k+1 Now, taking options
1 k(k + 1) + 1  1 0  n 0  n - 1 0 
> k+ = [from Eq. (i)] (b)
k+1 (k + 1)  n 1 =  n n +  0 n - 1
    
k+1  1 0 2 n - 1 0 
> [" k(k + 1) > k, ∀ k ≥ 0] ⇒ 
k+1 n 1 ≠ n 2 n - 1
  
= (k + 1) n 0  n - 1 0 
(d) nA - (n - 1)I =  -
∴ P (k + 1) > (k + 1) n n  0 n - 1
By mathematical induction, statement I is true for 1 0
=
all n ≥ 2. n 1
Now, let α(n) = n(n + 1)
= An
∴ α (2 ) = 2 (2 + 1) = 6 < 3
Let us assume that 5. Let S (k ) = 1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2 k - 1) = 3 + k 2.
α (k ) = k(k + 1) < (k + 1) is true. Then, which of the following is true?
For n = k + 1, (a) S (1 ) is correct [AIEEE 2004]
LHS = (k + 1) (k + 2 ) < (k + 2 ) (b) S (k ) ⇒S (k + 1 )
(c) S (k ) ⇒S
/ (k + 1 )
["(k + 1) < (k + 2 )]
(d) Principle of mathematical induction can be
∴ α (k + 1) < (k + 2 ) used to prove the formula
By mathematical induction, Statement II is true but
Statement II is not a correct explanation of Exp. (b)
Statement I. S (k ) = 1 + 3 + 5 + . . . + (2 k - 1) = 3 + k 2
1 0 1 0 Put k = 1in both sides, we get
4. If A =   andI = 0 1 ,then which one of LHS = 1
1 1  
and RHS = 3 + 1 = 4
the following holds for all n ≥ 1, by the
principle of mathematical induction? ⇒ LHS ≠ RHS
Put (k + 1) in both sides in the place of k, we get
(a) An = 2n - 1 A + (n - 1 ) I [AIEEE 2005]
LHS = 1 + 3 + 5 + . . . + (2 k - 1) + (2 k + 1)
(b) An = n A + (n - 1 ) I
RHS = 3 + (k + 1)2 = 3 + k 2 + 2 k + 1
(c) An = 2n - 1 A - (n - 1 ) I
(d) An = n A - (n - 1 ) I Let LHS = RHS
1 + 3 + 5 + . . . + (2 k - 1) + (2 k + 1)
Exp. (d) = 3 + k2 + 2 k + 1
1 0
Given that, A=  ⇒ 1 + 3 + 5 + . . . + (2 k - 1) = 3 + k 2
1 1
1 0 1 0  1 0 If S (k ) is true, then S (k + 1) is also true.
∴ A2 =   =   Hence, S (k ) ⇒S (k + 1)
1 1 1 1 2 1
6
Binomial Theorem and
Its Simple Applications
1. The sum of the coefficients of all even (x + x3 - 1)6 + ( x - x3 - 1)6
degree terms is x in the expansion of = 2 [6 C 0 - 6C 2 + 6 C 4 + 6C 4 - 1 - 3]

( x + x 3 - 1 )6 + ( x - x 3 - 1 )6 , ( x > 1) is equal = 2 [1 - 15 + 15 + 15 - 1 - 3]
to [JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-I] = 2(15 - 3) = 24
(a) 29 (b) 32
2. If the fourth term in the binomial expansion
(c) 26 (d) 24 6
  1  1
Exp. (d)   1+ log 10 x  12

of  x + x  is equal to 200, and
Key Idea Use formula :  
 
(a + b )n + (a - b )n =
x > 1, then the value of x is
2 [n C 0 an + nC 2 an - 2 b 2 + nC 4 an - 4 b 4 + ......]
[JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-II]
Given expression is (a) 100 (b) 104
3 6 3 6
(x + x - 1) + ( x - x - 1) (c) 10 (d) 103
= 2 [ C 0 x + C 2 x ( x - 1)2
6 6 6 4 3
Exp. (c)
6 2 3 4 6 3 6
+ C 4 x ( x - 1) + C 6 ( x - 1) ] Given binomial is
6
{!(a + b )n + (a - b )n  
  1  1

= 2 [n C 0 an + nC 2 an - 2 b 2 + nC 4 an - 4 b 4 + …]}   1 + log x  
10 12
 x + x 
= 2 [6 C 0 x6 + 6C 2 x4 ( x3 - 1) + 6C 4 x2 ( x3 - 1)2  
+ 6C 6 ( x3 - 1)3 ] Since, the fourth term in the given expansion is
200.
The sum of the terms with even power of x 3

= 2 [6 C 0 x6 + 6C 2 (- x4 ) + 6C 4 x8 + 6C 4 x2  1  2  1 3
6 
∴ C3  x1 + log 10 x   12 
  x  = 200
+ 6C 6 (-1 - 3 x6 )] 
   
= 2 [6 C 0 x6 - 6C 2 x4 + 6C 4 x8 + 6C 4 x2 - 1 - 3 x6 ]  3 1
 2 ( 1+ log + 
10 x ) 4
Now, the required sum of the coefficients of even ⇒ 20 × x  = 200
powers of x in
80 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

3 1
+
⇒ x 2 ( 1 + log 10 x ) 4
= 10 4. If some three consecutive coefficients in the
binomial expansion of( x + 1)n in powers of x
 3 1
⇒  +  log10 x = 1 are in the ratio 2 : 15 : 70, then the average of
 2(1 + log10 x) 4  these three coefficients is
[applying log10 both sides] [JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-II]
⇒ [6 + (1 + log10 x)]log10 x = 4(1 + log10 x) (a) 964 (b) 227
⇒ (7 + log10 x)log10 x = 4 + 4log10 x (c) 232 (d) 625
⇒ t 2 + 7t = 4 + 4t [letlog10 x = t ]
Exp. (c)
⇒ t 2 + 3t - 4 = 0
⇒ t = 1, -4 = log10 x Key Idea Use general term of Binomial
expansion ( x + a)n i.e. Tr + 1 = nC r 1 xn - r ar
⇒ x = 10, 10-4
Since, x>1 Given binomial is ( x + 1)n , whose general term, is
∴ x = 10 Tr + 1 = nC r xr
According to the question, we have
n
3. If the fourth term in the binomial expansion C r - 1 : nC r : nC r + 1 = 2 : 15 : 70
6 n
2 log x  Cr - 1 2
of  + x 8  ( x > 0) is 20 × 8 7 , then the Now, n
=
x  Cr 15
value of x is [JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-I]
n!
(a) 8-2 (b) 83 (c) 8 (d) 82 (r - 1)!(n - r + 1)! 2
⇒ =
n! 15
Exp. (d) r !(n - r )!
6 r 2
2 ⇒ =
Given binomial is  + x 8 
log x
x  n - r + 1 15
⇒ 15r = 2 n - 2 r + 2
Since, general term in the expansion of ( x + a)n is ⇒ 2 n - 17 r + 2 = 0 …(i)
Tr + 1 = n C r xn - r ar n!
6-3
2
∴T4 = T3 + 1 = 6 C 3   ( xlog 8 x )3 = 20 × 87 n
C 15 r !(n - r )! 3
 x Similarly, n r = ⇒ =
(given) C r + 1 70 n! 14
2
3 (r + 1)!(n - r - 1)!
⇒ 20   x3 log 8 x = 20 × 87 [! 6 C 3 = 20] r+1 3
 x ⇒ = ⇒14r + 14 = 3n - 3r
3 
n - r 14
 log 2 x - 3 
⇒ 2 3 x[3(log 8 x ) - 3 ] = (2 3 )7 ⇒ x 3 
= (2 3 )6 ⇒ 3n - 17 r - 14 = 0 …(ii)
!log ( x) = 1 log x for x > 0; a > 0, ≠ 1 On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
 an a 
n n - 16 = 0
x- 3)
x( 2
log ⇒ n = 16 and r = 2
⇒ = 218
16
On taking log 2 x both sides, we get C1 + 16C 2 + 16C 3
Now, the average =
(log 2 x - 3)log 2 x = 18 3
16 + 120 + 560 696
= = = 232
⇒ (log 2 x)2 - 3log 2 x - 18 = 0 3 3
⇒(log 2 x)2 - 6log 2 x + 3log 2 x - 18 = 0
5. If the coefficients of x 2 and x 3 are both zero,
⇒ log 2 x(log 2 x - 6) + 3 (log 2 x - 6) = 0 in the expansion of the expression
⇒ (log 2 x - 6) (log 2 x + 3) = 0 (1 + ax + bx 2 ) (1 - 3x )15 in powers of x, then
⇒ log 2 x = -3, 6 the ordered pair (a ,b ) is equal to
⇒ x = 2 -3 , 2 6 [JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-I]
1 (a) (28, 315) (b) ( - 21, 714)
⇒ x = , 82
8 (c) ( 28, 861) (d) ( - 54, 315)
Binomial Theorem and Its Simple Applications 81

Exp. (a) 7. The coefficient of x 18 in the product

Given expression is (1 + x )(1 - x )10(1 + x + x 2 )9 is
(1 + ax + bx2 )(1 - 3 x)15 in the expansion of [JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-I]
binomial (1 - 3 x)15 the (r + 1th
) term is (a) 84 (b) -126
Tr = C r (-3 x)r =
15 15
C r (-3)r xr (c) - 84 (d) 126
+1

Now, coefficient of x2 , in the expansion of Exp. (a)

(1 + ax + bx2 )(1 - 3 x)15 is Given expression is
15
C 2 (-3)2 + a15C1 (-3)1 + b 15
C 0 (-3)0 = 0 (given) (1 + x) (1 - x)10 (1 + x + x2 )9
⇒ (105 × 9) - 45 a + b = 0 = (1 + x) (1 - x) [(1 - x) (1 + x + x2 )]9
⇒ 45a - b = 945 …(i) = (1 - x2 ) (1 - x3 )9
3
Similarly, the coefficient of x , in the expansion of Now, coefficient of x18 in the product
(1 + ax + bx2 )(1 - 3 x)15 is
(1 + x) (1 - x)10 (1 + x + x2 )9
15
C 3 (-3)3 + a 15C 2 (-3)2 + b15C1(-3)1 = 0 (given) = coefficient of x18 in the product
⇒ - 12285 + 945a - 45b = 0 (1 - x2 ) (1 - x3 )9
⇒ 63a - 3b = 819
= coefficient of x18 in (1 - x3 )9
⇒ 21a - b = 273 …(ii)
- coefficient of x16 in (1 - x3 )9
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
24a = 672 ⇒ a = 28 Since, (r + 1)th term in the expansion of
So, b = 315 (1 - x3 )9 is 9 C r (- x3 )r = 9C r (- 1)r x3 r
⇒ (a, b ) = (28, 315) Now, for x18 , 3r = 18 ⇒ r = 6

6. The smallest natural number n, such that and for x16 , 3r = 16

the coefficient of x in the expansion of 16
⇒ r= ∉ N.
n 3
 2 1 n
 x + 3  is C 23, is ∴Required coefficient is 9 C 6 =
9!
 x 
[JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-II] 6! 3!
9× 8×7
(a) 35 (b) 23 (c) 58 (d) 38 = = 84
3×2
Exp. (d)
n 8. The term independent of x in the expansion
1
Given binomial is  x2 + 3  , its (r + 1)th term, is  1 x8  6
 x  3
of  -  . 2 x 2 - 2  is equal to
1
r
1  60 81   x 
Tr +1 = nC r ( x2 )n - r  3  = nC r x2 n - 2 r 3 r [JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-II]
x  x
n 2n - 2r - 3r n 2n - 5r (a) - 72 (b) 36 (c) - 36 (d) -108
= Cr x = Cr x
For the coefficient of x , Exp. (c)
2 n - 5r = 1 ⇒ 2 n = 5r + 1 …(i) Key Idea Use the general term (or (r + 1th
) term)
As coefficient of x is given as n C 23 , then either in the expansion of binomial (a + b )n
r = 23 or n - r = 23. i.e. Tr + 1 = nC r an - r b r
If r = 23, then from Eq. (i), we get
6
3
2 n = 5(23) + 1 Let a binomial  2 x2 - 2  , it’s (r + 1) th term
⇒ 2 n = 115 + 1 ⇒2 n = 116 ⇒ n = 58.  x 
r
If n - r = 23, then from Eq. (i) on replacing the 3
= Tr + 1 = 6C r (2 x2 )6 - r  - 2 
value of ‘r’, we get 2 n = 5(n - 23) + 1  x 
⇒ 2 n = 5n - 115 + 1 ⇒ 3n = 114 ⇒ n = 38 = 6C r (- 3)r (2 )6 - r x12 - 2 r - 2r

So, the required smallest natural number n = 38. 6 r 6-r 12 - 4 r

= C r (-3) (2 ) x …(i)
82 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Now, the term independent of x in the expansion of and when 8(16)100 is divided by 15, gives
6
 1 x8   2 3 remainder 8.
 -   2 x - 2 
 60 81  x  2 403  8
∴  = .
= the term independent of x in the expansion of  15  15
6
1  2 3 (where {} ⋅ is the fractional part function)
 2 x - 2  + the term independent of x in the
60  x  ⇒ k=8
6
x8  2 3
expansion of - 2 x - 2 
81  x  10. The coefficient of t 4 in the expansion of
6 3
C3 1 -t 6 
= (- 3)3 (2 )6 - 3 x12 - 4 ( 3 ) [put r = 3]   is
60  1 -t 
1 [JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-II]
+  -  6C 5 (-3)5 (2 )6 - 5 x12 - 4 ( 5 ) x8 [put r = 5] (a) 12 (b) 10 (c) 15 (d) 14
 81
5
1 3 × 2(6) Exp. (c)
= (- 3)3 2 3 +
3 81 3
1 - t 6 
= 36 - 72 = - 36 Clearly,   = (1 - t 6 )3 (1 - t )- 3
 1- t 
2 403 k
9. If the fractional part of the number is , ∴ Coefficient of t 4 in (1 - t 6 )3 (1 - t )-3
15 15
then k is equal to [JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-I] = Coefficient of t 4 in (1 - t 18 - 3t 6 + 3t 12 )(1 - t )- 3
(a) 14 (b) 6 (c) 4 (d) 8 = Coefficient of t 4 in (1 - t )- 3
3 + 4 -1
= C 4 = 6C 4 = 15
Exp. (d)
(!coefficient of xr in (1 - x)- n = n + r -1
Cr )
Consider,
2 403 = 2 400 + 3
= 8⋅2 400
= 8 ⋅ (2 ) 4 100
= 8 (16) 100

100
11. If the third term in the binomial expansion
= 8(1 + 15) of (1 + x log 2 x )5 equals 2560, then a possible
100 100
= 8(1 + C1(15) + C 2 (15)2 + … value of x is [JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-I]
+ 100
C100 (15)100 ) 1 1
(a) 4 2 (b) (c) (d) 2 2
4 8
[By binomial theorem,
(1 + x)n = nC 0 + nC1 x + nC 2 x2 + … nC n xn , n ∈ N] Exp. (b)
= 8 + 8 (100 C1(15) + 100
C 2 (15)2 + … The (r + 1) th term in the expansion of (a + x)n is
100 100 given by Tr + 1 = nC r an - r xr
+ C100 (15) )
∴3rd term in the expansion of (1 + xlog 2 x )5 is
= 8 + 8 × 15λ 5
C 2 (1)5 - 2 ( xlog 2 x )2
where λ =100 C1 +......+ 100 C100 (15)99 ∈ N
⇒ 5
C 2 (1)5 - 2 ( xlog 2 x )2 = 2560 (given)
2 403 8 + 8 × 15λ 8
∴ = = 8λ + ⇒ 10( xlog 2 x )2 = 2560
15 15 15
2 403  8 ⇒ x( 2 log 2 x ) = 256
⇒  =
 15  15 ⇒ log 2 x2 log 2 x = log 2 256
(where {} ⋅ is the fractional part function) (taking log 2 on both sides)
∴ k=8 ⇒ 2(log 2 x)(log 2 x) = 8
Alternate Method (!log 2 256 = log 2 2 8 = 8)
2 403 = 8 ⋅ 2 400 = 8(16)100 (log 2 x)2 = 4
Note that, when 16 is divided by 15, gives ⇒ log 2 x = ± 2
remainder 1.
⇒ log 2 x = 2 or log 2 x = - 2
∴ When (16)100 is divided by 15, gives remainder 1
1100 = 1 ⇒ x = 4 or x = 2 -2 =
4
Binomial Theorem and Its Simple Applications 83

3 10 - r
 20
20 Ci - 1  k =10C r x2 ⋅ x 2 λr x-2 r
12. If ∑  20 20
 = , then k equals

i = 1  Ci + Ci - 1  21 2+
10 - r
-2r
=10 C r λr x 2
[JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-I]
Now, for the coefficient of x2 ,
(a) 100 (b) 400 (c) 200 (d) 50
10 - r
put 2+ - 2r = 2
Exp. (a) 2
3 10 - r
20  20  ⇒ - 2r = 0
Ci - 1
Given,   = k 2
∑  20 C + 20C  21 ⇒ 10 - r = 4r ⇒ r = 2
i =1  i i -1
3 So, the coefficient of x2 is 10 C 2 λ2 = 720 [given]
20  20 C i - 1 
  = k 10! 2
⇒ ∑  21C  21
⇒ λ = 720
i =1  i  2 ! 8!
(! nC r + nC r = n+1
Cr ) 10 ⋅ 9 ⋅ 8! 2
-1 ⇒ λ = 720
3 2 ⋅ 8!
 20 
20  Ci - 1  ⇒ 45 λ2 = 720
k
⇒ ∑   =
 21 20C i - 1  21 ⇒ λ2 = 16 ⇒ λ = ± 4
i =1
 i  25
! n C = n 

 r
r
n -1
Cr - 1

14. If ∑{ 50C r ⋅ 50 - rC 25 - r } = K ( 50C 25 ),
r=0
20 3 20
 i  = k ⇒ 1 k 3 then, K is equal to
⇒ ∑  
 21 21 (21)3
∑ i = 21 [JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-II]
i =1 i =1
24 25
2 (a) 2 (b) 2 -1 (c) 2 25 (d) ( 25)2
⇒
1  n(n + 1) =
k
(21)3  2  n = 20 21
Exp. (c)
 3 2
3 3  n(n + 1)  25
!1 + 2 + " + n =   Given, Σ {50 C r .50 - r C 25 - r } = K 50
C 25
  2   r =0
2 25
50! (50 - r )! 
⇒ k=
21  20 × 21
  = 100 ⇒ Σ  ×  =K
50
C 25
(21)3  2  r =0  r !(50 - r )! (25 - r )!25!
25
∴ k = 100 50! 25! 
⇒ Σ  ×  =K
50
C 25
r =0  25!25! r !(25 - r )!
13. The positive value of λ for which the
[on multiplying 25! in
coefficient of x 2 in the expression numerator and denominator.]
10
 λ 25
x 2  x + 2  is 720, is ⇒ 50
C 25 Σ 25C r =K 50 
C 25 ! 50C 25 =
50! 
 x  r =0
 25! 25!
[JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-II]
25
(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 2 2 (d) 4 ⇒ K= Σ 25C r = 2 25
r =0
Exp. (d) [! nC 0 + nC1 + n C 2 + ....+ nC n = 2 n ]
The general term in the expansion of binomial ⇒ K = 2 25
expression (a + b )n is
Tr + 1 = n C r an - r b r , 15. The sum of the real values of x for which the
so the general term in the expansion of binomial middle term in the binomial expansion of
10 8
λ  x 3 3
expression x2  x + 2  is
 x   +  equals 5670 is
r
 3 x
 λ  [JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-I]
Tr + 1 = x2  10 C r ( x )10 - r  2  
  x   (a) 4 (b) 0 (c) 6 (d) 8

84 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Exp. (b) 17. Let ( x + 10)50 + ( x - 10)50

8
 x3
In the expansion of 
3
+  , the middle term is
= a 0 + a1x + a 2x 2 + " + a 50x 50, for all x ∈R ;
 3 x a
then 2 is equal to
T4 + 1. a0
[JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-II]
[!here, n = 8, which is even, therefore middle term
n + 2 (a) 12.25 (b) 12.50 (c) 12.00 (d) 12.75
=   th term]
 2  Exp. (a)
4 4
 x3  3 8⋅7 ⋅ 6⋅ 5 8 We have,
∴ 5670 = C 4     =
8
x
3
   x  1⋅2 ⋅ 3⋅ 4 ( x + 10)50 + ( x - 10)50 = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2
 8-r r + … + a50 x50
 x3   3 
!Tr +1 = 8C r    
2
∴ a0 + a1 x + a2 x + … + a50 x 50
  3  x 
  = [( 50 C 0 x50 + 50
C1 x49 10 + 50
C 2 x48 ⋅ 102
⇒ x8 = 34 ⇒ x = ± 3 50
+… + C 50 1050 )
So, sum of all values of x i.e. + 3 and - 3=0
+ ( 50 C 0 x50 - 50
C1 x49 10 + 50
C 2 x48 102
16. The value of r for which -… + 50
C 50 1050 )]
20 20 20 20 20 20
Cr C 0 + C r -1 C 1 + C r - 2 C 2 + .... = 2 [50 C 0 x50 + 50
C 2 x48 ⋅ 102 + 50
C 4 x46 ⋅ 104
20
+ 20C 0 C r +… + 50
C 50 ⋅ 1050 ]
is maximum, is [JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-I] By comparing coefficients, we get
(a) 15 (b) 10 50
(c) 11 (d) 20 a2 = 2 C 48 (10)48 ; a0 = 2 50
C 50 (10)50 = 2(10)50
50 48
a2 2( C 2 )(10) 50 ⋅ 49 (10)48
Exp. (d) ∴ = =2
a0 2 (10)50 1⋅ 2 2 ⋅ (10)50
We know that,
[! 50C 48 = 50C 2 ]
(1 + x)20 = 20C 0 + 20
C1 x + 20
C 2 x2 + ... +
50 × 49 5 × 49 245
20
Cr r -1 20
C r xr + ... + 20
C 20 x20 = = = = 12 . 25
- 1x + 2 ⋅ (10 × 10) 20 20
∴ (1 + x)20 ⋅ (1 + x)20 = ( 20 C 0 + 20
C1 x +
20 2
C 2 x + ... + 20
Cr r -1 20
C r xr + ...
18. A ratio of the 5th term from the beginning to
- 1x +
20
the 5th term from the end in the binomial
+ c 20 x20 ) 10
 1 
r -1
× ( 20 C 0 + 20
C1 x + ...+ 20
Cr - 1x + 20
C r xr  1 
expansion of 2 3 + 1
is
+ ....+ 20 C 20 x20 )  
 3
2( 3) 
40 20 20 20 20
⇒ (1 + x) = ( C0 . Cr + C1 C r -1 ... [JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-I]
20 1 1
20
C r C 0 ) xr + ...
(a)1 : 2(6) 3 (b)1 : 4(16) 3
On comparing the coefficient of xr of both sides, 1 1
we get (c) 4( 36) 3 :1 (d) 2( 36) 3 :1
20
C 0 20C r + 20C120C r - 1 + ... + 20C r
20
C0 = 40
Cr Exp. (c)
The maximum value of 40 C r is possible only when Since, rth term from the end in the expansion of a
binomial ( x + a)n is same as the (n - r + 2 )th term
r = 20 from the beginning in the expansion of same
[! n C n / 2 is maximum when n is even] binomial.
Thus, required value of r is 20. T5 T T
∴Required ratio = = 5 = 4+1
T10 - 5 + 2 T7 T6 + 1
Binomial Theorem and Its Simple Applications 85

4
10  1  So, the general term in the binomial expansion of
C 4 (21/ 3 )10 - 4  
T5  2(3)1/ 3  (71/ 5 - 31/ 10 )60 is
⇒ =
T10 - 5 + 2  1 
6 Tr + 1 = 60C r (71/ 5 )60 - r (-31/ 10 )r
10
C 6 (21/ 3 )10 - 6   60 - r r
 2(3)1/ 3 
= 60
Cr 7 5 (-1)r 310
[!Tr +1 = nC r xn - r ar ] 12 -
r r

2 6/ 3 1/ 3 6
(2(3) ) 10 10
= (-1)r 60C r 7 5 310
= [! C 4 = C6 ]
2 4 / 3 (2(3)1/ 3 )4 The possible non-negative integral values of ‘r’ for
r r
which and are integer, where r ≤ 60, are
= 2 6 / 3 - 4 / 3 (2(3)1/ 3 )6 - 4 5 10
r = 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60.
= 2 2 / 3 ⋅ 2 2 ⋅ 32 / 3 = 4(6)2 / 3 = 4(36)1/ 3
∴ There are 7 rational terms in the binomial
So, the required ratio is 4(36)1/ 3 : 1 . expansion and remaining 61 - 7 = 54 terms are
irrational terms.
19. If n C 4 , n C 5 and n C 6 are in AP, then n can be
[JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-II]
21. The sum of the coefficients of all odd
degree terms in the expansion of
(a) 9 (b) 11 (c) 14 (d) 12 5 5
 x + x 3 - 1 +  x - x 3 - 1 , ( x > 1) is
Exp. (c)    
[JEE Main 2018]
If n C 4 , n C 5 and n C 6 are in AP, then
(a) -1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2
2 ⋅n C 5 = n C 4 + n C 6
[if a, b, c are in AP , then 2b = a + c] Exp. (d)
n! n! n!
⇒2 = + Key idea = (a + b )n + (a - b )n
5!(n - 5)! 4!(n - 4)! 6!(n - 6)!
 n n!  = 2( n C 0 an + nC 2 an - 2 b 2 + nC 4 an - 4 b 4 … )
2 ! C r = r !(n - r )! We have,
⇒  
5 ⋅ 4!(n - 5) (n - 6)! (x + x3 - 1)5 + ( x - x3 - 1)5 , x > 1
1 1
= + = 2( 5 C 0 x5 + 5C 2 x3 ( x3 - 1)2 + 5C 4 x( x3 - 1)4 )
4!(n - 4) (n - 5) (n - 6)! 6 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 4! (n - 6)!
2 1 1 = 2( x5 + 10 x3 ( x3 - 1) + 5 x( x3 - 1)2 )
⇒ = +
5(n - 5) (n - 4) (n - 5) 30 = 2( x5 + 10 x6 - 10 x3 + 5 x7 - 10 x4 + 5 x)
2 30 + (n - 4) (n - 5) Sum of coefficients of all odd degree terms is
⇒ =
5(n - 5) 30 (n - 4) (n - 5) 2 (1 - 10 + 5 + 5) = 2
⇒ 12 (n - 4) = 30 + n2 - 9n + 20
2
22. The value of ( 21C 1 - 10C 1 ) + ( 21C 2 - 10C 2 )
⇒ n - 21n + 98 = 0
+ ( 21C 3 - 10C 3 ) + ( 21C 4 - 10C 4 ) + ... +
⇒ n2 - 14n - 7 n + 98 = 0
⇒ n(n - 14) - 7(n - 14) = 0 ( 21C 10 - 10C 10 ) is [JEE Main 2017 (Offline)]
⇒ (n - 7 ) (n - 14) = 0 ⇒ n = 7 or 14 (a) 2 21 - 211 (b) 2 21 - 210
(c) 2 20 - 2 9 (d) 2 20 - 210
20. The total number of irrational terms in the Exp. (d)
binomial expansion of ( 71/5 - 31/10 )60 is 21 10
[JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-II] ( C1 - C1 ) + ( 21C 2 - 10
C 2 ) + ( 21C 3 - 10
C3 )
21 10
(a) 49 (b) 48 (c) 54 (d) 55 + ... + ( C10 - C10 )
21 21 21 10
Exp. (c) =( C1 + C 2 + ... + C10 ) - ( C1
10 10
The general term in the binomial expansion of + C 2 + ... + C10 )
(a + b )n is Tr + 1 = nC r an - r b r . 1
= ( 21C1 + 21
C 2 + ... + 21
C 20 ) - (2 10
- 1)
2
86 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

1 21 Aliter
= ( C1 + 21C 2 + ... + 21C 21 - 1) - (210 - 1)
2 We have,
1 (1 - 2 x )50 = C 0 - C12 x + C 2 (2 x )2
= (2 21 - 2 ) - (210 - 1) = 2 20 - 1 - 210 + 1
2 + ...+ C 50 (2 x )50 …(i)
= 2 20 - 210 50
(1 + 2 x ) = C 0 + C12 x + C 2 (2 x )2
23. If the number of terms in the expansion of + ... + C 50 (2 x )50 …(ii)
n
 2 4 On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
1 - + 2  , x ≠ 0, is 28, then the sum of the
 x x  (1 - 2 x )50 + (1 + 2 x )50 = 2[C 0 + C 2 (2 x )2
coefficients of all the terms in this + ... + C 50 (2 x )50 ]
expansion, is [JEE Main 2016 (offline)]
(1 - 2 x )50 + (1 + 2 x )50
(a) 64 (b) 2187 (c) 243 (d) 729 ⇒ = C 0 + C 2 (2 x )2
2
Exp. (d) + ... + C 50 (2 x )50
Clearly, number of terms in the expansion of On putting x = 1, we get
n (1 - 2 1)50 + (1 + 2 1)50
 1 - 2 + 4  is (n + 2 ) (n + 1) or n + 2 C . = C 0 + C 2 (2 )2
  2 2
 x x2  2 + ... + C 50 (2 )50
1 1
[assuming and 2 distinct] (-1)50 + (3)50
x x ⇒ = C 0 + C 2 (2 )2 + ... + C 50 (2 )50
2
(n + 2 ) (n + 1)
∴ = 28 1 + 350
2 ⇒ = C 0 + C 2 (2 )2 + ... + C 50 (2 )50
⇒ (n + 2 ) (n + 1) = 56 = (6 + 1) (6 + 2 ) ⇒ n = 6 2
Hence, sum of coefficients = (1 - 2 + 4)6 = 36 25. If the coefficients of x 3 and x 4 in the
= 729 expansion of (1 + ax + bx 2 )(1 - 2 x )18 in
1 1 powers of x are both zero, then (a ,b ) is equal
Note As and 2 are functions of same variables, to [JEE Main 2014]
x x
251  251 
therefore number of dissimilar terms will be (a) 16,  (b) 14, 
2 n + 1, i.e. odd, which is not possible. Hence, it  3   3 
contains error. 272  272 
(c) 14,  (d) 16, 
 3   3 
24. The sum of coefficients of integral powers of
x in the binomial expansion of (1 - 2 x )50 is Exp. (d)
[JEE Main 2015] In the expansion of (1 + ax + bx2 ) (1 - 2 x)18 ,
1 1
(a) ( 350 + 1) (b) ( 350 ) Coefficient of x3 in (1 + ax + bx2 ) (1 - 2 x)18
2 2
1 50 1 50 = Coefficient of x3 in (1 - 2 x)18
(c) ( 3 - 1) (d) ( 2 + 1)
2 2 + Coefficient of x2 in a (1 - 2 x)18
Exp. (a) +Coefficient of x in b (1 - 2 x)18
18
Let Tr +1 be the general term in the expansion of =- C 3 ⋅ 2 + a C 2 ⋅ 2 2 - b18C1 ⋅ 2
3 18

(1 - 2 x )50 ! - 18C 3 ⋅ 2 3 + a18C 2 ⋅ 2 2 - b18C1 ⋅ 2 = 0

50 50 - r 1/ 2 r
∴ Tr + 1 = C r (1) ( -2 x ) 18 × 17 × 16 18 × 17 2
⇒ ⋅ 8 + a⋅ ⋅ 2 - b ⋅ 18 ⋅ 2 = 0
= 50
C r 2 r xr / 2 (-1)r 3×2 2
For the integral power of x, r should be even 34 × 16
⇒ 17 a - b = …(i)
integer. 3
25
50
C 2 r (2 )2 r Similarly, coefficient of x4
∴Sum of coefficients = ∑ 18
r =0 C 4 ⋅ 2 4 - a ⋅ 18C 3 2 3 + b ⋅ 18C 2 ⋅ 2 2 = 0
1 1
= [(1 + 2 )50 + (1 - 2 )50 ] = [350 + 1] ∴ 32 a - 32 b = 240 …(ii)
2 2
Binomial Theorem and Its Simple Applications 87

On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get Adding both the binomial expansions above, we
272 get
a = 16 and b =
3 ( 3 + 1)2 n - ( 3 - 1)2 n = 2 [2 n C1( 3 )2 n - 1
2n
+ C 3 ( 3 )2 n - 3 + 2n
C 5 ( 3 )2 n - 5
26. The term independent of x in the expansion 2n
+ "+ C 2 n - 1 ( 3 )2 n - ( 2 n - 1) ]
10
 x +1 x -1 
of  2/3 -  is which is most certainly an irrational number
 x - x + 1 x - x 1/2 
1/3
because of odd powers of 3 in each of the terms.
(a) 4 (b) 120 [JEE Main 2013]
28. The coefficient of x 7 in the expansion of
(c) 210 (d) 310
(1 - x - x 2 + x 3 )6 is [AIEEE 2011]
Exp. (c) (a) -132 (b) -144 (c) 132 (d) 144
10
 x+1 ( x - 1)  Exp. (b)
Consider  2 / 3 1/ 3
- 
 x - x + 1 x - x1/ 2  Here, (1 - x - x2 + x3 )6
 ( x1/ 3 )3 + 13 {( x )2 - 1} 
10
= {(1 - x) - x2 (1 - x)}6 = {(1 - x) (1 - x2 )}6
=  2/ 3 - 
x - x + 1
1/ 3
x ( x - 1) = (1 - x)6 ⋅ (1 - x2 )6
10  6   6 
 ( x1/ 3 + 1) ( x 2/ 3 + 1 - x1/ 3 ) ( x - 1) ( x + 1) =  ∑ (- 1)r 6C r ⋅ xr   ∑ (- 1) s 6C s ⋅ x2 s 
= -
 x 2/ 3 - x1/ 3 + 1 x ( x - 1)  r = 0   s = 0 
6 6
10 r + s
 ( x + 1) = ∑ ∑ (-1) ⋅ 6C r ⋅ 6C s ⋅ xr + 2s
= ( x1/ 3 + 1) - = (x 1/ 3
- x - 1/ 2 10
)
 x  r =0 s=0

For coefficient of x7 , we have

∴The general term is
r + 2 s = 7 i .e., s = 1, r = 5
Tr +1 = 10
C r ( x1/ 3 )10 - r (- x- 1/ 2 )r
10 - r r
or s = 2, r = 3 or s = 3, r = 1
-
= 10
C r (- 1)r x 3 2 ∴ Coefficient of x7 is
For independent of x, put {(- 1)5 + 1 ⋅ 6C 5 ⋅ 6C1} + {(- 1)3 + 2 ⋅ 6C 3 ⋅ 6C 2 }
10 - r r + {(- 1)1 + 3 ⋅ 6C1 ⋅ 6C 3 }
- =0
3 2
⇒ (36) - (20) (15) + 6(20)
⇒ 20 - 2 r - 3 r = 0
⇒ 36 - 300 + 120 = - 144
⇒ 20 = 5 r ⇒ r = 4
10 10
10 × 9 × 8 × 7
∴ T5 = 10C 4 =
4× 3×2 ×1
= 210 29. Let S1 = ∑ j ( j - 1)10C j , S 2 = ∑ j 10C j
j =1 j =1
10
27. If n is a positive integer, then and S 3 = ∑ j 2 10C j .
2n 2n
( 3 + 1) - ( 3 - 1) is [AIEEE 2012]
j =1

(a) an irrational number Statement I S3 = 55 × 2 9 [AIEEE 2010]

(b) an odd positive integer Statement II S1 = 90 × 2 8 and S2 = 10 × 2 8
(c) an even positive integer
(a) Statement I is false, Statement II is true
(d) a rational number other than positive integers
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
Exp. (a) Statement II is a correct explanation of
Statement I
( 3 + 1)2 n = 2n
C 0 ( 3 )2 n + 2n
C1( 3 )2 n - 1
(c) Statement I is true, Statement II is true,
2n
+ C 2 ( 3 )2 n - 2 + " + 2n
C 2 n ( 3 )2 n - 2 n Statement II is not a correct explanation of
2n 2n 2n 2n Statement I
( 3 - 1) = C 0 ( 3 ) (-1) + 0
C1( 3 )2 n - 1(-1)1
(d) Statement I is true, Statement II is false
2n
+ C 2 ( 3 )2 n - 2 (-1)2 + " Exp. (d)
2n 2n - 2n
+ C2n( 3) (-1)2 n
88 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

n (c) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;

n
Here, we use ∑ Cr = 2 n Statement II is not a correct explanation of
r =0
Statement I
10
10! (d) Statement I is true, Statement II is false
! S1 = ∑ j ( j - 1) j ( j - 1)( j - 2 )!(10 - j )!
j =1
10
Exp. (b)
8!
= 90 ∑ = 90 ⋅ 2 8 n
n
( j - 2 )![ 8 - ( j - 2 )]! Since, ∑ C r ⋅ xr = (1 + x)n
j=2
r =0
10
10!
and S 2 = ∑ j j ( j - 1)![9 - ( j - 1)]! On multiplying by x, we get
j =1 n
n
10 ∑ C r ⋅ xr +1
= x(1 + x)n
9!
= 10 ∑ = 10 ⋅ 2 9 r =0
j = 1 ( j - 1)![9 - ( j - 1)]! On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
10 n
10! n
Also, S 3 = ∑ [ j ( j - 1) + j ] j !(10 - j )! ∑ (r + 1)⋅ C r ⋅ xr = (1 + x)n + n x(1 + x)n - 1
j =1 r =0
10 10
10 10 Hence, Statement II is true. If x = 1, then
= ∑ j ( j - 1) Cj = ∑j Cj n
n
j =1 j =1
∑ (r + 1)⋅ C r = 2 n + n(2 )n - 1 = (n + 2 )2 n - 1
8 9 r =0
= 90 ⋅ 2 + 10 ⋅ 2
= 90.2 8 + 20.2 8 = 110 ⋅ 2 8 = 55 ⋅ 2 9 Hence, Statements I and II are true and
Statement II is a correct explanation of Statement I.
Hence, Statement I is true and Statement II is false.

30. The remainder left out when 82n - (62 )2n + 1 32. In the binomial expansion of (a - b )n , n ≥ 5,
is divided by 9, is [AIEEE 2009] the sum of 5th and 6th terms is zero, then
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 7 (d) 8 a /b is equal to [AIEEE 2007]
5 6 n- 5 n-4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Exp. (b) n-4 n-5 6 5
82 n - (62 )2 n + 1 = (1 + 63)n - (63 - 1)2 n + 1 Exp. (d)
n
= (1 + 63) + (1 - 63) 2n + 1 Since, in a binomial expansion of (a - b )n , n ≥ 5,
the sum of 5th and 6th terms is equal to zero.
= (1 + nC1 63 + nC 2 (63)2 + … + (63)n ∴ n
C 4 an - 4 (- b )4 + nC 5 an - 5 (- b )5 = 0
+ [1 -( 2 n + 1) C1 63 + ( 2 n + 1)
C 2 (63)2 n! n!
⇒ an - 4 ⋅ b 4 - an - 5 b 5 = 0
(n - 4)! 4! (n - 5)! 5!
+ … + (- 1) (63)( 2 n + 1) ]
n!  a b
= 2 + 63 [n C1 + nC 2 (63) + … + (63)n - 1 ⇒ an - 5 ⋅ b 4  -  =0
(n - 5)! 4!  n - 4 5
( 2 n + 1)
+ C 2 (63) - … - (63)( 2 n ) ] ⇒
a n-4
=
b 5
Hence, the remainder is 2.
n 33. The sum of the series
31. Statement I ∑(r + 1)⋅nC r = (n + 2 )2n - 1 20
C0 - 20
C1 + 20
C2 - 20
C 3 + ... + 20
C10 is
r=0
[AIEEE 2007]
n
n r 1
Statement II ∑ (r + 1) C r ⋅ x (a) - 20
C10 (b)
2
20
C10 (c) 0 (d) 20
C10
r=0

= (1 + x ) + nx (1 + x )n - 1 [AIEEE 2008]
n Exp. (b)
(a) Statement I is false, Statement II is true We know that,
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; (1 + x)20 = 20C 0 + 20
C1 x + . . . +
Statement II is a correct explanation of 20
C10 x10 + . . . + 20
C 20 x20
Statement I
Binomial Theorem and Its Simple Applications 89

On putting x = - 1in the above expansion, we get = a1 + 2 a2 y + 3 a3 y2 + . . . …(i)

0 = 20C 0 - 20C1 + . . . - 20C 9 On putting y = 0 in Eq. (i), we get
+ 20 C10 - 20
C11 + . . . + 20
C 20 - m + n = a 1 = 10 …(ii)
⇒ 0= 20
C0 - 20
C1 + . . . - 20
C9 + 20
C10 [! a 1 = 10, given]
On differentiating Eq. (i), we get
20 20
- C9 + . . . + C0 - m[-(m - 1)(1 - y)m - 2 (1 + y)n
⇒ 0 = 2 ( 20 C 0 - 20
C1 + . . . - 20
C9 ) + 20
C10 + (1 - y)m - 1 n(1 + y)n - 1 ]
20
⇒ C10 = 2 ( 20 C 0 - 20
C1 + . . . + 20
C10 ) + n [- m(1 - y)m - 1(1 + y)n - 1
⇒ 20
C0 - 20
C1 + . . . + 20
C10 =
1 20
C10 + (1 - y)m (n - 1)(1 + y)n - 2 ]
2 = 2 a2 + 6 a3 y + . . . …(iii)
On putting y = 0 in Eq. (iii), we get
34. In the expansion, powers of x in the
1 - m[-(m - 1) + n] + n[- m + (n - 1)] = 2 a2 = 20
function is ⇒ m(m - 1) - mn - mn + n(n - 1) = 20
(1 - ax )(1 - bx )
⇒ m2 + n2 - m - n - 2 mn = 20
a 0 + a1x + a 2x 2 + a 3x 3 + ..., then an is equal ⇒ (m - n)2 - (m + n) = 20
to [AIEEE 2006] ⇒ 100 - (m + n) = 20
a n - bn a n + 1 - bn + 1 ∴ m + n = 80 …(iv)
(a) (b)
b -a a -b On solving Eqs. (ii) and (iv), we get
bn + 1 - a n + 1 bn - a n m = 35 and n = 45
(c) (d)
b -a b -a 6
Exp. (b) 36. The value of 50C 4 + ∑ 56 - rC 3 is
r =1 [AIEEE 2005]
Now, (1 - ax)-1(1 - bx)-1 56 56 55 55
(a) C4 (b) C3 (c) C3 (d) C4
= (1 + ax + a2 x2 + . . .)(1 + bx + b 2 x2 + . . .)
Hence, an = Coefficient of xn in (1 - ax)-1(1 - bx)-1
Exp. (a)
0 n n -1 n 0 Since, we know that n C r + nC r -1 = n+1
Cr .
= a b + ab + ... + a b
50 55 54 53 52
 an + 1  ∴ C4 + C3 + C3 + C3 + C3
 2    -1  + 51
C3 + 50
C3
a a  b
= a0 b n  1 + +   + ... = a0 b n  50 50 51 52 53
 b  b    a -1  = C3 + C4 + C3 + C3 + C3
 
 b  54 55
  + C3 + C3
sum of nth terms of a GP with common ratio a  = 51
C4 + 51
C3 + 52
C3 + 53
C3 + 54
C3 + 55
C3
 b 
[! nC r + nC r -1 = n+1
Cr ]
b n ( an + 1 - b n + 1 ) b an + 1 - b n + 1 52 52 53 54 55
= ⋅ n+1 = = C4 + C3 + C3 + C3 + C3
a-b b a-b 53 53 54 55
= C4 + C3 + C3 + C3
54 54 55
35. For natural numbers m and n, if = C4 + C3 + C3
m n 2 55 55 56
(1 - y ) (1 + y ) = 1 + a1y + a 2y + ... and = C4 + C3 = C4
a1 = a 2 = 10, then (m , n ) is [AIEEE 2006]
(a) (35, 20) (b) (45, 35) 37. If the coefficients of rth,(r + 1)th and(r + 2 )th
(c) (35, 45) (d) (20, 45) terms in the binomial expansion of (1 + y )m
are in AP, then m and r satisfy the equation
Exp. (c) (a) m 2 - m ( 4r - 1 ) + 4r 2 + 2 = 0
m n 2 3
[AIEEE 2005]
(1 - y) (1 + y) = 1 + a1 y + a2 y + a3 y + . . .
(b) m 2 - m ( 4r + 1 ) + 4r 2 - 2 = 0
On differentiating w.r.t. y, we get (c) m 2 - m ( 4r + 1 ) + 4r 2 + 2 = 0
- m(1 - y)m - 1(1 + y)n + (1 - y)m n(1 + y)n - 1
(d) m 2 - m ( 4r - 1 ) + 4r 2 - 2 = 0
90 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Exp. (b) 39. If x is so small that x 3 and higher powers of x

m 3
Since, the coefficient of given terms are C r - 1,  1 
m
C r , mC r + 1, respectively and they also in AP. (1 + x )3/2 - 1 + x 
m  2 
∴ C r - 1 + mC r + 1 = 2 ⋅ mC r may be neglected, then
(1 - x )1/2
m! m!
⇒ + may be approximated as [AIEEE 2005]
(r - 1)!(m - r + 1)! (r + 1)!(m - r - 1)!
x 3 3
m! (a) - x 2 (b) - x 2
=2 2 8 8
r !(m - r )!
3 3
1 1 2 (c) 3x + x 2 (d) 1 - x 2
⇒ + = 8 8
(m - r + 1)(m - r ) (r + 1)r r(m - r )
r(r + 1) + (m - r + 1)(m - r ) 2 Exp. (b)
⇒ =
r(r + 1)(m - r + 1)(m - r ) r(m - r ) 3
1
2 2 2
(1 + x)3 / 2 -  1 + x
⇒ r + r + m + r - 2 mr + m - r  2 
= 2 (mr - r 2 + r + m - r + 1) (1 - x)1/ 2
⇒ 4r - 4 mr - m - 2 + m2 = 0
2  3 1 
 ⋅  
3 3 x 3 ⋅ 2 x2 
 1 + x + 2 2 x  -  1 +
2
⇒ m2 - m(4 r + 1) + 4 r 2 - 2 = 0 + ⋅ 
 2 2   2 2 4
11  
1
38. If the coefficient of x 7 in ax 2 +  equal
=
(1 - x)1/ 2
 bx 
11
 1  [neglecting higher powers of x]
to the coefficient of x -7 in ax - 2  , then 3 x2 - 1/ 2
 bx  =- (1 - x)
a and b satisfy the relation [AIEEE 2005] 8
a  1 3 
⋅
(a) ab =1 (b) =1 (c) a + b =1 (d) a - b =1 3 x2  1 2 2 2
 3 x2
b =- 1 + x + ⋅x =-
8  2 2  8
Exp. (a)  
Let x7 be contained in (r + 1)th term in the [since, higher powers of x can be neglected]
11
1
expansion of  ax2 +  .
 bx  40. The coefficient of the middle term in the
r
1
∴ Tr + 1 = 11C r (ax2 )11 - r  
binomial expansion in powers of x of
 bx  (1 + α x )4 and of (1 - α x )6 is the same, if α is
a11 - r
11
= Cr ⋅ x22 - 3 r equal to [AIEEE 2004]
br 5 10 3 3
(a) - (b) (c) - (d)
For coefficient of x7, put 3 3 10 5
22 - 3 r = 7 ⇒ r=5
Exp. (c)
a6
∴ T6 = 11C 5 ⋅ x7 The coefficient of the middle term in powers of x of
b5 (1 + α x)4 = 4C 2 α 2 .
So, the coefficient of x7 in the expansion of
11
 ax2 + 1  is 11C a ⋅
6 The coefficient of the middle term in powers of x of
  5 (1 - α x)6 = 6C 3 (- α )3 .
 bx  b5
Similarly, coefficient of x-7 in the expansion of According to given condition, 4 C 2 α 2 = 6C 3 (- α )3
11 5
 ax - 1  is 11C a ⋅ 4! 2 6! 3
 
2 6 ⇒ α =- α ⇒ 6α 2 = - 20α 3
 bx b6 2 !2 ! 3! 3!
According to the given condition, 6 3
⇒ α=- ∴α = -
11 a6 11 a5 a6 a5 20 10
C5 = C6 ⇒ = ∴ ab = 1
b5 b6 b5 b6
Binomial Theorem and Its Simple Applications 91

41. The coefficient of x n in the expansion of Exp. (b)

(1 + x )(1 - x ) is n
[AIEEE 2004]
The general term of ( 3 + 8
5 )256 is

(a) (n -1 ) (b) ( -1 )n (1 - n ) Tr +1 = C r (3)( 256 - r )/ 2 (5)r / 8

256

(c) ( -1 )n -1
(n - 1 ) 2
(d) ( -1 ) n -1
n 256 - r r
For integral terms, and are both positive
2 8
Exp. (b) integers.
i.e., r = 0, 8, 16, 24, 32 , . . . , 256
The coefficient of xn in the expansion of
(1 + x)(1 - x)n = Coefficient of xn in (1 - x)n Hence, total number of terms are 33.
+ Coefficient of xn - 1 in (1 - x)n
44. If x is positive, the first negative term in the
[!(1 + x) (1 - x)n = (1 + x)n + x (1 - x)n ] expansion of (1 + x )27/5 is [AIEEE 2003]
n n
= (-1) C n + (-1)n - 1 nC n - 1 (a) 7th term (b) 5th term
 n!  (c) 8th term (d) 6th term
= (-1)n  1 - n
 = (-1) (1 - n)
 1!(n - 1)! Exp. (c)
n n Since,(r + 1)th term in the expansion of(1 + x)27/ 5 .
1 r tn
42. If Sn = ∑ and t n = ∑ , then is 27  27 27
r=0
n
Cr r=0
n
Cr Sn  - 1 . . .  - r + 1
5  5   5  r
equal to [AIEEE 2004]
= x
r!
n n 2 n -1
(a) (b) - 1 (c) n -1 (d) Now, this term will be negative, if the last factor in
2 2 2 numerator is the only one negative factor.
Exp. (a) ⇒
27
- r + 1< 0 ⇒
32
<r
n
1 5 5
Given that, S n = ∑ n
r =0 Cr ⇒ 6.4 < r ⇒ Least value of r is 7.
n
1 Thus, first negative term will be 8th.
Sn = ∑ n
[! nC r = nC n - r ]
r =0 Cn-r
45. The coefficient of x 5 in (1 + 2 x + 3x 2 + ...)-3/2
n
n is [AIEEE 2002]
⇒ nS n = ∑ n
Cn - r
r =0 (a) 21 (b) 25
n  n-r r  (c) 26 (d) None of these
⇒ nS n = ∑  + 
 nC n
Cn - r 
r =0  n-r  Exp. (d)
n
n-r n
r (1 + 2 x + 3 x2 + . . .)-3 / 2 = [(1 - x)-2 ]-3 / 2
⇒ nS n = ∑ n
Cn - r
+ ∑ n
Cr = (1 - x)3
r =0 r =0
 n So, coefficient of x in (1 + 2 x + 3 x2 + . . .)-3 / 2
5
n-1 1 
⇒ nS n =  n + n + ... +
 C Cn - 1 n
C1  = Coefficient of x5 in (1 - x)3 = 0
 n
n
+ ∑
r 46. If | x | < 1, then the coefficient of x n in the
n
r =0 Cr expansion of (1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + ...)2 is
 n
r 
(a) n (b) n -1 [AIEEE 2002]
⇒ nS n = t n + t n ! t n = ∑ n
Cr
, given 
(c) n + 2 (d) n + 1
 r =0 
tn n
⇒ nS n = 2 t n ⇒ = Exp. (d)
Sn 2
(1 + x + x2 + x3 + . . .)2 = [(1 - x)-1 ]2 = (1 - x)-2
43. The number of integral terms in the Coefficient of xn in (1 + x + x2 + . . .)2
8 256
expansion of ( 3 + 5 ) is [AIEEE 2003] = Coefficient of xn in (1 - x)-2
n + 2 -1 n+1
(a) 32 (b) 33 (c) 34 (d) 35 = C2 - 1 = C1 = n + 1
7
Sequences and Series
 n n 
1. The sum of the series = (60 × 219 ) + (2 × 2 20 ) n
! ∑ C r = 2 
20 20 20 20
2 ⋅ C0 + 5 ⋅ C1 + 8 ⋅ C2 + 11 ⋅ C3  r = 0 
+ ..... + 62 ⋅20 C20 is equal to = (15 × 2 21 ) + 2 21
[JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-I] = 16 × 2 21 = 2 25
(a) 2 26 (b) 2 25
(c) 2 23 (d) 2 24 2. The sum of all natural numbers ‘n’ such that
100 < n < 200 and HCF (91, n)>1 is
Exp. (b)
[JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-I]
Given series is (a) 3203 (b) 3303
2 ⋅ 20C 0 + 5 ⋅ 20C1 + 8 ⋅ 20C 2 + … + 62 ⋅ 20C 20 (c) 3221 (d) 3121
20
20
= ∑ (3r + 2 )⋅ Cr Exp. (d)
r =0
The natural numbers between 100 and 200 are
[!general term of the sequence 2, 5, 8, …, which 101, 102, 103, …, 199.
forms an AP, is 2 + (n - 1)3 = 3n - 1, where
n = 1, 2, 3 ... and it can be written as 3n + 2, Since, 91 = 13 × 7, so the natural numbers
where n = 0, 1, 2, 3] between 100 and 200 whose HCF with 91 is more
than 1 are the numbers which are either divisible
20 20
20
C r + 2 ∑ 20C r by 7 or 13.
= 3⋅ ∑r So, the required sum of numbers between 100 and
r =0 r =0

20 20
200 = (sum of numbers divisible by 7) + (sum of
20
= 3 ∑ r   19C r -1+2 ∑
20
Cr numbers divisible by 13) - (sum of numbers
r =1
 r  r =0 divisible by 91)
14 8
! nC = n n - 1C 
 r
r
r - 1

= ∑ (98 + 7 r ) + ∑ (91 + 13r ) - (182 )
r =1 r =1
20 20
19 20 14 × 15 
= 3 × 20 ∑ C r -1 +2∑ Cr = (98 × 14) + 7   + (91 × 8)
r =1 r =0  2 
8 × 9
+ 13 
19 20
= 60 ∑ 19C r + 2 ∑ 20C r  - (182 )
 2 
r =0 r =0
= 1372 + 735 + 728 + 468 - 182
 20 19 19
19

! ∑ C r = 3303 - 182
-1 = ∑ Cr 
 r = 1 r =0  = 3121
Sequences and Series 93

20 2 sin( π - 3θ) = sinθ + sin2 θ [From Eq. (ii)]

1 ⇒
3. The sum ∑k 2k is equal to ⇒ 2 sin 3 θ = sinθ + sin2 θ
k =1
[JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-II] ⇒ 2 [3sinθ - 4sin3 θ] = sinθ + 2 sinθcos θ
11 11 ⇒ 6 - 8sin2 θ = 1 + 2 cos θ
(a) 2 - (b) 1 -
219 2 20 [!sinθ can not be zero]
3 21
(c) 2 - (d) 2 - ⇒ 6 - 8(1 - cos 2 θ) = 1 + 2 cos θ
217 2 20
⇒ 8 cos 2 θ - 2 cos θ - 3 = 0
Exp. (a) ⇒ (2 cos θ + 1)(4cos θ - 3) = 0
20
1 3
Let S = ∑ k  k  ⇒ cosθ =
 
k =1 2
4
1
1 2 3 4 20 or cosθ = - (rejected).
S= + + + + … + 20 …(i) 2
2 22 23 24 2
1 Clearly, the ratio of sides is a : b : c
On multiplying by   both sides, we get = sinθ : sin 3θ : sin2 θ
2
S 1 2 3 19 20 = sinθ : (3sinθ - 4sin3 θ) : 2 sinθcos θ
= + + + … + 20 + 21 …(ii)
2 22 23 24 2 2 = 1 : (3 - 4sin2 θ) : 2 cos θ
On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get = 1 : (4cos 2 θ - 1) : 2 cos θ
S 1 1 1 1 20 5 6
S - = + 2 + 3 + … + 20 - 21 = 1: : = 4 : 5 : 6
2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4
1 1 
 1 - 20  5. If three distinct numbers a ,b and c are in GP
S 2 2  20
⇒ = - 21
2 1-
1 2 and the equations ax 2 + 2bx + c = 0 and
2 dx 2 + 2ex + f = 0 have a common root, then
 a(1 - r n ) 
!sum of GP = , r < 1 which one of the following statements is
 1- r 
correct? [JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-II]
1 20 1 10 11
= 1- 20
- 21
= 1- 20
- 20
= 1- 20
(a) d , e and f are in GP
2 2 2 2 2 d e f
11 (b) , and are in AP
⇒ S =2 - a b c
219 (c) d , e and f are in AP
d e f
4. If the lengths of the sides of a triangle are in (d) , and are in GP
a b c
AP and the greatest angle is double the
smallest, then a ratio of lengths of the sides Exp. (b)
of this triangle is [JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-II]
Given, three distinct numbers a, b and c are in GP.
(a) 3 : 4 : 5 (b) 4 : 5 : 6
(c) 5 : 9 : 13 (d) 5 : 6 : 7 ∴ b 2 = ac …(i)
and the given quadratic equations
Exp. (b)
ax2 + 2 bx + c = 0 …(ii)
Let a, b and c be the lengths of sides of a ∆ABC
dx2 + 2ex + f = 0 …(iii)
such that a < b < c.
Since, sides are in AP. For quadratic Eq. (ii),
∴ 2b = a + c …(i) the discriminant D = (2 b )2 - 4ac
Let ∠A =θ = 4(b 2 - ac ) = 0 [from Eq. (i)]
Then, C = 2θ [according to the question] ⇒ Quadratic Eq. (ii) have equal roots, and it is
So, B = π - 3θ …(ii) b
equal to x = - , and it is given that quadratic
On applying sine rule in Eq. (i), we get a
2sin B = sin A + sinC Eqs. (ii) and (iii) have a common root, so
94 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

2 10 10
b b  10 
d  -  + 2e  -  + f = 0 So, Σ f(a + k ) = Σ λa + k = λa  Σ λk 
 a  a k =1 k =1  k =1 
⇒ db 2 - 2eba + a2 f = 0 = 2 a [21 + 2 2 + 2 3 + ......+210 ]
⇒ d (ac ) - 2eab + a2 f = 0 [!b 2 = ac]  2(210 - 1)
= 2a  
⇒ dc - 2eb + af = 0 [!a ≠ 0]  2 -1 
⇒ 2eb = dc + af [by using formula of sum of n-terms of a GP
e dc af having first term ‘a’ and common ratio ‘r’, is
⇒ 2 = 2 + 2
b b b a(r n - 1) 
Sn = , where r > 1
[dividing each term by b 2 ] r -1 
 e d f
⇒ 2  = + [!b 2 = ac] ⇒ 2 a + 1 (210 - 1) = 16 (210 - 1) (given)
 b a c
d e f ⇒ 2 a + 1 = 16 = 2 4 ⇒ a + 1 = 4 ⇒ a = 3
So, , , are in AP.
a b c 7. Let the sum of the first n terms of a
Alternate Solution non-constant AP a1 , a 2 , a 3.....be
Given, three distinct numbers a, b and c are in GP. n(n - 7)
Let a = a, b = ar, c = ar 2 are in GP, which satisfies 50n + A , where A is a constant. If d
2
ax2 + 2 bx + c = 0 is the common difference of this AP, then
∴ ax2 + 2(ar )x + ar 2 = 0 the ordered pair (d , a 50 ) is equal to
⇒ x2 + 2 rx + r 2 = 0 [!a ≠ 0] [JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-I]
(a) (A, 50 + 46A) (b) (50, 50 + 45A)
⇒ ( x + r )2 = 0 ⇒ x = - r.
(c) (50, 50 + 46A) (d) (A, 50 + 45A)
According to the question, ax2 + 2 bx + c = 0 and
dx2 + 2ex + f = 0 have a common root. Exp. (a)
2
So, x = - r satisfies dx + 2ex + f = 0 Key Idea Use the formula of sum of first n terms
n
∴ 2
d (- r ) + 2e(- r ) + f = 0 of AP, i.e Sn = [2 a + (n - 1)d ]
2
⇒ dr 2 - 2er + f = 0 Given AP, is a1, a2 , a3 ,… having sum of first n-terms
c c n
⇒ d   - 2e   + f = 0 = [2 a1 + (n - 1)d ]
 a  b 2
d 2e f [where, d is the common difference of AP]
⇒ - + =0
a b c n(n - 7 )
= 50n + A (given)
d f 2e 2
⇒ + = [!c ≠ 0]
a c b 1 n-7
⇒ [2 a1 + (n - 1)d ] = 50 + A
10 2 2
6. Let ∑ f (a + k ) = 16(210 - 1), where the ⇒
1 7 n
[2 a1 + nd - d ] =  50 - A + A
k =1 2  2  2
function f satisfies f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) f ( y ) for  d  nd  7  n
all natural numbers x , y and f (1) = 2. Then,
⇒  a1 -  + =  50 - A + A
 2 2  2  2
the natural number ‘a’ is On comparing corresponding term, we get
[JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-I] d 7
d = A and a1 - = 50 - A
(a) 2 (b) 4 2 2
(c) 3 (d) 16 A 7
⇒ a1 - = 50 - A [! d = A]
2 2
Exp. (c) ⇒ a1 = 50 - 3 A
Given, f( x + y) = f( x) ⋅ f( y) So a50 = a1 + 49d
Let f ( x) = λ x [where λ > 0] = (50 - 3 A) + 49 A [! d = A]
! f(1) = 2 (given) = 50 + 46A
∴ λ =2 Therefore, (d , a50 ) = ( A, 50 + 46 A)
Sequences and Series 95

⇒ n = 19, - 10
8. The sum of the series
1 + 2 × 3 + 3 × 5 + 4 × 7 +... upto 11th term is ⇒ n = 19 [!number of balls n > 0]
[JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-II] Now, number of balls used to form an equilateral
n(n + 1) 19 × 20
(a) 915 (b) 946 (c) 916 (d) 945 triangle is = = 190.
2 2
Exp. (b)
10. If the sum and product of the first three
Given series is terms in an AP are 33 and 1155, respectively,
1 + (2 × 3) + (3 × 5) + (4 × 7 ) + …upto then a value of its 11th term is
11 terms. [JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-II]
Now, the rth term of the series is ar = r(2 r - 1) (a) 25 (b) –36 (c) –25 (d) –35
∴Sum of first 11-terms is Exp. (c)
11 11 11 11
2 2
S11 = ∑ r(2 r - 1) = ∑ (2 r - r) = 2 ∑ r - ∑r Let first three terms of an AP as a - d , a, a + d .
r =1 r =1 r =1 r =1 So, 3a = 33 ⇒ a = 11
11 × (11 + 1)(2 × 11 + 1) 11 × (11 + 1) [given sum of three terms = 33
=2 -
6 2 and product of terms = 1155]
 n 2 n(n + 1)(2 n + 1) n
n(n + 1) ⇒ (11 - d )11(11 + d ) = 1155 [given]
! ∑ r = and ∑ r = 
 r = 1 6 r =1 2  ⇒ 112 - d 2 = 105
11 × 12 × 23   11 × 12  ⇒ d 2 = 121 - 105 = 16
=   - 
 3   2  ⇒ d=±4
= (11 × 4 × 23) - (11 × 6) So the first three terms of the AP are either 7, 11,
= 11(92 - 6) = 11 × 86 = 946 15 or 15, 11, 7.
So, the 11th term is either 7 + (10 × 4) = 47
9. Some identical balls are arranged in rows to or 15 + (10 × (-4)) = - 25.
form an equilateral triangle. The first row
consists of one ball, the second row consists 11. If a1 , a 2 , a 3 ,...,an are in AP and
of two balls and so on. If 99 more identical a1 + a 4 + a 7 + ... + a16 = 114 , then
balls are added to the total number of balls a1 + a 6 + a11 + a16 is equal to
used in forming the equilateral triangle, [JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-I]
then all these balls can be arranged in a (a) 64 (b) 76 (c) 98 (d) 38
square whose each side contains exactly 2
balls less than the number of balls each side Exp. (b)
of the triangle contains. Then, the number
of balls used to form the equilateral triangle Key Idea Use nth term of an AP i.e.
an = a + (n - 1)d, simplify the given equation and
is [JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-II]
use result.
(a) 262 (b) 190 (c) 225 (d) 157
Given AP is a1, a2 , a3 , … , an
Exp. (b) Let the above AP has common difference ‘d’, then
Let there are n balls used to form the sides of a1 + a4 + a7 + … + a16
equilateral triangle. = a1 + (a1 + 3d ) + (a1 + 6d ) + … + (a1 + 15d )
According to the question, we have = 6a1 + (3 + 6 + 9 + 12 + 15)d
n(n + 1) = 6a1 + 45d = 114 (given)
+ 99 = (n - 2 )2
2 ⇒ 2 a1 + 15d = 38 …(i)
⇒ n2 + n + 198 = 2 [n2 - 4n + 4] Now, a1 + a6 + a11 + a16
⇒ n2 - 9n - 190 = 0 = a1 + (a1 + 5d ) + (a1 + 10d ) + (a1 + 15d )
⇒ 2
n - 19n + 10n - 190 = 0 = 4a1 + 30d = 2(2 a1 + 15d ) = 2 × 38 = 76
[from Eq. (i)]
⇒ (n - 19)(n + 10) = 0
96 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

3 × 13 5 × (13 + 2 3 ) Exp. (a)

12. The sum of series 2
+
1 12 + 2 2 Given series,
7 × (13 + 2 3 + 33 ) 13 + 2 3 13 + 2 3 + 33
+ + ....... + upto 10th term, S = 1+ + + ... +
2 2 2 1+ 2 1+ 2 + 3
1 +2 + 3
is [JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-I] 13 + 2 3 + 33 + " + 153
(a) 680 (b) 600 1 + 2 + 3 + " + 15
(c) 660 (d) 620 1
- (1 + 2 + 3 + " + 15)
2
Exp. (c) = S1 - S 2 (let)
Given series is where,
3 × 13 5 × (13 + 2 3 ) 7 × (13 + 2 3 + 33 ) 13 + 2 3 13 + 2 3 + 33
+ + + ... S1 = 1+ + + "+
2 2 2 1+ 2 1+ 2 + 3
1 1 +2 12 + 2 2 + 33
So, nth term 13 + 2 3 + 33 + " + 153
) )(13 + 2 3 + 33 ... + n3 )
(3 + (n - 12 1 + 2 + 3 + " + 15
Tn = 2
12 + 2 2 + 32 + " + n2  n(n + 1)
15 3 3 3  15 
2 1 + 2 + "+ n  2 
n (n + 1) = ∑ = ∑
(2 n + 1) ×   n =1 1+ 2 + " + n n =1
n(n + 1)
 2  2
=
n(n + 1)(2 n + 1) 2
 n n
n(n + 1)
 n(n + 1) and
6 ! ∑ r 3 =   ∑ r= 
n 2 n  r = 1  2  2 
3  n(n + 1) n(n + 1)(2 n + 1) r =1
[!r Σ= 1 r =  and Σ r 2 = 
 2   r =1 6  15
n(n + 1) 1 15
2
3n(n + 1) 3 2
= ∑ 2
=
2
∑ (n + n)
So, Tn = = (n + n) n =1 n =1
2 2 1  15 × 16 × 31 15 × 16 
= +
Now, sum of the given series upto n terms 2  6 2 
3
S n = ΣTn = [Σn2 + Σn]  n 2 n(n + 1) (2 n + 1)
2 ! ∑ r = 
3 n(n + 1)(2 n + 1) n(n + 1)  r = 1 6 
=  +
2  6 2  1
= [(5 × 8 × 31) + (15 × 8)]
3  10 × 11 × 21 10 × 11 2
∴ S10 = +
2  6 2  = (5 × 4 × 31) + (15 × 4)
3 3 = 620 + 60 = 680
= [(5 × 11 × 7 ) + (5 × 11)] = × 55(7 + 1) 1
2 2 and S 2 = (1 + 2 + 3 + " + 15)
2
3 1 15 × 16
= × 55 × 8 = 3 × 55 × 4 = × = 60
2 2 2
= 12 × 55 = 660 Therefore, S = S1 - S 2 = 680 - 60 = 620.

13. The sum of series 14. The angles A , B and C of a ∆ABC are in AP
3 3 3 3 3
1 +2 1 +2 + 3 and a :b = 1 : 3. If c = 4 cm, then the area (in
1+ + + ...
1+2 1+2 + 3 sq cm) of this triangle is
13 + 2 3 + 33 + " + 153 1 [JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-II]
+ - (1 + 2 + 3 + " + 15) 2 4
1 + 2 + 3 + " + 15 2 (a) (b) 4 3 (c) 2 3 (d)
3 3
is equal to [JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-II]
(a) 620 (b) 660 Exp. (c)
(c) 1240 (d) 1860 It is given that angles of a ∆ABC are in AP.
So, ∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180º
Sequences and Series 97

⇒ ∠B - d + ∠B + ∠B + d = 180º ⇒ 15d 2 - 34d + 16 = 0

[if ∠A, ∠B and ∠C are in AP, then it taken as 2
⇒ 15d - 24d - 10d + 16 = 0
∠B - d, ∠B, ∠B + d respectively, where d is
⇒ 3d (5d - 8) - 2(5d - 8) = 0
common difference of AP] 2 8
⇒ 3∠B = 180º ⇒ ∠B = 60º …(i) ⇒ d= ,
a 1 3 5
and = [given] and f ′ ′(d ) = - 60d + 68
b 3 2 2 120
sin A 1 at d = , f ′ ′  d =  = - + 68 = 28 > 0, and at
⇒ = 3  3 3
sin B 3 8 8 480
bu sine rule sin A = sin B = sinC  d = , f ′ ′  d =  = - + 68 = - 28 < 0
5  5 5
 a b c  So, at d = 8 / 5, product a1a4 a5 is maximum.
sin A 1  3
⇒ = !sin B = sin 60°=
3 3  2  16. Let a ,b and c be in GP with common ratio r,
2 1
1 where a ≠ 0 and 0 < r ≤ . If 3a, 7b and 15c are
⇒ sin A = ⇒ ∠A = 30º 2
2 the first three terms of an AP, then the 4th
So, ∠C = 90º term of this AP is
∴ From sine rule, [JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-II]
a b c 2 7
= = (a) 5a (b) a (c) a (d) a
sin A sin B sinC 3 3
a b 4
⇒ = = [!c = 4 cm]
1 3 1 Exp. (c)
2 2 Key Idea Use nth term of AP i.e.,
⇒ a = 2 cm, b = 2 3 cm an = a + (n - 1) d, If a, A, b are in AP, then
1 1 2A = a + b and nth term of G.P. i.e., an = ar n - 1.
∴ Area of ∆ABC = ab sinC = × 2 × 2 3 × 1
2 2
= 2 3 sq. cm It is given that, the terms a, b, c are in GP with
1
common ratio r, where a ≠ 0 and 0 < r ≤ .
15. Let a1 , a 2 , a 3 ," be an AP with a 6 = 2. Then, 2
So, let, b = ar and c = ar 2
the common difference of this AP, which
maximises the product a1 , a 4 , a 5, is Now, the terms 3a, 7b and 15c are the first three
terms of an AP, then
[JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-II]
8 2 3 6 2(7 b ) = 3a + 15c
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 3 2 5 ⇒ 14ar = 3a + 15ar 2 [as b = ar, c = ar 2 ]
Exp. (a) ⇒ 14r = 3 + 15r 2 [as a ≠ 0]
Given, the terms a1, a2 , a3 , " , are an AP. 2
⇒ 15r - 14r + 3 = 0
Let the common difference of this AP is ‘d’ and first
2
term a1 = a, then ⇒ 15r - 5r - 9r + 3 = 0
a6 = a + 5d = 2 (given) … (i)
Now, a1, a4 , a5 ⇒ 5r(3r - 1) - 3(3r - 1) = 0
= a(a + 3d ) (a + 4d ) ⇒ (3r - 1) (5r - 3) = 0
= (2 - 5d ) (2 - 2d ) (2 - d ) [from Eq. (i)] 1 3
⇒ r = or
= (4 - 14d + 10d 2 ) (2 - d ) 3 5
1 1
= 8 - 4d - 28d + 14d 2 + 20d 2 - 10d 3 as, r ∈  0, , so r =
 2  3
= - 10d 3 + 34d 2 - 32d + 8
= f(d ) (let) Now, the common difference of AP = 7 b - 3a
7 2a
On differentiating f(d ) w.r.t.d, we get = 7 ar - 3a = a - 3 = -
f ′(d ) = - 30d 2 + 68d - 32 3  3
 -2 a 
For maxima or minima, f ′(d ) = 0 So, 4th term of AP = 3a + 3   =a
 3 
⇒ - 30d 2 + 68d - 32 = 0
98 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

So given series
17. For x ∈R , let [ x ] denote the greatest integer
- 1  + - 1 - 1  + - 1 - 2  + …
≤ x, then the sum of the series  3   3 100   3 100 
 1  1 1   1 2 
"+ 
- 1 99 
-
- 3 + - 3 - 100 + - 3 - 100 +  3 100 
 1 99    1   1 1  
… + - - is = - - 1 +  - + - 1
  3     3 100  
 3 100
 1 2    1 99  
[JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-I] + -  + - 1 + " +  -  + - 1
  3 100     3 100  
(a) -153 (b) -133
(c) -131 (d) -135  1 
= (- 1) × 100 - × 100 = - 100 - 33 = - 133.
 3 
Exp. (b)
Given series is 18. Let Sn denote the sum of the first n terms of
- 1  + - 1 - 1  + - 1 - 2  + " an AP. If S 4 = 16 and S 6 = - 48, then S10 is
 3   3 100   3 100  equal to [JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-I]
1 99  (a) - 260 (b) - 410 (c) - 320 (d) - 380
... +  - -
 3 100 
Exp. (c)
[where, [ x] denotes the greatest integer ≤ x]
Given S n denote the sum of the first n terms of an
Now,
AP.
 - 1 ,  - 1 - 1  +  - 1 - 2 ,…+  - 1 - 66 
 3   3 100   3 100   3 100  Let first term and common difference of the AP be ‘
a’ and ‘d’, respectively.
all the term have value - 1 ∴ S 4 = 2[2 a + 3d ] = 16 (given)
1 67   1 68  1 99 
and  - - , - - , …,  - - all !S = n [2 a + (n - 1)d ]
 3 100   3 100   3 100   n 2 
the term have value - 2.
⇒ 2 a + 3d = 8 … (i)
1 1 1   1 2 
So,  -  +  - - + - - + ... + and S 6 = 3[2 a + 5d ] = - 48 [given]
 3   3 100   3 100 
⇒ 2 a + 5d = - 16 … (ii)
 - 1 - 66 
On subtracting Eq. (i) from Eq. (ii), we get
 3 100 
2d = - 24
= - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 " 67 times.
⇒ d = - 12
= (- 1) × 67 = - 67
So, 2 a = 44 [putd = -12 in Eq. (i)]
1 67   1 68 
and  - - + - - + "+ Now, S10 = 5[2 a + 9d ]
 3 100   3 100 
5[44 + 9(-12 )] = 5[44 - 108]
 - 1 - 99 
 3 100  = 5 × (- 64) = - 320

= - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 " 33 times = (-2 ) × 33 = -66 19. If a1 , a 2 , a 3 ,... are in AP such that

1 1 1   1 2 
∴ -  + - - + - - + "+ a1 + a 7 + a16 = 40, then the sum of the first 15
 3   3 100   3 100 
terms of this AP is
 - 1 - 99  [JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-II]
 3 100  (a) 200 (b) 280 (c) 120 (d) 150
= (- 67 ) + (- 66) = - 133.
Exp. (a)
Alternate Solution
! [- x] = - [ x] - 1, if x ∉Integer, Let the common difference of given AP is ‘d’.
1 2 n - 1 Since, a1 + a7 + a16 = 40
and [ x] +  x +  +  x +  + " +  x +
 n   n   n  ∴ a1 + a1 + 6d + a1 + 15d = 40
= [nx], n ∈ N. [! an = a1 + (n - 1) d ]
Sequences and Series 99

⇒ 3a1 + 21d = 40 …(i)

Exp. (b)
Now, sum of first 15 terms is given by
15 Let b = ar and c = ar 2 , where r is the common ratio.
S15 = [2 a1 + (15 - 1) d ]
2 Then, a + b + c = xb
15 ⇒ a + ar + ar 2 = xar
= [2 a1 + 14d ] = 15 [a1 + 7d ]
2
⇒ 1 + r + r 2 = xr … (i) [!a ≠ 0]
From Eq. (i), we have 2
40 1+ r + r 1
a1 + 7d = ⇒ x= = 1+ r +
3 r r
40 1
So, S15 = 15 × = 5 × 40 = 200 We know that, r + ≥ 2 (for r > 0)
3 r
1
and r + ≤ - 2 (for r < 0)
20. If α , β and γ are three consecutive terms of a r
[using AM ≥ GM]
non-constant GP such that the equations 1 1
αx 2 + 2βx + γ = 0 andx 2 + x - 1 = 0 have a ∴ 1 + r + ≥ 3 or 1 + r + ≤ -1
r r
common root, then, α(β + γ) is equal to ⇒ x ≥ 3 or x ≤ -1
[JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-II] ⇒ x ∈ (- ∞,-1] ∪ [3, ∞ )
(a) 0 (b) αβ (c) αγ (d) βγ Hence, x cannot be 2.
Exp. (d) Alternate Method
From Eq. (i), we have
Given α, β and γ are three consecutive terms of a
1 + r + r 2 = xr
non-constant GP.
Let α = α, β = αr, γ = αr 2, {r ≠ 0, 1} ⇒ r 2 + (1 - x)r + 1 = 0
and given quadratic equation is For real solution of r, D ≥ 0.
αx2 + 2 βx + γ = 0 …(i) ⇒ (1 - x)2 - 4 ≥ 0
On putting the values of α,β, γ in Eq. (i), we get ⇒ x2 - 2 x - 3 ≥ 0
αx2 + 2αrx + αr 2 = 0 ⇒ ( x - 3)( x + 1) ≥ 0
2 2 ⇒ x ∈ (-∞, - 1] ∪ [3, ∞ )
⇒ x + 2 rx + r = 0
⇒ 2
( x + r) = 0 ∴ x cannot be 2.
30
⇒ x=-r 22. Let a1 , a 2 ,.....a 30 be an AP, S = ∑ai and
!The quadratic equations αx2 + 2 βx + γ = 0 and i =1
15
x2 + x - 1 = 0 have a common root, so x = - r
must be root of equation x2 + x -1 = 0, so
T = ∑ a(2i - 1). If a5 = 27 and S - 2T = 75,
i=1
r2 - r - 1 = 0 …(ii) then a10 is equal to [JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-I]
2
Now, α (β + γ ) = α (αr + αr ) (a) 42 (b) 57 (c) 52 (d) 47
= α 2 (r + r 2 ) Exp. (c)
From the options,
We have, S = a1 + a2 + … + a30
βγ = αr ⋅ αr 2 = α 2 r 3 = α 2 (r + r 2 )
= 15[2 a1 + 29d ] …(i)
[! r 2 - r - 1 = 0 ⇒ r 3 = r + r 2 ] (where d is the common difference)
!S = n [2 a + (n - 1)d ]
21. If a ,b and c be three distinct real numbers in  n 2 
GP and a + b + c = xb , then x cannot be and T = a1 + a3 + … + a29
15
[JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-I] = [2 a1 + 14 × 2 d )]
2
(a) 4 (b) 2 (!common difference is 2d)
(c) -2 (d) -3
⇒ 2T = 15[2 a1 + 28d ] …(ii)
100 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics
15 15
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 1 3
Now, required sum = ∑ Tr = ∑ (r + r2 )
S - 2T = 15d = 75 [!S - 2T = 75] r =1 2 r =1
⇒ d=5  n(n + 1) 2 n(n + 1) (2 n + 1)
1
Now, a10 = a5 + 5d = 27 + 25 = 52 =  + 
2  2  6  n = 15
23. Leta ,b andc be the 7th, 11th and13th terms 1  n(n + 1)  n2 + n 2 n + 1 
=   + 
respectively of a non-constant AP. If these 2  2  2 3 
n = 15
are also the three consecutive terms of a GP,
a 1  n(n + 1) (3n2 + 7 n + 2 )
then is equal to =  
c [JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-II] 2  2 6  n = 15
7 1 1 15 × 16 (3 × 225 + 105 + 2 )
(a) 2 (b) (c) 4 (d) = × × = 7820
13 2 2 2 6
Exp. (c) 25. The sum of all two digit positive numbers
Let A be the Ist term of AP and d be the common which when divided by 7 yield 2 or 5 as
difference. remainder is [JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-I]
∴ 7th term = a = A + 6d (a) 1256 (b) 1465 (c) 1356 (d) 1365
[!nth term = A + (n - 1)d ]
11th term = b = A + 10d Exp. (c)
13th term = c = A + 12d Clearly, the two digit number which leaves
!a, b, c are also in GP remainder 2 when divided by 7 is of the form
∴ b 2 = ac N = 7k + 2 [by Division Algorithm]
For, k = 2, N = 16
⇒ ( A + 10d )2 = ( A + 6d ) ( A + 12 d )
k = 3, N = 23
⇒ A 2 + 20 Ad + 100d 2 = A 2 + 18 Ad + 72d 2
# #
⇒ 2 Ad + 28d 2 = 0 k = 13, N = 93
⇒ 2d ( A + 14d ) = 0 ∴ 12 such numbers are possible and these
⇒ d = 0 or A + 14d = 0 numbers forms an AP.
But d≠0 [!the series is non constant AP] Now, S =
12
[16 + 93] = 654 !S = n (a + l )
 n 
⇒ A = - 14d 2  2 
∴ a = A + 6d = - 14d + 6d = - 8d Similarly, the two digit number which leaves
and c = A + 12 d = - 14d + 12 d = - 2d remainder 5 when divided by 7 is of the form
a - 8d N = 7k + 5
⇒ = =4
c - 2d For k = 1, N = 12
k = 2, N = 19
24. The sum of the following series #
9(12 + 2 2 + 32 ) 12 (12 + 2 2 + 32 + 42 ) k = 13, N = 96
1+6+ +
7 9 ∴ 13 such numbers are possible and these
15 (12 + 2 2 + ... + 52 ) numbers also forms an AP.
+ + ... up to 15 terms is
11 13 n
Now, S ′ = [12 + 96] = 702 !S n = (a + l )
[JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-II] 2  2 
(a) 7510 (b) 7820 (c) 7830 (d) 7520 Total sum = S + S ′ = 654 + 702 = 1356
Exp. (b) a3
26. Let a1 , a 2 ,...., a10 be a GP. If = 25, then
General term of the given series is a9 a1
equals
3r(12 + 2 2 + " + r 2 ) 3r[r(r + 1) (2 r + 1)] a5 [JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-I]
Tr = =
2r + 1 6(2 r + 1) (a) 53 (b) 2( 52 )
1 3 2
= (r + r ) (c) 4( 52 ) (d) 54
2
Sequences and Series 101

Exp. (d) Exp. (c)

Let r be the common ratio of given GP, then we x m yn
Consider,
have the following sequence (1 + x 2m
)(1 + y2 n )
a1, a2 = a1r, a3 = a1r 2 , ..., a10 = a1r 9 1
= m
Now, a3 = 25 a1 ( x + x- m )( yn + y- n )
⇒ a1r 2 = 25 a1 ⇒ r 2 = 25
By using AM ≥ GM (because x, y ∈ R + ), we get
a a r8 ( xm + x- m ) ≥ 2 and ( yn + y- n ) ≥ 2
Consider, 9 = 1 4 = r 4 = (25)2 = 54
a5 a1r 1
[!if x > 0, then x + ≥ 2]
x
27. The sum of an infinite geometric series with ⇒ ( xm + x- m )( yn + y- n ) ≥ 4
positive terms is 3 and the sum of the cubes 1 1
27 ⇒ ≤
of its terms is . Then, the common ratio of ( xm + x- m )( yn + y- n ) 4
19 1
this series is [JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-I] ∴Maximum value = .
4
4 2 2 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
9 3 9 3 29. If 19th term of a non-zero AP is zero, then its
(49th term) : (29th term) is
Exp. (b) [JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-II]
2 3
Let the GP be a, ar, ar , ar , .... ∞; where a > 0 and (a) 1 : 3 (b) 4 : 1 (c) 2 : 1 (d) 3 : 1
0 < r < 1. Exp. (d)
Then, according the problem, we have
a Let t n be the nth term of given AP. Then, we have
3= t 19 = 0
1- r
27 ⇒ a + (19 - 1)d = 0 [!t n = a + (n - 1)d ]
and = a3 + (ar )3 + (ar 2 )3 + (ar 3 )3 + ...
19 ⇒ a + 18d = 0 …(i)
t 49 a + 48d - 18d + 48d
27 a3  a  Now, = = [using Eq. (i)]
⇒ =
19 1 - r 3 !S ∞ = 1 - r  t 29 a + 28d - 18d + 28d
 
30d
27 (3(1 - r ))3  a  = = 3:1
⇒ = ! 3 = 1 - r ⇒ a = 3(1 - r ) 10d
19 1 - r3  
27 27 (1 - r ) (1 + r 2 - 2 r ) 30. Let Sn = 1 + q + q 2 + " + q n and
⇒ = 2 n
19 (1 - r ) (1 + r + r 2 )  q + 1  q + 1  q + 1
Tn = 1 +   +  +" +   ,
[!(1 - r )3 = (1 - r ) (1 - r )2 ]  2   2   2 
⇒ r + r + 1 = 19(r 2 - 2 r + 1)
2 where q is a real number and q ≠ 1. If
101
C 1 + 101C 2 ⋅ S1 + " + 101C 101 ⋅ S100 = αT100,
⇒ 18r 2 - 39r + 18 = 0
then α is equal to
⇒ 6r 2 - 13r + 6 = 0 [JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-II]
⇒ (3r - 2 )(2 r - 3) = 0 (a) 2100 (b) 202
∴
2 3
r = or r = (reject) [!0 < r < 1] (c) 200 (d) 2 99
3 2
Exp. (a)
28. Let x , y be positive real numbers and m, n We have,
positive integers. The maximum value of the Sn = 1 + q + q 2 + … + q n
xm y n 2 n
expression is q + 1  q + 1  q + 1
(1 + x 2m )(1 + y 2n ) and Tn = 1 +   +   +… +  
 2   2   2 
[JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-II]
1 1 m+n Also, we have
(a) (b) 1 (c) (d) 101
2 4 6mn C1 + 101C 2S1 + 101C 3S 2 + … + 101C101S100 = αT100
102 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

101 101 101

⇒ C1 + C 2 (1 + q ) + C 3 (1 + q + q 2 ) Now, according to the question, we have
a
+… + 101 2
C101(1 + q + q + … + q 100
) ⋅ a ⋅ ar = 512 ⇒ a3 = 512
r
= α ⋅ T100 ⇒ a=8 ... (i)
(1 - q ) 101  1 - q 3 
2 Also, after adding 4 to first two terms, we get
⇒ 101C1 + 101C 2 + C 3   8
1- q + 4, 8 + 4, 8r are in AP
 1- q  r 8
1 - q4   1 - q 101  ⇒ 2 (12 ) = + 4 + 8r
101 101 r
+ C 4   + … + C101  
 1- q   1- q  8 2
⇒ 24 = + 8r + 4 ⇒ 20 = 4  + 2 r 
r r 
 1 - rn 
= α ⋅ T100 [!for a GP, S n = a  , r ≠ 1] 2
⇒ 5 = + 2r
 1- r  r
1 ⇒ 2 r 2 - 5r + 2 = 0
⇒ [{101C1 + 101C 2 + … + 101C101}
1- q ⇒ 2 r 2 - 4r - r + 2 = 0
- {101C1q + 101
C 2q 2 + … + 101 C101 q 101}] ⇒ 2 r(r - 2 ) - 1(r - 2 ) = 0
= α ⋅ T100 ⇒ (r - 2 ) (2 r - 1) = 0
1
1 ⇒ r = 2,
⇒ [(2101 - 1) - ((1 + q )101 - 1)] = αT100 2
(1 - q ) Thus, the terms are either 16, 8, 4 or 4, 8, 16.
[! n C 0 + nC1 + … + nC n = 2 n ]
Hence, required sum = 28.
2101 - (q + 1)101
⇒ =α 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + k
1- q 32. Let Sk = . If
2 100 
k
 q + 1  q + 1 q + 1 5
1 + + 
 2 
 +… + 
 2


 S12 + S 22 + ... + S10
2
= A , then A is equal to
 2  12
101 [JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-I]
  q + 1 
101 101  1-    (a) 156 (b) 301
2 - (q + 1)  2   (c) 283 (d) 303
⇒ = α 1⋅
1- q  q+1 
1-
 2  Exp. (d)
 
q+ 1 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + k
[!q ≠ 1⇒q + 1 ≠ 2 ⇒ ≠ 1] Since, Sk =
2 k
k (k + 1) k + 1
α[2101 - (q + 1)101] = =
= 2k 2
(1 - q ) ⋅ 2100 2
k + 1 1
⇒ α =2 100 So, S 2k =   = (k + 1)
2
… (i)
 2  4
10
5
31. The product of three consecutive terms of a Now, A = S 12 + S 22 + S 23 + ... S 10
2
= ∑S
2
k
GP is 512. If 4 is added to each of the first and 12 k =1

the second of these terms, the three terms 5 1 10

2
now form an AP. Then, the sum of the
⇒
12
A=
4
∑ (k + 1)
k =1
original three terms of the given GP is
1
[JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-I] = [2 2 + 32 + 42 + ... 112 ]
4
(a) 36 (b) 28
1 11 × (11 + 1) (2 × 11 + 1) 2 
(c) 32 (d) 24 =  -1
4  6 
Exp. (b) [!∑ n =2 n (n + 1) (2 n + 1)
]
Let the three consecutive terms of a GP are 6
a 1 11 × 12 × 23
, a and ar. =  - 1
r 4  6 
Sequences and Series 103

1 Let a1 = a and d = common difference

= [(22 × 23) - 1]
4 ! a1 + a5 + a9 + $ + a49 = 416
1 1 ∴ a + (a + 4d ) + (a + 8d ) + … (a + 48d ) = 416
= [506 - 1] = [505]
4 4 13
A ⇒ (2 a + 48d ) = 416
⇒ = 101 ⇒ A = 303 2
3 ⇒ a + 24d = 32 …(i)
Also, a9 + a43 = 66
33. If the sum of the first 15 terms of the series
3 3 3 3 ∴ a + 8d + a + 42d = 66
 3  1  1 3  3
  + 1  +  2  + 3 +  3  + . . . ⇒ 2 a + 50d = 66
 4  2  4  4
⇒ a + 25d = 33 …(ii)
is equal to 225 k, then k is equal to
Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
[JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-II]
a = 8 and d = 1
(a) 108 (b) 27
(c) 54 (d) 9 Now, a12 + a22 + a32 + $ + a17 2
= 140m
82 + 92 + 102 + … + 242 = 140m
Exp. (b)
⇒ (12 + 2 2 + 32 + … + 242 ) - (12 + 2 2
Given series is
3 3 3 3
+ 32 + … + 7 2 ) = 140m
 3  +  1 1  +  2 1  + 33 +  3 3  + ... 24 × 25 × 49 7 × 8 × 15
        ⇒ - = 140m
 4  2  4  4
6 6
3 3 3 3
3 6 9 12 3×7 × 8× 5
Let S =   +   +   +   ⇒ (7 × 5 - 1) = 140m
 4  4  4  4 6
3 ⇒ 7 × 4 × 5 × 34 = 140m
15
+   + … + upto 15 terms
 4 ⇒ 140 × 34 = 140m
3
3
=   [13 + 2 3 + 33 + 43 + 53 + ... + 153 ] ⇒ m = 34
 4
3
3
15 × 16 
2 35. Let A be the sum of the first 20 terms and B
=     be the sum of the first 40 terms of the series
 4  2 
 3 3 3 3  n (n + 1) , n ∈ N
2
12 + 2 ⋅ 2 2 + 32 + 2 ⋅ 42 + 52 + 2 ⋅ 62 + …
!1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n =   
  2   If B - 2 A = 100λ, then λ is equal to
27 225 × 256 [JEE Main 2018]
= × = 27 × 225
64 4 (a) 232 (b) 248 (c) 464 (d) 496
⇒ S = 27 × 225 = 225 k [given]
Exp. (b)
⇒ k = 27
We have,
34. Let a1 , a 2 , a 3, …, a 49 be in AP such that 12 + 2 ⋅ 2 2 + 32 + 2 ⋅ 42 + 52 + 2 ⋅ 62 + …
12
A = sum of first 20 terms
∑a 4k + 1 = 416 and a 9 + a 43 = 66. If B = sum of first 40 terms
k=0
∴ A = 12 + 2 ⋅ 2 2 + 32 + 2 ⋅ 42 + 52
a12 + a 22 2
+ … + a17 = 140 m, then m is equal to
+ 2 ⋅ 62 + … + 2 ⋅ 202
[JEE Main 2018]
A = (12 + 2 2 + 32 + … + 202 ) + (2 2 + 42
(a) 66 (b) 68
+ 62 + … + 202 )
(c) 34 (d) 33 2 2 2 2
A = (1 + 2 + 3 + … + 20 )
Exp. (c) + 4 (12 + 2 2 + 32 + … +102 )
We have, a1, a2 , a3 , … a49 are in AP. 20 × 21 × 41 4 × 10 × 11 × 21
A= +
12 6 6
∑ a4 k + 1 = 416 and a9 + a43 = 66 A=
20 × 21
(41 + 22 ) =
20 × 41 × 63
k =0
6 6
104 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Similarly ⇒ a 2 + 16 d 2
+ 8ad = a2 + 8ad + ad + 8 d 2

B = (12 + 2 2 + 32 + … + 402 ) ⇒ 8 d = ad 2

+ 4(12 + 2 2 +… + 202 ) ⇒ 8d = a [! d ≠ 0]
40 × 41 × 81 4 × 20 × 21 × 41 Now, common ratio,
B= +
6 6 a + 4d 8 d + 4d 12 d 4
40 × 41 40 × 41 × 123 r= = = =
B= (81 + 42 ) = a+d 8d + d 9d 3
6 6
Now, B - 2 A = 100λ
40 × 41 × 123 2 × 20 × 21 × 63 38. If the sum of the first ten terms of the series
∴ - = 100λ 2 2 2 2
6 6  3  2  1 2  4
40 1  + 2  +  3  + 4 +  4  + " , is
⇒ (5043 - 1323) = 100λ  5  5  5  5
6
40 16
⇒ × 3720 = 100λ m, then m is equal to
6 5 [JEE Main 2016 (Offline)]
⇒ 40 × 620 = 100λ (a) 102 (b) 101 (c) 100 (d) 99
40 × 620
⇒ λ= = 248
100 Exp. (b)
Let S10 be the sum of first ten terms of the series.
36. For any three positive real numbers a ,b and Then, we have
c, if 9 (25a 2 + b 2 ) + 25 (c 2 - 3ac ) = 15b ( 3a + c ), 3
2
2 1
2
4
2 2
S10 =  1  +  2  +  3  + 42 +  4 
then [JEE Main 2017 (Offline)]  5  5  5  5
(a) b , c and a are in GP (b) b , c and a are in AP + ... to 10 terms
2 2 2 2
(c) a , b and c are in AP (d) a , b and c are in GP 8 12 16 24
=   +   +   + 42 +  
 5  5  5  5
Exp. (c)
+ ... to 10 terms
We have, 1
225a2 + 9b 2 + 25c 2 - 75ac - 45ab - 15bc = 0 = (82 + 12 2 + 162 + 202 + 242
52
⇒ (15a)2 + (3b )2 + (5c )2 - (15a)(5c ) - (15a)(3b ) + ... to 10 terms)
- (3b )(5c ) = 0 42
= (2 2 + 32 + 42 + 52 + ... to 10 terms)
⇒
1
[(15a - 3b )2 + (3b - 5c )2 + (5c - 15a)2 ] = 0 52
2 42
⇒ 15a = 3b, 3b = 5c and 5c = 15a = (2 2 + 32 + 42 + 52 + ... + 112 )
52
∴ 15a = 3b = 5c 16 2
a b c = ((1 + 2 2 + ... + 112 ) - 12 )
⇒ = = = λ (say) 25
1 5 3 16  11 ⋅ (11 + 1) (2 ⋅ 11 + 1)
=  - 1
⇒ a = λ, b = 5λ, c = 3λ 25  6 
Hence, a, b and c are in AP. 16 16
= (506 - 1) = × 505
25 25
37. If the 2nd, 5th and 9th terms of a non- 16 16
constant AP are in GP, then the common ⇒ m= × 505
5 25
ratio of this GP is [JEE Main 2016 (Offline)]
8 4 7 ⇒ m = 101
(a) (b) (c) 1 (d)
5 3 4 39. If m is the AM of two distinct real numbers l
and n(l , n > 1) and G 1, G 2 and G 3 are three
Exp. (b)
geometric means between l and n, then
Let a be the first term and d be the common
difference. Then, we have a + d , a + 4d , a + 8 d G 14 + 2G 24 + G 34 equals [JEE Main 2015]
in GP, (a) 4 l 2mn (b) 4 lm 2n
i.e. (a + 4d ) 2 = (a + d ) (a + 8 d )
(c) 4 lmn 2 (d) 4l 2m 2n 2
Sequences and Series 105

Exp. (b) 41. If (10)9 + 2 (11)1 (10)8 + 3 (11)2 (10) 7

Given, m is the AM of l and n + ... + 10 (11)9 = K (10)9, then k is equal to
∴ l + n = 2m …(i) [JEE Main 2014]
and G1, G2 , G3 are geometric means between l 121 441
(a) (b) (c) 100 (d) 110
and n 10 100
∴ l, G1, G2 , G3 , n are in GP.
Let r be the common ratio of this GP. Exp. (c)
∴ G1 = lr k ⋅ 109 = 109 + 2 (11)1 (10)8 + 3 (11)2 (10)7 + ...
G2 = lr 2 + 10 (11)9
3
G3 = lr 11 11
2
11
9

4 k = 1 + 2   + 3   + ... 10   …(i)
n = lr  10   10   10 
1 2 9
n 4  11 k = 1  11 + 2  11 + ... + 9  11
⇒ r =    
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 l
10
11
Now, G14 + 2G24 + G34 = (lr )4 + 2(lr 2 )4 + (lr 3 )4 + 10  
 10 
= l 4 × r 4 (1 + 2 r 4 + r 8 )
…(ii)
= l 4 × r 4 (r 4 + 1)2 On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get
2 2 9
n n + l 11 11  11 11
= l4 ×   k  1 -  = 1 + +   + ... +  
l l   10  10  10   10 
10
= ln × 4m2 = 4 lm2 n 11
- 10  
 10 
40. The sum of first 9 terms of the series  11 10 
3 3 3 3 3 3 1    - 1
1 1 +2 1 +2 + 3 10 - 11 
 10   11
10
+ + + ... is ⇒ k   = - 10  
1 1+ 3 1+ 3+5  10   11 - 1  10 
 
[JEE Main 2015]  10 
(a) 71 (b) 96 (c) 142 (d) 192  10 10
11 11 
⇒ - k = 10 10   - 10 - 10   
Exp. (b)   10   10  

Central Idea Write the nth term of the given ⇒ k = 100
series and simplify it to get its lowest form. Then,
apply, S n = ΣTn . 42. Three positive numbers form an increasing
Given series is GP. If the middle term in this GP is doubled,
3
1 3
1 +2 3
1 +2 + 3 3 3 3 then new numbers are in AP. Then, the
+ + + ... ∞ common ratio of the GP is [JEE Main 2014]
1 1+ 3 1+ 3 + 5
(a) 2 + 3 (b) 3 + 2
Let Tn be the nth term of the given series.
(c) 2 - 3 (d) 2 + 3
13 + 2 3 + 33 + ... + n3
∴ Tn = Exp. (d)
1 + 3 + 5 + ... + to n terms
2 Let a, ar, ar 2 are in GP (r > 1.)
 n(n + 1)
  According to the question, a, 2 ar, ar 2 in AP.
(n + 1)2
=  22  = ⇒ 4ar = a + ar 2
n 4
2
9
(n + 1)2 1 2 ⇒ r - 4r + 1 = 0
S9 = ∑ = [(2 + 32 + " + 102 ) + 12 - 12 ] 4± 16 - 4
n =1 4 4 ⇒ r= =2 ± 3
2
1  10 (10 + 1)(20 + 1)  384 ⇒ r =2 + 3
= -1 = = 96
4  6  4 [!AP is increasing]
106 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

43. The sum of first 20 terms of the sequence Also, tan- 1 x, tan- 1 y and tan- 1 z are in AP.
0.7, 0.77, 0.777,… , is [JEE Main 2013] ∴ 2 tan- 1 y = tan- 1 x + tan- 1 z
7 7
(a) (179 - 10- 20 ) (b) ( 99 - 10- 20 )  2y   x + z
81 9 ⇒ tan-1   = tan- 1 
2

7 7 1 - y   1 - xz 
(c) (179 + 10- 20 ) (d) ( 99 + 10- 20 )
81 9 x+ z x+ z
⇒ =
1 - y2 1 - xz
Exp. (c)
⇒ y2 = xz
0.7 + 0.77 + 0.777 + … + upto 20 terms
7 77 777 Since x, y and z are in AP as well as in GP.
= + + + … + upto 20 terms
10 102 103 ∴ x= y= z
1 11 111
= 7  + 2 + 3 + … + upto 20 terms 45. Statement I The sum of the series
 10 10 10 
1 + (1 + 2 + 4) + ( 4 + 6 + 9) + (9 + 12 + 16) + "
7 9 99 999
= + + + … + upto 20 terms + ( 361 + 380 + 400) is 8000.
9  10 100 1000  n
7  1  1   1  Statement II ∑ [k 3 - (k - 1)3] = n 3 , for any
=
9   1 - 10  +  1 - 102  +  1 - 103  k =1

natural number n. [AIEEE 2012]
+… + upto 20 terms]
(a) Statement I is false, Statement II is true
7
= (1 + 1+… + upto 20 terms) (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
9
Statement II is a correct explanation of
1 1 1 
-  + + +… + upto 20 terms  Statement I
 10 102 103 
(c) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
 20 Statement II is not a correct explanation of
1   1    Statement I
 1 -    
7 10   10   
= 20 -  (d) Statement I is true, Statement II is false
1 
9 1- 
10 Exp. (b)
 
  Statement I
 a(1 - r n )  S = (1) + (1 + 2 + 4) + (4 + 6 + 9) + (9 + 12 + 16)
!S n = , where 1 > r
 1- r  + " + (361 + 380 + 400)
7 1 
20  S = (0 + 0 + 1) + (1 + 2 + 4) + (4 + 6 + 9)
1 
= 20 - 1 -    + (9 + 12 + 16) + " + (361 + 380 + 400)
9 9   10  
  Now, we can clearly observe the first elements in
20 each bracket.
7  179 1  1  
=  +   
9  9 9  10   In second bracket, the first element is 1 = 12
In third bracket, the first element is 4 = 2 2
7
= (179 + 10- 20 ) In fourth bracket, the first element is 9 = 32
81 … … … … … … … … … …
In last bracket, the first element is 361 = 192
44. If x , y and z are in AP and tan - 1 x, tan - 1 y
and tan - 1 z are also in AP, then Hence, we can conclude that there are 20 brackets
[JEE Main 2013] in all.
(a) x = y = z (b) 2 x = 3y = 6z Also, in each of the brackets, there are 3 terms out
(c) 6x = 3y = 2 z (d) 6x = 4y = 3z of which the first and last terms are perfect squares
of consecutive integers and the middle term is
Exp. (a) their product.
⇒ The general term of the series is
Since, x, y and z are in AP.
Tr = (r - 1)2 + (r - 1) r + (r )2
∴ 2y = x + z
Sequences and Series 107

⇒ The sum of the n terms of the series is Since, the number of terms is 20, hence
n substituting n = 20, we get
2 2
Sn = ∑ [(r - 1) + (r - 1) r + (r ) ]
S20 = 3
20 (21)( 41)
-3
20(21)
+ 20 = 8000
r =1
6 2
n  r 3 - (r - 1)3  Whenever we are solving a question of this
Sn = ∑  Statement I, Statement II type, then we should
r = 1  r - ( r - 1) 
try our level best to exhaust every possibility that
[! a3 - b 3 = (a - b)(a2 + ab + b 2 )] Statement II cannot be used to explain
n Statement I in any way before marking (b) as the
3
⇒ Sn = ∑ [r - (r - 1)3 ] answer, otherwise we may end up finding the
r =1 wrong answer.
n Since, these kind of questions are very tricky
3
Now, let S n = ∑ [k - (k - 1)3 ] and ambiguous, that is the reason why they are
k =1 no more asked in IIT-JEE from the last 2 yr.

On substituting the value of k, we get 46. If 100 times the 100th term of an AP with
n
[k 3 - (k - 1)3 ] non-zero common difference equal to the
Sn = ∑ 50 times its 50th term, then the 150th term of
k =1
this AP is [AIEEE 2012]
= (13 - 03 ) + (2 3 - 13 )
(a) –150
+ (33 - 2 3 ) + "+ [n3 - (n - 1)3 ] (b) 150 times its 50th term
On rearranging the terms, we get (c) 150
(d) zero
S n = - 03 + (13 - 13 ) + (2 3 - 2 3 ) + (33 - 33 )

+ " + [(n - 1)3 - (n - 1)3 ] + n3 Exp. (d)

Given 100 times the 100th term of an AP
⇒ S n = n3 = 50 times its 50th term.
Since, the number of terms is 20, hence To find The 150th term of the same AP.
substituting n = 20, we get Let a be the first term and d (d ≠ 0) be the common
S 20 = 8000 difference of the given AP, then
Hence, Statement I is correct. T100 = a + (100 - 1) d = a + 99d ,
Statement II We have already proved in the T50 = a + (50 - 1) d = a + 49d ,
Statement I, that T150 = a + (150 - 1) d = a + 149d
n
3
- (k - 1)3 ] = n3 Now, according to the given data,
Sn = ∑ [k 100 × T100 = 50 × T50
k =1

Hence, Statement II is also correct and is a correct ⇒ 100(a + 99d ) = 50(a + 49d )
explanation of Statement I. ⇒ 2 (a + 99d ) = (a + 49d )
Caution If you have solved the series in Statement I, in ⇒ 2 a + 198d = a + 49d
the following way, then you may get option (b) ⇒ a + 149d = 0
as the correct answer.
∴ T150 = 0
The sum of the n terms of the series is
n
Sn = ∑ [( r - 1)
2
+ ( r - 1) r + ( r )2 ] 47. A man saves ` 200 in each of the first three
r=1 months of his service. In each of the
n
Sn = 2 subsequent months, his saving increases by
⇒ ∑ (3 r - 3 r + 1) ` 40 more than the saving of immediately
r=0
n
2
n n previous month. His total saving from the
⇒ Sn = 3 ∑r -3 ∑ r + ∑1 start of service will be ` 11040 after
r=1 r=1 r=1
(a) 19 months (b) 20 months
n( n + 1)(2 n + 1) n( n + 1)
⇒ Sn = 3 -3 + n (c) 21 months (d) 18 months
6 2 [AIEEE 2011]
108 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Exp. (c) Exp. (b)

Let the time taken to save ` 11040 be (n + 3) Number of notes that the person counts in 10 min
months. = 10 × 150 = 1500
For first three months, he saves ` 200 each month. Since, a 10 , a 11, a 12 ,.... are in AP with common
In (n + 3) months, difference -2.
n Let n be the time taken to count remaining
3 × 200 + {2 (240) + (n - 1) × 40} = 11040
2 3000 notes, then
n n
⇒ 600 + {40 (12 + n - 1)} = 11040 [2 × 148 + (n - 1) × -2 ] = 3000
2 2
⇒ 600 + 20n (n + 11) = 11040 ⇒ n2 - 149 n + 3000 = 0
⇒ 30 + n2 + 11 n = 552 ⇒ (n - 24)(n - 125) = 0
⇒ n2 + 11n - 522 = 0 ∴ n = 24, 125
2
⇒ n + 29n - 18n - 522 = 0 Then, the total time taken by the person to count all
⇒ n (n + 29) - 18 (n + 29) = 0 notes
= 10 + 24
⇒ (n - 18) (n + 29) = 0
= 34 min
∴ n = 18, n = - 29, neglecting
[neglecting n = 125 because for this value of n,
∴ Total time = (n + 3) = 21months
a 125 will be negative, which is not possible as
currency notes cannot be negative]
48. Let an be the nth term of an AP. If
100 100 50. The sum to the infinity of the series
∑ a 2r = α and ∑ a 2r - 1 = β, then the
1+
2 6 10 14
+ + + +… is
r =1 r =1
3 32 33 34 [AIEEE 2009]
common difference of the AP is [AIEEE 2011]
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 2
α -β
(a) (b) α - β
200 Exp. (a)
α -β 2 6 10 14
(c) (d) β - α Let S = 1+ + + 3 + 4 +…
100 3 32 3 3
2 6 10 14
⇒ S - 1= + 2 + 3 + 4 + … …(i)
Exp. (c) 3 3 3 3
Given, a2 + a 4 + a 6 + " + a 200 = α …(i) S -1 2 6 10 14
⇒ = 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 +… …(ii)
and a 1 + a 3 + a 5 + " + a 199 = β …(ii) 3 3 3 3 3
On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get
(a 2 - a 1 ) + (a 4 - a 3 ) + (a 6 - a 5 ) 2 2 4 4 4
(S - 1) = + 2 + 3 + 4 + …
+ " + (a 200 - a 199 ) = α - β 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2
⇒ d + d + d + " + 100 times = (α - β ) ⇒ S - 1= 1+ + 2 + 3 + …
3 3 3
⇒ 100 d = (α - β ) 2
α -β
∴ d= ⇒ S = 2 + 3 = 2 + 1= 3
100 1
1-
3
49. A person is to count 4500 currency notes. Let
an denotes the number of notes he counts in 51. The first two terms of a geometric
the nth min. If a1 = a 2 = .... = a10 = 150 and progression add upto 12. The sum of the
a 10 , a 11 ,... are in AP with common difference third and the fourth terms is 48. If the terms
– 2, then the time taken by him to count all of the geometric progression are alternately
notes is [AIEEE 2010] positive and negative, then the first term is
(a) 24 min (b) 34 min (a) 4 (b) - 4 [AIEEE 2008]
(c) 125 min (d) 135 min (c) –12 (d) 12
Sequences and Series 109

Exp. (c) ⇒ ( p + q )2 = 1 + 2 pq
Since, a + ar = a(1 + r ) = 12 … (i) ⇒ ( p + q )2 ≤ 1 + 1 [from Eq. (i)]
and ar 2 + ar 3 = ar 2 (1 + r ) = 48 … (ii) ⇒ p+ q ≤ 2
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 1 1 1
r 2 = 4 ⇒ r = -2
54. The sum of the series - + - ... upto
2 ! 3! 4!
[since, the series is alternately sign, so infinity is [AIEEE 2007]
we take negative values] (a) e -2 (b) e -1
On putting the value of r in Eq. (i), we get 1 1
-
(c) e 2 (d) e 2
a = - 12

52. In a geometric progression consisting of Exp. (b)

positive terms, each term equals the sum of 1 1 1
- + -"
the next two terms. Then, the common ratio 2 ! 3! 4!
of this progression is equal to [AIEEE 2007] 1 1 1
= 1- 1+ - + - ... = e -1
1 1 2 ! 3! 4!
(a) (1 - 5 ) (b) 5
2 2
1 55. Let a1 , a 2 , a 3 ,... be terms of an AP.
(c) 5 (d) ( 5 - 1 )
2 a1 + a 2 + ... + ap p2 a6
If = 2
, p ≠ q , then is
Exp. (d) a1 + a 2 + ... + aq q a 21

Since, each term is equal to the sum of two equal to [AIEEE 2006]
preceding terms. 7 2
(a) (b)
∴ ar n - 1 = ar n + ar n + 1 2 7
11 41
1 (c) (d)
⇒ = 1+ r 41 11
r
⇒ r2 + r - 1 = 0 Exp. (c)
5 -1  - 5 - 1 Given that,
∴ r=
2 ! r ≠ 2  a1 + a 2 + . . . + a p p2
  =
a1 + a 2 + . . . + aq q2
53. If p and q are positive real numbers such p
[2 a 1 + ( p - 1)d ]
that p 2 + q 2 = 1, then the maximum value of 2 p2
∴ = 2
(p + q ) is [AIEEE 2007] q
[2 a 1 + (q - 1)d ] q
1 2
(a) 2 (b)
2 where, d is a common difference of an AP.
1 (2 a 1 - d ) + pd
(c) (d) 2 p
2 ⇒ =
(2 a 1 - d ) + qd q
Exp. (d) ⇒ (2 a 1 - d )( p - q ) = 0
d
Applying AM-GM inequality in the positive real ∴ a1 =
numbers p2 and q 2 , 2
a6 a + 5d
p2 + q 2 Now, = 1
≥ p2q 2 = pq [! AM ≥ GM] a 21 a 1 + 20d
2
d
1 + 5d
⇒ pq ≤ [! p2 + q 2 = 1] …(i) 11
2 = 2 =
d
+ 20d 41
Now, ( p + q )2 = p2 + q 2 + 2 pq 2
110 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

1
⇒ x = 1 + a + a2 + . . . = …(i)
56. If a1 , a 2 ,..., an are in HP, then the expression 1- a
a1a 2 + a 2a 3 + ... + an - 1an is equal to 1 1
Similarly, y = and z = …(ii)
(a) (n - 1 )(a1 - an ) (b) na 1an [AIEEE 2006] 1- b 1- c

(c) (n -1 )a1an (d) n (a1 - an ) Now, a, b and c are in AP.

⇒ - a, - b and - c are in AP.
Exp. (c) ⇒ 1 - a, 1 - b and 1 - c are also in AP.
Since, a 1, a 2 , a 3 , . . . , an are in HP. 1 1 1
⇒ , and are in HP.
1 1 1 1 1- a 1- b 1- c
∴ , , ,..., are in AP.
a1 a 2 a 3 an Hence, x, y and z are in HP.
Let d be the common difference of AP. Alternate Solution
1 1 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
∴ - =d
a 2 a1 1 1 1
x= , y= , z=
⇒ a 1 - a 2 = a 1a 2d 1- a 1- b 1- c
Similarly, a 2 - a 3 = a 2 a 3d x-1 y-1 z-1
⇒ a= , b= , c=
… … … … … x y z
… … … … … Since, a, b and c are in AP.
a n - 1 - a n = a n - 1a nd ∴ 2b = a + c
On adding all of these, we get  y - 1 x - 1 z - 1
⇒ 2  = +
 y  x z
a 1 - a n = d (a 1a 2 + a 2 a 3 + . . . + a n - 1a n ) …(i)
2 1 1
1 1 ⇒ 2- = 1- + 1-
Also, = + (n - 1)d y x z
a n a1 2 1 1
⇒ = +
a1 - an y x z
⇒ d=
a 1an (n - 1) Hence, x, y and z are in HP.
On putting the value of d in Eq. (i), we get 58. The sum of the series
a 1 - an 1 1 1
a1 - a n = (a 1a 2 + a 2 a 3 + . . . 1+ + + + ... ∞ is
a 1a n (n - 1) 4 ⋅ 2 ! 16 ⋅ 4! 64 ⋅ 6!
+ a n - 1a n ) [AIEEE 2005]
⇒ a 1a 2 + a 2 a 3 + . . . + a n - 1a n = a 1a n (n - 1) e +1 e -1
(a) (b)
2 e 2 e
∞ ∞ ∞
e +1 e -1
57. If x = ∑ a n , y = ∑ b n , z = ∑ cn , where a , b (c)
e
(d)
e
n =0 n =0 n =0

and c are in AP and |a | < 1,|b | < 1,|c | < 1, then Exp. (a)
x , y and z are in [AIEEE 2005] We know that,
(a) HP e x + e- x x2 x4 x6
= 1+ + + + ...
(b) Arithmetic geometric progression 2 2! 4! 6!
(c) AP 1
On putting x = both sides, we get
(d) GP 2
2 4
Exp. (a) e1/ 2 + e -1/ 2  1 1 +  1 1
= 1+     + ...
2  2  2! 2 4!
Given that,
∞
n
∞
n
∞
n e+1 1 1 1
⇒ = 1+ + + + ... ∞
x= ∑a , y= ∑b , z= ∑c 2 e 4 ⋅ 2 ! 16 ⋅ 4! 64 ⋅ 6!
n=0 n=0 n=0
Sequences and Series 111

1 1 1
59. Let Tr be the rth term of an AP whose first 61. The sum of the series + + + ... is
2 ! 4! 6!
term is a and common difference is d. If for
[AIEEE 2004]
1
some positive integers m , n , m ≠ n , Tm = , (e 2 - 1 ) (e -1 )2
n (a) (b)
1 2 2e
and Tn = , then a - d is the equal to (e 2 - 1 ) (e 2 - 2 )
m (c) (d)
2e e
(a) 0 (b) 1 [AIEEE 2004]
1 1 1 Exp. (b)
(c) (d) +
mn m n
We know that,
Exp. (a) 1 1 1 1
e = 1+ + + + + ... ∞ …(i)
1! 2! 3! 4!
1
Given that, Tm = 1 1 1 1
n and e -1 = 1- + - + - ... ∞ …(ii)
1! 2! 3! 4!
1
⇒ a + (m - 1)d = …(i)
n On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
1 2 2
and Tn = e + e -1 = 2 + + + ... ∞
m 2 ! 4!
2
1 e +1 2 2
⇒ a + (n - 1)d = …(ii) ⇒ -2 = + + ... ∞
m e 2 ! 4!
e2 + 1 - 2e 1 1
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get ⇒ = 2  + + . . . ∞ 
1 e  2 ! 4! 
a=d =
mn (e - 1)2 1 1
⇒ = + + ... ∞
∴ a-d = 0 2e 2 ! 4!

60. The sum of the first n terms of the series 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2 2
62. The sum of the series - + - ...
1 + 2 ⋅ 2 + 3 + 2 ⋅ 4 + 5 + 2 ⋅ 6 + ... is 1 ⋅2 2 ⋅ 3 3 ⋅ 4
n (n + 1)2 upto ∞ is equal to [AIEEE 2003]
, when n is even. When n is odd, the
2 (a) 2 loge 2
sum is [AIEEE 2004] (b) loge 2 - 1
3n(n + 1 ) n 2 (n + 1 ) (c) loge 2
(a) (b)
2 2 4
n(n + 1 )2 n(n + 1 ) 
2 (d) loge  
(c) (d)  e 
4  2 

Exp. (d)
Exp. (b)
1 1 1
Now, - + - ...
Given that, the sum of n terms of given series is 1⋅ 2 2 ⋅ 3 3 ⋅ 4
n(n + 1)2 1 1 1 1 1
2
, if n is even. =  1 -  -  -  +  -  - . . .
 2   2 3  3 4
Let n be odd i.e, n = 2 m + 1 1 1 1
= 1- 2⋅ + 2⋅ - 2⋅ + …
Then, S 2 m + 1 = S 2 m + (2 m + 1)th term 2 3 4
(n - 1)n2 1 1 1
=
! n = 2 m + 1 
+ nth term  = 2  1 - + - + . . . - 1

  2 3 4 
2  ⇒ 2 m = n - 1
= 2 log (1 + 1) - 1
(n - 1)n2 n - 1+ 2
= + n2 = n2  
2  2  = log 2 2 - log e
(n + 1)n2 4
= = loge
2 e
112 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

1
63. If 1, log 3 ( 31 - x + 2 ), log 3 ( 4 ⋅ 3 x - 1) are in 1
1⋅
= 2 +
AP. Then, x is equal to [AIEEE 2002] 1  1
2
1- 1 -
(a) log 3 4 (b) 1 - log 3 4 2  
 2
(c) 1 - log 4 3 (d) log 4 3 =2 + 2 = 4
1
Exp. (b) ∴ S = 24
( 4)
=2
x
Since, 1, log 3 31 - + 2 , log 3 (4 ⋅ 3 x - 1) are in
AP. 65. 5th term of a GP is 2, then the product of its 9
∴ 2 log 3 (31 - x + 2 )1/ 2 = log 3 3 + log 3 (4 ⋅ 3 x - 1)
terms is [AIEEE 2002]
x
(a) 256 (b) 512
⇒ log 3 (31 - + 2 ) = log 3 3(4 ⋅ 3 x - 1) (c) 1024 (d) None of these
x
⇒ 31 - + 2 = 12 ⋅ 3 x - 3
3
Exp. (b)
∴ + 2 = 12 t - 3 [let 3 x = t ]
t Since, 5th term of a GP = 2
⇒ 12 t 2 - 5t - 3 = 0 ∴ ar 4 = 2 …(i)

⇒ (3t + 1)(4t - 3) = 0 where, a and r are the first term and common ratio
1 3 of a GP.
⇒ t =- ,
3 4 Now, required product
3 = a × ar × ar 2 × ar 3 × ar 4 × ar 5 × ar 6 × ar 7 × ar 8
⇒ 3x =
4 = a9 r 36 = (ar 4 )9
[since, 3 x cannot be negative]
= 2 9 = 512 [from Eq. (i)]
3
⇒ log 3   = x
 4 ∞
(log e x )n
66. ∑ is equal to
∴ x = 1 - log 3 4 n =0 n! [AIEEE 2002]
1/4 1/8 1/16 (a) loge x (b) x
64. The value of 2 ⋅4 ⋅8 ... ∞ is [AIEEE 2002]
(c) log x e (d) None of these
(a) 1 (b) 2
3 Exp. (b)
(c) (d) 4
2 ∞
(loge x)n loge x (loge x)2
∑ n!
= 1+
1!
+
2!
+ ...
Exp. (b) n=0
x
Let S = 21/ 4 ⋅ 41/ 8 ⋅ 81/ 16 . . . = elog e = x

=2 1/ 4
⋅2 2/ 8
⋅2 3 / 16
... 1 ( x - 1 )3 ( x - 1 )4
( x - 1) - ( x - 1 )2 + - +...
1  2 3  1
67. e 2 3 4 is equal
1 + 2 + 2 + . . .  ( S1 )
to [AIEEE 2002]
= 24  2 
= 24
(a) log ( x -1 ) (b) log x
2 3
where, S1 = 1 + + + ... ∞ (c) x (d) None of these
2 22
It is an infinite arithmetic geometric progression. Exp. (c)
a d⋅r 1 1
( x - 1) 2 + ( x - 1) 3 - . . .
∴ S1 = + ( x - 1) -
1 - r (1 - r )2 e 2 3
x - 1) x
= elog ( 1 + = elog = x
8
Limits, Continuity
and Differentiability
sin 2 x (a) S 1 = { -2 } ; S 2 = {01,}
1. lim equals (b) S 1 = { -2 , 0} ; S 2 = {1}
xÆ 0 2 - 1 + cos x
(c) S 1 = { -2 ,1} ; S 2 = {0}
[JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-I]
(d) S 1 = { -1} ; S 2 = {0, 2 }
(a) 4 2 (b) 2
(c) 2 2 (d) 4 Exp. (c)
Exp. (a) Given function is
2 f( x) = 9 x4 + 12 x3 - 36 x2 + 25 = y (let)
sin x  0 form
Given limit is lim dy
xÆ 0 2 - 1 + cos x  0  For maxima or minima put =0
dx
sin2 x !1 + cos x = 2 cos 2 x  dy
= lim ⇒ = 36 x3 + 36 x2 - 72 x = 0
xÆ 0 x  2  dx
2 - 2 cos
2 ⇒ x3 + x2 - 2 x = 0
sin2 x sin2 x
= lim = lim ⇒ x[ x2 + x - 2 ] = 0
x x
2  1 - cos  2 × 2 sin2  
xÆ 0 xÆ 0
2
 ⇒ x[ x + 2 x - x - 2 ] = 0
2  4
!1 - cos x = 2 sin2 x  ⇒ x[ x( x + 2 ) - 1( x + 2 )] = 0
 2 4  ⇒ x( x - 1)( x + 2 ) = 0
x2 ⇒ x = - 2, 0, 1
= lim 2
[ lim sin x = lim x] By sign method, we have following
xÆ 0 x xÆ 0 xÆ 0
2 2   – + – +
 4
–2 0 1
16
= =4 2 dy
2 2 Since, changes it’s sign from negative to
dx
positive at x = ‘-2 ’ and ‘1’, so x = - 2, 1 are points
2. If S1 and S 2 are respectively the sets of local of local minima. Also,
dy
changes it’s sign from
minimum and local maximum points of the dx
function, f ( x ) = 9x 4 + 12 x 3 - 36x 2 + 25, x ∈R , positive to negative at x = 0, so x = 0 is point of
local maxima.
then [JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-I] ∴ S1 = {-2, 1} and S 2 = {0}.
114 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

2
  3 cos x + sin x    π 4. Let f :[0, 2] Æ R be a twice differentiable
3. If 2 y = cot -1    , x ∈ 0 , 
  cos x - 3 sin x    2 function such that f ′ ′ ( x ) > 0, for all x ∈(0,2 ).
dy If φ( x ) = f ( x ) + f (2 - x ) , then φ is
then is equal to [JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-I]
dx
[JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-I] (a) increasing on (0, 1) and decreasing on (1, 2)
π π π π (b) decreasing on (0, 2)
(a) -x (b) x - (c) -x (d) 2 x -
6 6 3 3 (c) decreasing on (0, 1) and increasing on (1, 2)
(d) increasing on (0, 2)
Exp. (b)
Exp. (c)
Given expression is
2 Given, φ( x) = f( x) + f(2 - x), ∀ x ∈ (0, 2 )
  3 cos x + sin x  
2 y =  cot -1   ⇒ φ′( x) = f ′( x) - f ′(2 - x) …(i)
  cos x - 3 sin x   Also, we have f ′ ′( x) > 0 ∀ x ∈ (0, 2 )
2
  3 cot x + 1  ⇒ f ′( x)is a strictly increasing function
=  cot -1   ∀ x ∈ (0, 2 ).
  cot x - 3  
Now, for φ( x) to be increasing,
[dividing each term of numerator and φ′( x) ≥ 0
denominator by sin x]
2
⇒ f ′( x) - f ′(2 - x) ≥ 0 [using Eq. (i)]
  cot π cot x + 1  ⇒ f ′( x) ≥ f ′(2 - x) ⇒ x > 2 - x
  
-1
=  cot  6 !cot π = 3 [!f′ is a strictly increasing function]

 π
 cot x - cot    6 
⇒ 2x> 2
  6 
2
⇒ x>1
  π 
=  cot -1  cot  - x   Thus, φ( x) is increasing on (1, 2).
  6  Similarly, for φ( x) to be decreasing,
 cot A cot B + 1 φ′( x) ≤ 0
!cot( A - B) = cot B - cot A  ⇒ f ′( x) - f ′(2 - x) ≤ 0 [using Eq. (i)]
 
 2 ⇒ f ′( x) ≤ f ′(2 - x)
 π - x , 0< x<
π
   ⇒ x<2 - x
 6  6
= 2 [!f′ is a strictly increasing function]
 π π  π π
+  - x  , < x< ⇒ 2x< 2
 6  6 2
⇒ x<1
  π + θ, - π < θ < 0  Thus, φ( x) is decreasing on (0, 1).
!cot -1(cot θ) = 
 θ, 0< θ< π 
 
 θ - π, π < θ < 2 π 
  5. If f (1) = 1, f ′ (1) = 3, then the derivative of
π 
2
π f ( f ( f ( x ))) + ( f ( x ))2 at x = 1 is
  - x , 0 < x < [JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-II]
6  6
⇒ 2y =  2
  7 π - x , π < x < π (a) 12 (b) 9
 6 
 6 2 (c) 15 (d) 33

 2  π - x (-1), 0 < x < π Exp. (d)

 
dy   6  6
⇒2 = Let y = f(f(f( x))) + (f( x))2
dx 2  7 π - x (-1), π < x < π
  On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
  6  6 2
dy
π
 x - , 0< x< π = f ′(f(f( x))) ⋅ f ′(f( x)) ⋅ f ′( x) + 2 f( x)f ′( x)
dy  dx
⇒ = 6 6
dx  x - 7 π , π < x < π [by chain rule]
 6 6 2 dy
So, = f ′ ( f ( f (1))) ⋅ f ′ ( f (1)) ⋅ f ′ (1) + 2 f (1)f ′ (1)
dx at x =1
Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 115

dy Exp. (b)
∴ = f ′(f(1)) ⋅ f ′(1) ⋅ (3) + 2(1)(3)
dx x = 1
Key Idea
[!f(1) = 1 and f′(1) = 3]
(i) Use formula of volume of cylinder, V = πr 2 h
= f ′(1) ⋅ (3) ⋅ (3) + 6
where, r = radius and h = height
= (3 × 9) + 6
(ii) For maximum or minimum, put first
= 27 + 6 = 33
derivative of V equal to zero
6. Let f :[ -1, 3] Æ R be defined as Let a sphere of radius 3, which inscribed a right
| x | + [ x ], -1 ≤ x < 1 circular cylinder having radius r and height is h, so
 h
f ( x ) =  x + | x |, 1 ≤ x < 2 From the figure, = 3cosθ
2
 x + [ x ], 2 ≤ x ≤ 3 ,
 ⇒ h = 6cosθ
where, [t ] denotes the greatest integer less and r = 3sinθ …(i)
than or equal to t . Then, f is discontinuous r
at [JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-II]
(a) four or more points
(b) only two points
(c) only three points
(d) only one point
h
Exp. (c) θ 3
h/2
Given function f : [-1, 3] Æ R is defined as
| x| + [ x], -1 ≤ x < 1 r

f( x) =  x + | x|, 1 ≤ x < 2
 x + [ x ], 2 ≤ x ≤ 3 ! Volume of cylinder V = πr 2 h

= π(3sinθ)2 (6cos θ) = 54 π sin2 θcos θ .
- x - 1, -1 ≤ x < 0
 x, 0≤ x< 1 dV
 For maxima or minima, =0
=  2 x, 1≤ x < 2 dθ
 x + 2, 2 ≤ x < 3 ⇒ 54 π[2 sinθcos 2 θ - sin3 θ] = 0

 6, x=3 ⇒ sinθ[2 cos 2 θ - sin2 θ] = 0
 π 
[!if n ≤ x < n + 1, ∀ n ∈ Integer, [ x] = n] ⇒ tan2 θ = 2 !θ ∈  0, 
  2  
! lim f( x) = - 1 ≠ f(0) [! f(0) = 0]
xÆ 0 - ⇒ tanθ = 2
! lim f( x) = 1 ≠ f(1) [! f(1) = 2] 2 1
xÆ1-
⇒ sinθ = and cosθ = …(ii)
3 3
! lim f( x) = 4 = f(2 ) = lim f( x) = 4 [! f(2 ) = 4] From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
xÆ 2 - xÆ 2 +
1
and lim f( x) = 5 ≠ f(3) [! f(3) = 6] h=6 =2 3
xÆ 3 -
3
∴ Function f( x) is discontinuous at points 0, 1
and 3. 8. Let f : R Æ R be a differentiable function
satisfying f ′ ( 3) + f ′ (2 ) = 0. Then
7. The height of a right circular cylinder of 1
maximum volume inscribed in a sphere of  1 + f ( 3 + x ) - f ( 3) x
lim   is equal to
radius 3 is [JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-II] x Æ 0  1 + f (2 - x ) - f (2 )
(a) 6 (b) 2 3 [JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-II]
2 (a) e (b) e -1
(c) 3 (d) 3
3
(c) e 2 (d) 1
116 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Exp. (d) π π
10. If the function f defined on  ,  by
1   6 3
 1 + f ( 3 + x) - f(3) x
Let l = lim   [1∞ form]  2 cos x - 1 π
xÆ 0  1 + f(2 - x) - f(2 ) 
 cot x - 1 , x ≠ 4
lim
1 1 + f( 3 + x ) - f( 3 )  f (x ) =  is continuous,
1 - 
xÆ 0 x  1 + f( 2 - x ) - f( 2 )   π
⇒ l =e k, x=
 1 + f( 2 - x ) - f( 2 ) - 1 - f( 3 + x ) + f( 3 ) 
 4
lim
xÆ 0  x( 1 + f( 2 - x ) - f( 2 )) 
 then k is equal to [JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-I]
=e
1 1
 f( 2 - x ) - f( 3 + x ) + f( 3 ) - f( 2 )  (a) (b) 2 (c) 1 (d)
lim
xÆ 0  x( 1 + f( 2 - x ) - f( 2 ))  2 2

=e
On applying L’Hopital rule, we get Exp. (a)
lim
 - f ′( 2 - x ) - f ′( 3 + x )  Given function is
xÆ 0  1 - xf ′( 2 - x ) + f( 2 - x ) - f( 2 ) 
l =e  2 cos x - 1 π
 ,x≠
On applying limit, we get f( x) =  cot x - 1 4
 - f ′( 2 ) - f ′( 3 )   π
  k , x=
l =e  1 - 0 + f( 2 ) - f( 2 ) 
= e0 = 1  4
1 !Function f( x) is continuous, so it is continuous at
 1 + f ( 3 + x) - f(3) x π
So, lim   =1 x= .
xÆ 0  1 + f(2 - x) - f(2 )  4
π
∴ f   = lim f ( x)
 4  xÆ π
9. If f ( x ) is a non-zero polynomial of degree 4
four, having local extreme points at lim 2 cos x - 1
x = - 1, 0, 1, then the set ⇒ k = xÆ π
4 cot x - 1
S = { x ∈ R : f ( x ) = f (0)} contains exactly
[JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-I]
π
Put x = + h,
(a) four rational numbers 4
π
(b) two irrational and two rational numbers when x Æ , then h Æ 0
(c) four irrational numbers 4
π
(d) two irrational and one rational number 2 cos  + h - 1
lim 4 
k=
Exp. (d) hÆ 0  π 
cot  + h - 1
The non-zero four degree polynomial f( x) has 4 
extremum points at x = -1, 0,1, so we can  1 1
2 cos h - sin h - 1
assume f ′( x) = a( x + 1)( x - 0) ( x - 1) = ax( x2 - 1) lim  2 2 
=
where, a is non-zero constant. hÆ 0 cot h - 1
-1
f ′( x) = ax3 - ax cot h + 1
a a 
⇒ f ( x) = x 4 - x 2 + C ! cos ( x + y) = cos x cos y - sin x sin y and
4 2 
[integrating both sides] cot x cot y - 1
cot ( x + y) =
where, C is constant of integration. cot y + cot x 
Now, since f( x) = f(0) lim cos h - sin h - 1
=
a 4 a 2 x4 x2 hÆ 0 -2
⇒ x - x +C =C ⇒ =
4 2 4 2 1 + cot h
⇒ x2 ( x2 - 2 ) = 0 ⇒ x = - 2 , 0, 2 lim  (1 - cos h) + sin h 
= (sin h + cos h)
Thus, f( x) = f(0) has one rational and two irrational h Æ 0  2 sin h 
roots.
Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 117

 2h h h  = 15 - | 5 - | x - 10||
lim  2 sin 2 + 2 sin 2 cos 2 
= (sin h + cos h ) 15 - | 5 - ( x - 10)| , x ≥ 10
hÆ 0  4 sin
h
cos
h  =

 2 2

 15 - | 5 + ( x - 10)| , x < 10
 h h  15 - | 15 - x| , x ≥ 10
lim  sin 2 + cos 2  =
= × (sin h + cos h)  15 - | x - 5| , x < 10
h Æ 0  2 cos h 
   15 + ( x - 5) = 10 + x , x< 5
 2   15 - ( x - 5) = 20 - x , 5 ≤ x < 10
1 
⇒ k= =
2  15 + ( x - 15) = x , 10 ≤ x < 15
15 - ( x - 15) = 30 - x , x ≥ 15
11. If the tangent to the curve, y = x 3 + ax - b at
From the above definition it is clear that g ( x) is not
the point (1, - 5) is perpendicular to the line,
differentiable at x = 5, 10, 15.
- x + y + 4 = 0, then which one of the
following points lies on the curve ? 13. Let S be the set of all values of x for which the
[JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-I] tangent to the curve y = f ( x ) = x 3 - x 2 - 2 x
(a) ( -2 , 2 ) (b) ( 2 , - 2 )
at( x , y ) is parallel to the line segment joining
(c) ( -2 ,1) (d) ( 2 , - 1)
the points (1, f (1)) and ( -1, f ( -1)), then S is
Exp. (b) equal to [JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-I]
1 1
Given curve is y = x3 + ax - b …(i) (a)  , - 1 (b)  ,1
passes through point P(1, - 5). 3  3 
 1  1
∴ - 5 = 1 + a - b ⇒b - a = 6 …(ii) (c) - ,1 (d) - , - 1
 3   3 
and slope of tangent at point P(1, - 5) to the curve
(i), is
Exp. (c)
dy
m1 = = [3 x2 + a]( 1, - 5 ) = a + 3 Given curve is y = f( x) = x3 - x2 - 2 x ...(i)
dx ( 1, - 5 )
So, f(1) = 1 - 1 - 2 = -2
! The tangent having slope m1 = a + 3 at point
P(1, - 5) is perpendicular to line - x + y + 4 = 0 , and f(-1) = -1 - 1 + 2 = 0
whose slope is m2 = 1. Since, slope of a line passing through ( x1, y1 ) and
∴ a + 3 = -1 ⇒a = -4 [! m1m2 = -1] ( x2 , y2 ) is given by
y - y1
Now, on substituting a = -4in Eq. (ii), we get b = 2 m = tanθ = 2
x2 - x1
On putting a = -2 and b = 2 in Eq. (i), we get
y = x3 - 4 x - 2 ∴Slope of line joining points (1, f(1)) and (-1, f(-1))
is
Now, from option (2, - 2 ) is the required point f(1) - f(-1) -2 - 0
which lie on it. m= = = -1
1 - (-1) 1+ 1
12. Let f ( x ) = 15 - x - 10 ; x ∈ R. Then, the set of Now,
dy
= 3 x2 - 2 x - 2
all values of x , at which the function, dx
g ( x ) = f ( f ( x )) is not differentiable, is [differentiating Eq. (i), w.r.t. ‘x’]
According to the question,
[JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-I]
dy
(a) { 5,10,15, 20} (b) { 5,10,15} =m
dx
(c) {10} (d) {10,15} ⇒ 3 x 2 - 2 x - 2 = -1
Exp. (b) ⇒ 3 x2 - 2 x - 1 = 0
⇒ ( x - 1) (3 x + 1) = 0
Given function is f( x) = 15 - | x - 10|, x ∈ R 1
⇒ x = 1,-
and g ( x) = f(f( x)) 3
= f(15 -| x - 10|)  1 
Therefore, set S = - , 1.
= 15 - | 15 - | x - 10| - 10|  3 
118 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Now, at h = 10 m, the rate at which height of water

14. A water tank has the shape of an inverted dh 4 1
right circular cone, whose semi-vertical level is rising = = × 5= m/min
dt h = 10 π(10)2 5π
 1
angle is tan -1   . Water is poured into it at a
2 dy  x
15. If cos x - y sin x = 6x , 0 < x <  and
constant rate of dx  2
5 cu m/min. Then, the rate (in m/min) at  π π
 
y  = 0, then y   is equal to
which the level of water is rising at the  3  6
instant when the depth of water in the tank [JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-II]
is 10 m is [JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-II] π2
π2 π2 π2
2 1 1 1 (a) (b) - (c) - (d) -
(a) (b) (c) (d) 2 3 2 3 4 3 2
π 5π 15π 10π
Exp. (b)
Exp. (b)
Key Idea
Key Idea Use formula :
(i) First convert the given differential equation
1
Volume of cone = πr 2 h, where r = radius into linear differential equation of the form
3 dy
+ Py = Q
and h = height of the cone. dx
Given, semi-vertical angle of right circular cone (ii) Find IF
1 (iii) Apply formula, y(IF) = ∫ Q (IF )dx + C
= tan-1  
2
1 Given differential equation
Let α = tan-1   dy
2 cos x - (sin x)y = 6 x
dx
1
⇒ tanα = dy 6x
2 ⇒ - (tan x)y = , which is the
dx cos x
r 1 r
⇒ = [from fig. tanα = ] linear differential equation of the form
h 2 h dy
1 + Px = Q,
⇒ r= h …(i) dx
2 6x
where P = - tan x and Q =
r cos x
- tan xdx
So, IF = e ∫ = e - log(sec x ) = cos x
∴Required solution of differential equation is
l h cos x
y(cos x) = ∫ (6 x) dx + C
α cos x
x2
=6 + C = 3 x2 + C
2
1 2 π
!Volume of cone is (V ) = πr h Given, y  = 0
3  3
2 2
1 1  1 π π2
∴ V= π  h (h)= πh3 [from Eq. (i)] So, 0 = 3   + C ⇒C = -
3 2  12  3 3
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. ‘t’, we get 2 π2
∴ y(cos x) = 3 x -
dV 1 dh 3
= π(3h2 ) Now, at x =
π
dt 12 dt 6
dh 4 dV  3 π2 π2 π2
⇒ = y  =3 - =-
dt πh2 dt  2  36 3 4
dh 4 dV π2
⇒ = ×5 [! given = 5m 3 /min] ⇒ y=-
dt πh2 dt 2 3
Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 119

x lim f( x) = lim [a| π - (5 - h)| + 1] = a(5 - π ) + 1

16. If f ( x ) = [ x ] -   , x ∈R where[ x ] denotes the xÆ 5 - hÆ 0
…(ii)
 4
and lim f( x) = lim[b| (5 + h) - π| + 3]
greatest integer function, then xÆ 5 + hÆ 0
= b(5 - π ) + 3 …(iii)
[JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-II]
!Function f( x) is continuous at x = 5.
(a) lim f ( x ) exists but lim f ( x ) does not exist
xÆ 4+ xÆ 4- ∴ f(5) = lim f( x) = lim f( x)
xÆ 5 + xÆ 5 -
(b) f is continuous at x = 4 ⇒ a(5 - π ) + 1 = b(5 - π ) + 3
(c) Both lim f ( x ) and lim f ( x ) exist but are ⇒ (a - b )(5 - π ) = 2
xÆ 4- xÆ 4+
2
not equal ⇒ a-b=
5- π
(d) lim f ( x ) exists but lim f ( x ) does not exist
xÆ 4- xÆ 4+
18. Let f ( x ) = e x - x and g ( x ) = x 2 - x , ∀ x ∈R.
Exp. (b) Then, the set of all x ∈R , where the function
x
h( x ) = ( fog )( x ) is increasing, is
Given function f( x) = [ x] -  , x ∈ R [JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-I]
 4 
1 -1 1

Now, lim f( x) = lim  [4 + h] - 
4 + h (a) 0,  ∪ [1, ∞ ) (b)  -1,  ∪  , ∞ 
xÆ 4 + hÆ 0   4    2    
2  2 
 -1 
(c) [0, ∞ ) (d) , 0 ∪ [1, ∞ )
[!put x = 4 + h, when x Æ 4+ , then h Æ 0]  2 
= lim(4 - 1) = 3
hÆ 0
 4 - h
Exp. (a)
and lim f( x) = lim  [4 - h] - 
xÆ 4 - hÆ 0   4   The given functions are
- f( x) = e x - x,
[! put x = 4 - h, when x Æ 4 then h Æ 0]
and g ( x) = x2 - x, ∀ x ∈ R
= lim(3 - 0) = 3
hÆ 0
4 Then, h( x) = (fog )( x) = f(g ( x))
and f(4) = [4] -   = 4 - 1 = 3 Now, h′( x) = f ′(g ( x)) ⋅ g ′( x)
 4 
= (e g( x ) - 1) ⋅ (2 x - 1)
! lim f( x) = f(4) = lim f( x) = 3
xÆ 4 - xÆ 4 + 2
= (e( x - x)
- 1) (2 x - 1)
So, function f( x) is continuous at x = 4. x( x - 1)
= (e - 1) (2 x - 1)
a | π - x | + 1 , x ≤ 5 !It is given that h( x) is an increasing function, so
17. If the function f ( x ) =  is h′( x) ≥ 0
b | x - π |+3, x > 5
⇒ (e x( x - 1) - 1)(2 x - 1) ≥ 0
continuous at x = 5, then the value ofa - b is
Case I (2 x - 1) ≥ 0 and (e x( x - 1) - 1) ≥ 0
[JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-II]
1
-2 2 ⇒ x ≥ and x( x - 1) ≥ 0
(a) (b) 2
π+ 5 π+ 5
2 2 ⇒ x ∈ [1 / 2, ∞ ) and x∈(- ∞, 0] ∪ [1, ∞ ), so x∈ [1, ∞ )
(c) (d) Case II (2 x - 1) ≤ 0 and [e x( x - 1) - 1] ≤ 0
π-5 5- π
1
⇒ x ≤ and x( x - 1) ≤ 0
Exp. (d) 2
Given function 1
⇒ x ∈  -∞,  and x ∈[0, 1]
 a| π - x| + 1, x ≤ 5  2 
f ( x) = 
b| x - π| + 3, x > 5 1
So, x ∈  0, 
 2 
and it is also given that f( x)is continuous at x = 5.
1
Clearly, f(5) = a(5 - π ) + 1 …(i) From, the above cases, x ∈  0,  ∪ [1, ∞ ).
 2 
120 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

x4 - 1 x3 - k 3  sin (p + 1) x + sin x
19. If lim = lim 2 , then k is  ,x<0
xÆ1 x -1 xÆk x -k2
 x
[JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-I] 21. If f ( x ) =  q, x =0
4 3 
(a) (b) x + x2 - x x>0
3 8  3/2
,
3 8  x
(c) (d)
2 3 is continuous at x = 0 , then the ordered pair
(p , q ) is equal to [JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-I]
Exp. (d) 3 1 1 3
(a)  - , -  (b)  - , 
x4 - 1 x3 - k 3  2 2  2 2
Given, lim = lim 2
xÆ 1 x - 1 x Æ k x - k2 5 1 3 1
(c)  ,  (d)  - , 
( x - 1)( x + 1)( x2 + 1)  2 2  2 2
⇒ lim
xÆ 1 x-1
Exp. (d)
( x - k )( x2 + k 2 + xk )
= lim Given function
xÆ k ( x - k )( x + k )
sin( p + 1)x + sin x
3k 2  , x< 0
⇒ 2 ×2 =  x
2k f ( x) =  q , x =0
8 
⇒ k= 2
x+x - x
3  , x> 0
 x3 / 2
20. Let f : R Æ R be differentiable at c ∈R and is continuous at x =`0, then
f (c ) = 0. If g ( x ) = | f ( x )|, then at x = c , g is f(0) = lim f( x) = lim f( x) …(i)
xÆ 0 - xÆ 0 +
[JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-I] sin( p + 1)x + sin x
(a) not differentiable lim f( x) = lim
xÆ 0 - xÆ 0 - x
(b) differentiable if f ′(c ) ≠ 0 sin(ax)
= p + 1 + 1 = p + 2 ! lim = a
(c) not differentiable if f ′(c ) = 0  xÆ 0 x 
(d) differentiable if f ′(c ) = 0
x + x2 - x
and lim f( x) = lim
Exp. (d) xÆ 0 + xÆ 0 +x3 / 2
1/ 2
Given function, g ( x) = |f( x)| x[(1 + x) - 1]
= lim
xÆ 0 + x x
where f : R Æ R be differentiable at c ∈ R and
f(c ) = 0, then for function ‘g’ at x = c  11  
  - 1 
g ′(c ) = lim
g (c + h) - g(c )
[where h > 0]  1 + 1 x + 2  2  x2 + .... - 1
hÆ 0 h  2 2! 
 
|f(c + h)| - | f(c )|  
= lim = lim
xÆ 0 + x
hÆ 0 h
|f(c + h)| [!(1+ x)n
= lim [as f(c ) = 0(given)] n(n - 1) 2 n(n - 1(n - 2 )) 3
hÆ 0 h = 1 + nx + x + x + ...,| x|< 1]
f(c + h) - f(c ) 1⋅ 2 1⋅ 2 ⋅ 3
= lim [!h > 0]  11  
hÆ 0 h   - 1 
 1 2 2  1
f(c + h) - f(c ) = lim + x + ... =
= lim xÆ 0 +  2 2!  2
hÆ 0 h  
 
= f ′(c ) [!f is differentiable at x = c] From Eq. (i), we get
Now, if f ′(c ) = 0, then g ( x) is differentiable at x = c, 1 1 3
f(0) = q = and lim f( x) = p + 2 = ⇒ p = -
otherwise LHD (at x = c) and RHD 2 xÆ 0 - 2 2
(at x = c ) is different. 3 1
So, ( p, q ) =  - , 
 2 2
Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 121

x On putting the value of ‘a’ from Eq. (ii) in

22. If the tangent to the curve y = , x ∈R , Eq. (i), we get
x2 - 3
x2 - (1 + b ) x + b
( x ≠ ± 3 ), at a point (α , β ) ≠ (0, 0) on it is lim =5
xÆ 1 x-1
parallel to the line 2 x + 6y - 11 = 0, then
( x2 - x) - b( x - 1)
[JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-II] ⇒ lim =5
xÆ 1 x-1
(a) | 6α + 2β | = 19 (b) | 6α + 2β | = 9
( x - 1) ( x - b )
(c) | 2α + 6β | = 19 (d) | 2α + 6β | = 11 ⇒ lim =5
xÆ 1 x-1
Exp. (a) ⇒ lim ( x - b) = 5
xÆ 1
Equation of given curve is
x ⇒ 1- b = 5 ⇒ b = - 4 …(iii)
y= 2 , x ∈ R, ( x ≠ ± 3) …(i)
x -3 On putting value of ‘b’ from Eq. (iii) to Eq. (ii), we
get
On differentiating Eq. (i) w.r.t. x, we get
a=-3
dy ( x2 - 3) - x(2 x) (- x2 - 3)
= = 2 So, a+ b= -7
dx ( x2 - 3)2 ( x - 3)2
It is given that tangent at a point (α, β ) ≠ (0, 0) on it 24. Let f ( x ) = log e (sin x ), (0 < x < π ) and
is parallel to the line -1 - x
g ( x ) = sin (e ), ( x ≥ 0). If α is a positive real
2 x + 6 y - 11 = 0. number such that a = ( fog )′ (α ) and
2 dy b = ( fog )(α ), then
∴ Slope of this line = - =
6 dx ( α, β ) [JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-II]
2
α + 3 1 (a) aα 2 - bα - a = 0
⇒ - =-
(α 2 - 3)2 3 (b) aα 2 - bα - a = 1
⇒ 3α 2 + 9 = α 4 - 6α 2 + 9 (c) aα 2 + bα - a = - 2α 2
⇒ 4 2
α - 9 α = 0 ⇒ α = 0, - 3, 3 (d) aα 2 + bα + a = 0
⇒ α = 3or - 3, [!α ≠ 0]
Exp. (b)
Now, from Eq. (i),
α Given functions, f( x) = loge (sin x), (0 < x < π ) and
β= 2 g ( x) = sin- 1(e - x ), x ≥ 0.
α -3
Now, fog ( x) = f(g( x)) = f(sin- 1(e - x ))
3 -3 1 1
⇒ β= or = or -
9-3 9-3 2 2 = loge (sin(sin- 1(e - x )))
According to the options,| 6α + 2 β | = 19 = loge (e - x ) {!sin(sin- 1 x) = x, if x ∈ [- 1, 1}
]
1
at (α, β ) =  ± 3, ±  =- x …(i)
 2 d
and (fog )′( x) = (- x) = - 1 …(ii)
dx
x 2 - ax + b
23. If lim = 5, then a + b is equal to According to the question,
xÆ1 x -1 ! a = (fog )′(α ) = - 1 [from Eq. (ii)]
[JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-II]
and b = (fog ) (α ) = - (α ) [from Eq. (i)]
(a) - 4 (b) 1 (c) - 7 (d) 5
for a positive real value ‘α’.
Exp. (c) Since, the value of a = - 1and b = - α, satisfy the
x2 - ax + b quadratic equation (from the given options)
It is given that lim =5 …(i) aα 2 - bα - a = 1.
xÆ 1 x-1
Since, limit exist and equal to 5 and denominator
is zero at x = 1, so numerator x2 - ax + b should
25. A spherical iron ball of radius 10 cm is
coated with a layer of ice of uniform
be zero at x = 1,
thickness that melts at a rate of 50 cm 3/min.
So 1- a + b = 0 ⇒ a = 1+ b …(ii)
When the thickness of the ice is 5 cm, then
122 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

2
the rate at which the thickness (in cm/min) d2y dy d 2 y dy dy
ey + e y   + x 2 + + = 0 …(iv)
of the ice decreases, is dx 2  dx  dx dx dx
[JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-II]
Now, on putting x = 0 in Eq. (i), we get
1 1
(a) (b) e y = e1 ⇒ y = 1
9π 18 π
1 5 On putting x = 0, y = 1in Eq. (iii), we get
(c) (d) dy 1 1
36 π 6π =- =-
dx e+ 0 e
Exp. (b) dy 1
Now, on putting x = 0, y = 1and = - in
dx e
Let the thickness of layer of ice is x cm, the volume
Eq. (iv), we get
of spherical ball (only ice layer) is 2
d2y 1  d 2 y 1 1
4
V = π[(10 + x)3 - 103 ] …(i) e1 2 + e1  -  + 0 2  +  -  +  -  = 0
3 dx  e  dx   e   e 
On differentiating Eq. (i) w.r.t. ‘t’, we get d2y 1
⇒ =
dV 4 dx dx2 e2
= π(3(10 + x)2 ) = - 50 [given] ( 0, 1)
dt 3 dt
 dy d 2 y  1 1
[- ve sign indicate that volume is So,  , 2  at (0, 1) is  - , 2  .
decreasing as time passes].  dx dx   e e 
dx
⇒ 4 π(10 + x)2 = - 50
dt 27. Let f : R Æ R be a continuously differentiable
At x = 5 cm
1
dx . If
function such that f (2 ) = 6 and f ′ (2 ) =
[4 π(10 + 5)2 ] = - 50 48
dt f(x) 3
⇒
dx
=-
50
=-
1
=-
1
cm / min ∫ 4t dt = ( x - 2 )g ( x ), then lim g (x ) is
6 xÆ 2
dt 225(4 π ) 9(2 π ) 18 π
equal to [JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-I]
So, the thickness of the ice decreases at the rate
1 (a) 18 (b) 24 (c) 12 (d) 36
of cm / min.
18π
Exp. (a)
 dy d 2y  f( x )
26. y
If e + xy = e, the ordered pair  , 2  at Given ∫ 4t 3dt = ( x - 2 ) g ( x)
6
 dx dx  f( x )
∫ 4t 3 dt
x = 0 is equal to [JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-I] ⇒ g ( x) = 6 [provided x ≠ 2]
1 1 1 1 ( x - 2)
(a)  , - 2  (b)  - , 2 
e e   e e  f( x )
∫6 4t 3dt
1 1 1 1
(c)  , 2  (d)  - , - 2  So, lim g ( x) = lim
e e   e e 
xÆ 2 xÆ 2 x-2
! 0 form as x Æ 2 ⇒ f(2 ) = 6
Exp. (b)  0 
Key Idea Differentiating the given equation 4(f( x))3 f ′( x)
lim g ( x) = lim
twice w.r.t. ‘x’. xÆ 2 xÆ 2 1
Given equation is ! d φ 2( x )
f(t ) dt = f(φ2 ( x)), φ2′ ( x) - f(φ1( x)) ⋅ φ1′ ( x)
 dx ∫φ 1 ( x) 
e y + xy = e …(i)
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get On applying limit, we get
dy dy 1
ey + x + y=0 …(ii) lim g ( x) = 4(f(2 ))3 f ′(2 ) = 4 × (6)3 ,
dx dx xÆ 2 48
 y  ! f(2 ) = 6 and f ′(2 ) = 1 
dy
⇒ =- y  …(iii)  48 
dx  e + x
4 × 216
= = 18
Again differentiating Eq. (ii) w.r.t. ‘x’, we get 48
Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 123

28. If α and β are the roots of the equation Exp. (b)

375x 2 - 25x - 2 = 0, then Given function,
n n f( x) = x kx - x2 … (i)
lim
nÆ∞
∑αr + lim nÆ∞
∑βr is equal to the function f( x) is defined if
r =1 r =1
kx - x2 ≥ 0
[JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-I]
21 29 ⇒ x2 - kx ≤ 0
(a) (b)
346 358 ⇒ x ∈[0, k ] … (ii)
1 7
(c) (d) because it is given that f( x)is increasing in interval
12 116 x ∈[0, 3], so k should be positive.
Now, on differentiating the function f( x) w.r.t. x, we
Exp. (c)
get
Given α and β are roots of quadratic equation x
f ′( x) = kx - x2 + × ( k - 2 x)
375 x2 - 25 x - 2 = 0 2 kx - x2
25 1
∴ α+β= = … (i) 2(kx - x2 ) + kx - 2 x2
375 15 =
2 2 kx - x2
and αβ = - … (ii)
375 3kx - 4 x2
n n =
r r
Now, lim ∑α + lim ∑β 2 kx - x2
nÆ ∞ nÆ ∞
r =1 r =1
as f( x) is increasing in interval x ∈[0, 3], so
= (α + α 2 + α 3 + " + upto infinite terms)+ f ′( x) ≥ 0 ∀ x ∈ (0, 3)
(β + β 2 + β 3 + " + upto infinite terms) ⇒ 3kx - 4 x2 ≥ 0
α β  a  ⇒ 4 x2 - 3kx ≤ 0
= +
1- α 1- β !S ∞ = 1 - r for GP 3k 
  ⇒ 4 x  x - ≤0
α(1 - β) + β(1 - α ) α - αβ + β - αβ  4
= = 3k
(1 - α ) (1 - β ) 1 - α - β + αβ ⇒ x ∈  0,  (as k is positive)
 4 
(α + β ) - 2αβ
= 3k
1 - (α + β ) + αβ So, 3≤
4
1 -2
On substituting the value α + β = and αβ = ⇒ k≥ 4
15 375
⇒ Minimum value of k = m = 4
from Eqs. (i) and (ii) respectively, we get
1 4 and the maximum value of f in [0, 3] is f(3).
+
15 375 !f is increasing function in interval x ∈[0, 3]
=
1 2 !M = f(3) = 3 4 × 3 - 32 = 3 3
1- -
15 375
Therefore, ordered pair (m, M ) = (4, 3 3 )
29 29 1
= = = Hence, option (b) is correct.
375 - 25 - 2 348 12
 sin x - cos x 
30. The derivative of tan -1   , with
29. If m is the minimum value of k for which the  sin x + cos x 
function f ( x ) = x kx - x 2 is increasing in the x   π
respect to , where  x ∈ 0,   is
interval [0, 3] and M is the maximum value of 2   2 
f in the interval [0, 3] when k = m , then the [JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-II]
ordered pair (m , M ) is equal to 2
(a) 1 (b)
[JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-I] 3
(a) ( 4, 3 2 ) (b) ( 4, 3 3 ) 1
(c) (d) 2
(c) ( 3, 3 3 ) (d) ( 5, 3 6 ) 2
124 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Exp. (d) = lim ( x2 + 2 sin x + 1 + sin2 x - x + 1)

xÆ 0
 sin x - cos x 
Let f( x) = tan-1   x + 2 sin x
× lim
 sin x + cos x  x2 - sin2 x + 2 sin x + x
xÆ 0

 tan x - 1 x + 2 sin x  0 form

= tan-1   = 2 × lim 2
 tan x + 1 x Æ 0 x - sin2 x + 2 sin x + x  0 
[dividing numerator and Now applying the L′ Hopital’s rule, we get
π 
denominator by cos x > 0, x ∈  0,  P = 2 × lim
1 + 2 cos x
 2   x Æ 0 2 x - sin 2 x +2 cos x + 1

 π  (1 + 2 )
 tan x - tan  =2 [on applying limit]
= tan-1  4  0-0+2 +1
 1 +  tan π  (tan x) 3
    =2 × =2
  4  3
 π  x + 2 sin x
= tan-1 tan x -  ⇒ lim =2
  4   xÆ 0
x2 + 2 sin x + 1 - sin2 x - x + 1
 tan A - tan B 
! 1 + tan A tan B = tan ( A - B)
  32. If 20C 1 + (2 2 ) 20C 2 + ( 32 ) 20C 3 + .....
 π
Since, it is given that x ∈  0,  , so + (202 )20C 20 = A (2β ) , then the ordered pair
 2
( A , β) is equal to [JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-II]
π π π
x - ∈  - ,  (a) (420, 19) (b) (420, 18)
4  4 4 (c) (380, 18) (d) (380, 19)
π π π
Also, for  x -  ∈  - ,  ,
 4  4 4 Exp. (b)
 π  π We know,
Then, f( x) = tan-1  tan  x -   = x -
  4 4 (1 + x)n = nC 0 + nC1 x + nC 2 x2 + ... + nC n xn
 π π 
! tan-1 tanθ = θ, for θ ∈  - ,  On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
  2 2  
n(1 + x)n - 1 = nC1 + 2 nC 2 x + ... + n nC n xn - 1
x
Now, derivative of f( x) w.r.t. is
2 On multiplying both sides by x, we get
d (f( x)) df( x) d  π n x(1 + x)n - 1 = nC1 x + 2 n C 2 x2 + ... + nnC n xn
=2 =2 × x-  =2
d( x / 2 ) d ( x) dx  4 Again on differentiating both sides w.r.t. x,
we get
x + 2 sin x
31. lim is n [(1 + x)n - 1 + (n - 1) x (1 + x)n - 2 ]
xÆ 0
x + 2 sin x + 1 - sin 2 x - x + 1
2
= nC1 + 2 2 nC 2 x + ... + n2 nC n xn - 1
[JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-II]
Now putting x = 1in both sides, we get
(a) 6 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 1
n
C1 + (2 2 ) nC 2 + (32 ) nC 3 + ... + (n2 ) nC n
Exp. (b)
x + 2 sin x = n(2 n - 1 + (n - 1) 2 n - 2 )
Let P = lim
xÆ 0
x2 + 2 sin x + 1 - sin2 x - x + 1 For n = 20, we get
20
C1 + (2 2 ) 20
C 2 + (32 ) 20
C 3 + ... + (20)2 20
C 20
 0 form
 0  19 18
= 20(2 + (19) 2 )
On rationalization, we get = 20 (2 + 19) 218 = 420 (218 )
( x + 2 sin x)
P = lim 2
x Æ 0 x + 2 sin x + 1 - sin2 x + x - 1 = A(2 B ) (given)

( x2 + 2 sin x + 1 + sin2 x - x + 1) On comparing, we get

( A, B) = (420, 18)
Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 125

Clearly, for f( x) to be continuous, it has to be

33. Let f ( x ) = 5 - | x - 2 | and g ( x ) = | x + 1|, x ∈R . If continuous at x = 1, x = 3 and x = 5
f ( x ) attains maximum value at α and g ( x ) [!In rest portion it is continuous everywhere]
attains minimum value of β, then ∴ lim (a + bx) = a + b = 5 …(i)
( x - 1)( x 2 - 5x + 6) x Æ 1+
[! lim f( x) = lim f( x) = f(1)]
lim is equal to xÆ1- xÆ1 +
x Æ - αβ x 2 - 6x + 8
lim (b + 5 x) = b + 25 = 30 …(ii)
[JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-II] x Æ 5-
(a) 1/2 (b) - 3 / 2 [! lim f( x) = lim f( x) = f(5)]
x Æ 5- xÆ 5+
(c) -1 / 2 (d) 3/2
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get b = 5and a = 0
Exp. (a) Now, let us check the continuity of f( x) at x = 3.
Given functions are f( x) = 5 - | x - 2| Here, lim (a + bx) = a + 3b = 15
and g ( x) = | x + 1|, where x ∈ R. x Æ 3-

Clearly, maximum of f( x) occurred at x =2, so and lim (b + 5 x) = b + 15 = 20

xÆ 3+
α = 2.
Hence, for a = 0 and b = 5, f( x)is not continuous at
and minimum of g ( x) occurred at x = - 1, so
x=3
β = - 1.
∴ f( x) cannot be continuous for any values of a
⇒ αβ = - 2
and b.
( x - 1) ( x2 - 5 x + 6)
Now, lim
x Æ - αβ x2 - 6 x + 8 35. The maximum volume (in cum) of the right
( x - 1) ( x - 3) ( x - 2 ) circular cone having slant height 3m is
= lim [!αβ = - 2]
xÆ 2 ( x - 4) ( x -2 ) [JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-I]
( x - 1) ( x - 3) 4
= lim (a) π (b) 2 3π (c) 3 3π (d) 6π
xÆ 2 ( x - 4) 3
(2 - 1) (2 - 3) 1 × (- 1) 1
= = = Exp. (b)
(2 - 4) (- 2 ) 2
Let h = height of the cone,
r = radius of circular base
34. Let f :R Æ R be a function defined as
 5, if x ≤1 = (3)2 - h2 [!l 2 = h2 + r 2 ]
 a + bx, if 1 < x < 3 = 9 - h2 …(i)

f (x) = 
b + 5 x , if 3 ≤ x < 5
 30, if x≥5
Then, f is [JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-I]
3

h
l=

(a) continuous if a = - 5 and b =10

(b) continuous if a = 5 and b = 5
(c) continuous if a =0 and b = 5 r
(d) not continuous for any values of a and b
1 2
Now, volume (V ) of cone = πr h
Exp. (d) 3
1
Key Idea A function is said to be continuous ⇒ π(9 - h2 )h
V(h) = [from Eq. (i)]
if it is continuous at each point of the domain . 3
1
= π[9h - h3 ] …(ii)
 5 if x≤1 3
 a + bx if 1 < x < 3 For maximum volume V ′(h) = 0 and V ′′(h) < 0.

We have, f( x) = 
b + 5 x if 3 ≤ x < 5 Here, V ′(h) = 0 ⇒(9 - 3h2 ) = 0
 30 if x≥ 5 ⇒ h= 3 [!h </ 0]
126 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

1 1
and V ′′(h) = π(-6h) < 0for h = 3 (a) exists and equals
3 4 2
(b) does not exist
Thus, volume is maximum when h = 3 1
Now, maximum volume (c) exists and equals
2 2
1 1
V( 3 ) = π(9 3 - 3 3 ) [from Eq. (ii)] (d) exists and equals
3 2 2 ( 2 + 1)
= 2 3π
Exp. (a)
36. If θ denotes the acute angle between the
2 2
curves, y = 10 - x and y = 2 + x at a point of 1+ 1 + y4 - 2
Clearly, lim
their intersection, then |tan θ| is equal to yÆ 0 y4
[JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-I]
7 8 4 8 1+ 1 + y4 - 2 1+ 1 + y4 + 2
(a) (b) (c) (d) = lim 4
×
yÆ 0 y 4
17 15 9 17 1+ 1+ y + 2

Exp. (b) [rationalising the numerator]

(1 + 1 + y4 ) - 2
Key Idea Angle between two curves is the = lim
yÆ 0
angle between the tangents to the curves at y4 ( 1 + 1 + y4 + 2)
the point of intersection.
[!(a + b ) (a - b ) = a2 - b 2 ]
Given equation of curves are
y = 10 - x2 …(i) 1 + y4 - 1 1 + y4 + 1
= lim ×
and y = 2 + x2 …(ii) yÆ 0
y4 ( 1 + 1 + y4 + 2) 1 + y4 + 1
For point of intersection, consider [again, rationalising the numerator]
10 - x2 = 2 + x2 y4
= lim
⇒ 2 x2 = 8 yÆ 0
y4 ( 1 + 1 + y4 + 2 )( 1 + y4 + 1)
⇒ x2 = 4
1
⇒ x=±2 =
2 2 ×2
Clearly, when x = 2 , then y = 6 (using Eq. (i)) and
when x = - 2, then y = 6 (by cancelling y4 and then by direct substitution).
Thus, the point of intersection are (2, 6) and 1
=
(-2, 6). 4 2
Let m1 be the slope of tangent to the curve (i) and
m2 be the slope of tangent to the curve (ii) 38. Let f be a differentiable function from R to R
dy dy 3
For curve (i) = -2 x and for curve (ii) = 2x
dx dx such that | f ( x ) - f ( y )| ≤ 2 | x - y | 2 , for all
∴ At (2, 6), slopes m1 = - 4 and m2 = 4, and in that 1
case x , y ∈R . If f (0) = 1, then ∫ f 2( x ) dx is equal to
m - m1 4+ 4 8 0
|tanθ| = 2 = =
1 + m1m2 1 - 16 15 [JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-II]
1
At (-2, 6), slopes m1 = 4 and m2 = - 4 and in that (a) 2 (b) (c) 1 (d) 0
case 2
m - m1 -4 - 4 8 Exp. (c)
|tanθ| = 2 = =
1 + m1m2 1 - 16 15 3
Given,| f( x) - f( y)| ≤ 2 | x - y|2 , ∀ x, y ∈ R
1+ 1+ y4 - 2 1
37. lim | f( x) - f( y)|
4 ⇒ ≤ 2 | x - y|2
yÆ 0 y | x - y|
[JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-I]
(dividing both sides by| x - y| )
Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 127

Put x = x + h and y = x, where h is very close to We have, x = 3tan t and y = 3 sec t

zero. dy d
(3sec t )
1 dy dt dt
f( x + h) - f( x) Clearly, = =
⇒ lim ≤ lim 2 | ( x + h) - x|2 dx dx d
hÆ 0 ( x + h) - x hÆ 0 (3 tant )
dt dt
1
f( x + h) - f( x) 3 sec t tant tant
⇒ lim ≤ lim 2 | h|2 = = = sin t
hÆ 0 h hÆ 0 3 sec 2 t sec t

⇒ lim
f( x + h) - f( x)
≤0 d2y d  dy  d  dy  dt
and =   =  ⋅
hÆ 0 h dx2 dx  dx  dt  dx  dx
[substituting limit directly on right hand d  dy  d
  (sin t )
side and using lim | f( x)| = lim f( x) ] dt  dx  dt
xÆ a xÆ a = =
dx d
(3 tan t )
⇒| f ′( x)| ≤ 0 ! lim f( x + h) - f( x) = f ′( x) dt dt
 
 hÆ 0 h  cos t cos 3 t
= =
⇒| f ′( x)| = 0 (!| f ′( x)| can not be less than zero) 3sec t2
3
⇒ f ′( x) = 0 [!| x| = 0 ⇔ x = 0] 3 π
cos
⇒ f( x) is a constant function. d2y  π 4 = 1 1
Now,  at t =  = =
Since, f(0) = 1, therefore f( x) is always equal dx2  4 3 3(2 2 ) 6 2
to 1.
 2
41. Let f ( x ) = max { | x |, x }, |x |≤ 2
1 1
Now, ∫0 (f( x))2 dx = ∫ dx
0
 8 - 2 | x |, 2 < |x |≤ 4
= [ x]10 = (1 - 0) = 1
LetS be the set of points in the interval( -4, 4)
at which f is not differentiable. Then, S
39. For each x ∈R , let [ x ] be the greatest integer
[JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-I]
less than or equal to x. Then, (a) equals {-2 , - 1, 0,1, 2 } (b) equals {-2 , 2}
x ([ x ] + | x |) sin[ x ] (c) is an empty set (d) equals {-2 ,-1,1, 2}
lim is equal to
xÆ 0 - |x |
[9 Jan 2019, Shift II] Exp. (a)
(a) 0 (b) sin1 (c) - sin1 (d)1 Key Idea
This type of problem can be solved graphically
Exp. (c)
x([ x] + | x|) sin [ x] x([ x] - x) sin [ x] max{| x|, x2 }, | x| ≤ 2
lim = lim We have, f( x) = 
-
xÆ 0 | x| x Æ 0- - x  8 - 2| x|, 2 < | x| ≤ 4
(! | x| = - x, if x < 0) Let us draw the graph of y = f( x)
x(- 1 - x) sin(- 1) For|x|≤ 2 f( x) = max{| x| x2 }
= lim (! lim [ x] = - 1)
x Æ 0- - x x Æ 0-
Let us first draw the graph of y =| x| and y = x2 as
- x( x + 1) sin(- 1)
= lim = lim ( x + 1)sin(- 1) shown in the following figure.
x Æ 0- - x x Æ 0-
y=x2
= (0 + 1) sin (- 1) (by direct substitution) y=|x|
= - sin 1 [!sin(- θ) = - sinθ] 2

40. If x = 3 tant and y = 3 sect , then the value of 1

2
d y π
att = , is
2 –2 –1 0 1 2
dx 4 [JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-II] –1
1 1 1 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 6 2 3 2 2 2 –2

Exp. (b) Clearly, y =| x| and y = x2 intersect at x = - 1, 0, 1

128 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Now, the graph of y = max{| x|, x2 } for| x| ≤ 2 is Exp. (a)

4 Given,
π
(1 - | x| + sin|1 - x|) sin  [1 - x]
y=x2 2 
lim
x Æ 1+ |1 - x| [1 - x]
1
Put x = 1 + h, then
x Æ 1+ ⇒ h Æ 0+
–2 –1 1 2 π
y =|x|
(1 - | x| + sin|1 - x|) sin  [1 - x]
2 
∴ lim
x Æ 1+ |1 - x| [1 - x]
For| x| ∈ (2, 4]
π
 8 - 2 x,
f( x) = 8 - 2| x| = 
x ∈ (2, 4] (1 - |h + 1| + sin|- h|) sin  [- h]
2 
 8 + 2 x, x ∈ [- 4, - 2 ) = lim
hÆ 0+ |- h| [- h]
 !2 < | x| ≤ 4 
π
 ⇒| x| > 2 and | x| ≤ 4 (1 - (h + 1) + sin h) sin  [- h]
  2 
 –4 –2 2  = lim
4 hÆ 0+ h [- h]
 
Y (!|- h| = h and|h + 1| = h + 1as h > 0)
5 π
( - h + sin h) sin  (- 1)
4 2 
= lim
hÆ 0+ h (- 1)
3
(![ x] = - 1for - 1 < x < 0 and h Æ 0+ ⇒- h Æ 0- )
y=8+2x 2 y=8–2x
(- h + sinh)  - π 
= lim sin  
1 hÆ 0+ -h  2 
X′ X (- h + sin h) sin h - h
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3 4 5 = lim (-1) = lim
hÆ 0+ -h hÆ 0+ h
Y′  sin h   h
= lim   - lim +   = 1 - 1 = 0
hÆ 0+  h  h Æ 0  h
Hence, the graph of y = f( x) is
 sin h 
4 lim
! h Æ = 1
0+ h 
2x

y=
8+

43. A helicopter is flying along the curve given

8

1
y=

–2

by y - x 3/2 = 7,( x ≥ 0). A soldier positioned at

x

–4 –2 –1 1 2 4 1 
the point  , 7 wants to shoot down the
2 
From the graph it is clear that at x = - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2 helicopter when it is nearest to him. Then,
the curve has sharp edges and hence at these this nearest distance is
points fis not differentiable.
[JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-II]

42. For eacht ∈R, let[t ] be the greatest integer 1 7 5 1 7 1

(a) (b) (c) (d)
less than or equal tot . Then, 3 3 6 6 3 2
π  Exp. (c)
(1 - | x | + sin|1 - x |) sin  [1 - x ]
2 
lim The helicopter is nearest to the soldier, if the
x Æ 1+ |1 - x |[1 - x ] tangent to the path, y = x3 / 2 + 7, ( x ≥ 0) of
[JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-I] helicopter at point ( x, y) is perpendicular to the line
1
(a) equals 0 (b) does not exist joining ( x, y) and the position of soldier  , 7  .
(c) equals -1 (d) equals 1 2 
Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 129

4
(a) does not exist (b) exists and equals
7
(c) exists and equals 0 (d) exists and equals 4
Exp. (d)
(x, y) 3 f ( x)
Given, f ′( x) = 7 - , ( x > 0)
y=x3/2+7 4 x
dy
On putting f( x) = y and f ′( x) = , then we get
(1/2, 7) dx
!Slope of tangent at point ( x, y) is dy 3 y
=7-
dy 3 1/ 2 dx 4 x
= x = m1(let ) …(i) dy 3
dx 2 ⇒ + y=7 …(i)
1 dx 4 x
and slope of line joining ( x, y) and  , 7  is which is a linear differential equation of the form
2 
dy 3
y-7 + Py = Q, where P = and Q = 7.
m2 = …(ii) dx 4x
1
x- 3 3
2 ∫ 4 x dx log x
Now, integrating factor (IF) = e = e4
Now, m1 ⋅ m2 = -1
x 3/ 4
3  y-7  = elog = x3 / 4
⇒ x1/ 2   = -1 [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
2  x - (1/2 ) and solution of differential Eq. (i) is given by
3 1/ 2 x3 / 2 y(IF) = ∫ (Q ⋅ (IF)) dx + C
⇒ x = -1 [!y = x3 / 2 + 7]
2 1
x- yx3 / 4 = ∫ 7 x3 / 4dx + C
2
3
3 2 1 +1 7
⇒ x = -x + 3/ 4 x4
2 2 ⇒ yx =7 + C ⇒ y x3 / 4 = 4 x 4 + C
3
⇒ 3 x2 + 2 x - 1 = 0 +1
2 4
⇒ 3x + 3x - x - 1 = 0
1 ⇒ y = 4 x + C x -3 / 4
⇒ 3 x( x + 1) - 1( x + 1) = 0 ⇒ x = , - 1
3 So, y = f ( x ) = 4 x + C ⋅ x -3 / 4
1
x≥ 0 ∴ x = 1 4
f   = + C ⋅ x3 / 4
!
3 Now,
3/ 2  x x
 1
and so, y=  + 7 [! y = x3 / 2 + 7 ] 1 4
 3 ∴ lim x f   = lim x + Cx3 / 4 
xÆ 0 +  x  xÆ 0 +  x 
 1 1 3/ 2 
Thus, the nearest point is  ,   + 7 = lim (4 + Cx7/ 4 ) = 4
 3  3  xÆ 0 +
 
Now, the nearest distance 2
2 3/ 2
2 45. The tangent to the curve, y = xe x passing
 1 - 1  +  7 -  1  
- 7
=       through the point (1, e ) also passes through
 2 3   3   the point [JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-II]
2 3 4
=  1 +  1 =
1
+
1 (a)  , 2e  (b) ( 3, 6e )
    3 
 6  3 36 27
5
3+ 4 7 1 7 (c) ( 2 , 3e ) (d)  , 2e 
= = = 3 
108 108 6 3
Exp. (a)
44. Let f be a differentiable function such that
Given equation of curve is
3 f (x ) 2
f ′ (x ) = 7 - ,( x > 0) and f (1) ≠ 4. y = xe x …(i)
4 x
 1 Note that (1, e ) lie on the curve, so the point of
Then, lim x f   contact is (1, e).
xÆ 0 +  x
130 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Now, slope of tangent, at point(1e

, ), to the curve (i) is  - 1 - x2 , 1
- 1< x ≤ -
 2
dy 2 2
=  x(2 x) e x + e x  
1 1
dx ( 1,e )   ( 1, e ) 
⇒ f( x) =  -| x|, - < x≤
 2 2
= 2e + e = 3e
 2 1
Now, equation of tangent is given by  - 1- x , 2
< x<1

( y - y1 ) = m ( x - x1 )
y - e = 3e( x - 1) ⇒ y = 3ex - 2e From the figure, it is clear that function have sharp
4 1 1
On checking all the options, the option  , 2e  edges, at x = - , 0,
3  2 2
satisfy the equation of tangent. ∴ Function is not differentiable at 3 points.

46. Let f :( -1, 1) Æ R be a function defined by 47. Let [ x ] denote the greatest integer less than
f ( x ) = max { - x , - 1 - x 2 }. If K is the set of or equal to x.
all points at which f is not differentiable, tan( π sin 2 x ) + (| x | - sin( x[ x ]))2
Then, lim
then K has exactly [JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-II] xÆ 0 x2
(a) three elements (b) five elements [JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-I]
(c) two elements (d) one element (a) equals π
(b) equals π + 1
Exp. (a) (c) equals 0
Key Idea This type of questions can be solved (d) does not exist
graphically.
Exp. (d)
Given, f : (-1, 1)Æ R, such that
Key Idea
f( x) = max -| x|, - 1 - x2 
  lim f( x) exist iff lim f( x) = lim f( x)
xÆ a xÆ a+ x Æ a-
On drawing the graph, we get the follwong figure.
Y At x = 0,

y=f(x) tan( π sin2 x) + (| x| - sin( x[ x]))2

O 1 RHL = lim
–1 xÆ 0 +
x2
–1 , –1 , 1 , –1 ,
√2 √2 √2 √2 tan( π sin2 x) + ( x - sin( x ⋅ 0))2
= lim
y=–|x|
xÆ 0 +
x2

! graph of y = -| x| is  !| x| = x for x > 0 

and [ x] = 0 for 0 < x < 1
Y  
tan( π sin2 x) + x2
= lim
X xÆ 0 +
x2
 tan( π sin2 x) π sin2 x 
= lim  2
. 2
+ 1
+
xÆ 0  π sin x x 
and graph of y = - 1 - x2
tan ( π sin2 x) sin2 x
= π lim 2
. lim +1
Y xÆ 0 +
π sin x xÆ 0 +
x2
! lim tan x = 1 
X  xÆ 0 x 
= π+1  
and lim sin x
=1
 xÆ 0 x 
[! x2 + y2 = 1 represent a complete circle]
Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 131

and LHL  - 1, -2 ≤ x< 0

We have, f ( x) =  2
2
tan( π sin x) + (| x| - sin( x[ x]) 2
 x - 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
= lim
x Æ 0- x2 and g ( x) = |f( x)| + f(| x|)
tan ( π sin2 x) + (- x - sin( x (- 1))2  1, -2 ≤ x< 0
= lim Clearly, |f( x)| =  2
x Æ 0- x2 | x - 1
|, 0≤ x≤ 2
 !| x| = - x for x < 0 
 1, -2 ≤ x< 0
and [ x] = - 1 for - 1 < x < 0 
 = - ( x2 - 1), 0 ≤ x < 1
tan( π sin2 x) + ( x + sin(- x))2  x2 - 1, 1≤ x ≤ 2
= lim 
xÆ 0 -
x2
and f(| x|) = | x|2 - 1, 0 ≤ | x| ≤ 2
tan( π sin2 x) + ( x - sin x)2
= lim [!f(| x|) = - 1is not possible as| x| </ 0]
x Æ 0- x2
= x2 - 1, | x| ≤ 2 [!| x|2 = x2 ]
[!sin(- θ) = - sinθ] 2
= x - 1, - 2 ≤ x ≤ 2
 tan( π sin x) + x + sin2 x - 2 xsin x 
2 2
∴ g ( x) = |f( x)| + f(| x|)
= lim  
x Æ 0-  x2   1 + x2 - 1, -2 ≤ x< 0
 tan( π sin2 x) 
sin2 x 2 xsin x  = - ( x - 1) + x2 - 1,
2
0≤ x< 1
= lim  + 1+ - 
-
xÆ 0  x 2
x2 x2   x2 - 1 + x2 - 1, 1≤ x ≤ 2

 tan ( π sin2 x) π sin2 x
= lim  . +1  x2 , -2 ≤ x< 0
-
xÆ 0  π sin2 x x2 
= 0, 0≤ x< 1
sin2 x
sin x  2 ( x2 - 1), 1 ≤ x ≤ 2
-2
+ 
x2 x  
tan( π sin2 x) π sin2 x Now, let us draw the graph of y = g ( x), as shown in
= lim . lim + the figure.
x Æ 0- π sin2 x x Æ 0- x2
2
sin x sin x Y
1 + lim - 2 lim (2,6)
x Æ 0- 2 -
x x Æ 0 x
= π + 1+ 1- 2 = π (–2,4) y=x2 y=0
y=2 (x2 –1)
! RHL ≠ LHL
X′ X
∴ Limit does not exist. –2 –1 O 1 2
 -1 , -2 ≤ x < 0
48. Let f ( x ) =  2
 x - 1 , 0≤ x ≤ 2
and g ( x ) = | f ( x )| + f (| x |). Y′
1
Then, in the interval ( -2 , 2 ), g is [ Here, y = 2 ( x2 - 1) or x2 = ( y + 2 ) represent a
2
[JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-I] parabola with vertex (0, - 2 ) and it open upward]
(a) not differentiable at one point Note that there is a sharp edge at x = 1 only, so
(b) not differentiable at two points g ( x) is not differentiable at x = 1only.
(c) differentiable at all points
(d) not continuous 49. The maximum value of the function
f ( x ) = 3x 3 - 18x 2 + 27x - 40 on the set
Exp. (a)
S = { x ∈R : x 2 + 30 ≤ 11x } is
Key Idea [JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-I]
This type of problem can be solved graphically. (a) 122 (b) -122
(c) - 222 (d) 222
132 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Exp. (a) x d-x

51. Let f ( x ) = , x ∈R ,
-
2 2
We have, a +x b + (d - x )2 2

f( x) = 3 x3 - 18 x2 + 27 x - 40 wherea,b andd are non-zero real constants.

⇒ f ′( x) = 9 x2 - 36 x + 27 Then, [JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-II]
= 9( x2 - 4 x + 3) = 9( x - 1) ( x - 3) …(i) (a) f is an increasing function of x
(b) f ′ is not a continuous function of x
Also, we have (c) f is a decreasing function of x
S = { x ∈ R : x2 + 30 ≤ 11 x} (d) f is neither increasing nor decreasing
Clearly, x2 + 30 ≤ 11x function of x
⇒ x2 - 11x + 30 ≤ 0 Exp. (a)
⇒ ( x - 5) ( x - 6) ≤ 0 ⇒ x ∈[5, 6] We have,
So, S = [5, 6] x (d - x)
f ( x) = -
Note that f( x) is increasing in [5, 6] (a2 + x2 )1/ 2 (b 2 + (d - x)2 )1/ 2
[!f ′( x) > 0 for x ∈[5, 6] Differentiating above w.r.t. x, we get
∴f(6) is maximum, where 1 2x
(a2 + x2 )1/ 2 - x
f(6) = 3(6)3 - 18(6)2 + 27(6) - 40 = 122 2 (a2 + x2 )1/ 2
f ′ ( x) =
dy ( a2 + x 2 )
50. If x loge (loge x ) - x 2 + y 2 = 4( y > 0), then 2(d - x )( -1)
dx ( b 2 + (d - x )2 )1/ 2( -1) - (d - x )
at x = e is equal to [JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-I] 2( b 2 + (d - x )2 )1/ 2
-
e ( 2e - 1) ( b 2 + (d - x )2 )
(a) (b)
4+e2 2 4+e2 [by using quotient rule of derivative]
(1 + 2e ) (1 + 2e ) a2 + x 2 - x 2 b 2 + (d - x)2 - (d - x)2
(c) (d) = 2 2 3/ 2
+
4+e2 2 4+e2 (a + x ) (b 2 + (d - x)2 )3 / 2
a2 b2
= + > 0,
Exp. (b) 2
(a + x ) 2 3/ 2
(b + (d - x)2 )3 / 2
2

We have, xloge (loge x) - x2 + y2 = 4, which can ∀ x∈R

be written as Hence, f( x) is an increasing function of x.
y2 = 4 + x2 - xloge (loge x) … (i)
Now, differentiating Eq. (i) w.r.t. x, we get 52. Let K be the set of all real values of x, where
dy 1 1 the function
2y = 2x - x . - 1⋅loge (loge x)
dx loge x x f ( x ) = sin | x | - | x | + 2( x - π )cos| x | is not
differentiable. Then, the set K is equal to
[by using product rule of derivative]
[JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-II]
1
2x - - loge (loge x) (a) {0} (b) φ (an empty set)
 dy  loge x
⇒   = … (ii) (c) { π } (d) {0, π }
 dx  2y
Now, at x = e, y2 = 4 + e 2 - e loge (loge e ) Exp. (b)
[using Eq. (i)] We have,
= 4 + e 2 - e loge (1) = 4 + e 2 - 0 f( x) = sin| x| - | x| + 2 ( x - π ) cos| x|
- sin x + x + 2( x - π )cos x, if x < 0
= e2 + 4 f ( x) = 
 sin x - x + 2( x - π )cos x, if x ≥ 0
⇒ y = e2 + 4 [! y > 0]
[!sin(-θ) = - sinθ and cos(-θ) = cos θ]
2
∴ At x = e and y = e + 4, ∴ f ′ ( x) =
dy 2e - 1 - 0 2e - 1 - cos x + 1 + 2 cos x - 2( x - π )sin x; if x < 0
= = [using Eq. (ii)] 
dx 2 e 2 + 4 2 e 2 + 4  cos x - 1 + 2 cos x - 2( x - π ) sin x , if x > 0
Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 133

Clearly, f( x) is differentiable everywhere except (1 - tan2 x) 2 (1 + tan2 x)

= Lt ×
possibly at x = 0 xÆ
π cos x - sin x tan3 x
4
[!f ′( x) exist for x < 0 and x > 0]
Here, Rf ′(0) = lim (3cos x - 1 - 2( x - π )sin x) cos 2 x - sin2 x 2 (sec 2 x)
+
= Lt ×
xÆ 0
xÆ
π cos x - sin x
cos 2 x tan3 x
= 3 - 1- 0 = 2 4

and Lf ′(0) = lim (cos x + 1 - 2( x - π )sin x) [!1 + tan2 x = sec 2 x]

-
xÆ 0
= 1+ 1- 0 = 2 (cos x - sin x) (cos x + sin x) 2 sec 4 x
= Lt ×
! Rf ′(0) = Lf ′(0) xÆ
π (cos x - sin x) tan3 x
4
So, f( x) is differentiable at all values of x. [!(a2 - b 2 ) = (a - b) (a + b)]
⇒ K=φ
2 sec 4 x
= Lt (cos x + sin x)
x cot( 4x ) π
tan3 x
53. lim is equal to xÆ
4
x Æ 0 sin 2 x cot 2 (2 x )
[JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-II] 2 ( 2 )4  1 1 
=  +  [on applying limit]
(a) 0 (b) 1 (1)3  2 2
(c) 4 (d) 2 2 
= 4 2   =8
 2
Exp. (b)
lim
xcot 4 x 55. For x > 1, if (2 x )2y = 4e 2x - 2y , then
2 2
xÆ 0 sin x ⋅ cot 2 x dy
2
(1 + log e 2 x )2 is equal to
x 1 tan 2 x dx
= lim . [JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-I]
xÆ 0 tan 4 x sin2 x 1
2 2 x loge 2 x + loge 2 x loge 2 x - loge 2
1 4x x tan 2 x (a) (b)
= lim 2
. x x
xÆ 0 4 (tan 4 x) sin x x2
(c) x loge 2 x (d) loge 2 x
2 2
1 4 x  x   tan2 x  4
= lim   .  . Exp. (b)
xÆ 0 4 (tan 4 x)  sin x   2 x  1
Given equation is
1 4 x tan x 
= . 1 .11. ! lim = 1 = lim =1 (2 x)2 y = 4 ⋅ e 2 x - 2 y ... (i)
4 1  xÆ 0 sin x xÆ 0 x  
On applying ‘loge ’ both sides, we get
loge (2 x)2 y = loge 4 + loge e 2 x - 2 y
cot 3 x - tan x
54. lim is 2 yloge (2 x) = loge (2 )2 + (2 x - 2 y)
xÆ
π  π
4 cos  x +  [!loge nm = mloge n and loge e f( x ) = f( x)]
 4
[JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-I] ⇒ (2 loge (2 x) + 2 )y = 2 x + 2 loge (2 )
(a) 4 2 (b) 4 x + loge 2
⇒ y=
(c) 8 (d) 8 2 1 + loge (2 x)
Exp. (c) On differentiating ‘y’ w.r.t. ‘x’, we get
2
3
cot x - tan x (1 + loge (2 x))1 - ( x + loge 2 )
Given, limit = Lt dy 2x
π =
cos x + 
xÆ π/4
dx (1 + loge (2 x))2
 4
1
1 - tan4 x 1 1 + loge (2 x) - 1 - loge 2
= Lt × = x
xÆ π/4 1 3
(1 + loge (2 x))2
(cos x - sin x) tan x
2 dy  xloge (2 x) - loge 2 
!cot x = 1  So, (1 + loge (2 x))2 = 
dx  x 
 tan x 
134 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

π
56. Let S be the set of all points in ( - π , π ) at π - 2  - cos -1 x
lim 2  1
= ×
which the function, f ( x ) = min {sin x ,cos x } x Æ 1- 1- x π + 2 sin-1 x
is not differentiable. Then, S is a subset of
!sin-1 x + cos -1 x = π 
which of the following?  2 
[JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-I]
π π lim 2 cos -1 x lim 1
(a)  - , 0,  = ×
 4 4 x Æ 1- 1- x x Æ 1- π + 2 sin-1 x
π π π π lim 2 cos x -1 lim
(b)  - , - , ,  1  -1 π
 2 4 4 2 =
2 π xÆ1
-
1- x ! x Æ 1- sin x = 2 
 
3π π 3π π 
(c)  - ,- , ,  Put x = cosθ, then as x Æ 1- , therefore θ Æ 0+
 4 4 4 4
1 lim 2θ
3π π π 3π  Now, L =
(d)  - ,- , ,  2 π θÆ 0
+
1 - cos θ
 4 2 2 4 
1 lim 2θ !1 - cos θ = 2 sin2 θ 
=
Exp. (c) 2 π θÆ 0
+
θ  2 
2 sin 
Let us draw the graph of y = f( x), as shown below 2
θ
y=cos x y=sin x 2 ⋅  
1 1 2
= ⋅ 2 lim
–3π 2 π θÆ 0 + θ
–π 4 O π sin 
X 2
π π/4
–
2 1 2  lim θ 
= 2 2 = ! x Æ 0+ sinθ = 1
–1 y=min {sin x, cos x} 2 π π  

Clearly, the function f( x) = min {sin x, cos x} is not  n n n 1

- 3π π
58. lim  2 2
+ 2 2
+ 2 2
+ ... +  is
differentiable at x = and [these are point n Æ ∞ n +1 n +2 n +3 5n 
4 4
of intersection of graphs of sin x and cos x in
equal to [JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-II]
(- π, π ), on which function has sharp edges]. So, (a) tan -1 ( 3) (b) tan -1 ( 2 )
-3 π π 
S =  , , which is a subset of (c) π / 4 (d) π / 2
 4 4
 -3 π , - π , 3 π , π 
Exp. (b)
 
 4 4 4 4 Clearly,
n n n 1
lim  + 2 + 2 + ...+ 
π - 2 sin - 1 x nÆ ∞  n2 + 12 n + 22 n + 32 5n 
57. lim- is equal to
xÆ1 1- x n n n
= lim  2 + 2 +
[JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-II] nÆ ∞  n + 12 n + 2 2 n2 + 32
π 2 1 n 
(a) (b) (c) π (d) + ....+ 2 2

2 π 2π n + (2 n) 
2n n
= lim ∑ 2
Exp. (b) n Æ ∞ r =1 n + r 2
2n 1 1 2 dx
lim π - 2 sin-1 x = lim ∑ ⋅ =∫
Let L = , then 2
x Æ 1-
nÆ ∞ r =1 r n 0 1 + x2
1- x 1 +  
 n
lim π - 2 sin-1 x π + 2 sin-1 x
L= × pn
x Æ 1- 1- x π + 2 sin-1 x
 1  r p 
! nlim ∑ f  =
 n ∫ 0 f( x)dx
[on rationalization] 
Æ∞
r =1 n 
lim π - 2 sin-1 x 1 -1
= × = [tan x]20 = tan 2 -1
x Æ 1- 1- x π + 2 sin-1 x
Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 135

59. Let f be a differentiable function such that 60. The tangent to the curve y = x 2 - 5x + 5,
f (1) = 2 and f ′ ( x ) = f ( x ) for all x ∈R . If parallel to the line 2 y = 4x + 1, also passes
h( x ) = f ( f ( x )), then h ′(1) is equal to through the point
[JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-II] [JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-II]
(a) 4e 2 (b) 4e 1 7
(a)  , 
7 1
(b)  , 
(c) 2e (d) 2e 2  4 2  2 4
1 1
Exp. (b) (c)  - , 7 (d)  , - 7
 8  8 
Given that, f ′ ( x) = f ( x)
⇒
f ′ ( x)
=1
Exp. (d)
f ( x) The given curve is y = x2 - 5 x + 5 …(i)
f ′ ( x) Now, slope of tangent at any point ( x, y)
⇒ ∫ f( x) dx = ∫ 1⋅ dx on the curve is
[by integrating both sides w.r.t. x] dy
= 2x- 5 …(ii)
⇒ Put f( x) = t ⇒ f ′( x)dx = dt dx
dt [on differentiating Eq. (i) w.r.t. x]
∴ ∫ t = ∫ 1 dx !It is given that tangent is parallel to line
⇒ ln|t|= x + C ! dx = ln| x|+ C  2 y = 4x + 1
 ∫ x  So,
dy
= 2 [!slope of line 2 y = 4 x + 1 is 2]
⇒ ln|f( x)| = x + C …(i) dx
7
[!t = f( x)] ⇒ 2x- 5 = 2 ⇒ 2x = 7 ⇒ x =
! f(1) = 2 2
So, ln (2 ) = 1 + C [using Eq. (i)] 7
On putting x = in Eq. (i), we get
⇒ C = ln2 - lne [!lne = 1] 2
2 A 49 35 69 35 1
⇒ 
C = ln   [!ln A - ln B = ln  ] y= - +5= - =-
e  B 4 2 4 2 4
Now, equation of tangent to the curve (i) at point
From Eq. (i), we get
 7 ,- 1  and having slope 2, is
2  
ln|f( x)| = x + ln    2 4
e
1 7 1
2 y + = 2  x -  ⇒ y + = 2 x - 7
⇒ ln|f( x)|- ln  = x 4  2 4
e
29
ef( x) A ⇒ y = 2x- …(iii)
⇒ ln = x [!ln A - ln B = ln ] 4
2 B
On checking all the options, we get the point
e  1 , - 7  satisfy the line (iii).
⇒ f( x) = e x [!ln a = b ⇒ a = e b, a > 0]  
2 8 
 e e 
⇒ |f( x)| = 2e x -1 ! f( x) = | f( x)|
 2 2  61. The equation of a tangent to the parabola,
f( x) = 2e x -1
or -2e x -1 x 2 = 8y , which makes an angle θ with the
Now, h( x) = f(f( x)) positive direction of X -axis, is
[JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-II]
⇒ h′( x) = f ′(f( x)) ⋅ f ′( x)
(a) y = x tan θ - 2 cot θ (b) x = y cot θ + 2 tan θ
[on differentiating both sides w.r.t. ‘x’]
(c) y = x tan θ + 2 cot θ (d) x = y cot θ - 2 tan θ
⇒ h′(1) = f ′(f(1)) ⋅ f ′(1)
= f ′(2 ) ⋅ f ′(1) [!f(1) = 2 (given)] Exp. (b)
= 2e 2 -1 ⋅ 2e1-1 Given parabola is x2 = 8 y …(i)
[!f ′( x) = 2e x -1 or -2e x -1]
Now, slope of tangent at any point ( x, y) on the
= 4e parabola (i) is
136 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

dy x
= = tanθ 63. Let S = (t ∈ R : f ( x ) = | x - π |⋅ (e| x| - 1)sin| x | is
dx 4
[!tangent is making an angle θ with the positive not differentiable at t }. Then, the set S is
direction of X-axis] equal to [JEE Main 2018]
So, x = 4tanθ ⇒ 8 y = (4 tanθ)2 (a) φ (an empty set)
[on putting x = 4 tanθ in Eq. (i)] (b) {0}
⇒ y = 2 tan2 θ (c) { π }
Now, equation of required tangent is (d) {0, π }
y - 2 tan2 θ = tanθ ( x - 4 tanθ) Exp. (a)
⇒ y = x tanθ - 2 tan2 θ We have,
⇒ x = ycot θ + 2 tanθ f( x) = | x - π|(⋅ e| x| - 1)sin| x|
( x - π )(e - x - 1)sin x, x< 0
62. For each t ∈R, let [t ] be the greatest integer  x
f( x) = -( x - π )(e - 1)sin x, 0 ≤ x < π
less than or equal tot . Then,
 ( x - π )(e x - 1)sin x, x≥ π
1   2 15 
lim x  + +… +
xÆ 0 +   x   x   x  We check the differentiability at x = 0 and π.
[JEE Main 2018]
(a) is equal to 0 We have,
(b) is equal to 15 ( x - π )(e - x - 1)cos x + (e - x - 1) sin x
(c) is equal to 120 
 + ( x - π ) sin xe - x (-1), x < 0
(d) does not exist (in R)  x x
- [( x - π )(e - 1)cos x + (e - 1) sin x
f ′ ( x) = 
Exp. (c)  + ( x - π ) sin xe x ],0 < x < π
Key idea Use property of greatest integer  x x
( x - π )(e - 1)cos x + (e - 1) sin x
function [ x] = x - { x}. 
 + ( x - π ) sin xe x , x > π
We have,
 1 2 15  Clearly, lim f ′( x) = 0 = lim f ′( x)
lim x   +   + … +    xÆ 0 - xÆ 0 +
xÆ 0 +  
 x   x   x  
and lim f ′( x) = 0 = lim f ′( x)
xÆ π - xÆ π +
We know, [ x] =
x - { x}
∴ f is differentiable at x = 0 and x = π
∴  1 =
1  1
- 
 x  Hence, f is differentiable for all x.
x  x
Similarly,  n =
n  n
-  64. If the curves y 2 = 6x , 9x 2 + by 2 = 16 intersect
 x 
x  x
each other at right angles, then the value ofb is
1 1 2 2 [JEE Main 2018]
∴Given limit = lim x -   + -   + …
xÆ 0 +  x  x x  x 7 9
(a) 6 (b) (c) 4 (d)
15 15  2 2
-  
x  x 
Exp. (d)
= lim (1 + 2 + 3+ ...+15) - x
xÆ 0 + We have, y2 = 6 x
  1  2  15 
   +   + ... +   ⇒
dy
2y = 6
  x  x  x 
dx
dy 3
⇒ =
= 120 - 0 = 120 dx y
 n  3
! 0 ≤   < 1, therefore Slope of tangent at ( x1, y1 ) is m1 =
  x  y1
 
 0 ≤ x n  < x ⇒ lim x n  = 0 Also, 9 x2 + by2 = 16
     
 x xÆ 0 +  x  dy
⇒ 18 x + 2 by = 0
dx
Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 137

dy -9 x Now, area of flower-bed,

⇒ =
dx by 1 θ
A = r 2θ r r
-9 x1 2
Slope of tangent at ( x1, y1 ) is m2 =
by1 1 20 - 2 r 
⇒ A = r 2  
Since, these are intersection at right angle. 2  r 
rθ
27 x1 ⇒ A = 10r - r 2
∴ m1m2 = - 1 ⇒ =1
by12 dA
∴ = 10 - 2 r
27 x1 dr
⇒ =1 [! y12 = 6 x1] dA
6bx1 For maxima or minima, put = 0.
dr
9
⇒ b= ⇒ 10 - 2 r = 0
2
1 1 ⇒ r=5
65. Let f ( x ) = x 2 + and g ( x ) = x - ,
2 ∴
1
Amax = (5)2 
20 - 2 (5)
x x  
2 5
f (x )
x ∈R - { -1, 0, 1}. If h( x ) = , then the 1
g (x ) = × 25 × 2 = 25 sq m
2
local minimum value of h( x ) is
[JEE Main 2018] cot x - cos x
67. lim equals
(a) 3 (b) -3 x Æ π /2 ( π - 2 x )3
(c) -2 2 (d) 2 2 [JEE Main 2017 (Offline)]
1 1
(a) (b)
Exp. (d) 24 16
We have, 1 1
(c) (d)
1 1 f ( x) 8 4
f ( x) = x 2 + and g ( x) = x - ⇒ h( x) =
x2 x g ( x)
2 Exp. (b)
2  11 cot x - cos x 1 cos x(1 - sin x)
x + 2 x-  + 2 lim = lim ⋅
x =  x 3 3
∴ h( x) = xÆ π / 2 ( π - 2 x) xÆ π/2 8 π
x-
1
x-
1 sin x - x
2 
x x
 1 2 π  π 
⇒ h( x) =  x -  + cos - h 1 - sin - h
 x x-
1 1 2   2  
= lim ⋅
x hÆ 0 8 π π π
3
1  1 2 sin - h  - + h
x - > 0,  x -  + ∈ [2 2 , ∞ ) 2  2 2 
x  x 1
x- 1 sin h (1 - cos h)
x = lim
1  1 2 8 h Æ 0 cos h ⋅ h3
x - < 0,  x -  + ∈ (-∞, 2 2 ]
x  x 1 h
x- sin h 2 sin2 
x 1  2
= lim
∴Local minimum value is 2 2. 8hÆ 0 cos h ⋅ h3
h
66. If 20 m of wire is available for fencing off a sin h ⋅ sin2  
flower-bed in the form of a circular sector, 1 2
= lim
then the maximum area (in sq m) of the 4hÆ 0 h3 cos h
flower-bed is [JEE Main 2017 (Offline)] 2
 sin h 
(a) 12.5 (b) 10 (c) 25 (d) 30 1  sin h   2  1 1
= lim    h  ⋅ ⋅
4 h Æ 0  h    cos h 4
Exp. (c)  2 
Total length = 2 r + rθ = 20
1 1 1
20 - 2r = × =
⇒ θ= 4 4 16
r
138 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Since, circle touches the line y = x in first

68. The normal to the curve quadrant.
y ( x - 2 )( x - 3) = x + 6 at the point, where the 0 - (4 - r )
∴ =r ⇒ r-4=± r 2
curve intersects theY -axis passes through 2
4 4
the point [JEE Main 2017 (Offline)] ⇒ r= or
2 + 1 1- 2
1 1 1 1
(a)  - , -  (b)  ,  4
 2 2  2 2 But r≠ ! 4 < 0
 1 1 1 1 1- 2  1 - 2 
(c)  , -  (d)  , 
 2 3  2 3 4
∴ r= = 4 ( 2 - 1)
2 +1
Exp. (b)
Given curve is 70. Let p = lim+ (1 + tan 2 x )1/2x , then log p is
xÆ 0
y( x - 2 )( x - 3) = x + 6 …(i)
Put x = 0 in Eq. (i), we get equal to [JEE Main 2016 (Offline)]
y(- 2 ) (- 3) = 6 1 1
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) (d)
⇒ y=1 2 4
So, point of intersection is (0, 1).
Exp. (c)
x+ 6
Now, y= 1
( x - 2 )( x - 3) Given, p = lim (1 + tan2 x) 2 x (1∞ form)
xÆ 0+
dy 1( x - 2 )( x - 3) - ( x + 6)( x - 3 + x - 2 )
⇒ = 2
tan 2
dx ( x - 2 )2 ( x - 3)2 lim
x 1
lim
 tan x 
  1
xÆ 0+ 2x 2 xÆ 0+  x 
 dy  6 + 30 36 =e =e = e2
⇒   = = =1 1
 dx  ( 0, 1) 4×9 36 1
∴ log p = log e 2 =
∴ Equation of normal at (0, 1) is given by 2
-1
y - 1= ( x - 0) ⇒ x + y - 1 = 0
1 71. For x ∈R , f ( x ) = |log 2 - sin x| and
1 1
which passes through the point  ,  . g ( x ) = f ( f ( x )), then [JEE Main 2016 (Offline)]
2 2
(a) g is not differentiable at x = 0
(b) g ′(0) = cos(log 2 )
69. The radius of a circle having minimum area, (c) g ′(0) = - cos(log 2 )
which touches the curve y = 4 - x 2 and the (d) g is differentiable at x = 0 and
lines y = | x |, is [JEE Main 2017 (Offline)] g ′(0) = - sin (log 2 )
(a) 2 ( 2 + 1) (b) 2 ( 2 - 1)
Exp. (b)
(c) 4 ( 2 - 1) (d) 4 ( 2 + 1)
We have, f( x) = log 2 - sin x
Exp. (c) and g ( x) = f(f( x)), x ∈ R
Let the radius of circle with least area be r. Note that, for x Æ 0, log 2 > sin x
Then, coordinates of centre = (0, 4 - r ). ∴ f( x) = log 2 - sin x
Y ⇒ g ( x) = log 2 - sin (f( x))
y=|x|
= log 2 - sin (log 2 - sin x)
(0

Clearly, g ( x) is differentiable at x = 0 as sin x is

,
4–

r
r)

r
differentiable.
Now, g ′( x) = - cos (log 2 - sin x) (- cos x)
X′ = cos x ⋅ cos (log 2 - sin x)
X
O
2
y=4 – x ⇒ g ′(0) = 1 ⋅ cos (log 2 )
Y′
Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 139

 1 + sin x   π Exp. (c)

72. Consider f ( x ) = tan -1   , x ∈ 0 ,  .
 1 - sin x   2 According to given information, we have
π Perimeter of square + Perimeter of circle = 2 units
A normal to y = f ( x ) at x = also passes ⇒ 4 x + 2 πr = 2
6
through the point [JEE Main 2016 (Offline)]
1- 2x
⇒ r= ...(i)
2π π  π π
(a) (0, 0) (b)  0,  (c)  , 0 (d)  , 0
 3  6  4  Now, let A be the sum of the areas of the square
and the circle. Then,
Exp. (b) A = x 2 + πr 2

We have, f( x) = tan- 1
1 + sin x π
, x ∈  0,  (1 - 2 x) 2
= x2 + π
1 - sin x  2 π2
2 (1 - 2 x)2
 cos x + sin x  ⇒ A( x) = x2 +
  π
 2 2
⇒ f( x) = tan- 1 2 dA
 cos x - sin x  Now, for minimum value of A( x), =0
  dx
 2 2 2 (1 - 2 x)
 cos x + sin x  ⇒ 2x + ⋅ (- 2 ) = 0
  π
-1
= tan  2 2 2 - 4x
x x ⇒ x=
 cos - sin  π
 2 2 ⇒ πx + 4 x = 2
! cos x > sin x for 0 < x < π 2
  ⇒ x= ...(ii)
 2 2 2 4 π+ 4
 1 + tan x 
  Now, from Eq. (i), we get
= tan- 1  2 2
 1 - tan  x 1- 2 ⋅
 π+ 4
2 r=
π x  π x π
-1 
= tan tan  +  = +

π+ 4-4 1
  4 2   4 2 = = ...(iii)
π(π + 4) π+ 4
1 π 1
⇒ f ′( x) = ⇒ f′   = From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
2  6 2
π x = 2r
Now, equation of normal at x = is given by
6 1/n
(n + 1)(n + 2 )" 3n 
  π
y- f   = -2 x-   π 74. lim   is equal to
  6    6
nÆ∞ n 2n 
[JEE Main 2016 (Offline)]
 π  π
⇒ y-  = -2 x-  (a)
18
(b)
27
 3  6
e4 e2
  π π π 4π π 9
!f   = + = = (c) (d) 3 log 3 - 2
  6  4 12 12 3  e2
2π
which passes through  0, .
 3  Exp. (b)
1
73. A wire of length 2 units is cut into two parts (n + 1) ⋅ (n + 2 ) " (3n) n
Let l = lim  
which are bent respectively to form a square nÆ ∞  n2 n 
of side = x units and a circle of radius = r 1
(n + 1) ⋅(n + 2 ) ... (n + 2 n) n
units. If the sum of the areas of the square = lim  
and the circle so formed is minimum, then
nÆ ∞  n2 n 
1
[JEE Main 2016 (Offline)]  n+ 1  n + 2   n + 2n  n
(a) 2 x = ( π + 4)r (b) ( 4 - π )x = πr = lim      " 
nÆ ∞  n   n   n 
(c) x = 2r (d) 2x = r
140 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Taking log on both sides, we get 

log l = lim
1 76. If the function g ( x ) = k x + 1 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 3 is
nÆ ∞ n  mx + 2 , 3 < x ≤ 5
  1  2  2 n   differentiable, then the value of k + m is
log  1 + n   1 + n  ...  1 + n   [JEE Main 2015]
   16 10
1 (a) 2 (b) (c) (d) 4
⇒ log l = lim 5 3
nÆ ∞ n

 1 2
log  1 +  + log  1 +  + ... + log  1 +
2n  Exp. (a)
 
 n  n  n  
2n
Since, g ( x) is differentiable ⇒ g ( x) must be
1  r
⇒ log l = lim ∑ log  1 + n  continuous.
nÆ ∞ n
r =1
k x + 1 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 3
2 ∴ g ( x) = 
⇒ log l = ∫0 log (1 + x) dx  mx + 2 , 3 < x ≤ 5
 
2 At x = 3, RHL = 3m + 2
1
⇒ log l = log (1 + x) ⋅ x - ∫ ⋅ x dx
1+ x and at x = 3, LHL = 2k
 0
2 x + 1 - 1 ∴ 2 k = 3m + 2 …(i)
⇒ log l = [log (1 + x) ⋅ x]20 - ∫ dx k
0 1+ x  , 0≤ x< 3

Also, g ′ ( x) =  2 x + 1
2  1   m
⇒ log l = 2 ⋅ log 3 - , 3< x≤ 5
∫0  1 - 1 + dx
x
k
∴ L {g ′(3)} = and R{g ′(3)} = m
⇒ log l = 2 ⋅ log 3 - [ x - log 1 + x ] 20 4
⇒ log l = 2 ⋅ log 3 - [2 - log 3] k
⇒ = m i.e. k = 4m …(ii)
⇒ log l = 3 ⋅ log 3 - 2 4
⇒ log l = log 27 - 2 On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
⇒ l = elog 27 - 2 8
k = ,m=
2
27 5 5
= 27 ⋅ e - 2 = 2
e ⇒ k + m=2
(1 - cos 2 x )( 3 + cos x ) 77. The normal to the curve x 2 + 2 xy - 3y 2 = 0
75. lim is equal to
xÆ 0 x tan 4x at (1, 1) [JEE Main 2015]
[JEE Main 2015]
1 (a) does not meet the curve again
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d)
2 (b) meets the curve again in the second
quadrant
Exp. (c) (c) meets the curve again in the third quadrant
We have, (d) meets the curve again in the fourth quadrant
(1 - cos 2 x)(3 + cos x) 2 sin2 x(3 + cos x)
lim = lim Exp. (d)
xÆ 0 x tan 4 x xÆ 0 tan4 x
x× × 4x Given equation of curve is
4x
2
2 sin x (3 + cos x) 1 x2 + 2 xy - 3 y2 = 0 …(i)
= lim × lim ×
xÆ 0 x 2 xÆ 0 4 tan 4x On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
lim
xÆ 0 4 x
2 x + 2 xy′ + 2 y - 6 yy′ = 0
! lim sinθ = 1  x+ y
 θ Æ0  ⇒ y′ =
4  θ  3y - x
=2 × ×1
4  and lim tanθ = 1
  At x = 1, y = 1, y′ = 1
 θÆ 0 θ 
i.e.  dy  =1
=2  
 dx  ( 1, 1)
Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 141

Equation of normal at (1, 1) is Exp. (c)

1
y - 1 = - ( x - 1) Central Idea Any function have extreme values
1 (maximum or minimum) at its critical points, where
⇒ y - 1 = - ( x - 1) f ′( x) = 0.
⇒ x+ y=2 …(ii) Since, the function have extreme values at x = 1
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii) simultaneously, we and x = 2.
get ∴ f ′( x) = 0 at x = 1 and x = 2
x2 + 2 x(2 - x) - 3(2 - x)2 = 0 ⇒ f′(1) = 0 and f′(2 ) = 0
⇒ x2 + 4 x - 2 x2 - 3(4 + x2 - 4 x) = 0 Also it is given that
f ( x)
⇒ - x2 + 4 x - 12 - 3 x2 + 12 x = 0 lim 1 + 2  = 3
xÆ 0 
 x 
⇒ -4 x2 + 16 x - 12 = 0 f ( x) f ( x)
⇒ 1 + lim 2 = 3 ⇒ lim 2 = 2
⇒ 4 x2 - 16 x + 12 = 0 xÆ 0 x xÆ 0 x

⇒ x2 - 4 x + 3 = 0 ⇒ f( x) will be of the form

⇒ ( x - 1)( x - 3) = 0 ax4 + bx3 + 2 x2
⇒ x = 1, 3 [!f( x) is of four degree polynomial]
Now, when x = 1, then y = 1 Let f( x) = ax4 + bx3 + 2 x2
and when x = 3, then y = - 1
⇒ f ′( x) = 4ax3 + 3bx2 + 4 x
∴ P = (1, 1) and Q = (3, - 1)
⇒ f ′(1) = 4a + 3b + 4 = 0 …(i)
Hence, normal meets the curve again at (3, - 1) in
fourth quadrant. and f ′(2 ) = 32 a + 12 b + 8 = 0
Aliter ⇒ 8a + 3b + 2 = 0 …(ii)
Given, x2 + 2 xy - 3 y2 = 0 On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
1
⇒ ( x - y)( x + 3 y) = 0 a = , b = -2
2
⇒ x - y = 0 or x + 3 y = 0
x4
Equation of normal at (1, 1) is ∴ f ( x) = - 2 x3 + 2 x2
2
y - 1 = - 1( x - 1)
⇒ f(2 ) = 8 - 16 + 8 = 0
⇒ x + y- 2= 0
It intersects x + 3 y = 0 at (3, - 1) sin( π cos 2 x )
79. lim is equal to
and hence normal meet the curve in fourth xÆ 0 x2 [JEE Main 2014]
quadrant. π
(a) (b) 1 (c) - π (d) π
x+y=2 y=x 2
Y
x+3y=0 Exp. (d)
(1,1) sin( π cos 2 x)
lim
X′ X xÆ 0 x2
O sin π (1 - sin2 x)
(3, –1) = lim
xÆ 0 x2
Y′
sin( π - π sin2 x)
= lim
78. Let f ( x ) be a polynomial of degree four xÆ 0 x2
having extreme values at x = 1 and x = 2. If sin ( π sin2 x)
= lim
 f ( x ) xÆ 0 x2
lim 1 + 2  = 3, then f (2 ) is equal to
xÆ 0  x  sin( π sin2 x)  sin2 x
= lim 2
× ( π )  2 
[JEE Main 2015] xÆ 0 π sin x  x 
(a) -8 (b) -4 (c) 0 (d) 4 ! lim sin x = 1
= π
 x Æ 0 x 
142 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

80. If f and g are differentiable functions in Exp. (d)

(1 - cos 2 x) (3 + cos x) x
(0,1) satisfying f (0) = 2 = g (1), g (0) = 0 and Let I = lim ⋅ ⋅
xÆ 0 x2 1 tan4 x
f (1) = 6, then for some c ∈]0,1[ 2 sin2 x 3 + cos x x
(a) 2 f ′(c ) = g ′(c ) (b) 2 f ′(c ) = 3g ′(c ) = lim ⋅ ⋅
xÆ 0 x2 1 tan 4 x
(c) f ′(c ) = g ′(c ) (d) f ′(c ) = 2 g ′(c ) 2
sin x 
[JEE Main 2014] = 2 lim   ⋅ lim (3 + cos x)
xÆ 0  x  xÆ 0

Exp. (d) 4x
⋅ lim
Here, f (0) = 2 = g (1), g (0) = 0 and f (1) = 6
xÆ 0 4 tan 4 x
! f and g are differentiable in (1, 0). sinθ θ
! lim = 1 and lim =1
θÆ 0 θ θ Æ 0 tanθ
Let h( x) = f ( x) - 2 g ( x)
1
h(0) = f (0) - 2 g (0) ⇒ I = 2 ⋅ (1)2 ⋅ (3 + cos 0°) ⋅ (1)
4
h(0) = 2 - 0 1 1
= 2 ⋅ 1⋅ (3 + 1) ⋅ = 2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ = 2
h(0) = 2 4 4
Now, h(1) = f (1) - 2 g (1) = 6 - 2 (2 )
h(1) = 2, h(0) = h(1) = 2 83. The intercepts on X -axis made by tangents
x
Hence, using Rolle's theorem, to the curve, y = ∫ |t | dt , x ∈R , which are
0
There exists c ∈]0,1[, such that
parallel to the line y = 2 x , are equal to
h′(c ) = 0 (a) ± 1 (b) ± 2 [JEE Main 2013]
⇒ f ′(c ) - 2 g ′(c ) = 0, for some c ∈]0,1[ (c) ± 3 (d) ± 4
⇒ f ′(c ) = 2 g ′(c )
Exp. (a)
81. If x = -1 and x = 2 are extreme points of Given, y=
x
2
f ( x ) = α log | x | + βx + x , then [JEE Main 2014]
∫0 |t| dt
dy
1 1 ∴ =| x|
(a) α = -6, β = (b) α = -6, β = - dx
2 2
1 1 Since, tangent to the curve is parallel to the line
(c) α = 2 , β = - (d) α = 2 , β = y = 2 x.
2 2
dy
Exp. (c) ⇒ =2
dx
Here, x = -1and x = 2 are extreme points of ∴ x=±2
± 2
f ( x) = α log| x|+ β x2 + x , then ∴ Points, y= | t | dt = ± 2
α
∫0
f ′ ( x) = + 2 β x + 1 ∴ Equation of tangents are
x
∴ f ′(-1) = - α - 2 β + 1 = 0 …(i) y - 2 = 2 ( x - 2)
[at extreme point, f ′( x) = 0] y + 2 = 2 ( x + 2)
α For x-intercept, put y = 0, we get
and f ′(-2 ) = + 4β + 1 = 0 …(ii)
2 0 - 2 = 2 ( x - 2)
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 0 + 2 = 2 ( x + 2)
1 ⇒ x=±1
α = 2, β = -
2 dy
84. If y = sec (tan - 1 x ), then at x = 1 is equal to
(1 - cos 2 x )( 3 + cos x ) dx
82. lim is equal to [JEE Main 2013]
xÆ 0 x tan 4x
[JEE Main 2013] 1 1
(a) (b)
1 1 2 2
(a) - (b) (c) 1 (d) 2
4 2 (c) 1 (d) 2
Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 143

Exp. (a) dr dV /dt

⇒ = …(i)
Given, y = sec (tan -1
x)
dt 4 πr 2
dr dV
Now, to find at t = 49 min, we require and
2 dt dt
x
1+ the radius (r ) at that stage,
√ x
dV
= - 72 π m3 / min
dt
θ
1 ∴ Amount of volume lost in 49 min
= 72 π × 49 m3
Let tan- 1 x = θ ⇒ x = tan θ ∴ Final volume at the end of 49 min
∴ y = sec θ = 1 + x 2 = (4500 π - 3528 π ) m3

On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get = 972 π m3

dy 1 If r is the radius at the end of 49 min, then
= ⋅2 x
dx 2 1 + x2 4 3
πr = 972 π ⇒ r 3 = 729 ⇒ r = 9
dy 1 3
At x = 1, = ∴ Radius of the balloon at the end of 49 min
dx 2
= 9m
85. A spherical balloon is filled with 4500π cu m Hence, from Eq. (i), we get
of helium gas. If a leak in the balloon causes dr d V /dt
=
the gas to escape at the rate of dt 4 πr 2
72 π cu m/min, then the rate (in m/min) at
which the radius of the balloon decreases 49 dr (dV /dt )t 72 π 2
⇒   = = 49
= = m / min
min after the leakage began is [AIEEE 2012]  dt  t = 49 4 π(r 2 )t = 49 4 π(92 ) 9
9 7 2 9
(a) (b) (c) (d)
7 9 9 2 86. Let a ,b ∈R be such that the function f given
Exp. (c) by f ( x ) = log | x | + bx 2 + ax , x ≠ 0 has extreme
Given
values at x = - 1 and x = 2.
(i) Volume (V = 4500 π m3 /min) of the helium Statement I f has local maximum at x = - 1
gas filled in a spherical balloon. and at x = 2.
(ii) Due to a leak, the gas escapes the balloon at 1 -1
Statement II a = andb =
the rate of 72 π m3 /min. 2 4 [AIEEE 2012]

∴ Rate of decrease of volume of the balloon is (a) Statement I is false, Statement II is true
dV (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
= - 72 π m3 /min Statement II is a correct explanation of
dt
Statement I
To find The rate of decrease of the radius of the (c) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
balloon 49 min after the leakage started. Statement II is not a correct explanation of
dr Statement I
i.e., at t = 49 min
dt (d) Statement I is true, Statement II is false
[assuming that the leakage started at time t = 0]
Exp. (c)
Now, the balloon is spherical in shape, hence the
4 Given
volume of the balloon is V = πr 3 ⋅
3 (i) A function f, such that
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. t, we get f( x) = log| x| + bx2 + ax, x ≠ 0
dV 4  2 dr  (ii) The function f has extrema at x = - 1and x = 2 ,
= π  3r × 
dt 3  dt  i.e., f ′(-1) = f ′(2 ) = 0 and f ′ ′(-1) ≠ 0 ≠ f ′ ′(2 ).
144 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Now, given function f is given by Hence, the continuity of f depends upon the
f( x) = log| x| + bx2 + ax continuity of [ x]. Now, [ x] is discontinuous, ∀x ∈ I.
1 So, we should check the conitnuity of f at x = n,
⇒ f ′( x) = + 2 bx + a ∀n ∈ I.
x
-1 LHL at x = n is given by
⇒ f ′ ′ ( x) = 2 + 2 b
x 1
f(n- ) = lim f( x) = lim [ x] cos π  x - 
Since, f has extrema at x = - 1and x = 2 . x Æ n- x Æ n-  2
Hence, f ′(-1) = 0 = f ′(2 ) (2 n - 1) π
= (n - 1) cos =0
f′(-1) = 0 2
⇒ a - 2b = 1 …(i) RHL at x = n is given by
and f′(2 ) = 0 f(n+ ) = lim f( x)
xÆ n+
-1 1
⇒ a + 4b = …(ii) = lim [ x] cos π  x - 
2 xÆ n+  2
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get (2 n - 1) π
= (n) cos =0
1 -1 2
a= and b =
2 4 Also, value of the function at x = n is
-1 -1  x2 + 2  1
⇒ f ′ ′ ( x) = 2 + = -   f(n) = [n] cos π  n - 
2   2
x 2  2x 
⇒ f′ ′(-1) < 0 and f′ ′(2 ) < 0 (2 n - 1) π
= (n) cos =0
2
Hence, f has local maxima at both x = - 1and
x = 2. ∴ f(n+ ) = f(n- ) = f(n)
Hence, Statement I is correct. Hence, f is continuous at x = n, ∀n ∈ I.
Also, while solving for Statement I, we found
the values of a and b, which justify that 88. Consider the function,
Statement II is also correct. f ( x ) = | x - 2 | + | x - 5 |, x ∈R .
However, Statement II does not explain Statement I f ′ ( 4) = 0
Statement I in any way. Statement II f is continuous in [2 , 5],
differentiable in (2 , 5) and f (2 ) = f (5).
87. If f : R Æ R is a function defined by (a) Statement I is false, Statement II is true
 2 x - 1 (b) Statement II is true, Statement II is true;
f ( x ) = [ x ]cos   π , where [ x ] denotes Statement II is a correct explanation of
 2 
Statement I
the greatest integer function, then f is (c) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
(a) continuous for every real x [AIEEE 2012] Statement II is not a correct explanation of
(b) discontinuous only at x = 0 Statement I
(c) discontinuous only at non-zero integral (d) Statement I is true, Statement II is false
values of x [AIEEE 2012]

(d) continuous only at x = 0 Exp. (c)

Given A function f such that
Exp. (a) f( x) = | x - 2 | + | x - 5|.
Given A function f : R Æ R defined by To discuss Continuity and differentiability of f in
1
f( x) = [ x] cos π  x -  , where [] denotes the interval (2, 5).
 2 We know that,
greatest integer function. x - 2 x≥2
| x - 2| = 
To discuss The continuity of function f. 2 - x, x < 2
Now, cos x is continuous, ∀x ∈ R.  x - 5, x≥ 5
and | x - 5| = 
1
⇒cos π  x -  is also continuous, ∀x ∈ R. 5 - x, x< 5
 2
Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 145

2 - x, x<2 2 |sin ( x - 2 )|
 = lim
⇒ | x - 2 | =  x - 2, 2 ≤ x≤ 5 xÆ 2 ( x - 2)
 x - 2, x> 5
 RHL at x = 2,
5 - x, x<2 2 |sin (2 + h - 2 )| 2 |sin h|

and| x - 5| = 5 - x, 2 ≤ x≤ 5 lim = lim
hÆ 0 (2 + h) - 2 hÆ 0 h
 x - 5, x> 5
 2 sin h
⇒ f( x) = | x - 2 | + | x - 5| ⇒ lim = 2
hÆ 0 h
(2 - x) + (5 - x), x < 2
 LHL at x = 2,
= ( x - 2 ) + (5 - x), 2 ≤ x ≤ 5
( x - 2 ) + ( x - 5), x > 5 2 |sin (2 - h - 2 )| 2 |sin (- h)|
 lim = lim
hÆ 0 (2 - h) - 2 hÆ 0 -h
7 - 2 x, x < 2
 2 sin h
= 3 , 2 ≤ x≤ 5 ⇒ lim =- 2
2 x - 7, x > 5
hÆ 0 -h

Now, we can draw the graph of f very easily. So, the limit does not exist.

Y d 2x
y = 2x – 7
90. is equal to
y = 7 – 2x dy 2 [AIEEE 2011]
-1 -3 -2
d2 y   dy  d2 y   dy 
(a) -  2    (b)  2
  
 dx   dx   dx   dx 
y=3
-3 -1
d2 y   dy  d2 y 
X (c) -  2
   (d)  2

O 2 5  dx   dx   dx 

From the above graph, we can analyse all the Exp. (c)
required things. -1
dx  dy 
Statement I f′(4) = 0 Here, = 
dy  dx 
It is obviously clear that f is constant around x = 4,
hence f′(4) = 0. On differentiating both sides w.r.t. y, we get
-2
Hence, Statement I is correct. d2x dy d  dy 
= -  
2
⋅  
Statement II dy  dx  dy  dx 
-2
It can be clearly seen that dy d  dy  ⋅ dx
= -   ⋅  
(i) f is continuous, ∀x ∈ [2 , 5].  dx  dy  dx  dx
(ii) f is differential, ∀x ∈ (2 , 5). dy
-2
d  dy  dx
(iii) f(2 ) = f(5) = 3 = -   ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
 dx  dx  dx  dy
Hence, Statement II is also correct but obviously -2 -1 -3
dy d 2 y  dy  dy  d 2 y
not a correct explanation of Statement I. = -   ⋅ ⋅   = -   ⋅  2 
 dx  dx2  dx   dx   dx 
 1 - {cos 2 ( x - 2 )} 
89. lim   is equal to
xÆ 2 x -2  91. The values ofp andq for which the function
(a) 2 (b) - 2 [AIEEE 2011]  sin (p + 1) x + sin x
1  ,x<0
(c) (d) Does not exist  x
2 f (x ) =  q, x =0
Exp. (d)  2
 x+x - x , x>0
1 - cos 2 ( x - 2 ) 2 sin2 ( x - 2 )  x 3/2
lim = lim
xÆ 2 ( x - 2) xÆ 2 ( x - 2) is continuous for all x in R, are [AIEEE 2011]
146 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

5 1 3 1 Exp. (c)
(a) p = ,q = (b) p = - ,q =
2 2 2 2 x 5 π
Here, f( x) = ∫0 t sin t dt , where x ∈  0, 
1 3 1 3  2 
(c) p = , q = (d) p = , q = -
2 2 2 2 f ′( x) = { x sin x - 0} …(i)
Exp. (b) [using Newton-Leibnitz formula]
 ∴ f ′ ( x) = x sin x = 0 ⇒ sin x = 0
 sin ( p + 1) x + sin x
 , x< 0
x
 ∴ x = π, 2 π
Here, f ( x) =  q , x=0
1
 2 f ′′( x) = x cos x + sin x
 x+ x - x , x> 0 2 x
 3
f ′′( π ) = - π < 0
 x2
So, f( x) has local maximum at x = π.
Since, f( x) is continuous for x ∈ R.
f ′′(2 π ) = π > 0
So, f( x) is continuous at x = 0.
So, f( x) has local minimum at x = 2 π.
RHL at x = 0,
h + h2 - h h { h + 1 - 1} 93. Let f : R Æ [0, ∞ ) be such that lim f ( x ) exists
lim = lim xÆ 5
3 2
hÆ 0 hÆ 0 h h [ f ( x )] - 9
h2 and lim = 0. Then, lim f ( x ) is
 h+ 1-1
xÆ 5 | x - 5| xÆ 5
h+ 1+ 1
= lim  ×  equal to [AIEEE 2011]
hÆ 0  h h+ 1+ 1
(a) 3 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2
(h + 1) - 1
= lim
h Æ 0 h { h + 1 + 1} Exp. (a)
= lim
1
=
1
…(i) [f( x)]2 - 9
Given, lim f( x) exists and lim =0
hÆ 0 h+ 1+ 1 2 xÆ 5 xÆ 5 | x - 5|
LHL at x = 0, 2
⇒ lim [f( x)] - 9 = 0
xÆ 5
sin ( p + 1) (- h) + sin (- h) 2
lim  lim [f( x)] = 9
hÆ 0 -h ⇒  
 xÆ 5 
sin ( p + 1) h sin h
= lim + ∴ lim f( x) = 3, - 3
hÆ 0 h h xÆ 5
⇒ ( p + 1) + 1 = ( p + 2 ) …(ii) But f : R Æ [0, ∞ )
f(0) = q …(iii) ∴ Range of f( x) ≥ 0 ⇒ lim f( x) = 3
xÆ 5
From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
1 94. Let f be a function defined by
=q = p+ 2
2  tan x
 ,x ≠0
3 1 f (x ) =  x
∴ p= - ,q =
2 2 1 , x = 0
5π 
92. For x ∈ 0,
x Statement I x = 0 is point of minima of f .
 , define f ( x ) = ∫ 0 t sint dt .
 2
Statement II f ′ (0) = 0 [AIEEE 2011]
Then, f has [AIEEE 2011]
(a) Statement I is false, Statement II is true
(a) local minimum at π and 2 π
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
(b) local minimum at π and local maximum at 2 π
Statement II is correct explanation of
(c) local maximum at π and local minimum at 2 π Statement I
(d) local maximum at π and 2 π
Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 147

(c) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;

Statement II is not a correct explanation of
96. Define f ( x ) as the product of two real
Statement I functions f1( x ) = x , x ∈IR
(d) Statement I is true, Statement II is false  sin 1 , if x ≠ 0
and f 2( x ) =  x as follows
Exp. (c)  0 , if x = 0
tan x
 , x≠0
f ( x) =  x  f ( x ) ⋅ f 2( x ), if x ≠ 0
 1 , x = 0 f (x ) =  1
 0 , if x = 0
tan x
As, > 1, ∀ x ≠ 0 Statement I F ( x ) is continuous on IR.
x
Statement II f1( x ) and f 2( x ) are
∴ f(0 + h) > f(0) continuous on IR. [AIEEE 2011]
and f(0 - h) > f(0) (a) Statement I is false, Statement II is true
At x = 0, f( x) attains minima. (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
tan h Statement II is correct explanation of
-1
f(h) - f(0) h Statement I.
∴ f ′(0) = lim = lim
hÆ 0 h hÆ 0 h (c) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
tan h - h Statement II is not a correct explanation of
= lim Statement I
hÆ 0 h2
(d) Statement I is true, Statement II is false
sec 2 h - 1
= lim [using L’ Hospital rule] Exp. (d)
hÆ 0 2h
 x ⋅ sin  1  , x ≠ 0
  
tan2 h 2 2 Here, f( x) =   x
= lim ⋅h [!tan θ = sec θ - 1]  0
hÆ 0 2 h2 , x=0
To check continuity at x = 0,
1 ! lim tanθ = 1 
= ⋅0 = 0 1
2  θ Æ 0 θ  LHL = lim (- h) sin  -   = 0
hÆ 0   h 
So, Statement II is true.
1
Hence, both statements are true but Statement II RHL = lim h sin    = 0
is not the correct explanation of Statement I. hÆ 0   h 
f(0) = 0
95. If function f ( x ) is differentiable at x = a , So, f( x) is continuous at x = 0.
x 2 f (a ) - a 2 f ( x ) Hence, Statement I is correct.
then lim is equal to
xÆa x -a [AIEEE 2011] sin  1  , x ≠ 0

f2 ( x) =   x 
(a) 2a f (a ) + a 2 f ′(a )
 0 , x=0
(b) - a 2 f ′(a )
1
(c) a f (a ) - a 2 f ′(a ) Here, lim f2 ( x) = lim sin  
xÆ 0 xÆ 0  x
(d) 2af (a ) - a 2 f ′(a )
which does not exist.
Exp. (d) So, f2 ( x) is not continuous at x = 0.
Hence, Statement II is false.
x 2 f ( a) - a 2 f ( x )
Here, lim
xÆ a x-a 97. If f : ( - 1 , 1) Æ R be a differentiable function
2 with f (0) = - 1 and f ′(0) = 1. Let
2 xf(a) - a f ′( x)
= lim
xÆ a 1- 0 g ( x ) = [ f (2 f ( x ) + 2 )]2. Then, g ′ (0) is equal to
[using L’ Hospital rule] (a) 4 (b) – 4 [AIEEE 2010]
2 (c) 0 (d) – 2
= 2 af(a) - a f ′(a)
148 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Exp. (b) 100. Let f : R Æ R be defined by

We have, f : (- 1, 1) Æ R
k - 2 x , if x ≤ - 1
f (0) = -1, f ′(0) = 1 f (x ) =  .
2 x + 3, if x > - 1
g ( x) = [f (2 f ( x) + 2 )]2
If f has a local minimum at x = -1 , then a
⇒ g ′( x) = 2 [f (2 f ( x) + 2 )] × f ′(2 f ( x) +2 ) × 2 f ′( x) possible value of k is [AIEEE 2010]
⇒ g ′(0) = 2 [f {2 f (0) + 2}] × f ′{2 f (0) +2} × 2 f ′(0) (a) 1 (b) 0
= 2 [f (0)] × f ′(0) × 2 f ′(0) 1
(c) - (d) -1
= 2 × (- 1) × 1 × 2 × 1 = - 4 2

98. Let f : R Æ R be a positive increasing Exp. (d)

f ( 3x )
function with lim = 1. Then, 2x + 3
xÆ ∞ f (x ) k – 2x
f (2 x )
lim is equal to O
xÆ ∞ f (x ) [AIEEE 2010]
2
(a) 1

3
(b)
3 k+2 { 1

(c) (d) 3 –1
2
! k+2≤1
Exp. (a) ∴ k ≤ -1
Since, f ( x) is a positive increasing function.
⇒ 0 < f ( x) < f (2 x) < f (3 x) 101. Let y be an implicit function of x defined by
f (2 x) f (3 x) x 2x - 2 x x cot y - 1 = 0. Then, y ′(1) is equal to
⇒ 0 < 1< <
f ( x) f ( x) (a) -1 (b) 1 [AIEEE 2009]
f (2 x) f ( 3 x) (c) log 2 (d) - log 2
⇒ lim 1 ≤ lim ≤ lim
xÆ ∞ x Æ ∞ f ( x) x Æ ∞ f ( x)
Exp. (a)
By Sandwich theorem, x2 x - 2 x x cot y - 1 = 0 …(i)
f (2 x) Now, x=1
lim =1
x Æ ∞ f ( x) ∴ 1 - 2 cot y - 1 = 0
π
⇒ cot y = 0 ⇒ y =
99. The equation of the tangent to the curve 2
4 On differentiating Eq. (i) w.r.t. x, we get
y =x+ ,i.e., parallel to the X -axis, is dy
x2 2 x2 x (1 + log x) - 2 [ x x (- cosec 2 y)
(a) y = 0 (b) y =1 [AIEEE 2010] dx
(c) y = 2 (d) y = 3 + cot y x x (1 + log x)] = 0
π
At  1,  ,
Exp. (d)  2
4  
 dy 
We have, y = x + 2 (1 + log 1) - 2  1 (- 1)   + 0 = 0
x2   dx   1, π  
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get   2 
dy
dy
= 1- 3
8 ⇒ 2 + 2   =0
dx  dx   1, π 
x  2
Since, the tangent is parallel to X-axis, therefore  dy 
dy ∴   = -1
= 0 ⇒ x3 = 8  dx   1, π

dx  2
⇒ x = 2 and y = 3
Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 149

102. Given, P ( x ) = x 4 + ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d such 103. Let f ( x ) = x | x |and g ( x ) = sin x

that x = 0 is the only real root of P ′ ( x ) = 0. If Statement I gof is differentiable at x = 0 and
P ( - 1) < P (1), then in the interval[ - 1, 1], its derivative is continuous at that point.
[AIEEE 2009] Statement II gof is twice differentiable at
(a) P( -1 ) is the minimum and P(1 ) is the x = 0. [AIEEE 2009]
maximum of P (a) Statement I is false, Statement II is true
(b) P( -1 ) is not minimum but P(1 ) is the (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
maximum of P Statement II is a correct explanation of
(c) P( -1 ) is the minimum and P(1 ) is not the Statement I
maximum of P (c) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
(d) Neither P( -1 ) is the minimum nor P(1 ) is the Statement II is not a correct explanation of
maximum of P Statement I
(d) Statement I is true, Statement II is false
Exp. (b)
Exp. (d)
Given, P( x) = x4 + a x3 + bx2 + cx + d
f( x) = x| x| and g ( x) = sin x
⇒ P′( x) = 4 x3 + 3 ax2 + 2 bx + c
- sin x2 , x < 0
Since, x = 0 is a solution for P′( x) = 0, then gof ( x) = sin ( x| x|) = 
 sin x2 , x ≥ 0
c=0
2
∴ P( x) = x4 + ax3 + bx2 + d …(i) - 2 x cos x , x < 0
∴ (gof )′( x) = 
2
Also, we have P(- 1) < P(1)  2 x cos x , x ≥ 0
⇒ 1- a + b + d < 1+ a + b + d Clearly, L ( gof )′ (0) = 0 = R ( gof )′(0)
⇒ a> 0 So, gof is differentiable at x = 0 and also its
Since, P′( x) = 0, only when x = 0 and P( x) is derivative is continuous at x = 0.
differentiable in (- 1, 1), we should have the - 2 cos x2 + 4 x2 sin x2 , x < 0
maximum and minimum at the points x = - 1, 0 Now, ( gof )′ ′( x) = 
and 1. 2 cos x2 - 4 x2 sin x2 , x ≥ 0
Also, we have P (- 1) < P(1) ∴ L ( gof )′ ′(0) = - 2 and R ( gof )′′(0) = 2
∴ Maximum of P( x) = Max {P(0), P(1)}
∴ L ( gof )′′(0) ≠ R ( gof )′′(0)
and minimum of P ( x) = Min {P (- 1), P(0)}
Hence, gof( x) is not twice differentiable at x = 0.
In the interval [0, 1],
P′( x) = 4 x3 + 3ax2 + 2 bx Therefore, Statement I is true, Statement II is false.
2
= x (4 x + 3ax + 2 b )  1
( x - 1) sin , if x ≠ 1
104. Let f ( x ) =  x -1
Since, P′( x) has only one root x = 0, then
 0, if x = 1
4 x2 + 3 ax + 2 b = 0 has no real roots.
∴ (3a)2 - 32 b < 0 Then, which one of the following is true?
[AIEEE 2008]
3 a2
⇒ <b (a) f is differentiable at x =1 but not at x = 0
32 (b) f is neither differentiable at x = 0 nor at x =1
∴ b> 0 (c) f is differentiable at x = 0 and at x =1
Thus, we have a > 0 and b > 0. (d) f is differentiable at x = 0 but not at x =1
∴ P′( x) = 4 x3 + 4 ax2 + 2 bx > 0, ∀ x ∈ (0, 1)
Exp. (d)
Hence, P( x) is increasing in [0, 1].
f(1 - h) - f(1)
∴ Maximum of P( x) = P(1) Now, f ′(1- ) = lim
hÆ 0 -h
1 
Similarly, P( x) is decreasing in [-1 , 0]. (1 - h - 1) ⋅ sin  -0
 1 - h - 1
Therefore, minimum P( x)does not occur at x = - 1. = lim
hÆ 0 -h
150 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

1 1
= lim sin  -  = - lim sin Exp. (b)
hÆ 0  h hÆ 0 h
Let f( x) = x3 - px + q
f(1 + h) - f(1)
and f ′(1+ ) = lim Then, f ′ ( x) = 3 x 2 - p
hÆ 0 h
 1  Maxima
(1 + h - 1) sin  -0
 1 + h - 1 1
= lim = lim sin
hÆ 0 h hÆ 0 h – p/3
∴ f ′(1- ) ≠ f ′(1+ ) Minima
Hence, f is not differentiable at x = 1. p/3
Again, Put f ′ ( x) = 0
1
(0 + h - 1) sin   - sin 1

 0 + h - 1 p p
f′(0) = lim ⇒ x= ,-
hÆ 0 -h 3 3
  1  ×  -1    Now, f ′ ′( x) = 6 x
 (h - 1) cos   
  h - 1  (h - 1)2   p
 ∴ At x = ,
  3
1
 + sin  

  h - 1  p
= lim  f ′ ′ ( x) = 6 >0 [minima]
hÆ 0 -1 3
[using L’ Hospital rule] p
= cos 1 - sin 1 and and at x=- ,
3
 1 
(0 + h - 1) sin   - sin 1 f ′ ′( x ) < 0 [maxima]
 0 + h - 1
f′(0+ ) = lim
hÆ 0 h 106. How many real solutions does the equation
(h - 1) cos   1   -1   1  x 7 + 14x 5 + 16x 3 + 30x - 560 = 0 have?
  + sin 
 h - 1  (h - 1)2   h - 1 (a) 5 (b) 7 [AIEEE 2008]
= lim
hÆ 0 1 (c) 1 (d) 3
[using L’Hospital rule]
= cos 1 - sin 1 Exp. (c)
⇒ f ′(0- ) = f ′(0+ )
Let f( x) = x7 + 14 x5 + 16 x3 + 30 x - 560
Hence, f is differentiable at x = 0.
∴ f ′( x) = 7 x6 + 70 x4 + 48 x2 + 30 > 0, ∀ x ∈ R
105. If the cubic x 3 - px + q has three distinct So, f( x) is increasing.
real roots, where p > 0 and q > 0. Then, which Hence, f( x) = 0 has only one solution.
one of the following holds? [AIEEE 2008]
107. The normal to a curve at P ( x , y ) meets the
p p X -axis at G . If the distance of G from the
(a) The cubic has maxima at both and -
3 3 origin is twice the abscissa of P , then the
(b) The cubic has minima at
p
and maxima at curve is a [AIEEE 2007]
3 (a) ellipse (b) parabola
p (c) circle (d) hyperbola
-
3
p Exp. (d)
(c) The cubic has minima at - and maxima at
3 Let the equation of normal be
p dx
Y - y=- ( X - x)
3 dy
p p It meets the X-axis at G. Therefore, coordinates of
(d) The cubic has minima at both and -
3 3 dy
G are  x + y , 0 .
 dx 
Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 151

According to given condition, π π π 3π π

- < x+ < ⇒ - < x<
dy dy 2 4 2 4 4
x+ y = 2x ⇒ y = x
dx dx Hence, option (b) is correct, which lies in the
above interval.
⇒ y dy = x dx
On integrating, we get 110. Let f : R Æ R be a function defined by
y2
x 2 f ( x ) = min { x + 1,| x | + 1}. Then, which one of
= +C the following is true? [AIEEE 2007]
2 2
(a) f ( x )≥1 for all x ∈ R
⇒ x 2 - y2 = - 2 C (b) f ( x ) is not differentiable at x =1
which shows a hyperbola. (c) f ( x ) is differentiable everywhere
(d) f ( x ) is not differentiable at x = 0
108. A value of C for which the conclusion of
mean value theorem holds for the function Exp. (c)
f ( x ) = log e x on the interval [1, 3] is f( x) = min { x + 1,| x| + 1}
1 f( x) = x + 1, ∀x ∈ R
(a) 2 log 3 e (b) loge 3
2 y=– x+1 Y y=x+1
(c) log 3 e (d) loge 3 [AIEEE 2007]

Exp. (a) y=1

(0, 1)
Using mean value theorem,
X′ X
f(3) - f(1)  f ( b ) - f ( a)  O
f ′(c ) = ! f ′(c ) = b - a 
3-1  
1 loge 3 - loge 1 Y′
⇒ =
c 2 It is clear from the figure that f( x) is differentiable
2 everywhere.
∴ c= = 2 log 3 e
loge 3
111. The function f : R/{0} Æ R given by
109.The function f ( x ) = tan -1 (sin x + cos x )is an 1 2
f (x ) = -
increasing function in [AIEEE 2007] x e 2x - 1
π π π π
(a)  ,  (b)  - ,  can be made continuous at x = 0 by defining
 4 2  2 4
f (0) as [AIEEE 2007]
π π π
(c)  0,  (d)  - ,  (a) 2 (b) –1 (c) 0 (d) 1
 2  2 2
Exp. (d)
Exp. (b)
1 2  e2 x - 1 - 2 x
Since, f( x) = tan-1 (sin x + cos x) Now, lim  - 2 x  = lim
xÆ 0  x e - 1 x Æ 0 x(e 2 x - 1)
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
1 2e2 x - 2
f ′ ( x) = (cos x - sin x) = lim
1 + (sin x + cos x)2
xÆ 0 (e 2 x - 1) + 2 xe 2 x
π π [using L’Hospital rule]
2 cos x ⋅ cos - sin x ⋅ sin 
 4 4 4e 2 x
= = lim =1
1 + (sin x + cos x)2 x Æ 0 4 e 2 x + 4 xe 2 x

π [using L’Hospital rule]

2 cos  x + 
 4 So, f( x) is continuous at x = 0, then
=
1 + (sin x + cos x)2 lim f( x) = f(0)
xÆ 0
For f( x) to be increasing,
⇒ 1 = f(0)
152 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

x
112. The set of points, where f ( x ) = is 114. Angle between the tangents to the curve
1 + |x | y = x 2 - 5x + 6 at the points (2, 0) and (3, 0) is
differentiable, is [AIEEE 2006] [AIEEE 2006]
(a) ( - ∞ , - 1) ∪ ( -1, ∞ ) π π
(a) (b)
(b) (- ∞, ∞) 2 6
(c) (0, ∞ ) π π
(c) (d)
(d) ( - ∞ , 0) ∪ (0, ∞ ) 4 3

Exp. (b) Exp. (a)

x ! y = x2 - 5 x + 6
Since, f ( x) =
1 + | x| dy
∴ = 2x - 5
g ( x) x dx
Let f ( x) = = dy
h( x) 1 + | x| Now, m1 =   = 4 - 5 = -1
 dx  ( 2 , 0 )
It is clear that g ( x) = x and h( x) = 1 + | x| are
differentiable on (- ∞, ∞ ) and (- ∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞ ), dy
and m2 =  
respectively.  dx  ( 3, 0 )
Thus, f( x) is differentiable on (- ∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞ ).
= 6- 5=1
Now, we have to check the differentiability at
Now, m1m2 = - 1 × 1 = - 1
x = 0.
π
x Hence, angle between the tangents is .
-0 2
f( x) - f(0) 1 + | x|
∴ lim = lim
xÆ 0 x-0 xÆ 0 x 115. If x is real, then maximum value of
1
= lim =1 3x 2 + 9x + 17 [AIEEE 2006]
x Æ 0 1 + | x|
2
is
3x + 9x + 7
Hence, f( x) is differentiable on (- ∞, ∞ ). 17 1
(a) 41 (b) 1 (c) (d)
x 2 7 4
113. The function f ( x ) = + has a local
2 x
Exp. (a)
minimum at [AIEEE 2006]
(a) x = - 2 (b) x = 0 3 x2 + 9 x + 17 10
Let f( x) = = 1+
(c) x =1 (d) x = 2 3 x2 + 9 x + 7  2 7
3  x + 3 x + 
 3
Exp. (d) [by division algorithm]
x 2 10
! f ( x) = + = 1+
 2
2 x 3 1
3   x +  + 
1 2   2  12
∴ f ′ ( x) = - 
2 x2 3
Hence, f( x) will be maximum at x = - ⋅
For maxima or minima, put f ′( x) = 0 2
1 2 10
∴ - = 0 ⇒ x2 = 4 So, the maximum value of f( x) = 1 +
2 x2 1
3  

⇒ x= ±2  12 
4 = 1 + 40 = 41
Now, f ′ ′ ( x) = 3
x dy
4 1 116. If x m y n = ( x + y )m + n , then is equal to
⇒ f′ ′(2 ) = = > 0 [minima] dx
8 2 x+y
(a) (b) xy
4 1 xy [AIEEE 2006]
and f′ ′(- 2 ) = - = - < 0 [maxima] x y
8 2 (c) (d)
y x
Hence, f( x) is minimum at x = 2.
Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 153

Exp. (d) 118. If f ( x ) is differentiable at x = 1 and

Given that, xm yn = ( x + y)m + n 1
lim f (1 + h ) = 5, then f ′(1) is equal to
Taking log on both sides, we get hÆ 0h
m log x + n log y = (m + n) log ( x + y) (a) 6 (b) 5 [AIEEE 2005]
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
(c) 4 (d) 3
m n dy (m + n)  dy 
+ = 1 + 
x y dx ( x + y)  dx  Exp. (b)
dy  m + n n  m m + n f(1 + h) - f(1)
⇒  -  = - f ′(1) = lim
dx  x + y y x x+ y hÆ 0 h
f(1 + h) f(1)
dy  my + ny - nx - ny  = lim - lim
⇒   hÆ 0 h h Æ 0 h
dx  y( x + y)  f(1 + h) f(1)
mx + my - mx - nx Since, lim = 5, so lim must be finite
= hÆ 0 h hÆ 0 h
x( x + y) f(1)
as f′(1) exists and lim can be finite only, if
dy y hÆ 0 h
∴ = f(1)
dx x f(1) = 0 and lim = 0.
hÆ 0 h
117. A function is matched below against an f(1 + h)
interval, where it is supposed to be ∴ f ′(1) = lim =5
hÆ 0 h
increasing. Which of the following pair is
incorrectly matched? [AIEEE 2005] 119. Let f be differentiable for all x. If f (1) = - 2
and f ′ ( x ) ≥ 2 for x ∈[1, 6], then [AIEEE 2005]
Interval Function
(a) ( - ∞ , - 4) x 3 + 6x 2 + 6 (a) f (6) = 5 (b) f (6) < 5
1 (c) f (6) < 8 (d) f (6) ≥ 8
(b)  - ∞ ,  3x 2 - 2 x + 1
 3  Exp. (d)
(c) [2 , ∞ ) 2 x 3 - 3x 2 - 12 x + 6
Given that, f(1) = - 2 and f ′( x) ≥ 2
(d) ( - ∞ , ∞ ) x 3 - 3x 2 + 3x + 3
dy
⇒ ≥ 2 ⇒ d y ≥ 2 dx
Exp. (b) dx
f( 6 ) 6
⇒ ∫ f(1) dy ≥ 2 ∫1 dx
(a) Let f ( x) = x 3 + 6 x 2 + 6
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get ⇒ [ y]ff(( 16)) ≥ 2 [ x]16
f ′( x) = 3 x2 + 12 x = 3 x( x + 4) ⇒ f(6) - f(1) ≥ 10
For f( x) to be increasing, ⇒ f(6) ≥ 10 + f(1)
f ′ ( x) > 0 ⇒ f(6) ≥ 8 [! f(1) = - 2 ]
+ – + Alternate Solution
–4 0 f(6) - f(1)
≥2
6-1
⇒ x ∈ (-∞, - 4) ∪ (0, ∞ )
⇒ f(6) - f(1) ≥ 10
(b) Let f ( x) = 3 x 2 - 2 x + 1 ⇒ f(6) + 2 ≥ 10 ⇒ f(6) ≥ 8
∴ f ′ ( x) = 6 x - 2
⇒
1
f ′( x) > 0, ∀ x ∈  , ∞ 
120. If f is a real-valued differentiable function
3  satisfying| f ( x ) - f ( y )| ≤ ( x - y )2 ; x , y ∈R and
Since, this is wrong. f (0) = 0, then f (1) is equal to [AIEEE 2005]
Hence, option (b) is the required answer. (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 0 (d) –1
154 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Exp. (c) 122. If α and β are the distinct roots of

! |f( x) - f( y)| ≤ ( x - y)2 ax 2 + bx + c = 0, then
|f( x) - f( y)| 1 - cos (ax 2 + bx + c )
∴ lim ≤ lim | x - y|
xÆ y | x - y| xÆ y lim is equal to
xÆ α ( x - α )2
⇒ |f ′( y)| ≤ 0 ⇒ f ′( y) = 0 [AIEEE 2005]
⇒ f( y) = Constant ⇒ f( y) = 0 1 a2
(a) (α - β )2 (b) - (α - β )2
2 2
[! f(0) = 0, given]
a2
⇒ f(1) = 0 (c) 0 (d) (α - β )2
2
121. The normal to the curve Exp. (d)
x = a (cos θ + θ sin θ ), y = a (sin θ - θ cos θ) at
any point θ is such that [AIEEE 2005] 1 - cos (ax2 + bx + c )
Now, lim
(a) it is at a constant distance from the origin xÆ α ( x - α )2
aπ  ax2 + bx + c 
(b) it passes through  , - a  2 sin2  
 2  2
 
π = lim
(c) it makes angle - θ with the X-axis xÆ α ( x - α )2
2
a
(d) it passes through the origin 2 sin2  ( x - α )( x - β ) 2
= lim
2   a  ( x - β )2
Exp. (a) 2  
xÆ α
 a  ( x - α )2 ( x - β )2 2
Given that, x = a(cos θ + θ sin θ)  
2
and y = a (sin θ - θ cos θ) a2
= lim ( x - β )2 ! lim sin x = 1
On differentiating w.r.t. θ respectively, we get xÆ α 2  x Æ 0 x 
dx 2
= a(- sin θ + sin θ + θ cos θ) a
dθ = (α - β )2
2
dx
⇒ = aθ cos θ …(i)
dθ 123. A spherical iron ball 10 cm in radius is
dy coated with a layer of ice of uniform
and = a(cos θ - cos θ + θ sin θ)
dθ thickness that melts at a rate of 50 cm 3/min.
dy When the thickness of ice is 15 cm, then the
⇒ = aθ sin θ …(ii)
dθ rate at which the thickness of ice decreases,
On dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. (i), we get is [AIEEE 2005]
dy 5 1
= tan θ (a) cm/min (b) cm/min
dx 6π 54π
dx 1 1
Since, slope of normal = - = - cot θ (c) cm/min (d) cm/min
dy 18π 36π
So, equation of normal is Exp. (c)
y - a sin θ + aθ cos θ dV
cos θ Given that, = 50 cm3 /min
=- ( x - a cos θ - a θ sin θ) dt
sin θ d  4 3
∴  πr  = 50
⇒ ysin θ - asin2 θ + aθ cos θ sin θ dt  3 
= - x cos θ + acos 2 θ + aθsin θ cos θ dr 50 × 3 dr 50
⇒ 3r 2 = ⇒ =
dt 4π dt 4 πr 2
⇒ x cos θ + y sin θ = a
dr 50 1
So, it is always at a constant distance ‘a’ from ⇒   = = cm/min
 dt  r = 15 4 π × 225 18π
origin.
Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 155

124. A lizard, at an initial distance of 21 cm ⇒ u 2 = ( a2 + b 2 ) + 2 ( a2 + b 2 ) x - x 2

behind an insect, moves from rest with an On differentiating w.r.t. θ, we get
acceleration of 2 cm/s 2 and pursues the du 2 2 dx
= ( a 2 + b 2 - 2 x) ×
insect which is crawling uniformly along a dθ 2 2 2 dθ
2 (a + b )x - x
straight line at a speed of 20 cm/s. Then, the
lizard will catch the insect after [AIEEE 2005] dx
and = (b 2 - a2 ) sin 2 θ
(a) 24 s (b) 21 s (c) 1 s (d) 20 s dθ
[! x = a2 cos 2 θ + b 2 sin2 θ]
Exp. (b)
du 2 ( a 2 + b 2 - 2 x)
Let lizard catch the insect C. ⇒ = × (b 2 - a2 ) sin 2 θ
dθ ( a2 + b 2 ) x - x 2
And distance covered by insect = S
Time taken by insect, t =
S
…(i) du 2
For maxima and minima, put =0
20 dθ
Distance covered by lizard = 21 + S ∴ a2 + b 2 = 2 (a2 cos 2 θ + b 2 sin2 θ)
1
∴ 21 + S = (2 ) ⋅ t 2 …(ii) and sin 2 θ = 0
2
1 2 2 ⇒ cos 2 θ(b 2 - a2 ) = 0
[!S = ut + at ; here u = 0, a = 2 cm/s and
2 and sin 2 θ = 0
S = 20 t]
⇒ 21 + 20t = t 2 [from Eq. (i)] ⇒ cos 2 θ = 0
and θ=0
⇒ t 2 - 20t - 21 = 0
π
⇒ 2θ =
⇒ t 2 - 21t + t - 21 = 0 2
⇒ t (t - 21) + 1( t - 21) = 0 and θ=0
⇒ ( t + 1)( t - 21) = 0 π
⇒ θ=
⇒ t = -1, 21 4
∴ t = 21s [!neglecting t = -1] and θ=0
So, u 2 will be minimum at θ = 0 and will be
125. Ifu = a 2 cos 2 θ + b 2 sin 2 θ maximum at θ = ⋅
π
4
+ a 2 sin 2 θ + b 2 cos 2 θ, ∴ 2
umin = (a + b )2
2
then the difference between the maximum and umax = 2 ( a2 + b 2 )
and minimum values ofu 2 is given by 2
Hence, umax 2
- umin = 2 (a2 + b 2 ) - (a + b)2
2 2 2 2
(a) 2 (a + b ) (b) 2 a + b = (a - b )2
(c) (a + b )2 (d) (a - b )2 [AIEEE 2004]
2x
a b
Exp. (d) 126. If lim 1 + + 2  = e 2 , then the values
xÆ ∞ x  x
Given that, of a and b are [AIEEE 2004]
u= a2 cos 2 θ + b 2 sin2 θ (a) a ∈ R , b ∈ R (b) a = 1, b ∈ R
(c) a ∈ R , b = 2 (d) a = 1, b = 2
+ a2 sin2 θ + b 2 cos 2 θ
∴ u = a cos θ + b sin θ + a2 sin2 θ
2 2 2 2 2 Exp. (b)
2x
a b
Now, lim  1 + + 2 
2 2 2 2 2 2
+ b cos θ + 2 (a cos θ + b sin θ)
xÆ ∞  x x 
× (a2 sin2 θ + b 2 cos 2 θ)  a
+
b 
 
2x 
x x2 
2 2 2 2 2
⇒ u = a + b + 2 x(a + b - x) a b 
= lim  1 + +
a b 
 + 
xÆ ∞  2
  x x2 
2
[where, x = a cos θ + b sin θ) 2 2 2 x x
156 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

a
lim 2 x  +
b  On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

=e xÆ ∞  x x2  ! lim (1 + x)1/ x = e  1 dy dy 1 - x
 x Æ ∞  = +1 ⇒ =
x dx dx x
= e 2a
a b
2x 129. A point on the parabola y 2 = 18x at which
But lim  1 + + 2  = e2 the ordinate increases at twice the rate of the
xÆ ∞  x x 
abscissa, is [AIEEE 2004]
⇒ e 2a = e 2
(a) (2, 4) (b) (2, – 4)
⇒ a=1 9 9 9 9
(c)  - ,  (d)  , 
and b∈R  8 2 8 2
1 - tan x π  π
127. Let f ( x ) = , x ≠ , x ∈ 0,  ⋅ If f ( x ) Exp. (d)
4x - π 4  2
Equation of parabola is y2 = 18 x.
 π   π
is continuous in 0,  , then f   is equal On differentiating w.r.t. t, we get
 2  4
dy dx
to 2y = 18
dt dt
(a) 1 (b) 1/2 [AIEEE 2004]
⇒ 2 ⋅ 2 y = 18 ! dy = 2 dx , given
(c) –1/2 (d) –1  dt 
dt
Exp. (c) 9
⇒ y=
1 - tan x 2
! f ( x) =
4x - π From equation of parabola,
2
 1 - tan x   9  = 18 x
∴ lim f ( x) = lim    
2
xÆ π/4 xÆ π/4  4x - π 
81
 - sec 2 x  ⇒ = 18 x
= lim   [using L’Hospital rule] 4
xÆ π/4  4  9
⇒ x=
- sec 2 ( π / 4) 2 8
= =- 9 9
4 4 Hence, required point is  ,  .
1  8 2
⇒ lim f( x) = -
xÆ π/4 2
Also, f( x) is continuous in [0, π/2 ], so f( x) will be 130. A function y = f ( x ) has a second order
π derivative f ′ ′ ( x ) = 6( x - 1). If its graph passes
continuous at ⋅
4 through the point (2, 1) and at that point, the
π 1 tangent to the graph is y = 3x - 5, then the
∴ f   = lim f( x) = -

 4 xÆ π/4 2 function is [AIEEE 2004]
(a) ( x -1 )2 (b) ( x -1 )3
y + ... ∞ dy
128. If x = e y + e , x > 0, then is equal to (c) ( x + 1 ) 3
(d) ( x + 1 )2
dx
x 1
(a) (b) Exp. (b)
1+ x x [AIEEE 2004]
Since, f ′ ′( x) = 6( x - 1)
1- x 1+ x
(c) (d) On integrating, we get
x x
f ′( x) = 3( x - 1)2 + C …(i)
Exp. (c)
Also, at the point (2, 1), the tangent to graph is
+ e y +... ∞
Given that, x = e y y = 3x - 5
∴ x = ey + x Slope of tangent = 3
Taking log on both sides, we get ⇒ f′(2 ) = 3
log x = ( y + x) ∴ f ′(2 ) = 3(2 - 1)2 + C = 3 [from Eq. (i)]
Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 157

⇒ 3+C =3 ⇒ 2B = 0 ⇒ B = 0
⇒ C=0 ∴ f( x) = Ax2 + C
From Eq. (i), ⇒ f ′( x) = 2 Ax
f ′( x) = 3( x - 1)2 ∴ f ′(a) = 2 Aa,
On integrating, we get f ′(b ) = 2 Ab
f( x) = ( x - 1)3 + k …(ii) and f ′(c ) = 2 Ac
Also, a, b, c are in AP.
Since, graph passes through (2, 1).
So, 2 Aa, 2 Ab and 2 Ac are in AP.
∴ 1 = (2 - 1)2 + k
Hence, f ′(a), f ′(b ) and f ′(c ) are also in AP.
⇒ k=0
Hence, equation of function is f( x) = ( x - 1)3 . 133. The real number x when added to its
inverse gives the minimum value of the
131. The normal to the curve x = a (1 + cos θ), sum at x equal to [AIEEE 2003]
y = a sin θ at θ always passes through the (a) 2 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) –2
fixed point [AIEEE 2004]
(a) (a , 0) (b) (0, a ) (c) (0, 0) (d) (a , a )
Exp. (b)
1
Let f ( x) = x +
Exp. (a) x
Given that, 1
f ′ ( x) = 1 -
x = a(1 + cos θ), y = a sin θ x2
On differentiating w.r.t. θ, we get For maxima and minima, put f ′( x) = 0
1
dx dy ⇒ 1- 2 = 0 ⇒ x = ± 1
= a(- sin θ) and = a cos θ x
dθ dθ
dy -cos θ 2
∴ = Now, f ′ ′ ( x) = 3
dx sin θ x
-1 At x = 1, f ′ ′( x) = + ve [minima]
∴Slope of normal = and at x = - 1, f ′ ′( x) = -ve [maxima]
(- cos θ /sinθ)
Thus, f( x) attains minimum value at x = 1.
Equation of normal at the given points is
sin θ
y - a sin θ = [ x - a(1 + cos θ)] 134. If f ( x ) = xn , then the value of
cos θ
f ′ (1) f ′ ′ (1) f ′ ′ ′ (1)
It is clear that in the given options, normal passes f (1) - + - + ... +
1! 2! 3!
through the point (a, 0). ( -1)n f n (1)
is
132. Let f ( x )be a polynomial function of second n!
(a) 2n (b) 2n - 1 [AIEEE 2003]
degree. If f (1) = f ( -1) and a ,b , c are in AP,
then f ′ (a ), f ′ (b )and f ′ (c ) are in [AIEEE 2003] (c) 0 (d) 1
(a) AP Exp. (c)
(b) GP f ( x) = x n ⇒ f(1) = 1
(c) HP f ′( x) = nxn - 1 ⇒ f ′(1) = n
(d) Arithmetic-Geometric progression
f ′ ′( x) = n(n - 1)xn - 2 ⇒ f ′ ′(1) = n(n - 1)
Exp. (a) … … … … … … …
… … … … … … …
Let f( x) = Ax2 + Bx + C
f n ( x) = n(n - 1)(n - 2 ) . . . 2 ⋅ 1
∴ f(1) = A+ B+ C
⇒ f n (1) = n(n - 1)(n - 2 ) . . . 2 ⋅ 1
and f(-1) = A- B+ C
! f(1) = f(-1) [given] f ′(1) f ′ ′(1) f ′ ′ ′(1) (-1)n f n (1)
Now, f(1) - + - + ...+
⇒ A+ B+ C = A- B+ C 1! 2! 3! n!
158 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

n n(n - 1) n(n - 1)(n - 2 ) Exp. (c)

= 1- + -
1! 2! 3!
log (3 + x) - log (3 - x)
(-1)n n(n - 1)(n - 2 ) . . . 2 ⋅ 1 ! lim =k
+. . . + xÆ 0 x
n! [using L’Hospital rule]
[!(1 - x) = 1 - C1 x + nC 2 x2
n n  1 1 
 + 
 3 + x 3 - x 1 1
- nC 3 x3 + ... + (- 1)n nC n ] ⇒ lim =k ⇒ + =k
n
xÆ 0 1 3 3
= (1 - 1) = 0 2
∴ k=
  x 3
1 - tan  2   (1 - sin x )
135. lim   is equal to 137. Let f (a ) = g (a ) = k and their nth derivatives
xÆ
π  x
  3 f n (a ), g n (a )exist and are not equal for some
2 1 + tan    ( π - 2 x )
  2  n.Further, if
[AIEEE 2003]
1 1 f (a )g ( x ) - f (a ) - g (a ) f ( x ) + g (a )
(a) (b) 0 (c) (d) ∞ lim = 4,
8 32 xÆa g (x ) - f (x )
Exp. (c) then the value of k is [AIEEE 2003]
 1 - tan x  (1 - sin x) (a) 4 (b) 2
  (c) 1 (d) 0
 2
lim
xÆ
π  x 3
2  1 + tan  ( π - 2 x)

Exp. (a)
2
π π f(a) g ( x) - f(a) - g(a)f( x) + g(a)
Let x = - h as x Æ , h Æ 0 lim =4
2 2
xÆ a g ( x) - f ( x)
π h Applying L’Hospital rule, we get
1 - tan  - 
 4 2  (1 - cos h) f(a) g ′( x) - g(a)f ′( x)
∴ lim ⋅ lim =4
hÆ 0 π h
1 + tan  -  (2 h)3 xÆ a g ′ ( x) - f ′ ( x)
 4 2 kg ′( x) - kf ′( x)
⇒ lim =4
h x Æ a g ′ ( x) - f ′ ( x)
2 sin2
 π  π h  2
= lim tan - - ⋅ ∴ k=4
hÆ 0  4  4 2   8 h3
  1 1
 π  1 - tan x  - + 
! tan  4 - x = 1 + tan x 
 
138. If f ( x ) =  xe |x | x 
, x ≠ 0, then f ( x ) is
2  0, x =0
h  h 
tan  sin  [AIEEE 2003]
1 2 × 2 × 1
= lim ⋅
hÆ 0 4 h h 4 (a) continuous as well as differentiable for all x
×2  
2  2  (b) continuous for all x but not differentiable at
2 x =0
 tan h   sin h 
1     (c) Neither differentiable nor continuous at x = 0
= lim  2  lim  2 = 1
32 h Æ 0 h h Æ 0 h 32 (d) discontinuous everywhere
   
 2   2  Exp. (b)
! lim sinθ = 1 and lim tanθ = 1 Continuity at x = 0,  1 1 
 θ Æ 0 θ θÆ 0 θ  - + 
 |- h | ( - h ) 
LHL = lim f( x) = lim (0 - h) e
log ( 3 + x ) - log ( 3 - x ) x Æ 0- hÆ 0
136. If lim = k , then the 1 1
-  - 
xÆ 0 x  h h
= lim (- h) e = lim (- h) = 0
value of k is [AIEEE 2003] hÆ 0 hÆ 0

(a) 0 (b) –1/3  1

-
1
+ 
 |h | h 
(c) 2/3 (d) –2/3 RHL = lim f( x) = lim (0 + h) e
xÆ 0+ hÆ 0
Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 159

1 1
-  +  So, f( x) will be minimum at x = 2 a.
h h h
= lim he = lim 2/ h
=0 i.e., q = 2a
hÆ 0 hÆ 0 e
Given, p2 = q ⇒ a2 = 2 a
⇒ lim f( x) = lim f( x) = f(0)
x Æ 0- xÆ 0+ ∴ a=2

Therefore, f( x) is continuous for all x. 140. If y = ( x + 1 + x 2 )n , then

Differentiability at x = 0,
d 2y dy
1 1
-  -  (1 + x 2 ) +x is equal to
(- h)e  h h
-0 dx 2 dx [AIEEE 2002]
Lf ′(0) = lim
hÆ 0 (- h) - 0 (a) n 2 y (b) -n 2 y (c) - y (d) 2 x 2 y
= lim e 0 = 1
hÆ 0 Exp. (a)
1 1
-  +  ! y = (x + 1 + x2 )n …(i)
h h
he -0
Rf ′(0) = lim On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
hÆ 0 h-0
dy  2x 
= lim
1
=0 = n( x + 1 + x2 )n - 1 ⋅  1 + 
dx  2 1 x 2 
e2/ h
hÆ 0  + 
⇒ Rf ′(0) ≠ Lf ′(0) n( x + 1 + x2 )n
Therefore, f( x ) is not differentiable at x = 0. =
1 + x2
139. If the function dy
2
3 2 2 ⇒ (1 + x2 )   = n2 y2 [from Eq. (i)]
f ( x ) = 2 x - 9a x + 12 a x + 1, where a > 0,  dx 
attains its maximum and minimum at Again differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
p and q respectively, such that p 2 = q , then a dy d 2 y dy
2
dy
is equal to [AIEEE 2003] (1 + x2 ) ⋅ 2 ⋅ + 2 x   = n2 2 y
dx dx2  dx  dx
(a) 3 (b) 1
d2y dy
(c) 2 (d) 1/2 ⇒ (1 + x2 ) + x = n2 y
dx2 dx
Exp. (c) 1 - cos 2 x
! f( x) = 2 x3 - 9ax2 + 12 a2 x + 1
141. lim is equal to
xÆ 0 2x [AIEEE 2002]
∴ f ′( x) = 6 x2 - 18ax + 12 a2 (a) λ (b) –1
For maxima or minima, put f ′( x) = 0 (c) zero (d) Does not exist
∴ 6( x2 - 3ax + 2 a2 ) = 0 Exp. (d)
⇒ 2
x - 3ax + 2 a = 0 2 1 - cos 2 x
Now, lim
xÆ 0 2x
⇒ x2 - 2 ax - ax + 2 a2 = 0
2 |sin x| |sin x|
⇒ x( x - 2 a) - a( x - 2 a) = 0 = lim = lim
xÆ 0 2x x Æ 0 x
⇒ ( x - a)( x - 2 a) = 0 |sin x|
Let f ( x) =
⇒ x = a, x = 2 a x
Now, f ′ ′( x) = 12 x - 18 a |sin (0 - h)| sin h
Now, LHL = lim = lim = -1
At x=a
hÆ 0 0-h h Æ 0 -h

f ′ ′( x) = 12 a - 18 a = - 6 a |sin (0 + h)| sin h

and RHL = lim = lim =1
So, f( x) will be maximum at x = a. hÆ 0 0+ h h Æ 0 h
i.e., p= a ! LHL ≠ RHL
Again, at x = 2 a |sin x|
Hence, lim does not exist.
f ′ ′( x) = 24 a - 18 a = 6 a
xÆ 0 x
160 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

x
 x 2 + 5x + 3 Exp. (d)
142. lim   is equal to Since, xy = e x - y
x Æ ∞  x2 + x + 2 
[AIEEE 2002]
Taking log on both sides, we get
(a) e 4 (b) e 2 (c) e 3
(d) e
y log x = ( x - y) loge e
Exp. (a) x
x ⇒ y=
 x2 + 5 x + 3  1 + log x
Now, lim  2 
xÆ ∞  x + x + 2   On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
x 1
 4x + 1  (1 + log x ) - x ⋅
= lim  1 + 2  dy x
=
xÆ ∞  x + x + 2  dx (1 + log x )2
( 4 x + 1) x log x
 1
( 4 x + 1)  x2 + x+ 2
=
 4x + 1  x2 + x + 2  (1 + log x )2
= lim   1 + 2  
xÆ ∞  x + x + 2



 145. The two curves x 3 - 3xy 2 + 2 = 0 and
 1
4 + 
3x 2y - y 3 - 2 = 0 [AIEEE 2002]
 x
lim
xÆ ∞ 1
1+ +
2 x
(a) cut at right angle (b) touch each other
 1 + 1  = e  π π
=e x x2 = e4 ! xlim    (c) cut at an angle (d) cut at an angle
Æ 0  x 3 4
 
dy Exp. (a)
143. If sin y = x sin (a + y ),then is equal to
dx The equations of two curves are
[AIEEE 2002]
x3 - 3 xy2 + 2 = 0 …(i)
sin a sin 2 (a + y )
(a) (b) and 3 x 2 y - y3 - 2 = 0 …(ii)
sin 2 (a + y ) sin a
On differentiating Eqs. (i) and (ii) w.r.t. x, we get
sin 2 (a - y )
(c) sin a sin 2 (a + y ) (d) 2
 dy  = x - y
2
sin a  
 dx  C1 2 xy
Exp. (b) and  dy  = -2 xy
 
! sin y = x sin (a + y)  dx  C 2 x 2 - y2
sin y dy dy  x2 - y2   -2 xy 
⇒ x= Now,   ×   =   
sin (a + y)  dx  C1  dx  C 2  2 xy   x2 - y2 
On differentiating w.r.t. y, we get = -1
dx sin (a + y) cos y - sin y cos (a + y) Hence, the two curves cut at right angle.
=
dy sin2 (a + y)
dx sin a
146. The function f ( x ) = cot -1 x + x increases in
⇒ = the interval [AIEEE 2002]
dy sin2 (a + y)
(a) (1, ∞ ) (b) ( -1, ∞ )
dy sin2 (a + y)
⇒ = (c) ( - ∞ , ∞ ) (d) (0, ∞ )
dx sin a
Exp. (c)
dy
144. If x y = e x - y , then is equal to Since, f( x) = cot -1 x + x
dx [AIEEE 2002]
1+ x 1 - log x On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
(a) (b) 1 x2
1 + log x 1 + log x f ′ ( x) = - + 1= ≥0
2
log x 1+ x 1 + x2
(c) not defined (d)
(1 + log x )2 Hence, f( x) is increasing function for all
x ∈ (- ∞, ∞ ).
Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 161

147. The greatest value of Exp. (c)

x x
 x - 3  5 
f ( x ) = ( x + 1)1/3 - ( x - 1)1/3 on [0, 1] is Now, lim   = lim 1 -
[AIEEE 2002] xÆ ∞  x + 2 xÆ ∞
 x + 2 
(a) 1 (b) 2  -5 x 
 
(c) 3 (d) 1/3  1
 -5 
 
 x + 2
  -5    x + 2 
= lim  1 +   
Exp. (b) xÆ ∞
  x + 2 
Given that,  
 5 
f( x) = ( x + 1)1/ 3 - ( x - 1)1/ 3 lim  -
xÆ ∞  1 + 2/

x  x
1 + 1  = e 
=e ! xlim   
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get Æ ∞  x
 
1 1 1  = e -5
f ′ ( x) =  2/ 3
- 2/ 3 
3  ( x + 1) ( x - 1) 
149. Let f (2 ) = 4 and f ′ (2 ) = 4. Then,
( x - 1)2 / 3 - ( x + 1)2 / 3
=
3( x2 - 1)2 / 3 x f (2 ) - 2 f ( x )
lim is given by
Clearly, f ′( x) does not exist at x = ± 1.
xÆ 2 x -2 [AIEEE 2002]
Now, put f ′( x) = 0, then (a) 2 (b) –2 (c) – 4 (d) 3

( x - 1)2 / 3 = ( x + 1)2 / 3 Exp. (c)

⇒ x=0 xf(2 ) - 2 f( x)
Now, lim
At x = 0
xÆ 2 x-2
f( x) = (0 + 1)1/ 3 - (0 - 1)1/ 3 = 2 xf(2 ) - 2 f(2 ) + 2 f(2 ) - 2 f( x)
= lim
xÆ 2 x-2
Hence, the greatest value of f( x) is 2. f(2 )( x - 2 ) - 2 {f( x) - f(2 )}
x = lim
 x - 3 xÆ 2 x-2
148. For x ∈R , lim   is equal to
xÆ ∞  x + 2 f( x) - f(2 )  f ( x ) - f ( a) 
[AIEEE 2002] = f(2 ) - 2 lim ! f ′( x) = xlim
(a) e (b) e -1 xÆ 2 x-2  Æ a x - a 
(c) e -5 (d) e 5 = f(2 ) - 2 f ′(2 )
= 4-2 × 4= -4
9
Integral Calculus
5x
sin 2. The area (in sq units) of the region
1. ∫ 2x dx is equal to A = {( x , y ) ∈R × R |0 ≤ x ≤ 3,
sin
2 0 ≤ y ≤ 4, y ≤ x 2 + 3x } is
(where,C is a constant of integration ) [JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-I]
[JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-I] 53
(a) 2 x + sin x + 2 sin 2 x + C (a) (b) 8
6
(b) x + 2 sin x + 2 sin 2 x + C 59 26
(c) x + 2 sin x + sin 2 x + C (c) (d)
6 3
(d) 2 x + sin x + sin 2 x + C
Exp. (c)
Exp. (c) Given, y ≤ x2 + 3 x
5x 5x x 2
sin 2 sin cos 3 9
2 dx = 2 2 dx ⇒ y ≤  x +  -
Let I = ∫ x ∫  2 4
x x
sin 2 sin cos 2
2 2 2 ⇒  x + 3 ≥  y + 9
x    
[multiplying by 2 cos in numerator and  2  4
2 Since, 0≤ y≤ 4
denominator]
sin 3 x + sin2 x and 0≤ x≤ 3
=∫ dx
sin x ∴The diagram for the given inequalities is
[! 2sin A cos B = sin( A + B) + sin( A - B) and Y
sin 2 A = 2 sin A cos A] y=x2+3x
(3sin x - 4sin3 x) + 2 sin xcos x
=∫ dx
sin x
y=4
[!sin 3 x = 3sin x - 4 sin3 x]
–3/2
= ∫ (3 - 4sin2 x + 2 cos x) dx O 1 3
X
(–3, 0)
9
= ∫ [3 - 2(1 - cos 2 x) + 2 cos x] dx –
4 x=3
2
[! 2 sin x = 1 - cos 2 x]
and points of intersection of curves y = x2 + 3 x
= ∫ [3 - 2 + 2 cos 2 x + 2 cos x] dx and y = 4 are (1, 4) and (-4, 4)
1 3
= ∫ [1 + 2 cos 2 x + 2 cos x] dx
Now required area = ∫ ( x2 + 3 x)dx + ∫ 4 dx
= x + 2 sin x + sin 2 x + C 0 1
Integral Calculus 163

1
 x3 3 x2  1 3 Now, at x = 1
3
= +  + [4 x]1 = + + 4(3 - 1)  tan-1(1)
3 2 0 3 2 a y (1) = a  
2+ 9 11 59  1+ 1 
= + 8= + 8= sq units
6 6 6 π
aπ π
= a 4 = = (given)
3. Let y = y ( x )be the solution of the differential 2 8 32
dy 1 1
∴ a = ⇒a =
equation, ( x 2 + 1)2 + 2 x ( x 2 + 1)y = 1 such 4 16
dx
π 2 - x cos x
that y(0) = 0. If a y(1) = , then the value of 4. If f ( x ) = and g ( x ) = log e x , ( x > 0)
32 2 + x cos x
‘a’ is [JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-I] π /4
1 1 1 then the value of the integral ∫ g ( f ( x ))dx
- π /4
(a) (b) (c) 1 (d)
4 2 16 is [JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-I]
(a) loge 3 (b) loge e
Exp. (d)
(c) loge 2 (d) loge 1
Given differential equation is
( x2 + 1)2
dy
+ 2 x( x2 + 1)y = 1
Exp. (d)
dx The given functions are
dy  2 x  1 2 - xcos x
⇒ +  y= g ( x) = loge x, x > 0 and f( x) =
dx  1 + x2  (1 + x2 )2 2 + xcos x
[dividing each term by(1 + x2 )2 ] …(i) π /4
Let I= ∫- π / 4 g(f( x))dx
This is a linear differential equation of the form
dy π /4  2 - xcos x 
+ P⋅ y = Q Then, I = …(i)
dx ∫- π / 4 loge   dx
 2 + xcos x 
2x 1
Here, P = 2
and Q =
(1 + x ) (1 + x2 )2 Now, by using the property
2x b b
∫1+ dx
∴ Integrating Factor (IF) = e x2 ∫ f( x) dx = ∫ f(a + b - x) dx, we get
a a
x2 )
= eln( 1 + = (1 + x2 ) π /4  2 + xcos x 
I= ∫- π / 4 loge   dx …(ii)
and required solution of differential Eq. (i) is given  2 - xcos x 
by
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
y ⋅ (IF) = ∫ Q (IF) dx + C π /4   2 - xcos x   2 + cos x  
2I = ∫ loge   + loge   dx
-π / 4  2 + x cos x  2 xcos x  
1   
⇒ y(1 + x2 ) = ∫ (1 + x2 )2 (1 + x
2
) dx + C
π /4  2 - xcos x 2 + xcos x 
=∫ loge  ×  dx
dx -π / 4  2 + xcos x 2 - xcos x 
⇒ y(1 + x2 ) = ∫1+ +C
x2
[!loge A + loge B = loge AB]
⇒ y(1 + x2 ) = tan-1( x) + C π /4
⇒ 2I = ∫- π / 4 loge (1)dx = 0
! y(0) = 0
∴ C=0 ⇒ I = 0 = loge (1)
∴ y(1 + x2 ) = tan-1 x [!C = 0] x

tan-1 x
5. Let f ( x ) = ∫ g (t )dt , where g is a non-zero
⇒ y= 2 0
1+ x
even function. If f ( x + 5) = g ( x ), then
 tan-1 x  x
⇒ ay = a  2 

 1+ x  ∫ f (t )dt equals
0 [JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-II]
[multiplying both sides by a]
164 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

5 x+5 1 1
(a) 5 (b) (a) - (b) -
∫ g (t )dt ∫ g (t )dt 6x 3 2x 3
x+5 5 1 3
(c) - (d)
x+5 5 2x 2 x2
(c) 2 ∫ g (t )dt (d) ∫ g (t )dt
5 x+5 Exp. (b)
dx
Exp. (d) Let I = ∫ x3 (1 + x6 )2 / 3
x
Given, f( x) = ∫ g (t ) dt dx
= ∫ 2/3
1
x3 ⋅ x4  6 + 1
0

On replacing x by (- x), we get x 

-x dx
f ( - x) = = ∫
∫ g(t )dt 1
2/3
0 x7  6 + 1
x 
Now, put t = - u, so
1
x x
Now, put + 1= t3
f(- x) = - ∫ g (-u )du = - ∫ g (u )du = - f( x) x6
0 0 6
⇒ - 7 dx = 3t 2dt
[!g is an even function] x
⇒ f(- x) = - f( x) ⇒ f is an odd function. dx t2
⇒ = - dt
Now, it is given that f( x + 5) = g ( x) x 7
2
∴f(5 - x) = g (- x) = g ( x) = f( x + 5) 1 2
- t dt
[!g is an even function] 1
So, I = ∫ 2 2 = - ∫ dt
⇒ f(5 - x) = f( x + 5) …(i) t 2
x 1/ 3
1 1 1
Let I = ∫ f(t )dt = - t + C = -  6 + 1 +C
2 2x 
0

Put t = u + 5 ⇒ t - 5 = u ⇒ dt = du !t 3 = 1 + 1
x-5
 x6 
x-5
∴ I= ∫ f (u + 5)du = ∫ g(u )du 1 1
=- (1 + x6 )1/ 3 + C
-5 -5 2 x2
Put u = - t ⇒du = - dt , we get = x ⋅ f( x) ⋅ (1 + x6 )1/ 3 + C [given]
5- x 5
I=- On comparing both sides, we get
∫ g(-t )dt = ∫ g(t )dt 1
5 5- x f ( x) = - 3
b a 2x
[!- ∫ f( x)dx = ∫ f( x)dx and g is an even function]

5
a b 7. Let S (α ) = {( x , y ): y 2 ≤ x , 0 ≤ x ≤ α} and A(α ) is
I= ∫ f ′(t )dt [by Leibnitz rule f ′( x) = g ( x)] area of the region S(α ). If for λ, 0 < λ < 4,
5- x A ( λ ): A ( 4) = 2 : 5, then λ equals
[JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-II]
= f(5) - f(5 - x) = f(5) - f(5 + x) [from Eq. (i)] 1 1
5 5 4 2 3
(a) 2   3 (b) 4 
= ∫ f ′(t )dt = ∫ g(t )dt  25   5
5+ x 5+ x 1 1
4 3 2 3
dx
1 (c) 4  (d) 2  
6. If ∫ = xf ( x )(1 + x 6 )3 +C  25   5
x (1 + x 6 )2/3
3
Exp. (c)
where, C is a constant of integration, then
Given,
the function f ( x ) is equal to S(α ) = {( x, y) : y2 ≤ x, 0 ≤ x ≤ α} and
[JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-II]
Integral Calculus 165

π
A(α ) is area of the region S(α )  1 
Y
= ∫02  1 - 2 sin2 x dx
y2 = x π/2
1
=  x + cos 2 x
 4  0
π 1
=  - 0 + (-1 - 1)
X 2  4
O
π 1
A(λ) = -
2 2
π 1 π -1
⇒ I= - =
4 4 4
x=λ
λ λ 9. The area (in sq units) of the region
 x3 / 2  4 3/ 2 A = {( x , y ): x 2 ≤ y ≤ x + 2} is
Clearly, A(λ ) = 2 ∫ xdx = 2   = λ
0  3 / 2 0 3 [JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-I]
A(λ ) 2 13 9
Since, = , (0 < λ < 4) (a) (b)
A(4) 5 6 2
3 2 31 10
λ3 / 2 2 λ 2 (c) (d)
⇒ = ⇒   =   6 3
43 / 2 5  4  5
1/ 3 1/ 3
λ  4 4 Exp. (b)
⇒ =  ⇒ λ = 4 
4  25   25  Given region is A = {( x, y) : x2 ≤ y ≤ x + 2}
π /2 sin 3 x Now, the region is shown in the following graph
8. The value of ∫0 dx is
sin x + cos x Y y=x+2
[JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-I] x2=y
π -1 π-2
(a) (b) B(2,4)
2 8
π -1 π-2
(c) (d)
4 4 (0,2)
A
Exp. (c) (–2,0)
X' –1 X'
O 2
Key Idea Use property of definite integral. Y'
b b
∫a f( x) dx = ∫a f(a + b - x) dx For intersecting points A and B
π Taking, x2 = x + 2 ⇒ x2 - x - 2 = 0
sin3 x
Let I = ∫ 2 dx …(i) ⇒ x2 - 2 x + x - 2 = 0
sin x + cos x
0
⇒ x( x - 2 ) + 1( x - 2 ) = 0
On applying the property,
b b ⇒ x = -1,2 ⇒ y = 1, 4
∫a f( x)dx = ∫a f(a + b - x) dx, we get So, A(-1, 1) and B (2, 4).
cos 3 x
π /2 2
I= ∫0 dx …(ii) Now, shaded area = ∫ [( x + 2 ) - x2 ] dx
cos x + sin x
-1
On adding integrals (i) and (ii), we get 2
x 2 3
π / 2 sin3 x + cos 3 x x  4 8 1 1
2I = ∫ dx =  + 2 x -  =  + 4 -  -  - 2 + 
0 sin x + cos x  2 3  -1  2 3   2 3
π
(sin x + cos x) (sin2 x + cos 2 x - sin xcos x) 1 9
= dx = 8- -
∫02 sin x + cos x 2 3
π 1 1 9
1 - 1 (2 sin xcos x) dx = 8 - - 3 = 5 - = sq units
= ∫02 2 2 2
 2 
166 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Graphical representation of A is
10. The integral ∫ sec 2/3 x cosec4/3x dx is equal to
Y
(hereC is a constant of integration) y2
=x
[JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-I] Q 2
(a) 3 tan -1/ 3 x + C
(b) -3 tan -1/ 3 x + C X' X
O
-1/ 3
(c) -3cot x+C
P
3
(d) - tan -4 / 3 x + C

4
y+
4

x=
Y'
Exp. (b) On substituting y = x - 4 from Eq. (ii) to Eq. (i), we
2 4
dx get
Let I = ∫ sec 3 x cosec 3 x dx = ∫ 2 4 ( x - 4)2 = 2 x
cos 3 xsin 3 x
dx ⇒ x2 - 8 x + 16 = 2 x
∫ 4
4 2 ⇒ x2 - 10 x + 16 = 0
 sin x  3
  cos 3 xcos 3 x ⇒ ( x - 2 )( x - 8) = 0
 cos x 
⇒ x = 2, 8
[dividing and multiplying by cos 4 / 3 x ∴ y = - 2, 4 [from Eq. (ii)]
in denominator]
So, the point of intersection of Eqs. (i) and (ii) are
dx sec 2 xdx P(2, - 2 ) and Q(8, 4).
= ∫ 4
=∫ 4
Now, the area enclosed by the region A
tan 3 xcos 2 x (tan x)3 4
4
Now, put tan x = t ⇒sec x dx = dt 2  y2   y2 y3 
-4
= ∫ ( y + 4) - 2 dy =  2 + 4 y - 6 
+1 -2 -2
dt t 3  16 64   4 8
∴I= ∫ t 4/ 3 = +C = + 16 -  - -8+ 
-4 2 6  2 6
+1
3 32 4
1 = 8 + 16 - -2 + 8-
1 -3 - 3 3
= -3 +C = + C = -3 tan 3 x+C
1 1 = 30 - 12
t 3 (tan x)3 = 18 sq units

11. The area (in sq units) of the region 12. If f : R Æ R is a differentiable function and
 y2  f(x)
A = ( x , y ): ≤ x ≤ y + 4 is lim 2t dt
 2  f (2 ) = 6, then ∫ is
[JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-II]
xÆ2 6
(x - 2 )
53
(a) 30 (b) [JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-II]
3
(a) 12 f ′( 2 ) (b) 0
(c) 16 (d) 18
(c) 24 f ′( 2 ) (d) 2 f ′( 2 )
Exp. (d)
Exp. (a)
 y2 
Given region A = ( x, y) : ≤ x ≤ y + 4
 2  Key Idea
y2 (i) First use L’ Hopital rule
∴ = x
2 (ii) Now, use formula
φ ( x)
⇒ y2 = 2 x …(i) d 2
f (t )dt = f[φ2 ( x)]⋅ φ′2 ( x) - f[φ1( x)]⋅ φ′1 ( x)
and x = y + 4⇒ y = x - 4 …(ii) dx φ ∫( x )
1
Integral Calculus 167

f( x )

f( x ) ∫ 2tdt 14. The value of the integral

2tdt 1
Let l = lim ∫ = lim 6 -1
(1 - x 2 + x 4 )dx is
xÆ 2
6
( x - 2 ) xÆ 2 ( x - 2 ) ∫ x cot
0
 0 form, as f(2 ) = 6 [JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-II]
 0 
π 1 π 1
(a) - loge 2 (b) - loge 2
On applying the L’ Hopital rule, we get 4 2 2 2
2 f( x)f ′( x) π π
l = lim (c) - loge 2 (d) - loge 2
xÆ 2 1 4 2
 d φ 2( x )
! ∫ f (t )dt = f(φ 2 ( x))⋅ φ2 ′( x)
 dx φ ( x )
Exp. (a)
 1 1
-1
- f(φ1( x)) ⋅ φ1 ′( x)] Let I = ∫ xcot (1 - x2 + x4 ) dx
0
So, l = 2 f(2 ) ⋅ f ′(2 )= 12 f ′(2 ) [!f(2 ) = 6]
f( x ) Now, put x2 = t
2tdt
∴ lim ∫ = 12 f ′(2 ), if f(2 ) = 6 ⇒ 2 xdx = dt
xÆ 2
6
x-2
Lower limit at x = 0, t = 0
13. If ∫ e sec x Upper limit at x = 1, t = 1
1
1
(sec x tan x f ( x ) + (sec x tan x + sec 2 x )) ∴I= cot -1(1 - t + t 2 ) dt
2 ∫0
dx = e sec x f ( x ) + C , then a possible choice of 1
1  1  1
f ( x ) is [JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-II] = ∫ tan-1   dt !cot -1 x = tan-1 
2
20 1 - t + t   x 
1
(a) x sec x + tan x +
2 1
1  t - (t - 1) 
1 = tan-1   dt
(b) sec x + tan x + 2 ∫0  1 + t (t - 1)
2
1 1
(c) sec x + x tan x - 1 -1 -1

2 =  ∫ ( tan t - tan (t - 1) dt 
2  0 
1
(d) sec x - tan x -
2  -1 x - y -1 -1 
! tan 1 + xy = tan x - tan y
Exp. (b)  
1 1
Given,
sec x 2
! ∫ tan-1(t - 1)dt = ∫ tan-1(1 - t - 1) dt
∫ e [(sec x tan x)f( x) + (sec x tan x + sec x)]dx 0 0
1
sec x
=e ⋅ f ( x) + C = - ∫ tan-1(t ) dt
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get 0
sec x 2 a a
e [(sec x tan x)f( x) + (sec x tan x + sec x)]
because ∫ f( x)dx = ∫ f(a - x) dx
sec x
=e f ′( x) + esec x (sec x tan x)f( x) 0 0
1
⇒ esec x (sec x tan x + sec 2 x) = esec x f ′( x) 1
So, I = ∫ ( tan-1 t + tan-1 t ) dt
⇒ f ′( x) = sec x tan x + sec 2 x 20
1 1
So, f( x) = ∫ f ′( x)dx = ∫ (sec x tan x + sec 2 x)dx = ∫ tan-1 tdt = [t tan-1 t ]10 -
t
∫ 1 + t 2 dt
= sec x + tan x + C 0 0

So, possible value of f( x)from options, is [by integration by parts method]

1 π 1 π 1
f( x) = sec x + tan x + . = - [loge (1 + t 2 )]10 = - loge 2
2 4 2 4 2
168 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

dx It is given, that
15. If ∫
( x 2 - 2 x + 10)2 
I = A  tan-1 
x - 1 f ( x) 

 + 2
 +C
  x - 1 f (x )   3 x - 2 x + 10 
= A  tan -1  +  +C , 1
  3  x 2 - 2 x + 10 On comparing, we get A = and f( x) = 3( x - 1.)
54
where,C is a constant of integration, then
[JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-I]  (n + 1)1/3 (n + 2 )1/3 (2n )1/3 
1 16. lim  4 /3
+ 4 /3
+ ..... +  is
(a) A = and f ( x ) = 9 ( x - 1) nÆ∞  n n n 4/3 
27
1 equal to [JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-I]
(b) A = and f ( x ) = 3 ( x - 1) 4 3 4/ 3 4
81 (a) ( 2 )4/ 3 (b) (2) -
1 3 4 3
(c) A = and f ( x ) = 3 ( x - 1)
54 3 3 4
(c) ( 2 )4/ 3 - (d) ( 2 ) 3/ 4
1 4 4 3
(d) A = and f ( x ) = 9 ( x - 1)2
54
Exp. (c)
Exp. (c) Let
dx dx  (n + 1)1/ 3 (n + 2 )1/ 3 (2 n)1/ 3 
Let I = ∫ ( x2 - 2 x + 10)2 = ∫ (( x - 1)2 + 32 )2 p = lim  + + … + 4 / 3 
nÆ ∞  4 / 3 4 / 3
n n n 
Now, put x - 1 = 3tanθ ⇒dx = 3 sec2θ dθ n
(n + r )1/ 3
2 2 = lim ∑
So, I =
3sec θ dθ 3sec θ dθ nÆ ∞
r =1 n4 / 3
∫ (32 tan2 θ + 32 )2 = ∫ 4
3 sec θ 4
1/ 3
1 + r  n1/ 3
1 1 1 + cos 2θ 
n 
= cos 2θ dθ = dθ  n 
27 ∫ 27 ∫ 2 = lim ∑
nÆ ∞
r =1 n4 / 3
!cos 2 θ = 1 + cos 2θ 
n 1/ 3
 2  1  r
= lim ∑  1 + 
1 nÆ ∞ n n
= (1 + cos 2θ) dθ r =1
54 ∫ Now, as per integration as limit of sum.
1  sin2θ  r 1
= θ +  +C Let = x and = dx [! n Æ ∞]
54  2  n n
Then, upper limit of integral is 1 and lower limit of
1 x - 1 1  2 tanθ 
= tan-1   +   +C integral is 0.
54  3  108  1 + tan2 θ  1
So, p = ∫ (1 + x)1/ 3 dx
 2 tanθ 
!sin2θ =  0
 1 + tan2 θ   n 
1  r 1
! lim ∑ f  n  = ∫0 f( x) dx
 x - 1  n Æ ∞ n r =1 
 
1 x - 1 1  3 
= tan-1   + +C 3 3
1
3 3
54  3  54 x - 1
2
=  (1 + x)4 / 3  = (2 4 / 3 - 1) = (2 )4 / 3 -
1 +    4  0 4 4 4
 3 

1 x - 1 1  x-1  17. The region represented by | x - y | ≤ 2 and

= tan-1   +   +C
54  3  18  ( x - 1)2 + 32  | x + y | ≤ 2 is bounded by a
[JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-I]
1 x - 1 1  x-1 
= tan-1   +  2  + C (a) rhombus of side length 2 units
54  3  18  x - 2 x + 10  (b) rhombus of area 8 2 sq units
1  -1  x - 1 3( x - 1)  (c) square of side length 2 2 units
=  tan   + 2 +C (d) square of area 16 sq units
54  3  x - 2 x + 10 
Integral Calculus 169

Exp. (c) 19. The integral

π /3 2/ 3
x cosec4/3x dx is
The given inequalities are
∫π /6 sec
equal to [JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-II]
| x - y| ≤ 2 and | x + y| ≤ 2 .
(a) 35/ 6 - 32 / 3 (b) 37/ 6 - 35/ 6
On drawing, the above inequalities, we get a
square (c) 35/ 3 - 31/ 3 (d) 34/ 3 - 31/ 3
Y
(0, 2)
Exp. (b)
π /3
2/3
Let I = ∫ sec x cosec 4 / 3 x dx
π /6
(–2, 0) (2, 0)
X′ X π /3 π /3
O 1 sec 2 x
= ∫ dx = ∫ dx
π /6
cos 2 / 3 x sin4 / 3 x π/6
(tan x)4 / 3

(0, –2) [multiplying and dividing the

denominator bycos 4/ 3 x]
Y′
Put, tan x = t , upper limit, at x = π / 3 ⇒t = 3
Now, the area of shaded region is equal to the and lower limit, at x = π / 6 ⇒ t = 1 / 3
area of a square having side length
and sec 2 x dx = dt
(2 - 0)2 + (0 - 2 )2 = 2 2 units. 3
3
dt  t - 1/ 3 
2π So, I= ∫ = 
18. The value of ∫ [sin 2 x (1 + cos 3x )] dx , where 1/ 3
t 4/ 3  - 1 / 3 1/ 3

1
= - 3  1/ 6 - 31/ 6 
0
[t ] denotes the greatest integer function, is 3 
[JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-I] = 3 ⋅ 31/ 6 - 3 ⋅ 3- 1/ 6
(a) - π (b) 2 π (c) - 2 π (d) π
= 37/ 6 - 35 / 6
Exp. (a)
Given integral
20. The area (in sq units) of the region bounded
2π by the curves y = 2 x and y = | x + 1 |, in the first
I= ∫0 [sin2 x ⋅ (1 + cos 3 x)]dx
quadrant is [JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-II]
π 3 3
= ∫0 [sin2 x ⋅ (1 + cos 3 x)]dx (a) (b) loge 2 +
2 2
2π 1 3 1
+ ∫ [sin2 x ⋅ (1 + cos 3 x)]dx (c) (d) -
π 2 2 loge 2
= I1 + I2 (let) ... (i)
Now, I2 =
2π Exp. (d)
∫π [sin2 x ⋅ (1 + cos 3 x)]dx Given, equations of curves
let 2 π - x = t, upper limit t = 0 and lower limit t = π
 x + 1 ,x≥ - 1
and dx = -dt y = 2 x and y = | x + 1| = 
0 - x - 1 , x < - 1
So, I2 = - ∫π [- sin2 x ⋅ (1 + cos 3 x)]dx ! The figure of above given curves is
π
= ∫0 [- sin2 x ⋅ (1 + cos 3 x)]dx …(ii) Y y=x+1
π
I= (1,2)
∴ ∫0 [sin2 x ⋅ (1 + cos 3 x)]dx
π y=–x–1 y=2x
+ ∫0 [- sin2 x ⋅ (1 + cos 3 x)]dx
[from Eqs. (i) and (ii)] (0,1)
π
= ∫0 (-1) dx] [![ x] + [- x] = - 1, x ∉Integer] X′ X
(–1,0) O
= -π
170 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

In first quadrant, the above given curves intersect Exp. (b)

each other at (1, 2).
1 Given region is {( x, y) : y2 ≤ 4 x, x + y ≤ 1, x ≥ 0,
So, the required area = ∫0 (( x + 1) - 2 x ) dx y ≥ 0}
1
2 x
x 2   x ax 
= + x-  ! ∫ a dx = + C B(0,1)
 2 log 2
e 0  loge a 
P
1 2 1  3 1 y2=4x
=  + 1- + = -
2 loge 2 loge 2  2 loge 2 x+y=1

2 2 X
21. If ∫ x 5e - x dx = g ( x )e - x + C , where C is a O A(1,0)

constant of integration, then g ( - 1) is equal

Now, for point P, put value of y = 1 - x to y2 = 4 x,
to [JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-II]
(a) -1 (b) 1 we get
1 5 (1 - x)2 = 4 x ⇒ x2 + 1 - 2 x = 4 x
(c) - (d) -
2 2 ⇒ x2 - 6 x + 1 = 0

Exp. (d) 36 - 46±

⇒ x= = 3 ± 2 2.
5 - x 2 2
Let given integral, I = ∫xe dx
Since, x-coordinate of P less than x-coordinate of
Put 2
x = t ⇒2 xdx = dt point A(1, 0).
1 ∴ x= 3-2 2
So, I = ∫ t 2e - t dt
2 Now, required area
1 3-2 2 1
= [(- t 2e - t ) + ∫ e - t (2t ) dt ] = ∫0 2 x dx + ∫3 - 2 (1 - x) dx
2
2
3-2 2 1
[integration by parts] x3 / 2  x2 
1 =2 + x - 
= [- t 2e - t + 2t (- e - t ) + ∫ 2e - t dt ] 3/2  2 3 - 2
0 2
2
1 4 1
= [- t 2e - t - 2te - t - 2e - t ] + C = ( 3 - 2 2 )3/ 2 +  1 -  - ( 3 - 2 2 )
2 3  2
e- t 2 (3 - 2 2 )2
=- (t + 2t + 2 ) + C +
2 2
2
e- x 4 1 1
=- ( x4 + 2 x2 + 2 ) + C [!t = x2 ] …(i) = [( 2 - 1)2 ]3 / 2 + - 3 + 2 2 +
2 3 2 2
! It is given that, (9 + 8 - 12 2 )
5 - x2 x2 4 5 17
I= ∫xe dx = g ( x) ⋅ e - +C = ( 2 - 1)3 - + 2 2 + -6 2
3 2 2
By Eq. (i), comparing both sides, we get 4
1 = (2 2 - 3(2 ) + 3( 2 ) - 1) - 4 2 + 6
g ( x) = - ( x 4 + 2 x 2 + 2 ) 3
2
4
1 5 = (5 2 - 7 ) - 4 2 + 6
So, g(- 1) = - (1 + 2 + 2 ) = - 3
2 2
8 2 10
= -
22. If the area (in sq units) of the region 3 3
{( x , y ): y 2 ≤ 4x , x + y ≤ 1, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0} is =a 2 + b (given)
a 2 + b , then a - b is equal to 8 10
So, on comparing a = and b = -
[JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-I] 3 3
10 8 2 8 10
(a) (b) 6 (c) (d) - ∴ a-b= + =6
3 3 3 3 3
Integral Calculus 171

π /2
2x3 - 1 = (cosec x cot x - cot 2 x) dx
23. The integral ∫ dx is equal to ∫0
x4 + x π /2
= ∫0 (cosec x cot x - cosec 2 x + 1) dx
(hereC is a constant of integration)
= [- cosec x + cot x + x]π0 / 2
[JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-I]
π /2
1 | x 3 + 1| 1 ( x 3 + 1)2
  - 2 sin2 x  
π /2   
(a) loge +C (b) loge +C
= x +
cos x - 1  2 
2 x2 2 | x 3| 
= x +
x
sin x  0  x
2 sin cos 
x3 + 1 | x 3 + 1|  2 2  0
(c) loge +C (d) loge +C
x x2 x
π /2
π 1
=  x - tan  = - 1 = [ π - 2]
 2  0 2 2
Exp. (c)
= m [ π + n] [given]
Key Idea 1
On comparing, we get m = and n = - 2
(i) Divide each term of numerator and 2
denominator by x2 . ∴ m⋅ n = - 1
1
(ii) Let x2 + = t Alternate Solution
x π /2 cot x
Let I = ∫ dx
2 x3 - 1 2 x - 1 / x2 0 cot x + cosec x
Let integral is I = ∫ dx = ∫ dx
4
x + x 1 cos x
x2 +
x π /2 π / 2 cos x
=∫ sin x dx = ∫ dx
[dividing each term of numerator and 0 cos x 1 0 cox + 1
+
denominator by x2 ] sin x sin x
1  1  2 x
Put x2 + = t ⇒  2 x +  - 2   dx = dt π /2
2 cos -1
x   x  =∫ 2 dx
0 x
dt 2 cos 2
∴ I=∫ = loge| (t )| + C 2
t
2θ θ
1 [!cos θ = 2 cos - 1 and cos θ + 1 = 2 cos 2 ]
= loge  x2 +  + C 2 2
 x π /2 1 2 x
x3 + 1
=∫  1 - sec  dx
= loge +C
0  2 2
x π /2
x π 1
=  x - tan  = - 1 = ( π - 2)
π /2 cot x  2  0 2 2
24. If ∫ dx = m ( π + n ), then m ⋅ n
0 cot x + cosec x Since, I = m( π - n)
is equal to [JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-I] 1
∴m( π - n) = ( π - 2 )
1 1 2
(a) - (b) 1 (c) (d) -1
2 2 On comparing both sides, we get
1
Exp. (d) m = and n = - 2
2
π /2 cot x 1
Let I = ∫0 dx Now, mn = × (- 2 ) = - 1
cot x + cosec x 2
cos x
π /2 π / 2 cos x
=∫ sin x dx = ∫ dx 25. A value of α such that
0 cos x 1 0 1 + cos x
+ α +1
sin x sin x dx  9
π / 2 cos x (1 - cos x) ∫ = log e   is
=∫ dx ( x + α )( x + α + 1)  8
α
0 1 - cos 2 x
[JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-II]
π / 2 cos x - cos 2 x 1 1
= ∫0 dx (a) - 2 (b) (c) - (d) 2
sin2 x 2 2
172 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Exp. (a) sin x sin α

+
cos x cos α
α+1
dx =∫ dx
Let I = sin x sinα
∫ ( x + α ) ( x + α + 1)
-
cos x cos α
α
α+1 sin x cos α + sin α cos x
( x + α + 1) - ( x + α ) =∫ dx
= ∫ dx sin x cos α - sin α cos x
α
( x + α ) ( x + α + 1)
sin ( x + α )
α+1 =∫ dx
 1 1  sin ( x - α )
= ∫  -  dx
α
 x + α x + α + 1 Now, put x - α = t ⇒dx = dt , so
α +1 sin (t + 2 α )
= [loge ( x + α ) - loge ( x + α + 1)] I=∫ dt
α sin t
α+1
  x + α  sin t cos 2 α + sin 2α cos t
= loge  =∫ dt
 sint
  x + α + 1  α
cos t 
2α + 1 2α = ∫  cos 2 α + sin 2 α  dt
= loge - loge  sint 
2α + 2 2α + 1
= t (cos 2 α ) + (sin 2 α ) loge | sint | + C
 2α + 1 2α + 1 = ( x - α ) cos 2 α + (sin 2 α ) loge |sin ( x - α )| + C
= loge  × 
 2α + 2 2α  = A( x) cos 2 α + B( x) sin 2 α + C (given)
9 Now on comparing, we get
= loge   (given)
 8 A( x) = x - α and B( x) = loge |sin ( x - α )|

(2 α + 1)2 9 27. If the area (in sq units) bounded by the

⇒ =
4α (α + 1) 8 parabola y 2 = 4λx and the line y = λx , λ > 0, is
2 2
⇒ 8 [4α + 4α + 1] = 36 (α + α ) 1
, then λ is equal to
⇒ 8α 2 + 8α + 2 = 9α 2 + 9α 9
[JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-II]
⇒ α2 + α - 2 = 0
(a) 2 6 (b) 48 (c) 24 (d) 4 3
⇒ (α + 2 ) (α - 1) = 0
⇒ α = 1, - 2 Exp. (c)
From the options we get α = - 2 Given, equation of curves are
y2 = 4λx …(i)
26. Let α ∈(0, π / 2) be fixed. If the integral and y = λx …(ii)
tan x + tan α λ> 0
∫ tan x - tan α dx = A (x )cos2α + B ( x ) Area bounded by above two curve is, as per figure
Y
sin2 α +C , where C is a constant of A y2=4λx
integration, then the functions A ( x ) and
B ( x ) are respectively O
[JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-II] X
(a) x + α and loge | sin( x + α )|
(b) x - α and loge | sin( x - α )| y=λx
(c) x - α and loge |cos( x - α )|
(d) x + α and loge | sin( x - α )| the intersection point A we will get on the solving
Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Exp. (b)
λ2 x2 = 4λx
tan x + tanα π
Let I = ∫ dx, α ∈  0,  4
tan x - tanα  2 ⇒ x = ,so y = 4
λ
Integral Calculus 173

So,
4
A  , 4 Now, as cos 3 x = 4cos 3 x - 3cos x
λ  1
∴ cos 3 x = (cos 3 x + 3cos x)
Now, required area 4
4/ λ π
2 2
= ∫ (2 λx - λx) dx ∴ I=
4 ∫0
(cos 3 x + 3cos x)dx
0 π
4/ λ 1  sin 3 x
+ 3sin x
  2
4/ λ =
 x3 / 2   x2  2  3  0
=2 λ  -λ 
3 
   2 0 1 1 3π
=  sin
π 1
+ 3sin  -  sin 0 + 3sin 0 
 2 0 2  3 2 2   3  
2
4 4 4 λ  4 32 8 1 1
= λ -   = - =  (-1) + 3 - [0 + 0]
3 λ λ 2  λ 3λ λ 2  3  
32 - 24 8  3π π π 
= = !sin = sin π +  = - sin = - 1
3λ 3λ  2  2 2 
1
It is given that area = 1 1 4
9 =  - + 3 =
2  3  3
8 1
⇒ =
3λ 9
29. For x 2 ≠ nπ + 1, n ∈ N (the set of natural
⇒ λ = 24
numbers), the integral
π 3
28. The value of ∫0 |cos x | dx is 2 sin( x 2 - 1) - sin 2( x 2 - 1)
[JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-I] ∫x 2 sin( x 2 - 1) + sin 2( x 2 - 1)
dx
2 4 4
(a) (b) - (c) 0 (d)
3 3 3 is equal to (where C is a constant of
integration ) [JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-I]
Exp. (d) 1
(a) loge | sec( x 2 - 1)| + C
We know, graph of y = cos x is 2
Y  x 2 -1
(b) loge sec   + C
 2 
1
X
(c) loge sec 2 ( x 2 - 1) + C
X′ π 2
O π/2
1  x 2 -1
(d) loge sec 2   + C
2  2 
Y′
∴ The graph of y =|cos x| is Exp. (b)
Y
y=|cos x| 2 sin( x2 - 1) - sin2( x2 - 1)
Let I = ∫x dx
2 sin( x2 - 1) + sin2( x2 - 1)
x2 - 1
Put =θ
2
X′ X
O π/2 π ⇒ x2 - 1 = 2θ ⇒ 2 x dx = 2 dθ
Y′ ⇒ x dx = dθ
π
π
∴ I= 3 3 2 sin2 θ - sin 4θ
∫0 |cos x| =2 ∫0
2|cos x| dx Now, I = ∫ 2 sin2 θ + sin 4θ
dθ
π
(! y =|cos x| is symmetric about x = )
2 2 sin2 θ - 2 sin2 θcos 2 θ
= ∫ dθ
π
 π  2 sin2 θ + 2 sin2 θ cos 2 θ
= 2∫ 2 cos 3 x dx !cos x ≥ 0 for x ∈  0, 
0   2   (!sin2 A = 2 sin A cos A)
174 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

2
2 sin2 θ(1 - cos 2 θ) 2
= ∫ 2 sin2 θ(1 + cos 2 θ)
dθ = ∫0 [( x - 1) - (4 x - 5)] dx
2 2 2 2
1 - cos 2 θ 2 sin2 θ
= ∫0 ( x - 4 x + 4) dx = ∫0 ( x - 2 ) dx
= ∫ dθ = ∫ dθ 2
1 + cos 2 θ 2 cos 2 θ ( x - 2 )3 (2 - 2 )3 (0 - 2 )3 8
= = - = sq units
2
[!1 - cos 2 A = 2 sin A and 1 + cos 2 A = 2 cos A] 2 3 0
3 3 3

2
= ∫ tan θ d θ = ∫ tanθd θ 31. The area of the region
2
A = {(x , y ); 0 ≤ y ≤ x | x | + 1 and - 1 ≤ x ≤ 1} in
 x - 1
= loge|sec θ| + C = loge sec  sq. units, is [JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-II]
 + C
 2  4 1 2
(a) 2 (b) (c) (d)
 x2 - 1 3 3 3
!θ = 
 2  Exp. (a)
We have,
30. The area (in sq units) bounded by the A = {( x, y) : 0 ≤ y≤ x| x| + 1and - 1 ≤ x ≤ 1}
2
parabola y = x - 1, the tangent at the point
When x ≥ 0, then 0 ≤ y ≤ x2 + 1
(2, 3) to it and theY -axis is
[JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-I] and when x < 0, then 0 ≤ y ≤ - x2 + 1
8 56 32 14 Now, the required region is the shaded region.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 3 3 y
Exp. (a)
2
Given, equation of parabola is y = x2 - 1, which
can be rewritten as x2 = y + 1 or x2 = ( y - (-1)). y=–x +1 2
1 y=x2+1

⇒ Vertex of parabola is (0, - 1) and it is open

upward. x
–1 1
Equation of tangent at (2, 3) is given by T = 0 y=0
y + y1
⇒ = x x1 - 1, where, x1 = 2 [! y = x2 + 1 ⇒ x2 = ( y - 1), parabola with vertex
2
(0, 1) and y = - x2 + 1⇒ x2 = - ( y - 1) ,
and y1 = 3.
y+ 3 parabola with vertex (0,1) but open downward]
⇒ = 2x - 1 We need to calculate the shaded area, which is
2
equal to
⇒ y = 4x - 5 0 1
2
∫-1(- x + 1)dx + ∫ ( x2 + 1)dx
0
y=x2–1 0 1
(2, 3)  x3   x3 
= - + x +  + x
 3 - 1  3 0
2   (- 1)3   1 
=  0 - - + (- 1)  +   + 1 - 0
 3    3  
  
(0, –1)
y=4x–5 1 4 2 4
= -  - 1 + = + = 2
3  3 3 3
π /3 tan θ 1
32. If ∫0 dθ =1 - ,(k > 0), then the
2k sec θ 2
Now, required area = area of shaded region value of k is [JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-II]
2 1
(a) 1 (b) (c) 2 (d) 4
= ∫0 (y(parabola ) - y(tangent )) dx 2
Integral Calculus 175

Exp. (c) 5 x- 6 + 7 x- 8
= ∫ ( x- 5 + dx
π/3 tan θ 1 x- 7 + 2 )2
We have, ∫ dθ = 1 - , (k > 0)
0 2 k sec θ 2 Let x- 5 + x- 7 + 2 = t
π/3 tan θ ⇒ (- 5 x- 6 - 7 x- 8 )dx = dt
Let I = ∫ dθ
0 2 k sec θ
⇒ (5 x- 6 + 7 x- 8 )dx = - dt
1 π / 3 tanθ
= dθ dt
2 k ∫0 sec θ ∴ f( x) = ∫ - 2 = - ∫ t -2dt
t
1 π/3 (sin θ)
= dθ t-2 +1 t-1
2 k ∫0
1
1 =- + C =- +C= +C
(cos θ) -2 + 1 -1 t
cos θ
1 π / 3 sin θ 1 x7
= dθ = +C= +C
2 k ∫0
-5 -7
cos θ x + x +2 2 x + x2 + 1
7

Let cos θ = t ⇒ - sin θ dθ = dt ⇒sin θ dθ = - dt ! f(0) = 0

for lower limit, θ = 0 ⇒t = cos 0 = 1 0
∴ 0= + C ⇒C = 0
π π 1 0+ 0+1
for upper limit, θ = ⇒t = cos =
3 3 2 x7
1 ∴ f( x) =
1 1/ 2 - dt -1 1/ 2 -
2 dt
2 x + x2 + 1
7
⇒ I= = t
2 k ∫1 t 2 k ∫1 ⇒ f(1) =
1
=
1
1 2(1)7 + 12 + 1 4
 1
- +1 2 1
1  t 2 
1 π
=-   =- [2 t ]12 34. Let n ≥ 2 be a natural number and 0 < θ < .
2 k  - 1 + 1 2k 2
 2 1 1

2  1  2  1  (sinn θ - sin θ)n cos θ

=-  - 1 = 1 -  Then, ∫ dθ is equal to
2k  2  2k  2 sinn + 1 θ
1 (whereC is a constant of integration)
! I = 1- (given)
2 [JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-I]
n+1
2  1  1 2 n 1
∴ 1 -  = 1- ⇒ =1 (a) 1 -



n
+C
2k  2 2 2k sinn + 1 θ 
n2 -1 
⇒ 2 = 2k ⇒ 2k = 4 ⇒ k = 2 n+1
8 6
n
1 + 1  n
5x + 7x (b) 2  n -1 
+C
33. If f (x ) = ∫ dx ,( x ≥ 0), and n -1  sin θ
( x 2 + 1 + 2 x 7 )2 n+1
n 1 - 1  n
f (0) = 0, then the value of f (1) is (c)   +C
[JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-II] n2 -1  sinn - 1 θ 
n+1
1 1 1 1 n 1
(a) - (b) - (c) (d) (d) 1 -  n
+C
2 4 4 2  
n2 + 1  sinn - 1 θ 
Exp. (c) Exp. (c)
5 x8 + 7 x6 (sinn θ - sinθ)1/ n cos θ
We have, f( x) = ∫ ( x2 + 1 + 2 x7 )2 dx Let I = dθ
∫ sinn + 1 θ
 x8   x6  Put sinθ = t ⇒ cosθ dθ = dt
5 14  + 7  14  1/ n
 n t 
=
x  x 
dx t  1 - n 
∫ n
(t - t ) 1/ n   t   dt
x2 2 x7 
1
2
∴ I=∫ n+1
dt = ∫  n+1
 7 + 7 + 7  t t
x x x  t (1 - 1 / t n -1 )1/ n (1 - 1 / t n - 1 )1/ n
=∫ dt = ∫ dt
(dividing both numerator and denominator by x14 ) tn +1 tn
176 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

1 Also, as long as f( x) lie below the X-axis, the value

Put 1- =u
tn -1 of definite integral will be minimum.
(n - 1) ∴ (a, b ) = (- 2 , 2 ) for minimum of I.
or 1 - t -( n - 1) = u ⇒ dt = du
tn
⇒
dt
=
du 36. If the area enclosed between the curves
t n
n -1 y = kx 2 and x = ky 2 ,(k > 0), is 1 square unit.
1
+1 Then, k is [JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-I]
u1/ ndu un
⇒ I=∫ = +C 1 2 3
n - 1 (n - 1)  1 + 1 (a) 3 (b) (c) (d)
  3 3 2
n 

1
n+1
Exp. (b)
n  1 - n -1 
n
 t  We know that, area of region bounded by the
= +C parabolas x2 = 4ay and y2 = 4bx is
(n - 1) (n + 1)
16
n+1 (ab ) sq units.
1  3
n  1 -
n
n -1 
=
 sin θ +C On comparing y = kx2 and x = ky2 with above
n2 - 1 equations, we get
!u = 1 - 1 and t = sinθ 1 1
4a = and 4b =
 tn -1  k k
1 1
b ⇒ a= and b =
4k 4k
35. Let I = ∫ (x 4 - 2 x 2 )dx. If I is minimum, then
a ∴ Area enclosed between y = kx2 and x = ky2 is
the ordered pair (a ,b ) is [JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan 16  1   1  1
Shift-I]    =
3  4k   4k  3k 2
(a) ( - 2 , 0) (b) (0, 2 ) 1
(c) ( 2 , - 2 ) (d) ( - 2 , 2 ) ⇒ =1 [given, area = 1 sq.unit]
3k 2
Exp. (d) 1 1
⇒ k2 = ⇒ k = ±
b 4
3 3
We have, I = ∫a ( x - 2 x2 )dx 1
⇒ k= [!k > 0]
Let f ( x) = x 4 - 2 x 2 = x 2 ( x 2 - 2 ) 3

= x2 ( x - 2 ) ( x + 2)
π /2 dx
Graph of y = f( x) = x4 - 2 x2 is 37. The value of ∫- π /2[ x] + [sin x] + 4 , where [t ]
Y
y=f(x) denotes the greatest integer less than or
equal tot , is [JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-II]
1 1
(a) ( 7 π - 5) (b) ( 7 π + 5)
12 12
X
– √2 √2 ∴ 3 3
O f(x) < 0 for – √2 < x < √2
(c) ( 4 π - 3) (d) ( 4 π - 3)
10 20
+ – – +
– √2 0 √2 Exp. (d)
π
2 dx
b 4 2 Let I = ∫
Note that the definite integral ∫a ( x - 2 x )dx -π [ x] + [sin x] + 4
2
represent the area bounded byy = f( x) , x = a, b -1 dx 0 dx
and the X -axis. = ∫ -π + ∫-1 [ x] + [sin x] + 4
2
[ x] + [sin x] + 4
But between x = - 2 and x = 2, f( x) lies below π
the X-axis and so value definite integral will be
1 dx dx
+∫ + ∫ 12 [ x] + [sin x] + 4
0 [ x] + [sin x] + 4
negative.
Integral Calculus 177

-2, - π / 2 < x < -1 1 -4t

=- e [4t + 1] + C
 - 1, - 1≤ x < 0 48

! [ x] =  3
 0, 0≤ x< 1 e -4 x
=- [4 x3 + 1] + C [!t = x3 ]
 1, 1≤ x < π / 2 48
 - 1, - π / 2 < x < -1 ∴ f ( x) = - 1 - 4 x 3
-1, - 1 < x < 0 (comparing with given equation)

and [sin x]= 
 0, 0< x< 1 1
39. If ∫0 f (t ) dt = x 2 + ∫xt 2 f (t )dt , then f ′   is
x 1

 0, 1< x < π / 2 2

[!For x < 0, - 1 ≤ sin x < 0 and for x > 0, 0 < sin x ≤ 1 ] [JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-II]
24 18
(a) (b)
-1 dx 0 dx 1 dx 25 25
So, I = ∫ -π + ∫-1 -1 - 1 + 4 + ∫0 0 + 0 + 4
-2 - 1 + 4 6 4
2 (c) (d)
π 25 5
dx
+∫ 2
1 1+ 0 + 4 Exp. (a)
π x 1
-1 dx 0 dx 1 dx dx Given, ∫ f(t ) dt = x2 + ∫ t 2 f(t )dt
= ∫ -π + ∫-1 2 + ∫0 4 + ∫ 2
0 x
2
1 1 5
On differentiating both sides, w.r.t. ‘x’, we get
π 1 1 1 π
=  -1 +  + (0 + 1) + (1 - 0) +  - 1 f ( x) = 2 x + 0 - x 2 f ( x)
 2  2 4 52 
1 1 1 π π   ψ( x )  
=  -1 + + -  +  +  !
d d d
 ∫ f(t )dt  = f(ψ( x)) ψ( x) - f(φ( x)) φ( x)
 2 4 5   2 10   dx φ ( x)  dx dx 
-20 + 10 + 5 - 4 5 π + π    
= +
20 10 ⇒ (1 + x2 ) f( x) = 2 x
9 3π 2x
=- + ⇒ f ( x) =
20 5 1 + x2
3 On differentiating w.r.t. ‘x’ we get
= (4 π - 3)
20 (1 + x2 )(2 ) - (2 x) (0 + 2 x)
f ′ ( x) =
1 -4 x 3
3
(1 + x2 )2
38. If ∫ x 5e -4 x dx = e f (x ) + C ,
48 2 + 2 x2 - 4 x2 2 - 2 x2
= =
where C is a constant of integration, then (1 + x ) 2 2
(1 + x2 )2
f ( x ) is equal to [JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-II] 2
1 1
(a) - 4x 3 - 1 (b) 4x 3 + 1 2 - 2   2 - 2  
 1 2  4
(c) - 2 x 3 - 1 (d) - 2 x 3 + 1 ∴ f′   = 2
= 2
2  2 1 + 1 
 1 
1 +     
Exp. (a)   2    4

3 1 -4 x 3
Given, ∫ x5e -4 x dx = e f ( x) + C 1 3
48 2-
2 2 24
= = =
In LHS, put x3 = t 2 25 25
 5
⇒ 3 x2dx = dt  
 4 16
3 1
So, ∫ x5e -4 x dx = ∫ t e -4t dt
3 40. The area (in sq units) of the region bounded
1  e -4t e -4t  by the curve x 2 = 4y and the straight line
= t -∫ dt 
3  -4 -4  x = 4y - 2 is [JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-I]
[using integration by parts] 7 9
(a) (b)
1  te -4t e -4t  8 8
=  + +C (c)
5
(d)
3
3  -4 -16 
4 4
178 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Exp. (b) Exp. (c)

2
Given equation of curve is x = 4 y, which We have,
represent a parabola with vertex (0, 0) and it open 1 - x2
upward. ∫ dx = A( x) ( 1 - x2 )m + C … (i)
x4
x2 1
Y y=
4 x2  2 - 1
1 - x2 x 
x+2 Let I = dx = dx
y=
4
∫ x4 ∫ x 4

B 1
A x -1
X′ X x2 1 1
–1 O 2 = ∫ dx = ∫ x3 - 1dx
x4 x2
1 -2 1
Put 2
-1 = t 2 ⇒ 3
dx = 2t dt ⇒ dx = - t dt
x x x3
Y′ t 3
∴I = - ∫ t 2dt = - +C
Now, let us find the points of intersection of 3
x2 = 4 y and 4 y = x + 2 3/ 2
 1/ 2
1  1 - x2 
= - .  2  +C  1  
For this consider, x2 = x + 2 !t =  2 - 1 
3  x   x  

⇒ x2 - x - 2 = 0 1 1 2 3
=- ( 1- x ) + C …(ii)
⇒ ( x - 2 ) ( x + 1) = 0 3 x3
⇒ x = - 1, x = 2 On comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
1 1
When x = - 1, then y = A( x) = - 3 and m = 3
4 3x
1
and when x = 2, then y = 1 ∴( A( x))m = ( A( x))3 = -
1 27 x9
Thus, the points of intersection are A - 1,  and
 4 sin 2 x 2
B (2, 1.) 42. The value of the integral ∫-2 dx
x 1
Now, required area = area of shaded region +
 π  2
2
= ∫-1{ y (line ) - y (parabola )} dx (where, [x] denotes the greatest integer less
 x + 2 x2 
2 than or equal to x) is
2 1  x2 x3  [JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-I]
= ∫-1  4 - 4  dx = 4  2 + 2 x - 3  (a) 4 - sin 4 (b) 4 (c) sin 4 (d) 0
-1
1  8  1 1 
= 2 + 4 -  -  - 2 +   Exp. (d)
4   3  2 3 
2 sin2 x
1 8 - 1 Let I = ∫-2 1 dx
= - 3 x
4  2  +  
2  π 
1 5 - 1 9
= = sq units sin2 x
4  2  8 Also, let f( x) =
1  x
+
1 - x2 2  π 
41. If ∫ dx = A ( x )( 1 - x 2 )m + C , for a
x 4 sin2 (- x)
Then, f(- x) = (replacing x by - x)
suitable chosen integer m and a function 1  x
+ -
A ( x ), where C is a constant of integration, 2  π 
then ( A ( x ))m equals sin2 x
=
[JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-I] 1  x 
1 -1 +  - 1-   
(a) (b) 2   π  
9x 4 3x 3
1
  - [ x], if x ∈ I
(c)
-1
(d) ![- x] = - 1 - [ x], if x ∉ I
27x 9 27x 6  
Integral Calculus 179

sin2 x
⇒ f ( - x) = -
1  x
= - f ( x) 44. The area (in sq units) in the first quadrant
+ bounded by the parabola, y = x 2 + 1, the
2  π 
tangent to it at the point (2, 5) and the
i.e. f( x) is odd function
coordinate axes is
∴ I=0 [JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-II]
 a  0, if f( x) is odd function  14 187
(a) (b)
! ∫ f( x) dx =  a  3 24
 -a 2
 ∫0 f ( x ) dx , if f ( x) is even function
8 37
(c) (d)
π /4 dx 3 24
43. The integral ∫π / 6 sin 2 x(tan 5 x + cot 5 x )
Exp. (d)
equals [JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-II]
Given, equation of parabola is y = x2 + 1, which
1π 1 
(a)  - tan - 1   can be written as x2 = ( y - 1).
5 4  3 3
Clearly, vertex of parabola is (0, 1) and it will open
1 1  upward.
(b) tan - 1  
20  9 3 Now, equation of tangent at (2, 5) is
y+ 5
1 π -1  1  
= 2x + 1
(c)  - tan   2
10  4  9 3 [!equation of the tangent at ( x1, y1 ) is given by
π 1
(d) T = 0. Here, ( y + y1 ) = xx1 + 1]
40 2
⇒ y = 4x - 3
Exp. (c) y= 4x–3
π /4 dx Y
Let I = ∫π / 6 sin2 x(tan5 x + cot 5 x)
π / 4 (1 + tan2 x) tan5 x P (2, 5)
= ∫π / 6 2 tan x (tan10 x + 1) dx
 2 tan x  (0, 1)
!sin2 x = 
 1 + tan2 x  R
O X
4 2
Q (2, 0)
1 π / 4 tan x sec x
= dx 3,
2 ∫π / 6 (tan10 x + 1) 4
0

Put tan5 x = t [!sec 2 x = 1 + tan2 x]

⇒ 5 tan4 x sec 2 x dx = dt Required area = Area of shaded region
2
π π
x
6
= ∫0 y(parabola ) dx - (Area of ∆PQR )
4 2 2
5 = ∫0 ( x + 1) dx - (Area of ∆PQR)
 1 
t   1 2
 3  x3  1 3
=  + x -  2 -  ⋅ 5
1 1 1 dt 1  3 0 2  4
∴ I= ⋅ ∫(1/ = (tan-1(t ))1 1
3 )5 t 2 ( 1/ 3 )5
2 5 +1 10 [!area of a triangle = × base × height]
2
1  -1 -1  1   8 1 5
=  tan (1) - tan   =  + 2  - 0 -   5
10   9 3 3  2  4
1π 14 25 112 - 75 37
-1  1   = - = =
=  - tan   3 8 24 24
10  4  9 3
180 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

x +1 1
45. If ∫ dx = f ( x ) 2 x - 1 + C , where C is = xcos(loge x) - ∫ x(- sin(loge x)) x ⋅ dx
2x - 1
[using integration by parts]
a constant of integration, then f ( x ) is equal
= xcos(loge x) + ∫ sin(loge x) dx
to [JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-II]
2 1 1
(a) (x + 2) (b) ( x + 4) = x cos(loge x) + x sin(loge x) - ∫ x(cos(loge x)) dx
3 3 x
2 1 [again, using integration by parts]
(c) ( x - 4) (d) ( x + 1)
3 3 ⇒ I = xcos(loge x) + xsin((loge x) - I
x
Exp. (b) ⇒ I = [cos(loge x) + sin(loge x)] + C
2
We have,
x+1 47. The area (in sq units) of the region bounded
∫ 2 x - 1 dx = f( x) 2 x - 1 + C ...(i)
by the parabola, y = x 2 + 2 and the lines,
x+1 y = x + 1, x = 0 and x = 3, is
Let I = ∫ dx
2x - 1 [JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-I]
2 15 17 21 15
Put 2 x - 1 = t (a) (b) (c) (d)
2 4 2 4
⇒ 2dx = 2tdt ⇒ dx = tdt
2
t +1 Exp. (a)
+1
1 Given equation of parabola is y = x2 + 2, and the
I=∫ 2 tdt = ∫ (t 2 + 3) dt
t 2 line is y = x + 1
 2 t 2 + 1
!2 x - 1 = t ⇒ x =  y y=x2 +2
 2 
1 t 3  t y=x+1
=  + 3 t  + C = (t 2 + 9) + C
2 3  6 (0,2)
2x - 1 1
= (2 x - 1 + 9) + C [!t = 2 x - 1 ]
6
2x - 1 x
= (2 x + 8) + C 1 O (3,0)
6
x+ 4
= 2x-1+ C The required area = area of shaded region
3 3 3
= ∫0 (( x2 + 2 ) - ( x + 1)) dx = ∫0 ( x2 - x + 1)dx
On comparing it with Eq. (i), we get
x+ 4 3
f ( x) =  x3 x2  27 9
3 = - + x =  - + 3 - 0
3 2 0  3 2 
46. The integral ∫ cos (loge x ) dx is equal to 9
= 9 - + 3 = 12 -
9
2 2
(where C is a constant of integration)
15
[JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-I] = sq units
x 2
(a) [cos(loge x ) + sin(loge x )] + C
2
48. Let f and g be continuous functions on
(b) x [cos(loge x ) + sin(loge x )] + C
[0, a] such that f ( x ) = f (a - x ) and
(c) x [cos(loge x ) - sin(loge x )] + C a
x g ( x ) + g (a - x ) = 4, then ∫ f ( x ) g ( x ) dx is
equal to 0
(d) [sin(loge x ) - cos(loge x )] + C
2 [JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-I]
a a
Exp. (a) (a) 4∫ f ( x ) dx (b) ∫ f ( x ) dx
0 0
a a
Let I = ∫ cos(loge x)dx (c) 2 ∫ f ( x ) dx (d) - 3∫ f ( x ) dx
0 0
Integral Calculus 181

1
Exp. (c)   t 2 1 
a I =   +  
Let I= ∫0 f( x) g( x) dx … (i)  2 t   1
e
a
= f(a - x) g (a - x) dx 1 1
∫0 =  + 1 -  2 + e  
! af( x) dx = a   2   2e 

 ∫0 ∫0 f(a - x) dx 3
= -e - 2
1
a
2 2e
⇒ I= ∫0 f( x) [4 - g( x)] dx 3x 13 + 2 x 11
50. The integral ∫ dx is equal to
[!f( x) = f(a - x) and g ( x) + g (a - x) = 4] (2 x 4 + 3x 2 + 1)4
a a
= ∫0 4f( x) dx - ∫0 f( x) g( x) dx (whereC is a constant of integration)
[JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-II]
a
⇒ I = 4 ∫ f( x) dx - I [from Eq. (i)] x 4
0 (a) +C
a 6( 2 x 4 + 3x 2 + 1)3
⇒ 2 I = 4 ∫ f( x) dx
0
x12
a (b) +C
⇒ I=2 ∫0 f ( x) dx 6( 2 x + 3x 2 + 1)3
4

x4
e   x  2x  e  x  (c) +C
49. The integral ∫1    -    log e x dx is ( 2 x + 3x 2 + 1)3
4

e  x 
equal to   (d)
x12
+C
[JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-II] ( 2 x + 3x 2 + 1)3
4

3 1 1 1 1
(a) -e - 2 (b) -+ - Exp. (b)
2 2e 2 e 2e 2
1 1 3 1 1 3 x13 + 2 x11
(c) - e - 2 (d) - - 2 Let I = ∫ (2 x4 + 3 x2 + 1)4 dx
2 e 2 e 2e

Exp. (a) 3 2
+ 5
x3 x
Let I =
e  x  2x
e
-  
x
 ∫  3 1  4 dx
=
∫1  e   loge x dx
 x 2 + 2 + 4 
   x x 
x
x
Now, put   = t [on dividing numerator and denominator by x16 ]
e 3 1
Now, put 2 + 2 + 4 = t
x
⇒ x loge   = log t x x
e
⇒  - 6 - 4  dx = dt
⇒ x (loge x - loge e ) = log t  3 
 x x5 
  1  1
⇒ x   + (loge x - loge e ) dx = dt
  x   t
⇒  3 + 2  dx = - dt
1  3 
⇒ (1 + loge x - 1) dx = dt x x5  2
t
1
- dt 1 t-4 +1 1
So, I = ∫ 2t 4 =- × +C= 3 +C
⇒ (loge x) dx = dt 2 -4+1 6t
t
Also, upper limit x = e ⇒ t = 1 and lower limit 1 3 1
1 = + C !t = 2 + 2 + 4 
x = 1 ⇒t = 3 1
3
 x x 
e 6  2 + 2 + 4 
 x x 
1 1 1
∴ I = ∫  t 2 -  ⋅ dt
1/ e  t t x12
1
= +C
⇒ I= -2 6(2 x + 3 x2 + 1)3
4
∫1/ e (t - t )dt
182 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

π π
51. The integral π /2 sin2  - + - x
 2 2 
sin 2 x cos 2 x ⇒ I= ∫ π π
dx
∫ (sin 5 x + cos3 x sin 2 x + sin 3 x cos2 x dx -π / 2
-
2
+
2
- x
1+ 2
 b b 
+ cos 5 x )2 ! ∫ f( x)dx = ∫ f(a + b - x)dx
is equal to [JEE Main 2018]  a a 
π/2
(a)
1
+C (b)
-1
+C sin2 x
3 3 ⇒ I= ∫ dx
3(1 + tan x ) 3(1 + tan x )
-π / 2
1 + 2- x
1 -1 π/2
(c) +C (d) +C 2 x sin2 x
1 + cot 3 x 1 + cot 3 x ⇒ I= ∫ dx
-π / 2
2x + 1
(whereC is a constant of integration) π/2
 2 x + 1
⇒ 2I = ∫ sin2 x x  dx
Exp. (b) -π / 2  2 + 1
We have, π/2 π/2
2 2
sin2 x ⋅ cos 2 x ⇒ 2I = ∫ sin x dx ⇒ 2 I = 2 ∫ sin x dx
I= ∫ (sin5 x + cos3 x ⋅ sin2 x + sin3 x ⋅ cos2 x + cos5 x)2 dx -π / 2 0

[! sin2 x is an even function]

sin2 xcos 2 x π/2
= ∫ {sin3 x(sin2 x + cos2 x) + cos3 x(sin2 x + cos2 x)}2 dx I= 2
⇒ ∫ sin xdx
2 2 2 2 0
sin xcos x sin xcos x
= ∫ (sin3 x + cos3 x)2 dx = ∫ cos6 x(1 + tan3 x)2 dx I=
π/2
2
 a a 
⇒ ∫ cos xdx ! ∫ f( x)dx = ∫ f(a - x)dx
 0 
tan2 xsec 2 x 0 0
= ∫ (1 + tan3 x)2 dx π/2
π
⇒ 2I = ∫ dx ⇒ 2 I = [ x]π0 / 2 ⇒ I =
Put 3
tan x = t 0
4
2 2
⇒ 3 tan xsec xdx = dt
1 dt
53. Let g ( x ) = cos x 2, f ( x ) = x and α , β (α < β ) be
∴ I= ∫ the roots of the quadratic equation
3 (1 + t )2
18x 2 - 9πx + π 2 = 0. Then, the area (in sq
-1
⇒ I= +C units) bounded by the curve y = ( gof )( x )
3 (1 + t )
and the lines x = α, x = β and y = 0, is
-1 [JEE Main 2018]
⇒ I= +C
3 ( 1 + tan3 x) 1 1
(a) ( 3 - 1) (b) ( 3 + 1)
π 2 2
1 1
2
sin 2 x (c) ( 3 - 2 ) (d) ( 2 - 1)
52. The value of ∫ dx is 2 2
π 1 + 2x
-
2 [JEE Main 2018] Exp. (a)
π π π We have,
(a) (b) (c) 4π (d)
8 2 4 ⇒ 18 x2 - 9 πx + π 2 = 0
Exp. (d) ⇒ 18 x - 6 πx - 3 πx + π 2 = 0
2

(6 x - π )(3 x - π ) = 0
Key idea π π
b b ⇒ x= ,
Use property = ∫ f( x)dx = ∫ f(a + b - x) dx 6 3
a a Now, α<β
π π
π /2 ∴ α = ,β =
sin2 x 6 3
Let I= ∫ dx
-π / 2
1+ 2x Given, g ( x) = cos x2 and f( x) = x
Integral Calculus 183

y = gOf( x) Exp. (b)

∴ y = g (f( x)) = cos x
We have, In = ∫ tann x dx
Area of region bounded by x = α,x = β, y = 0
and curve y = g (f( x)) is ∴ In + In + 2 = ∫ tann x dx + ∫ tan
n+ 2
x dx
π/3
A= n 2
∫ cos xdx = ∫ tan x(1 + tan x) dx
π /6
A = [sin x]ππ // 36 tann + 1 x
= ∫ tann x sec 2 x dx = +C
n+1
π π 3 1
A = sin
- sin = -
3 6 2 2 tan5 x
Put n = 4, we get I4 + I6 = +C
 3 - 1 5
A=  1
 2  ∴ a = and b = 0
5
54. The area (in sq units) of the region 3 π /4 dx
2 56. ∫π /4 is equal to
{( x , y ): x ≥ 0, x + y ≤ 3, x ≤ 4y and y ≤ 1+ x } 1 + cos x
is [JEE Main 2017 (offline)] [JEE Main 2017 (offline)]
59 3 7 5 (a) - 2 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) -1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
12 2 3 2
Exp. (b)
Exp. (d) Let I =
3π / 4 dx
=
3π / 4 1 - cos x
dx
Required area
∫π / 4 1 + cos x ∫π / 4 1 - cos 2 x
1 2 2 x2
3π / 4 1 - cos x
(1 + x ) dx + = ∫π / 4 dx
= ∫0 ∫1 (3 - x) dx - ∫0 4
dx
sin2 x
3π / 4
= ∫π / 4 (cosec2 x - cosec x cot x)dx
Y
y=1+√x
(0, 3) (1, 2) = [- cot x + cosec x]3π π/ 4/ 4
4y=x 2
= [(1 + 2 ) - (- 1 + 2 )] = 2
(0, 1) (2, 1) 12 9
2x + 5x
x+y=3 57. The integral ∫ dx is equal to
X′ X ( x + x 3 + 1)3
5
(0, 0) (1, 0)(2, 0) (3, 0)
[JEE Main 2016 (offline)]
Y′ - x5 x10
(a) +C (b) +C
1 2 2 ( x 5 + x 3 + 1)2 2( x 5 + x 3 + 1)2
 3/ 2 2 3
x   x  x 
x5 - x10
= x +  + 3 x -  -  (c) +C (d) +C
3 / 2 2  1  12  0 5 3 2
 0  2( x + x + 1) 2( x + x 3 + 1)2
5

2 1 8 where, C is an arbitrary constant.

=  1 +  +  6 - 2 - 3 +  -  
 3  2   12 
Exp. (b)
5 3 2 3 5
= + - = 1 + = sq units 2 x12 + 5 x9
3 2 3 2 2 Let I= dx
∫ ( x5 + x3 + 1) 3
55. Let I n = ∫ tann x dx (n > 1). If 2 x12 + 5 x9
= ∫ x15 (1 + dx
5 5
I 4 + I 6 = a tan x + bx + C , where C is a x- 2 + x- 5 ) 3
constant of integration, then the ordered 2 x- 3 + 5 x- 6
= ∫ (1 + dx
pair (a ,b ) is equal to [JEE Main 2017 (offline)] x- 2 + x- 5 ) 3
1 1
(a)  - ,1 (b)  , 0 Now, put 1 + x- 2 + x- 5 = t
 5  5 
1 1 ⇒ (- 2 x- 3 - 5 x- 6 ) dx = dt
(c)  , - 1 (d)  - , 0
5   5  ⇒ (2 x- 3 + 5 x- 6 ) dx = - dt
184 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

dt dx
∴ I=- ∫t3 = - ∫ t - 3 dt 59. The integral ∫ equals
3
2 4
t-3+1
1 x (x + 1)4
=- +C= 2 +C
-3+1 2t [JEE Main 2015]
1/ 4
10
x  x 4 + 1
= +C (a)  4
 +c (b) ( x 4 + 1)1/ 4 + c
2 ( x5 + x3 + 1) 2  x 
1/ 4
 x 4 + 1
58. The area (in sq units) of the region (c) -( x 4 + 1)1/ 4 + c (d) -  4
 +c
 x 
{( x , y ): y 2 ≥ 2 x and x 2 + y 2 ≤ 4x , x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0} is
[JEE Main 2016 (offline)] Exp. (d)
4 8 dx dx
(a) π - (b) π - ∫ 3
= ∫ 3
3 3 1 4
x2 ( x4 + 1)4 x5  1 + 4 
4 2 π 2 2 
(c) π - (d) - x 
3 2 3 1 4
Put 1 + = t 4 ⇒ - 5 dx = 4t 3dt
Exp. (b) x4 x
Given equations of curves are dx -t 3dt
⇒ = - t 3dt = ∫ 3 = - ∫ dt = - t + c
y2 = 2 x x5 t
1
which is a parabola with vertex (0, 0) and axis 1 4
= -  1 + 4  + c
parallel to X-axis. ...(i)  x 
And x2 + y2 = 4 x
4 log x 2
which is a circle with centre (2, 0) and radius 60. The integral ∫2 log x 2 + log(36 - 12 x + x 2 )dx
=2 ...(ii)
is equal to [JEE Main 2015]
On substituting y2 = 2 x in Eq. (ii), we get
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 1 (d) 6
x2 + 2 x = 4 x
⇒ x2 = 2 x Exp. (c)
⇒ x = 0 or x = 2 Central Idea Apply the property
b b
⇒ y = 0 or y = ± 2 [using Eq. (i)] ∫a f( x)dx = ∫a f(a + b - x) dx and then add.
Now, the required area is the area of shaded 4 log x2
region, i.e. Let I= ∫2 log x2 + log(36 - 12 x + dx
x2 )
Y 4 2 log x
=∫ dx
A (2,2) x + log(6 - x)2
2 2 log
2 2
x +y =4x 4 2 log xdx
=∫
2 2 [log x + log( 6 - x )]
X′ X
(0, 0) B (2,0) 4 log xdx
y2=2x ⇒ I=∫ …(i)
2 [log x + log( 6 - x)]

4 log(6 - x)
⇒ I=∫ dx …(ii)
Y′ 2 log( 6 - x) + log x

Area of circle 2 ! bf( x)dx = b 

Required area = - ∫0 2 x dx  ∫a ∫a f(a + b - x)dx
4
2
π(2 )2 2  x3 / 2  On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
= - 2 ∫ x1/ 2dx = π - 2   4log x + log( 6 - x)
4 0
3/2  0 2I = ∫ dx
2 log x + log( 6 - x)

2 2 8 4
= π- [2 2 - 0] =  π -  sq units ⇒ 2 I = ∫ dx = [ x]42
3  3 2
⇒ 2I = 2 ⇒ I = 1
Integral Calculus 185

61. The area (in sq units) of the region described π x x

63. The integral ∫0 1 + 4 sin 2 - 4 sin dx is
2 2 2
by {( x , y ): y ≤ 2 x and y ≥ 4x - 1} is
[JEE Main 2015] equal to [JEE Main 2014]
7 5 (a) π - 4
(a) (b)
32 64 2π
15 9 (b) - 4- 4 3
(c) (d) 3
64 32 (c) 4 3 - 4
π
Exp. (d) (d) 4 3 - 4 -
3
Given region is {( x, y) : y2 ≤ 2 x and y ≥ 4 x - 1}
y2 ≤ 2 x represents a region inside the parabola Exp. (d)
2 2
y = 2x …(i) π  1 - 2 sin x  dx = π |1 - 2 sin x|dx
and y ≥ 4 x - 1represents a region to the left of the
∫0 
 2
 ∫0 2
line π
 x π  1 - 2 sin x  dx
y = 4x - 1 …(ii)
= ∫03  1 - 2 sin 2  dx = ∫π 
 2

3
The point of intersection of the curve (i) and (ii) is
  x - a, x ≥ a 
(4 x - 1)2 = 2 x !| x - a|= -( x - a), x < a
2   
⇒ 16 x + 1 - 8 x = 2 x π
x
16 x2 - 10 x + 1 = 0 x 3 x
⇒ =  x + 4cos  -  x + 4cos 
1 1  2  0  2  π
⇒ x= , 3
2 8 π
= 4 3 - 4-
∴ The points where these curves intersect, are 3
 1 ,1 and  1 , - 1  .
   
2   8 2
64. The area of the region described by
1
 1 x + A = {( x , y ): x 2 + y 2 ≤ 1and y 2 ≤ 1 - x } is
62. The integral ∫ 1 + x - e x is equal to
π 4 π 4
 x (a) + (b) -
[JEE Main 2014] 2 3 2 3
1 1 π 2 π 2
x+ x+ (c) - (d) +
(a) ( x -1)e x +C (b) x e x +C 2 3 2 3
1 1 [JEE Main 2014]
x+ x+
(c) ( x + 1)e x +C (d) - xe x +C Exp. (a)
A = {( x, y): x2 + y2 ≤ 1 and y2 ≤ 1 - x}
Exp. (b)
1
Y
1 + x - 1  e x + x dx
∫ 
 x

1 1
x+ 1 x+
= ∫e x dx +  x
∫ x  1 - x2  e dx X′
(–1, 0) (0, 1)
X
1 1 1
x+ x+ d x+
= ∫ e x dx + xe x -∫ ( x)e x
dx
1 1 1
x+ x+ x+ Y′
= ∫e x dx + xe x - ∫e x
1 2 1
 1 1
x+  Required area = πr + 2 ∫ (1 - y2 )dy
 1  x+ 2 0
!∫  x - 2  e x = e x 
  x   1  y3  π 4
1

x+
1 = π(1)2 + 2  y -  = +
= xe x +C 2  3 0 2 3
186 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

65. If ∫ f ( x ) dx = ψ( x ), then ∫ x 5 f ( x 3 )dx is equal π/3 tan x dx

⇒ I= ∫π / 6 1 + …(ii)
tan x
to [JEE Main 2013]
1 3 On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
(a) [x ψ( x 3 ) - ∫ x 2 ψ( x 3 )dx ] + C
3 π/3
2I = ∫π / 6 dx ⇒ 2 I = [ x]ππ // 36
1
(b) x 3 ψ( x 3 ) - 3 ∫ x 3 ψ( x 3 ) dx + C
3 1  π - π = π
∴ I=
1 3 2  3 6  12
(c) x ψ( x 3 ) - ∫ x 2 ψ( x 3 ) dx + C
3 Hence, Statement I is false.
1
(d) [x 3 ψ( x 3 ) - ∫ x 3 ψ( x 3 ) dx ] + C b b
3 But ∫a f( x) dx = ∫a f(a + b - x) dx is a true

Exp. (c) statement by property of definite integrals.

Given, ∫ f( x) dx = ψ( x) 67. The area (in sq units) bounded by the curves

Let I= ∫ x5 f( x3 ) dx y = x , 2 y - x + 3 = 0, X -axis and lying in the
Put x3 = t
first quadrant is [JEE Main 2013]
(a) 9 (b) 36
dt
⇒ x2dx = …(i) (c) 18 (d)
27
3 4
1 1
∴I= t f( t ) dt = [t ψ( t ) - ∫ ψ(t ) dt ]
3∫ 3 Exp. (a)
[using integration by parts]
Given curves are
1
= [ x3 ψ( x3 ) – 3 ∫ x2 ψ( x3 ) dx] + C y= x …(i)
3
[from Eq. (i)] and 2y - x + 3 = 0 …(ii)
1 3 3 2 3
= x ψ( x ) - ∫ x ψ( x ) dx + C On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
3
2 x - ( x )2 + 3 = 0
66. Statement I The value of the integral ⇒ ( x )2 - 2 x - 3 = 0
π /3 dx
∫π /6 1 + is equal to π/6 . Y
tan x
x
y=√ 0
b b 3=
Statement II f ( x ) dx = ∫ f (a + b - x ) dx x+
∫a a X′
2y
–
X
[JEE Main 2013] 3
(a) Statement I is true Statement II is true; –3
Statement II is a correct explanation of 2
Statement I Y′
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
Statement II is not a correct explanation of ⇒ ( x - 3) ( x + 1) = 0
Statement I ⇒ x=3
(c) Statement I is true, Statement II is false [! x = - 1is not possible]
(d) Statement I is false, Statement II is true ∴ y=3
3
Exp. (d) ∴ Required area = ∫0 ( x2 - x1 ) dy
3 2
π/3 dx
Let I = ∫π / 6 1 + …(i) = ∫0 {(2 y + 3) - y } dy
tan x 3
 y3 
π/3 dx π/3 dx =  y2 + 3 y - 
∴ I= ∫π / 6 =∫  3 0
π π / 6 1 + cot x
1+ tan  - x =9+ 9-9=9
2 
Integral Calculus 187

Now, by comparing the value of I in Eqs. (i) and (ii),

68. If the integral we get
5 tan x a=2
∫ tan x - 2 dx = x + a log | sin x - 2 cos x | + k ,

then a is equal to [AIEEE 2012]

69. The area bounded between the parabolas
y
(a) –1 (b) –2 (c) 1 (d) 2 x2 = and x 2 = 9y and the straight line y = 2,
4
Exp. (d) is [AIEEE 2012]
5 tan x 10 2 20 2
Given Integral ∫ dx (a) 20 2 (b) (c) (d) 10 2
tan x - 2 3 3
5 tan x
To find The value of ‘ a’, if ∫ tan x - 2 dx Exp. (c)
y
Given Two parabolas x2 = and x2 = 9 y
= x + a log| sin x - 2 cos x| + k …(i) 4
Now, let us assume that To find The area bounded between the parabolas
5 tan x and the straight line y = 2 .
I=∫ dx
tan x - 2 The required area is equal to the shaded region in
On multiplying by cos x in numerator and the drawn figure.
denominator, we get Y
y = 4x 2
1
I=∫
5 sin x
dx y = x2
9
sin x - 2 cos x
y=2
This special integration requires special
substitution of type
 dDr 
Nr = A(Dr ) + B   , A and B are constants.
 dx  X
Let 5 sin x = A (sin x - 2 cos x)
+ B (cos x + 2 sin x)
The area of the shaded region (which can be very
easily found by using integration) is twice the area
⇒ 0 cos x + 5 sin x = ( A + 2 B) sin x
shaded in first quadrant.
+ (B - 2 A) cos x
∴Required area
On comparing the coefficients of sin x and cos x, 2 y 25
we get = 2 ∫ 3 y -  dy = 2 ∫  y  dy
0  2  0 2 
A + 2 B = 5 and B - 2 A = 0
2
On solving the above two equations in A and B, we  y3 / 2  10 3 / 2 20 2
get = 5   = (2 - 0) =
 3 /2  0 3 3
A = 1 and B = 2
x
⇒ 5 sin x = (sin x - 2 cos x) + 2 (cos x + 2 sin x) 70. If g ( x ) = ∫ 0 cos 4t dt , then g ( x + π ) is equal to
5 sin x
⇒ I=∫ dx
sin x - 2 cos x [AIEEE 2012]
g (x )
(sin x - 2 cos x) + 2 (cos x + 2 sin x) (a) (b) g ( x ) + g ( π )
=∫ dx g ( π)
(sin x - 2 cos x)
sin x - 2 cos x (cos x + 2 sin x) (c) g ( x ) - g ( π ) (d) g ( x ) ⋅ g ( π )
=∫ dx + 2 ∫ dx
sin x - 2 cos x (sin x - 2 cos x) Exp. (b, c)
d (sin x - 2 cos x) x
= ∫ 1 dx + 2 ∫ Given Integral g ( x) =
(sin x - 2 cos x) ∫ 0 cos 4t dt
= x + 2 log| (sin x - 2 cos x)| + k …(ii) To find g ( x + π ) in terms of g ( x) and g( π ).
x
where, k is the constant of integration. g ( x) = ∫ 0 cos 4t dt
188 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

t = x+ π
⇒ g( x + π ) = cos 4t dt On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
∫t = 0
x x+ π π/4   2  
= ∫ 0 cos 4t dt + ∫ x cos 4t dt 2I = 8 ∫
0 log {1 + tan θ} + log 
 1 + tan θ
 d θ
 

= g ( x) + I1 [say] π/4
x+ π
⇒ I=4∫ log 2 d θ
0
where, I1 = ∫x cos 4t dt
= 4 ⋅ log 2(θ)π0 / 4
π
= ∫ 0 cos 4t dt π
= 4 log 2 ⋅  - 0
[using definite integral property] 4 
= g( π ) = π log2
π
sin 4t   sin 4 π - sin 0  = 0
Also, I1 =   =  72. The area of the region enclosed by the
 4 0  4 4  1
curves y = x , x = e , y = and the positive
i.e., the value of I1 is zero. x
Since, g ( π ) = I1 = 0, so value of g ( x + π ) does not X-axis is [AIEEE 2011]
depend on g( π ) and we can add or subtract g ( π ) 3
(a) 1 sq unit (b) sq units
to or from g ( x). 2
Hence, g ( x + π ) = g ( x) + g ( π ) 5 1
(c) sq units (d) sq unit
or g ( x) - g ( π ) 2 2
1 8 log (1 + x)
71. The value of ∫ 0 dx is [AIEEE 2011] Exp. (b)
2
1+ x 1
Given, y = x, x = e and y = , x ≥ 0
π π x
(a) log 2 (b) log 2 (c) log 2 (d) π log 2
8 2 Since, y = x and x ≥ 0 ⇒ y ≥ 0

Exp. (d)
∴ Area to be calculated in I quadrant shown as
1 8 log (1 + x)
Let I = ∫0 dx Y
(1 + x2 )
y=x
Put x = tan θ ⇒ dx = sec 2 θd θ
When x = 0 ⇒ tan θ = 0
∴ θ=0
When x = 1 = tanθ A
π
⇒ θ= B
4 y = 1/x
π / 4 8log (1 + tanθ)
O
X
∴ I=∫ ⋅ sec 2 θd θ D (1, 0) C (e, 0)
0 1 + tan2 θ
x=e
π/4
=8∫ log (1 + tan θ) d θ
0 ∴ Required area = Area of ∆ ODA + Area of
π/4
I=8∫ log (1 + tan θ) d θ …(i) ABCD
0
a a 1 e 1
Using ∫ f( x) dx = = (1 × 1) + ∫1 dx
0 ∫ 0 f(a - x) dx 2 x
π/4 π 1
∴ I=8∫ log 1 + tan  - θ  d θ = + [log| x|]1e
0   4  2
π/4  1 - tan θ  1
=8∫ log 1 +  dθ = + {log|e| - log 1}
0
 1 + tan θ  2
π/4  2  1 3
=8∫ log   dθ …(ii) = + 1 = sq units
0
1 + tan θ  2 2
Integral Calculus 189

73. The area bounded by the curves y 2 = 4x and 75. Let p ( x ) be a function defined on R such
2 f ( 3x )
x = 4y is [AIEEE 2011] that lim = 1 , p ′ ( x ) = p ′ (1 - x ), for all
32 16 8 xÆ ∞ f (x )
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d)
3 3 3 x ∈[0 , 1], p (0) = 1 and p (1) = 41. Then,
1
Exp. (c) ∫ p (x )dx is equal to
0 [AIEEE 2010]
For the point of intersection, solve y2 = 4 x and (a) 41 (b) 21
x2 = 4 y. (c) 41 (d) 42
2
 x2  Exp. (b)
⇒   = 4 x ⇒ x4 = 43 x ⇒ x = 0, 4
 4 We have,
Y p′( x) = p′(1 - x), ∀ x ∈ [0, 1],
x 2 = 4y y 2 = 4x p(0) = 1, p(1) = 41 [given]
(4, 4) On integrating, we get

∫ p′( x) dx = ∫ p′(1 - x) dx
X′ X ⇒ p( x) = - p(1 - x) + C
(0, 0) D (4, 0)
Put x = 1; p(1) = - p(0) + C
⇒ 41 = - 1 + C
⇒ C = 42
Y′ ∴ p( x) + p(1 - x) = 42
1
∴ Area bounded between curves Now, I=
4
∫0 p( x)dx
  1 a a
 x2   x3 / 2 x3  I=  
= ∫0
4
 4 x -  dx = 2 ⋅ -
⇒ ∫0 p(1 - x)dx ! ∫ 0 f( x) dx = ∫0f(a - x) dx
 4  
3 12 
1
 2 0 2I = [on adding]
3
⇒ ∫0 [( p( x) + p(1 - x)]dx
4 (4) 32 16 16
= ⋅ (4)3 / 2 - = - = 1
3 12 3 3 3 = ∫0 42 dx = 42
74. Let [ ] denotes the greatest integer function, ∴ I = 21
1. 5
then the value of ∫ x[ x 2] dx is 76. The area bounded by the curves y = cos x
0 [AIEEE 2011]
5 3 3 and y = sin x between the ordinates x = 0 and
(a) (b) 0 (c) (d)
4 2 4 3π
x= , is
2 [AIEEE 2009]
Exp. (d)
1. 5
(a) ( 4 2 - 2 ) sq units (b) ( 4 2 + 2 ) sq units
Here, ∫ x [ x2 ] dx (c) ( 4 2 - 1 ) sq units (d) ( 4 2 + 1 ) sq units
0
1 2 1. 5
I= Exp. (a)
∫ 0 x ⋅ 0 dx + ∫ 1 x ⋅ 1 dx + ∫ 2
x ⋅ 2 dx
2
 x2 
= 0 +   + [ x2 ]1. 52
 2 1 π 3π/2
1
. )2 - 2}
= {2 - 1} + {(15 O π/2
2
1 1 1 3
= + 2 .25 - 2 = + =
2 2 4 4
190 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

∴Required area Exp. (b)

π /4 5π / 4
= (cos x - sin x) dx + (sin x - cos x)dx The equation of tangent at (2, 3) to the given
∫0 ∫π / 4 parabola is
3π / 2
+∫ (cos x - sin x)dx x = 2y - 4
5π / 4
Y
= [sin x + cos x]π0 / 4 + [- cos x - sin x[5π π/ 4/ 4 (2, 3)

+ [sin x + cos x]35 ππ // 24

1 1  1 1   -1 1 
=  + - 1 +   +  - - 
 2 2   2 2  2 2  
X′ X
 -1 1  (– 4, 0)
+ (- 1 + 0) -  - 
  2 2   Y′ (y – 2)2 = (x – 1)
8 ∴ Required area
= -2 3
2 = {( y - 2 )2 + 1 - 2 y + 4}dy
∫0
= (4 2 - 2 ) sq units 3
 ( y - 2 )3 
π = - y2 + 5 y
77. ∫0 [cot x ] dx , where [] denotes the greatest  3 0
integer function, is equal to [AIEEE 2009] 1 8
= - 9 + 15 + = 9 sq units
π 3 3
(a) (b) 1
2 1 sin x 1 cos x
π 79. If I = ∫ 0 dx and J = ∫
0
dx . Then,
(c) -1 (d) - x x
2
which one of the following is true?
Exp. (d) [AIEEE 2008]
2
π (a) I > and J < 2
Let I= ∫0 [cot x] dx …(i) 3
π 2
⇒ I= [cot ( π - x)] dx (b) I > and J > 2
∫0 3
π 2
= [- cot x] dx …(ii) (c) I < and J < 2
∫0 3
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 2
(d) I < and J > 2
π π 3
2I = ∫0 [cot x] dx + ∫0 [- cot x] dx
Exp. (c)
π  - 1 if x ∉ Z 
= ∫0 (- 1) dx ![ x] + [- x] =  0,if x ∈ Z  1 sin x 1 x
   Since, I= ∫0 dx < ∫0 dx,
x x
= [- x] π0
because in x ∈ (0, 1), x > sin x
=- π 1 2
π ⇒ I< ∫ x dx = [ x3 / 2 ]10
∴ I=- 0 3
2
2
⇒ I<
78. The area of the region bounded by the 3
parabola ( y - 2 )2 = x - 1, the tangent to 1 cos x 1 -
1
2
and J= ∫0 dx < ∫0 x dx
the parabola at the point(2 , 3) and the X-axis x
is [AIEEE 2009]
= 2 [ x1/ 2 ]10 = 2
(a) 6 sq units (b) 9 sq units
(c) 12 sq units (d) 3 sq units ∴ J<2
Integral Calculus 191

80. The area of the plane region bounded by Exp. (d)

2 2 sin x
the curves x + 2 y = 0 and x + 3y = 1 is equal Let I= 2 ∫ dx
π
to [AIEEE 2008]

sin  x - 
 4
4 5
(a) sq units (b) sq units π
3 3 Put x - = t ⇒ dx = dt
1 2 4
(c) sq unit (d) sq unit π
3 3 sin  + t  dt
4 
∴ I= 2 ∫
Exp. (a) sin t
Given curves are = 2  1 cot t + 1  dt
x + 3 y2 = 1 …(i)
∫  2 2 
and x + 2 y2 = 0 …(ii) = log| sin t | + t + C
π
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get sin  x -  
= x + log  + C
  4 
y = ± 1 and x = - 2
1
Y
82. If F ( x ) = f ( x ) + f   ,
(–2, 1)   x
2
x + 3y = 1 x log t
x + 2y 2 = 0 where f ( x ) = ∫ dt . Then, F (e ) is equal
1 1 +t
X′ X
to [AIEEE 2007]
(–2, –1) 1
(a) (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2
2
Y′ Exp. (a)
1 x log t 1
∴Required area =   
( x1 - x2 ) dy Since, f ( x) = dt and F(e ) = f(e ) + f  
∫-1  ∫1 1+ t e
1
=
 (1 - 3 y 2
+ 2 y 2
) dy 
 e log t 1/ e log t
 ∫-1  ⇒ F(e ) = ∫1 1+ t
dt + ∫1 1+ t
dt
1 1
  
= ∫ (1 - y ) dy = 2 ∫ (1 - y2 ) dy
 2   
1
 -1   0  Put t = in second integration
[since, integral is an even] t
e log t e - log t 1
y3 
1
∴ F(e ) = ∫ dt + ∫ d 
   1  1 1+ t 1 1  t 
= 2 y -  =  2  1 -   1+
 3 0  3  t
4 e log t e t log t - dt
= sq units =∫ dt - ∫ ×  2 
3 1 1+ t 1 (1 + t )  t 

sin x dx e log t e log t

81. The value of 2 ∫ is = ∫1 dt + ∫ 1 t (1 + t ) dt
π 1+ t

sin  x -  e log t e log t e log t
 4 [AIEEE 2008] = dt + dt - ∫ dt
∫1 1+ t ∫1 t 1 (1 + t )
π
(a) x - log cos  x -  + C
 4 e log t  1 1 1 
= ∫1 dt !t (1 + t ) = t - t + 1
π t
(b) x + log cos  x -  + C  
 4 e
 (log t )2 
π =
(c) x - log sin  x -  + C 
 4  2 1
1 1
π
(d) x + log sin  x -  + C = [(log e )2 - (log 1)2 ] =
 4 2 2
192 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

83. The solution for x of the equation Exp. (c)

x dt π [AIEEE 2007] Required area,
∫ = is 1
2 2
t t -1 2 A= ∫0 ( x - x) dx
(a) - 2 (b) π Y
3 y=|x|
(c) (d) 2 2
2
y2 = x
Exp. (a)
x dtπ
Given, ∫ = X′ X
2
t t -1 2 2 O (1, 0)
π
⇒ [sec -1 t ] x =
2 2
π Y′
⇒ sec -1 x - sec -1 2 = 1
2 2 x  2 1 1 2
π π 3π =  x3 / 2 -  = - = sq unit
⇒ sec -1 x = + =  3 2 0 3 2 6
2 4 4
3π
∴ x = sec =- 2 6 x
4 86. The value of ∫ 3 dx is
9- x + x
dx
84. ∫ is equal to (a) 3/2 (b) 2 [AIEEE 2006]
cos x + 3 sin x [AIEEE 2007]
(c) 1 (d) 1/2
1 x π
(a) log tan  +  + C
2  2 12  Exp. (a)
1 x π
(b) log tan  -  + C Let I=
6 x
dx …(i)
2  2 12  ∫3 9- x + x
x π
(c) log tan  +  + C 6 9- x
 2 12  = dx
x π
∫3 9-9+ x + 9- x
(d) log tan  -  + C
 2 12  6 9- x
⇒ I= ∫3 dx …(ii)
x+ 9- x
Exp. (a)
dx On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Now, ∫
cos x + 3 sin x 6 x+ 9- x
2I = ∫3 dx = [ x]63 = 6 - 3
dx x+ 9- x
= ∫1 3  3
2  cos x + sin x ∴ I=
2 2  2
1  π - π /2
= ∫ sec  x -  dx 3
2  3 87. ∫- 3π /2 [(x + π ) + cos 2 ( x + 3π )] dx is equal to
1 x π π
= log tan  - +  + C

 π4   π  π
2 2 6 4 (a)  +  (b)
 32   2  2 [AIEEE 2006]
1 x π
= log tan  +  +C
 2 12  π π4
2 (c)   - 1 (d)
 4 32
85. The area enclosed between the curves y 2 = x
and y = | x | is [AIEEE 2007]
Exp. (b)
-π / 2
(a)
2
sq unit (b) 1 sq unit Let I = ∫ - 3 π / 2 [( x + π )3 + cos 2 ( x + 3 π )] dx
3
-π / 2
1
(c) sq unit (d)
1
sq unit ⇒ I= ∫ - 3 π / 2 [( x + π )3 + cos 2 x] dx …(i)
6 3
Integral Calculus 193

 3
-π / 2 π 3π Put dx = - dt in Eq. (iii), we get
⇒ I= ∫ - 3 π / 2   - 2 - - x - π  π π/2
2  I= ∫ f(cos t ) dt

2 -π / 2
π 3π 
+ cos 2  - - - x dx π π/2
 2 2   = ∫ - π / 2 f(cos x) dx
2
! b f( x) dx = b f(a + b - x) dx
 ∫ a ∫a π/2
 = π ∫0 f(cos x) dx
-π / 2 3 2
⇒ I= ∫ - 3 π / 2 [-( x + π ) + cos x] dx …(ii)
[!f(cos x) is an even function]
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get a
-π / 2
89. The value of ∫ 1 [ x]f ′ (x )dx , a > 1, where [ x]
2
2I = ∫ - 3 π / 2 2 cos x dx
denotes the greatest integer not exceeding x ,
-π / 2 is [AIEEE 2006]
= ∫ - 3 π / 2 (1 + cos 2 x) dx (a) [a ]f (a ) - { f (1 ) + f ( 2 ) + ... + f ([a ])}
-π / 2
sin 2 x  (b) [a ]f ([a ]) - { f (1 ) + f ( 2 ) + ... + f (a )}
= x +
 2  -3 π / 2 (c) af ([a ]) - { f (1 ) + f ( 2 ) + ... + f (a )}
 π sin (- π )  - 3 π + sin (-3 π )  (d) af (a ) - { f (1 ) + f ( 2 ) + ... + f ([a ])}
= - + -  
 2 2  2 2 
Exp. (a)
π 3π
=- + = π a 2 3
2 2 Since, ∫ [ x]f ′( x) dx = ∫1 f ′( x) dx + ∫ 2 2 f ′( x) dx
1
π
∴ I= a
2 + ... + ∫ [a ] [a]f ′( x) dx
π
88. x f (sin x ) dx is equal to = [f( x)]12 + 2 [f( x)]32 + . . . + [a][f( x)][aa ]
∫0 [AIEEE 2006]
π π π /2 = f(2 ) - f(1) + 2 f(3) - 2 f(2 ) + . . . + [a]f(a) - [a]f([a])
(a) π ∫ f (sin x ) dx (b) ∫0 f (sin x ) dx
0 2 = [a]f(a) - {f(1) + f(2 ) + . . . + f([a])}
π /2 π
(c) π ∫ f (cos x ) dx (d) π ∫ f (cos x ) dx 1 1 2 4 n
0 0 90. lim  2 sec2 2 + 2 sec2 2 +...+ 2 sec21 is
n Æ ∞ n n n n n 
Exp. (c)
π equal to [AIEEE 2005]
Let I= ∫0 x f(sin x) dx …(i) 1 1 1
(a) tan 1 (b) tan1 (c) cosec 1 (d) sec 1
π 2 2 2
⇒ I= ∫0 ( π - x)f[sin ( π - x)] dx
π Exp. (a)
⇒ I= ∫0 ( π - x) f(sin x) dx …(ii) 1 1 2 4
Let A = lim  2 sec 2 2 + 2 sec 2 2
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get nÆ ∞  n n n n
n
+ . . . + 2 sec 2 1
π
2I = ∫0 π f(sin x) dx
n 
π π 2 2
⇒ I= ∫0 f(sin x) dx …(iii) 1 1 2  1 2 2 2
2 = lim  sec   + sec  
nÆ ∞ n n
  n  n  n
 2a 2 af( x) dx, if f(2 a - x) = f( x)
 ∫0
2
! ∫ f( x) dx =  n n 
 0  0 ,if f(2 a - x) = - f( x)  + . . . + sec 2   
n  n 
π /2

⇒ I= π ∫0 f(sin x) dx 1 n 2
= lim  r 2  r
π nÆ ∞ n
∑  n  sec  
 n
r =1
Put - x=t
2 1 2
π ⇒ A= ∫ 0 x sec ( x2 ) dx
⇒ x= -t
2
194 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics
dt
Put x2 = t ⇒ xdx = Exp. (a)
2
f( x )
1 1 2 1 1 4t 3 dt
∴ A= ∫ 0 sec t dt = [tan t ]10 = tan 1 f( x ) 4t 3 ∫6  form 0 
2 2 2 lim ∫6 dt = lim
xÆ 2 x-2 xÆ 2 ( x - 2)  0 
2
 (log x - 1)  [by Leibnitz’s rule]
91. ∫  2
dx is equal to
 1 + (log x )  [AIEEE 2005] 4{f( x)} 3 3
= lim f ′( x) = 4{ f(2 )} f ′(2 )
x xe x
xÆ 2 1
(a) +C (b) +C 3 1 ! f(2 ) = 6 and f ′(2 ) = 1 , given
(log x )2 + 1 1 + x2 = 4 × (6) ×
48  48 
x log x
(c) 2 +C (d) +C = 18
x +1 (log x )2 + 1

Exp. (a) 93. If f ( x ) is a non-negative continuous

2 function such that the area bounded by the
 (log x - 1)  (log x)2 + 1 - 2 log x curve y = f ( x ), X-axis and the ordinates
∫ 1 + (log x)2  dx = ∫ [(log x)2 + 1]2 dx π π
x= and x =β> is
1 4 4
(log x)2 + 1 - 2 x  log x ⋅  π
 x  dx    π
=∫ β sin β + cos β + 2 β . Then, f   is
[(log x)2 + 1]2  4  2
d  x  x equal to [AIEEE 2005]
= ∫ dx (log x)2 + 1 dx = (log x)2 + 1 + C π
(a) 1 - + 2 
π
(b) 1 - - 2 
 4   4 
Alternate Solution  π  π
2 (c)  - 2 + 1 (d)  + 2 - 1

 (log x - 1)  4  4 
Let I = ∫ 2
dx and t = log x
1 + (log x) 
Exp. (a)
⇒ x = et ⇒ dx = et dt
2
According to the given condition,
 t -1 t (1 + t 2 ) - 2 t t β π
∴ I = ∫ 2
e dt = ∫
(1 + t 2 )2
⋅ e dt ∫ π / 4 f( x) dx = β sin β + 4 cos β + 2 β
1 + t 
et 2 tet On differentiating both sides w.r.t. β, we get
=∫ ⋅ dt - ∫ ⋅ dt π
1+ t 2
(1 + t 2 )2 f( β ) = sin β + β cos β - sin β + 2
4
Using by parts,  π π
∴ f   = 1+ 0 - + 2
1 -1 2 t et 2 4
I= 2
⋅ et - ∫ 2 2
⋅ 2 t ⋅ et dt - ∫ dt
1+ t (1 + t ) (1 + t 2 )2 π
= 1- + 2
et 2 t et 2 t et 4
=
1+ t2
+ ∫ (1 + t 2 )2 dt - ∫ (1 + t 2 )2 dt 1 2 1 3
t
94. If I 1 = ∫ 2 x dx , I 2 = ∫ 2 x dx ,
e x 0 0
∴ I= +C= +C 2 2 2 3
1+ t2 (log x)2 + 1 I 3 = ∫ 2 x dx and I 4 = ∫ 2 x dx , then
1 1
(a) I 3 > I 4 (b) I 3 = I 4 [AIEEE 2005]
92. Let f : R Æ R be a differentiable function
(c) I 1 > I 2 (d) I 2 > I 1
1
having f (2 ) = 6, f ′ (2 ) =   . Then,
 48 Exp. (c)
f(x) 4t 3 Given that,
lim ∫6 dt is equal to 1 1
xÆ 2 x -2 x2 x3
[AIEEE 2005] I1 = ∫0 2 dx I2 = ∫0 2 dx,
(a) 18 (b) 12 2 2
x2 x3
(c) 36 (d) 24 I3 = ∫1 2 dx and I4 = ∫1 2 dx
Integral Calculus 195

x3 x2 Y x2 = 4y
Since, 2 <2 for 0 < x < 1
x3 x2
and 2 >2 for x > 1
y=4 y2 = 4x
1 x3 1 x2
S1
∴ ∫0 2 dx < ∫0 2 dx S2
S3
2 x3 2 x2 X′ X
and ∫1 2 dx > ∫1 2 dx O x=4

⇒ I2 < I1 and I4 > I3

95. The area enclosed between the curve

Y′
y = log e ( x + e ) and the coordinate axes is
[AIEEE 2005] 1 16
⇒ S1 = S 3 = × 64 = sq units …(i)
(a) 4 sq units (b) 3 sq units 12 3
4
(c) 2 sq units (d) 1 sq unit 4  x3 / 2  4
and S2 + S3 = ∫0 4 x dx = 2   = ×8
Exp. (d)  3 / 2 0 3
0 32 16
Required area, A = ∫ 1 - e loge ( x + e ) dx ⇒ S2 =
- [from Eq. (i)]
3 3
Put x + e = t ⇒ dx = dt 16
⇒ S2 = sq units
e 3
∴ A= ∫1 loge t dt
16 16 16
∴ S1 : S 2 : S 3 = : : = 1: 1: 1
= [t loge t - t ]e1 3 3 3
= (e - e - 0 + 1) = 1sq unit π cos 2 x
97. The value of ∫ - π dx , where a > 0, is
96. The parabolas y 2 = 4x and x 2 = 4y divide 1+ax
[AIEEE 2005]
the square region bounded by the lines
π π
x = 4, y = 4 and the coordinate axes. If S1 , S 2 (a) 2 π (b) (c) (d) aπ
a 2
and S 3 are respectively the areas of these
parts numbered from top to bottom, then Exp. (c)
S1 : S 2 : S 3 is equal to π cos 2 x
x = –e Let I = ∫ - π 1 + a x dx, a> 0 …(i)
Y
Put x = - x, we get
(0, 1)
π cos 2 x
I= ∫ - π 1 + a- x dx …(ii)

X′ X On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

1–e O
π (1 + a x ) cos 2 x π
2I = ∫ dx = ∫ cos 2 x dx
-π (1 + a x ) -π

π cos 2 x + 1
Y′ [AIEEE 2005] = ∫   dx
-π  2 
(a) 1 : 1 : 1 (b) 2 : 1 : 2
π
1   sin 2 x 
(c) 1 : 2 : 3 (d) 1 : 2 : 1 = + x
2   2   - π
Exp. (a)
1  sin 2 π sin (-2 π ) 
It is clear from the figure that = + π -  - π 
4
2  2  2  
S1 = S 3 = ∫ 0 y dx 1
⇒ 2 I = ( π + π)
4 2
4 x2 1  x3  π
= ∫0 dx =   ∴ I=
4 4  3 0 2
196 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

sin x dx
98. If ∫ sin (x - α ) dx = Ax + B log sin( x - α ) + C , 99. ∫ cos x - sin x is equal to [AIEEE 2004]
then the value of ( A , B ) is [AIEEE 2004] 1 x π
(a) log tan  -  + C
(a) (sin α ,cos α ) 2 2 8
(b) (cos α , sin α ) 1 x
(c) ( - sin α ,cos α ) (b) log cot   + C
2  2
(d) ( - cos α , sin α )
1 x 3π 
(c) log tan  -  +C
Exp. (b) 2 2 8 
sin x 1 x 3π 
Let I= ∫ dx (d) log tan  +  +C
sin ( x - α ) 2 2 8 
Put x - α = t ⇒ dx = dt
sin (t + α )
Exp. (d)
∴ I=∫ dt
sin t dx
Let I = ∫
sin t cos α + cos t sin α cos x - sin x
⇒ I=∫ dt
sin t 1 dx
= ∫
cos t 2  1 cos x - 1 sin x
⇒ I = cos α 1 dt + sin α dt  
∫ ∫ sin t  2 2 
1 dx 1 π
⇒ I = cos α(t ) + sin α log sin t + C1 = ∫ = ∫ sec  x +  dx
2  π 2  4
⇒ I = cos α( x - α ) + sin α log sin ( x - α ) + C1 cos  x + 
 4
⇒ I = x cos α + sin α log sin ( x - α ) + C
1 tan  π + x + π  
[let C = - α cos α + C1] = log  + C
2  4 2 8 
But I = Ax + B log sin ( x - α ) + C
1 x 3 π 
∴ x cos α + sin α log sin ( x - α ) + C = tan  +
log   + C
= Ax + B log sin ( x - α ) + C
2  2 8 
On comparing both sides, we get 3
100. The value of ∫ - 2 |1 - x 2| dx is
A = cos α and B = sin α [AIEEE 2004]
Alternate Solution 28 14
(a) (b)
Given that, 3 3
sin x 7 1
(c) (d)
∫ sin ( x - α ) dx = Ax + B log sin ( x - α ) + C 3 3

On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get Exp. (a)

sin x cos ( x - α )
= A+ B 3 2 -1 2
sin ( x - α ) sin ( x - α ) ∫ - 2 |1 - x | dx = ∫ - 2 ( x - 1) dx

⇒ sin x = A sin ( x - α ) + B cos ( x - α ) 1 2 3

+ ∫ -1 (1 - x ) dx + ∫1 ( x2 - 1) dx
⇒ sin x = A(sin x cos α - cos x sin α )
-1 1 3
+ B(cos x cos α + sin x sin α )  x3   x3   x3 
= - x +  x -  +  - x
⇒ sin x = sin x ( A cos α + B sin α )  3  -2  3  -1  3 1
+ cos x (B cos α - A sin α ) 1 8 1 1
On comparing the coefficients of sin x and cos x =  - + 1 + - 2  +  1 - + 1 - 
 3 3   3 3
both sides, we get
1
A cos α + B sin α = 1 …(i) +  9 - 3 - + 1
 3 
and B cos α - A sin α = 0 …(ii)
4 4 20 28
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get = + + =
3 3 3 3
A = cos α, B = sin α
Integral Calculus 197

π / 2 (sin x + cos x )2 Exp. (a)

101. The value of ∫ 0 dx is
1 + sin 2 x ex
Given that, f ( x) =
[AIEEE 2004] 1+ ex
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3 ea
∴ f ( a) = …(i)
Exp. (c) 1 + ea
π / 2 (sin x + cos x)2 e -a 1
Now, ∫ dx and f ( - a) = = …(ii)
0 1 + sin 2 x 1 + e -a 1 + e a
π/2 (sin x + cos x)2 On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
= ∫0 dx
(sin x + cos x) 2 f ( a) + f ( - a) = 1
π/2 ⇒ f ( a) = 1 - f ( - a)
= ∫0 (sin x + cos x) dx
Let f ( - a) = t
= [- cos x + sin x]π0 / 2 ⇒ f ( a) = 1 - t
π π 1-t
= - cos + sin + cos 0 - sin 0 Now, I1 = ∫t xg [ x(1 - x)] dx …(iii)
2 2
= - 0 + 1+ 1- 0= 2 ! I = b b 
π π /2  ∫a f( x) dx = ∫a f(a + b - x) dx
102. If ∫ 0 x f (sin x ) dx = A ∫ 0 f (sin x ) dx, then 1-t
⇒ I1 = ∫t (1 - x)g [ x(1 - x)] dx …(iv)
A is equal to [AIEEE 2004]
On adding Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get
(a) 0 (b) π (c) π/4 (d) 2 π 1-t
2 I1 = ∫t g [ x(1 - x)] dx = I2 [given]
Exp. (b)
π I2
Let I= ∫0 xf(sin x) dx …(i) ∴ =2
I1
π
∴ I= ∫0 ( π - x)f[sin ( π - x)] dx
π
104. The area of the region bounded by
⇒ I= ∫0 ( π - x)f(sin x) dx …(ii) the curves y = | x - 2 |, x = 1, x = 3 and the
X-axis is [AIEEE 2004]
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
π (a) 1 sq unit (b) 2 sq units
2I = ∫0 ( x + π - x) f(sin x) dx
(c) 3 sq units (d) 4 sq units
π
⇒ 2I = π ∫0 f(sin x) dx
Exp. (a)
π /2 3 3
⇒ 2I = 2π f(sin x) dx Required area = ydx =
∫0 ∫1 ∫ 1 | x - 2| dx
π /2
⇒ I= π f(sin x) dx Y
∫0
π /2 π /2
⇒ A ∫0 f(sin x) dx = π ∫0 f(sin x) dx

! I = A π /2
∫0 f(sin x) dx, given
  X′ X
O
∴ A= π
ex f (a ) x=1 x=3
103. If f ( x ) = , I1 = ∫ x g [ x (1 - x )] dx
1 + ex f ( -a )
f (a ) Y′
and I 2 = ∫ g [ x (1 - x )] dx , then the value 2 3
f ( -a ) - ( x - 2 ) dx +
I2
= ∫1 ∫ 2 ( x - 2 ) dx
of is 2 3
I1 (2 - x) dx +
[AIEEE 2004] = ∫1 ∫ 2 ( x - 2 ) dx
(a) 2 (b) – 3 (c) –1 (d) 1
198 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

2 3 b
 x2   x2  ⇒ I= ∫ a (a + b - x)f( x) dx
= 2 x -  +  - 2 x
 2 1  2 2 [!f(a + b - x) = f( x), given]
 1  9 b b
= 4 - 2 -  2 -  +  - 6 - (2 - 4) ⇒ I = (a + b ) ∫ f( x) dx - ∫ a x f( x) dx
  2    2  a
b
3 3 ⇒ I = (a + b ) ∫ f( x) dx - I [from Eq. (i)]
= 2 - - + 2 = 1sq unit a
2 2 b
n ⇒ 2 I = (a + b ) ∫ f( x) dx
1 a
105. lim ∑ n er /n is equal to a + b b
nÆ∞
r =1 [AIEEE 2004] ∴ I =   ∫ a f( x) dx
 2 
(a) e (b) e -1 (c) 1 - e (d) e + 1
x2
Exp. (b) ∫0 sec 2t dt
n 108. The value of lim is
1 r/n 1 xÆ 0 x sin x
Now, lim ∑ e = ∫0 e x dx = [e x ]10 = e - 1 [AIEEE
nÆ ∞
r =1 n 2003]
(a) 3 (b) 2
106. If f ( y ) = e y , g ( y ) = y ; y > 0 and (c) 1 (d) –1
t
F (t ) = ∫ f (t - y )g ( y ) dy , then Exp. (c)
0 [AIEEE 2003]
-t t x2
(a) F (t ) = 1 - e (1 + t ) (b) F (t ) = e - (1 + t )
∫0 sec 2 t dt
 form 0 
(c) F (t ) = te t (d) F (t ) = te - t lim

xÆ 0 x sin x 0 
Exp. (b) Using L’Hospital rule,
Given that, f( y) = e y , g ( y) = y sec 2 x2 ⋅ 2 x
t = lim
x Æ 0 x cos x + sin x
and F( t ) = ∫ 0 f(t - y)g( y) dy
 d x2 
=
t
et -y
⋅ y dy = et
t
e - y y dy ! ∫0 sec 2 t dt = sec 2 x2 ⋅ 2 x (Leibnitz’s rule)
∫0 ∫0  dx 
t
= et (- ye - y ) t0 - ∫ 0 1 (- e
-y
) dy Again using L’Hospital rule,
  2 x ⋅ 2 sec 2 x2 ⋅ tan x2 ⋅ 2 x + 2 sec 2 x2
= et [(- te - t - 0) - ( e - y )t0 ] = lim
xÆ 0 - x sin x + cos x + cos x
= et [- te -t - e - t + 1]
0 + 2 sec 2 0
∴ F( t ) = et - (1 + t ) = =1
0 + 2 cos 0
b
107. If f (a + b - x ) = f ( x ), then ∫a x f ( x )dx is 1
109. The value of I = ∫ 0 x (1 - x )n dx is
equal to [AIEEE 2003] [AIEEE 2003]
a+b b 1 1
(a) f ( b - x ) dx (a) (b)
2 ∫a n +1 n+2
a+b b 1 1 1 1
(b) f ( x ) dx (c) - (d) +
2 ∫a n +1 n + 2 n +1 n + 2
b -a b
(c) f ( x ) dx
2 ∫a Exp. (c)
a+b b
1
(d) f (a + b + x ) dx n
2 ∫a
Given, I= ∫ 0 x(1 - x) dx

Exp. (b) Put 1 - x = z ⇒ - dx = dz

0
b ∴ I= ∫1 (1 - z)zn (- dz)
Let I= ∫ a xf( x) dx …(i)
1 b a
⇒
b
I = ∫ (a + b - x) f(a + b - x) dx = ∫ 0 (1 - z) z
n
dz ! ∫ f( x) dx = - 
∫b f( x) dx
a  a
Integral Calculus 199

1 n
- zn + 1 ) dz ⇒ [F( z)]164 = F(k ) - F(1) [from Eq.(i)]
= ∫0 (z
1
⇒ F(64) - F(1) = F(k ) - F(1)
 zn + 1 zn + 2  1 1 ∴ k = 64
= -  = -
 n + 1 n + 2 0 n + 1 n + 2
112. The area of the region bounded by the
1 + 2 4 + 34  1 + 2 3 + 33 curves y = | x - 1| and y = 3 - | x | is [AIEEE 2003]
 4
  3
 (a) 2 sq units (b) 3 sq units
 + ... + n   + ... + n 
110. lim - lim is (c) 4 sq units (d) 6 sq units
nÆ∞ n5 nÆ∞ n5
equal to [AIEEE 2003] Exp. (c)
(a) 1/30 (b) 0  x - 1, x>1
Since, y = | x - 1| = 
(c) 1/4 (d) 1/5 - x + 1, x≤1

Exp. (d) 3 + x, x≤ 0
and y = 3 - | x| = 
 3 - x, x> 0
1 + 2 4 + 34  1 + 2 3 + 33 
Y
 4
  3
 y
 + . . . + n   + . . . + n  =
lim - lim –x C (0, 3) 1
nÆ ∞ n5 nÆ ∞ n5 + x
–
1 =
4 3
1 n  r 1 1 n
 r (–1, 2) D y
= lim ∑   - nlim × lim ∑  n 
nÆ ∞ n r = 1 n  Æ ∞ n nÆ ∞ n
r =1
B (2, 1)
1 4 1 1 3
= ∫ x dx - lim × ∫0 x dx X′ X
0 nÆ ∞ n O A y
x
1
=
+

 x5  (1, 0) 3
1 –
3

=  -0= x
=
y

5
 0 5
Y′
d  e sin x 
111. Let F (x ) =   , x > 0. On solving, we get
dx  x  y = x - 1 and y = 3 - x
3 sin x 3
4 ⇒ x - 1= 3 - x ⇒ x = 2
If ∫1 e dx = F (k ) - F (1 ), then one of and y= 3-2 ⇒ y=1
x
the possible value of k , is [AIEEE 2003] Now, AB2 = (2 - 1)2 + (1 - 0)2 = 1 + 1 = 2
(a) 15 (b) 16 ⇒ AB = 2 and BC 2 = (0 - 2 )2 + (3 - 1)2
(c) 63 (d) 64 =4+ 4=8
Exp. (d) ⇒ BC = 2 2
∴Area of rectangle ABCD = AB × BC
d esin x
Given, F( x ) = , x> 0 = 2 ×2 2
dx x
On integrating both sides, we get = 4 sq units
sin x
e
F( x ) = ∫ dx …(i) 113. If f ( x ) is a function satisfying f ′ ( x ) = f ( x )
x
with f (0) = 1 and g ( x ) is a function that
4 3 sin x3 4 3 x2 x3 satisfies f ( x ) + g ( x ) = x 2. Then, the value of
Also, ∫1 e dx = ∫1 ⋅ esin dx
x x3 1
[AIEEE 2003]
= F(k ) - F(1) ∫ 0 f (x )g (x ) dx , is
Let x3 = z e2 5 e2 3
(a) e - - (b) e + -
2 2 2 2 2
⇒ 3 x dx = dz
64 sin z
e e2 3 e2 5
∴ dz = F(k ) - F(1) (c) e - - (d) e + +
∫1 z 2 2 2 2
200 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

π/4
Exp. (c) = ∫0 tann x(1 + tan2 x) dx
Given, f ′( x) = f( x) and f(0) = 1 π/4
Let f ( x) = e x …(i) = ∫0 sec 2 x tann x dx

Also, f ( x) + g ( x) = x 2 Put tan x = t

⇒ g ( x) = x 2 - e x
…(ii) ⇒ sec 2 x dx = dt
1 1 1
Now, x
( x2 - e x ) dx t n + 1  1
∫ 0 f( x)g( x) dx = ∫ 0 e ∴ In + In +
1 n
∫ 0 t dt =  n + 1 = n + 1
2 =
0
[from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
1 1 n
2 x 2x ⇒ lim n[In + In + 2 ] = lim
= ∫0 x e dx - ∫0e dx nÆ ∞ nÆ ∞ n + 1

1 2x1 1
= [ x2e x
- ∫ 2 xe
x
dx]10 -
[e ]0 = lim =1
2 nÆ ∞ 1
1+
1 n
= [ x2e x - 2 xe x + 2 e x ]10 - (e 2 - 1)
2 2
1 1
116. ∫ 0 [ x 2] dx is equal to
= [( x2 - 2 x + 2 )e x ]10 - e 2 + [AIEEE 2002]
2 2 (a) 2 - 2 (b) 2 + 2
1 1
= [(1 - 2 + 2 )e1 - (0 - 0 + 2 )e 0 ] - e 2 + (c) 2 - 1 (d) - 2 - 3 + 5
2 2
e2 1 e2 3 Exp. (d)
=e -2 - + =e - - 2 1 2 3
2 2
2 2 2 2
∫ 0 [x ] dx = ∫ 0 [x ] dx + ∫1 [ x2 ] dx + ∫ [ x2 ] dx
2
10x
114. ∫ 0 |sin x | dx is equal to +
2
[ x2 ] dx
[AIEEE 2002] ∫ 3
(a) 20 (b) 8 (c) 10 (d) 18 1 2 3 2
= ∫ 0 0 dx + ∫ 1 1 dx + ∫ 2
2 dx + ∫ 3
3 dx
Exp. (a)
= [ x]1 2 + [2 x] 3
+ [3 x]2 3
Since,|sin x| is a periodic function with period π. 2

10 π π = 2 - 1+ 2 3 - 2 2 + 6 - 3 3
∴ ∫0 |sin x| dx = 10 ∫ |sin x| dx
0 =5- 3- 2
π
= 10 ∫ sin x dx = 10[- cos x]π0
0 π 2 x (1 + sin x )
117. ∫ - π dx is equal to
= 10[- cos π + cos 0] 1 + cos 2 x [AIEEE 2002]
= 10[1 + 1] = 20 π2 2 π
(a) (b) π (c) 0 (d)
π /4 4 2
115. If I n = ∫ 0 tann x dx , then lim n[I n + I n + 2]
nÆ∞ Exp. (b)
is equal to [AIEEE 2002] π 2 x(1 + sin x)
1 Let I = ∫ -π dx
(a) (b) 1 1 + cos 2 x
2 π 2x π 2 x sin x
(c) ∞ (d) 0 =∫ dx + ∫ dx
- π 1 + cos 2 x - π 1 + cos 2 x

Exp. (b) ⇒ I=0+ 4∫

π x sin x
dx …(i)
π/4 0 1 + cos 2 x
Since, In = ∫0 tann x dx
π/4
 2x
∴ In + = tann + 2
x dx ! is an odd function
2 ∫0  1 + cos 2
x
π/4 
Now, In + In + = tann x dx 2 x sin x
2 ∫0 and is an even function
2
π/4 1 + cos x 
+ ∫0 tann + 2
x dx
Integral Calculus 201

π ( π - x) sin ( π - x) Exp. (a)

⇒ I=4∫ dx
0 1 + cos 2 ( π - x) dx xn - 1
Let I= ∫ = ∫ dx
π π sin x π x sin x x( xn + 1) x ( xn + 1)
n
⇒ I=4∫ dx - 4 ∫ dx
0 1 + cos 2 x 0 1 + cos 2 x
Put xn + 1 = t ⇒ nxn - 1 dx = dt
π sin x
⇒ I = 4π ∫0 dx - I [from Eq. (i)] 1 dt 1  1 1
1 + cos 2 x ∴ I= ∫ = ∫  -  dt
n t (t - 1) n t - 1 t
π sin x
⇒I = 2 π ∫0 dx
1 t - 1
1 + cos 2 x = log   +C
n  t 
Put cos x = t ⇒ - sin x dx = dt
-1 1 1  xn 
∴ I = -2π ∫ dt = log  n  +C
1 1+ t2 n  x + 1
π π
= 2 π[tan-1 t ]1-1 = 2 π  +  = π 2 120. The area bounded by the curve y = 2 x - x 2
 4 4 
and the straight line y = - x is given by
π /2 sin x [AIEEE 2002]
118. ∫ 0 dx is equal to
sin x + cos x 9 43
(a) sq units (b) sq units
π π 2 6
(a) (b) 35
4 2 [AIEEE 2002] (c) sq units (d) None of these
6
(c) 0 (d) 1

Exp. (a) Exp. (a)

The equations of given curve and a line are
π/2 sin x
Let I= ∫0 dx …(i) y = 2 x - x2 …(i)
cos x + sin x
and y=-x …(ii)
π
sin  - x Y
π/2 2 
I= ∫0 dx
π π
cos  - x + sin  - x y= y = 2x – x 2
2  2 
–x
(0, 0)
π/2 cos x X′ X
I= ∫0 dx …(ii)
sin x + cos x
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get (3, –3)
π/2 π Y′
2I = ∫0 1 dx = [ x]π0 / 2 ⇒ I =
4 On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get the points of
dx intersection of curves which are (0, 0) and (3, –3).
119. ∫ is equal to
∴ Required area =
3 2
x ( x n + 1) [AIEEE 2002] ∫ 0 [(2 x - x ) - (- x)] dx

1  xn  1  x n + 1  3 x2
3
(a) log  n  +C (b) log   +C 3 2 x3 
n  x + 1 n  x
n
 = ∫ 0 (3 x - x ) dx =  2 - 3 
0
 xn  27 27 9
(c) log  n  +C (d) None of these = - = sq units
 x + 1 2 3 2
10
Differential Equations
x2 3 x3 1
(a) y = + (b) y = +
1. Given that the slope of the tangent to a curve 4 4x 2 5 5x 2
2y 3 2 1 4 3 1
y = y ( x ) at any point ( x , y ) is . If the curve (c) y = x + (d) y = x +
x2 4 4x 2 5 5x 2
passes through the centre of the circle
x 2 + y 2 - 2 x - 2 y = 0, then its equation is Exp. (a)
[JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-II] Given differential equation is
dy
2
(a) x loge | y | = - 2( x - 1) x + 2 y = x2 , ( x ≠ 0)
dx
(b) x loge | y | = x -1 dy  2 
⇒ +   y = x,
(c) x loge | y | = 2( x - 1) dx  x 
(d) x loge | y | = - 2( x - 1) which is a linear differential equation of the form
dy
Exp. (c) + Py = Q
dx
dy 2 y 2
Given, = Here, P = and Q = x
dx x2 x
dy 2 2
⇒ ∫ = dx [integrating both sides]
y ∫ x2
∫ dx
∴ IF = e x = e 2 log x
= x2
2 Since, solution of the given differential equation is
⇒ loge| y| = - +C …(i)
x y × IF = ∫ (Q × IF) dx + C
Since, curve (i) passes through centre (1, 1) of the
circle x4
∴ y( x2 ) = ∫ ( x × x2 ) dx + C ⇒ yx2 = +C
x 2 + y2 - 2 x - 2 y = 0 4
2 1 3
∴loge (1) = - + C ⇒C = 2 ! y(1) = 1, so 1 = +C ⇒C =
1 4 4
x4 3
∴ Equation required curve is ∴ yx2 = +
2 4 4
loge| y| = - + 2 [putC = 2 in Eq. (i)]
x x2 3
⇒ y= +
⇒ xloge| y| = 2( x - 1) 4 4 x2

2. The solution of the differential equation 3. If y = y ( x ) is the solution of the differential

dy
x + 2 y = x 2( x ≠ 0) with y(1) = 1, is dy
dx equation = (tan x - y ) sec 2 x ,
[JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-I] dx
Differential Equations 203

π π
 π π  π (a) y ′   - y ′  -  = π - 2
x ∈  - ,  , such that y (0) = 0, then y  -   4  4
 2 2  4
π π
(b) y ′   + y ′  -  = - 2
is equal to [JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-I]  4  4
1 1
(a) - 2 (b) -e π π  π2
e 2 (c) y   + y  - = +2
 4  4 2
1 π π
(c) 2 + (d) e - 2 (d) y   - y  -

e = 2
 4  4
Exp. (d) Exp. (a)
Given differential equation
Given differential equation is
dy
= (tan x - y)sec 2 x dy
dx + y tan x = 2 x + x2 tan x , which is
dx
dy
⇒ + (sec 2 x)y = sec2 x tan x, linear differential equation in the form of
dx dy
+ Py = Q .
which is linear differential equation of the form dx
dy Here, P = tan x and Q = 2 x + x2 tan x
+ Py = Q,
dx
∴IF = e ∫ tan x dx = elog e (sec x)
= sec x
where P = sec 2 x and Q = sec 2 x tan x
Now, solution of linear differential equation is
sec 2 xdx
IF = e∫ = e tan x given as
So, solution of given differential equation is y × IF = ∫ (Q × IF )dx + C
y × IF = ∫ (Q × IF)dx + C ∴ y(sec x) = ∫ (2 x + x2 tan x) sec x dx + C
y(e tan x ) = ∫ e tan x ⋅ sec2 x tan x dx + C = ∫ (2 x sec x) dx + 2
sec x tan x dx + C
∫x
2
Let tan x = t ⇒ sec xdx = dt !∫ x sec x tan x dx = x2 sec x - ∫ (2 xsec x) dx
2

ye tan x = ∫ et ⋅ t dt + C = tet - ∫ et dt + C Therefore, solution is

[using integration by parts method] ysec x = 2 ∫ xsec x dx + x2 sec x - 2 ∫ xsec x dx + C
= et (t - 1) + C ⇒ ysec x = x2 sec x + C …(i)
tan x
⇒ y⋅e = e tan x (tan x - 1) + C
! y(0) = 1 ⇒11
( ) = 0(1) + C ⇒C = 1
[!t = tan x]
Now, y = x2 + cos x [from Eq. (i)]
! y(0) = 0
⇒ 0 = 1(0 - 1) + C and y′ = 2 x - sin x
⇒ C =1 According to options,
π - π   π 1 
∴ y ⋅ e tan x = e tan x (tan x - 1) + 1 y′   - y′   = 2   - 
π  4  4    4 2
Now, at x = -
 π 1 
4 -  2  -  +  = π- 2
ye -1 = e -1(-1 - 1) + 1   4 2
ye -1 = - 2e -1 + 1⇒ y = e -2 π π  π 1 
⇒ and y′   + y′  -  =  2   - 
 4  4   4 2
4. Let y = y ( x ) be the solution of the  π
+  2  -  +
1 
 =0
differential equation,   4 2
dy  π π π π π2 1
+ y tan x = 2 x + x 2 tan x , x ∈  - ,  , and y  + y -  = +
dx  2 2  4  4  16 2
such that y(0) = 1. Then π2 1 π2
+ + = + 2
[JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-II] 16 2 4
204 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

π π π2 1 π2 1 So, at y = 2, the value of

and y  - y -  = + - - =0
 4  4  16 2 16 2 1 e1/ 2 3 1
x = + 1- = -
2 e 2 e
5. Consider the differential equation,
2  1
y dx +  x -  dy = 0. If value of y is 1 when
6. The general solution of the differential
 y equation ( y 2 - x 3 )dx - xydy = 0 ( x ≠ 0) is
x = 1, then the value of x for which y = 2, is (where,C is a constant of integration)
[JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-I] [JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-II]
5 1 3 1 (a) y 2 - 2 x 2 + Cx 3 = 0
(a) + (b) -
2 e 2 e (b) y 2 + 2 x 3 + Cx 2 = 0
1
(c) +
1 3
(d) - e (c) y 2 + 2 x 2 + Cx 3 = 0
2 e 2 (d) y 2 - 2 x 3 + Cx 2 = 0
Exp. (b) Exp. (b)
Given differential equation is Given differential equation is
 1
y2dx +  x -  dy = 0 ( y2 - x3 ) dx - xy dy = 0, ( x ≠ 0)
 y
dy
dx 1 1 ⇒ xy - y2 = - x 3
⇒ + x= 3 dx
dy y2 y dy dt
Now, put y2 = t ⇒ 2 y =
which is the linear differential equation of the dx dx
dx dy 1 dt
form + Px = Q. ⇒ y =
dy dx 2 dx
1 1 x dt
Here, P = 2 and Q = 3 ∴ - t = - x3
y y 2 dx
1 1 dt 2
∫ dy - ⇒ - t = - 2 x2
y2 y dx x
Now, IF = e =e
∴The solution of linear differential equation is which is the linear differential equation of the form
dt
x ⋅ (IF ) ∫ Q (IF ) dy + C + Pt = Q.
dx
1 2
⇒ x e - 1/ y = ∫ y3 e
- 1/ y
dy + C Here, P = - and Q = - 2 x2 .
x
2
∴ x e - 1/ y = ∫ (- t ) et dt + C -∫
x
dx 1
Now, IF = e =
1 1 x2
[!let - = t ⇒ + 2 dy = dt]
y y !Solution of the linear differential equation is
(IF) t = ∫ Q(IF )dx + λ
= - tet + ∫ et dt + C [integration by parts]
t t [where λ is integrating constant]
= - te + e + C
1 1
1
⇒ x e - 1/ y = e - 1/ y + e - 1/ y + C … (i) ∴ t  2  = - 2 ∫  x2 × 2  dx + λ
y x   x 
Now, at y = 1, the value of x = 1, so t
⇒ = - 2x + λ
1⋅ e - 1 = e - 1 + e - 1 + C x2
1 y2
⇒ C=- ⇒ + 2x = λ [!t = y2 ]
e x2
On putting the value of C, in Eq. (i), we get ⇒ y2 + 2 x 3 - λ x 2 = 0
1/ y
1 e or y2 + 2 x3 + Cx2 = 0 [let C = - λ]
x= + 1-
y e
Differential Equations 205

7. If y = y ( x ) is the solution of the differential Exp. (b)

dy Given, f( xy) = f( x) ⋅ f( y), ∀ x, y ∈ [0, 1] ...(i)
equation, x + 2 y = x 2 satisfying y(1) = 1, Putting x = y = 0 in Eq. (i), we get
dx
 1 f(0) = f(0) ⋅ f(0)
then y   is equal to ⇒ f(0)[f(0) - 1] = 0
2
[JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-I] ⇒ f(0) = 1 as f(0) ≠ 0
13 1 49 7 Now, put y = 0 in Eq. (i), we get
(a) (b) (c) (d)
16 4 16 64 f(0) = f( x) ⋅ f(0)
⇒ f ( x) = 1
Exp. (c) dy dy
So, = f ( x) ⇒ =1
Given differential equation can be rewritten as dx dx
dy  2 
+   ⋅ y = x, which is a linear differential ⇒ ∫ dy = ∫ dx ⇒ y = x + C
dx  x 
dy 2 ! y(0) = 1
equation of the form + Py = Q, where P =
dx x ∴ 1= 0 + C
and Q = x. ⇒ C= 1
Now, integrating factor ∴ y= x+1
2
dx  1 1 5 3 3 7
y   = + 1 =
∫ x2
(IF) = e x = e 2 log x
= elog = x2 Now, y   = + 1 = and
 4 4 4  4 4 4
[!elog f( x ) = f( x) ] 1 3 5 7
 
⇒ y  + y  = + = 3
and the solution is given by  4  4 4 4
y(IF ) = ∫ (Q × IF ) dx + C dy 3 1  -π π
9. If + 2
y= 2
, x ∈ ,  and
dx cos x cos x  3 3
⇒ yx2 = ∫x
3
dx + C
 π 4  π
x 4 y   = , then y  -  equals
⇒ yx2 = +C …(i)  4 3  4
4 [JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-I]
Since, it is given that y = 1when x = 1 1 4
(a) + e6 (b) -
∴ From Eq. (i), we get 3 3
1 3 1 1
1= + C ⇒C = …(ii) (c) + e 3 (d)
4 4 3 3
∴ 4 x2 y = x4 + 3 [using Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
Exp. (a)
x4 + 3
⇒ y= Given, differential equation is
4 x2 dy  3  1
1 +  y= , which is a linear
+ 3 dx  cos 2 x  cos 2 x
 1  16 49 dy
Now, y  = = differential equation of the form + Py = Q,
2 1 16
4× dx
4 3 1
where P = 2
and Q = .
cos x cos 2 x
8. Let f :[0, 1] Æ R be such that Now, Integrating factor
f ( xy ) = f ( x ). f ( y ), for all x , y ∈[0, 1] and 3
∫ 2 dx 3 sec 2 xdx
f (0) ≠ 0. If y = y ( x ) satisfies the differential IF = e cos x = e ∫ = e 3 tan x and the
dy solution of differential equation is given by
equation, = f ( x ) with y(0) = 1, then
dx y(IF ) = ∫ (Q.(IF ))dx
 1  3
y   + y   is equal to
 4  4 ⇒ e 3 tan x . y = ∫ e 3 tan x sec 2 xdx … (i)
[JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-II]
(a) 5 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 4 Let I = ∫ e 3 tan x sec 2 xdx
206 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Put 3tan x = t ⇒ ln|(1 + v 2 )Cx|= 0 [!ln A + ln B = ln AB]

⇒ 3sec 2 x dx = dt ⇒ (1 + v 2 )Cx = 1 [loge x = 0 ⇒ x = e 0 = 1]
et et e 3 tan x y
Now, putting v = , we get
∴ I= ∫ dt = +C= +C
3 3 3 x
 2
From Eq. (i) y
 1 + 2  Cx = 1
e 3 tan x  x 
e 3 tan x . y = +C
3 ⇒ C( x2 + y2 ) = x
It is given that when,
! The curve passes through (1, 1), so
π 4 4 e3 1
x = , y is ⇒ e 3 = +C C(1 + 1) = 1 ⇒ C =
4 3 3 3 2
⇒ C =e3 Thus, required curve is x2 + y2 - 2 x = 0, which
e 3 tan x represent a circle having centre (1, 0)
Thus, e 3 tan x y = + e3
3 ∴ The solution of given differential equation
π e -3 represents a circle with centre on the X-axis.
Now, when x = - , e -3 y = + e3
4 3
11. If y ( x ) is the solution of the differential
1  π 
⇒ y = e6 + ! tan -  = - 1 dy  2 x + 1
  4  equation -2 x
3 +  y = e , x > 0,
dx  x 
1 -2
10. The curve amongst the family of curves where y (1) = e , then
2
represented by the differential equation, [JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-I]
( x 2 - y 2 )dx + 2 xydy = 0, which passes 1
(a) y ( x ) is decreasing in  ,1
through (1, 1), is [JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-II] 2 
(a) a circle with centre on the Y-axis (b) y ( x ) is decreasing in (0, 1)
(b) a circle with centre on the X-axis (c) y (loge 2 ) = loge 4
(c) an ellipse with major axis along the Y-axis loge 2
(d) y (loge 2 ) =
(d) a hyperbola with transverse axis along the 4
X-axis.
Exp. (a)
Exp. (b) dy  2 x + 1 -2x
Given differential equation is We have, +  y=e
dx  x 
( x2 - y2 )dx + 2 xy dy = 0, which can be written as dy
which is of the form + Py = Q, where
dy y2 - x2 dx
= 2x + 1
dx 2 xy P= and Q = e -2 x
x
Put y = vx [!it is in homogeneous form]  1 + 2 x  dx  1 + 2  dx
dy dv Pdx ∫   ∫  
⇒ =v+ x Now, IF = e ∫ =e x 
=e x 
dx dx
= eln x + 2x
= eln x . e 2 x = x.e 2 x
Now, differential equation becomes
dv v 2 x2 - x2 dv (v 2 - 1)x2 and the solution of the given equation is
v+ x = ⇒ v+ x =
dx 2 x(vx) dx 2 vx2 y ⋅ (IF ) = ∫ (IF )Q dx + C
dv v 2 - 1 v2 - 1- 2v2 ⇒ y( xe 2 x ) = ∫ ( x e 2 x . e -2 x ) dx + C
⇒ x = -v=
dx 2v 2v
x2
dv 1+ v2 2 v dv dx = ∫ xdx + C = +C … (i)
⇒ x =- ⇒ ∫ = -∫ 2
dx 2v 1+ v2 x 1 -2
Since, y = e when x = 1
⇒ ln (1 + v 2 ) = - ln x - lnC 2
 f ′ ( x)  1 -2 2 1
∴ e .e = + C ⇒ C = 0 (using Eq. (i))
! ∫ f( x) dx ⇒ ln|f( x)| + C  2 2
 
Differential Equations 207

x2 x ⇒ C = -1 [!log 1 = 0]
∴ y ( xe 2 x ) = ⇒ y = e -2 x 1  1+ x - y
2 2 ∴ loge   = x-1
dy 1 -2 x x 1 2  1- x + y
Now, = e + e -2 x (- 2 ) = e -2 x  - x
dx 2 2 2  1- x + y
⇒ - loge = 2( x - 1)
< 0, 1+ x - y
1 1
if < x < 1 [by using product rule of derivative] [!log = log x-1 = - log x]
2 x
loge 2 -2 log e 2 1 -2
and y(loge 2 ) = e = loge 2 elog e 2
2 2 13. If a curve passes through the point (1, - 2 )
1 1
= . loge 2 ⋅ 2 -2 = loge 2 and has slope of the tangent at any point
2 8
x2 - 2y
( x , y ) on it as , then the curve also
12. The solution of the differential equation, x
dy passes through the point
= ( x - y )2, when y(1) = 1, is
dx [JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-II]
[JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-II] (a) ( 3 , 0) (b) ( -1, 2 )
2-y (c) ( - 2 ,1) (d) (3, 0)
(a) loge = 2( y - 1)
2-x
Exp. (a)
1+ x - y
(b) - loge =x+ y -2 We know that, slope of the tangent at any point
1- x + y
( x, y) on the curve is
2-x dy x2 - 2 y
(c) loge =x-y = (given)
2-y dx x
1- x + y dy 2
(d) - loge = 2( x - 1) ⇒ + y= x …(i)
1+ x - y dx x
which is a linear differential equation of the form
Exp. (d) dy
+ P( x) ⋅ y = Q( x),
dy dx
We have, = ( x - y)2 which is a differential 2
dx where P( x) = and Q( x) = x
dy x
equation of the form = f(ax + by + c )
dx Now, integrating factor
2
Put x - y = t P( x )dx ∫ dx
dy dt dy dt (IF) = e ∫ =e x = e 2log e x

⇒ 1- = ⇒ = 1- 2
dx dx dx dx = elog e x
[! m log a = log am ]
dt dy
⇒ 1- =t 2
[! = ( x - y)2 ] = x2 [!elog e f( x ) = f( x)]
dx dx
dt dt and the solution of differential Eq. (i) is
⇒ = 1- t 2 ⇒ ∫ = dx
dx 1- t2 ∫ y(IF ) = ∫ Q( x)(IF )dx + C

[separating the variables] ⇒ y( x2 ) = ∫ x⋅ x

2
dx + C
1 1 + t  4
⇒ loge   = x+C x
2 1- t  ⇒ yx2 = +C …(ii)
4
 dx 1 a+ x  ! The curve (ii) passes through the point
∫ 2 2
= loge + C
 a - x 2a a- x  (1, - 2 ), therefore
  1 9
1 1+ x - y - 2 = + C ⇒C = -
⇒ loge   = x + C [!t = x - y] 4 4
2  1 - x + y
∴ Equation of required curve is
Since, y = 1when x = 1, therefore
4 yx2 = x4 - 9.
1  1 + 0
loge   = 1+ C Now, checking all the option, we get only ( 3, 0)
2  1 + 0
satisfy the above equation.
208 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

1  π2  π2 π2 8π2
14. Let y = y ( x )be the solution of the differential y  = 2   - ⇒ y= - π2 = -
2  36  2 9 9
dy
equation sin x + y cos x = 4x , x ∈(0, π ).
dx dy
 π  π
15. If (2 + sin x) + ( y + 1)cos x = 0 and y(0) = 1,
If y   = 0, then y   is equal to dx
2  6  π
[JEE Main 2018]
then y   is equal to
2 [JEE Main 2017 (offline)]
4 -8 2 8 4 2
(a) π 2 (b) π (c) - π 2 (d) - π 1 2 1 4
9 3 9 3 9 9 (a) (b) - (c) - (d)
3 3 3 3
Exp. (c) Exp. (a)
We have, dy
dy dy We have, (2 + sin x) + ( y + 1)cos x = 0
sin x + ycos x = 4 x ⇒ + ycot x = 4 xcosec x dx
dx dx dy cos x - cos x
This is a linear differential equation of form ⇒ + y=
dx 2 + sin x 2 + sin x
dy
+ Py = Q
dx which is a linear differential equation.
cos x
where P = cot x, Q = 4 x cosec x ∫
2 + sin x
dx
cot xdx ∴ IF = e = elog ( 2 + sin x ) = 2 + sin x
Now, IF = e ∫ Pdx = e ∫ = elogsin x = sin x
∴Required solution is given by
Solution of the differential equation is - cos x
y ⋅ (2 + sin x) = ∫ ⋅ (2 + sin x)dx + C
y ⋅ sin x = ∫ 4x cosec xsin xdx + C 2 + sin x
⇒ y(2 + sin x) = - sin x + C
⇒ ysin x = ∫ 4 x dx + C = 2 x2 + C
Also, y(0) = 1
π ∴ 12
( + sin 0) = - sin 0 + C ⇒ C = 2
Put x = , y = 0, we get
2 π
π2 π2 2 - sin
⇒ ysin x = 2 x2 - 2 - sin x π 2 = 1
C=- ∴ y= ⇒ y  =
2 2 2 + sin x  2  2 + sin π 3
π
Put x= 2
6
 1  π2  π2 16. If a curve y = f ( x ) passes through the point
∴ y  = 2   -
2  36  2 (1, - 1) and satisfies
differential the
π2 8π2  1
⇒ y= - π2 ⇒ y = - equation, y (1 + xy )dx = x dy , then f  -  is
9 9  2
equal to [JEE Main 2016 (offline)]
Alternate Method 2 4 2 4
dy (a) - (b) - (c) (d)
We have, sin x + ycos x = 4 x, which can be 5 5 5 5
dx
d Exp. (d)
written as (sin x ⋅ y) = 4 x
dx Given differential equation is
On integrating both sides, we get y(1 + xy)dx = x dy ⇒ y dx + xy2 dx = x dy
d
∫ dx (sin x ⋅ y)⋅ dx = ∫ 4 x ⋅ dx ⇒
x dy - y dx
= x dx ⇒ -
( y dx - x dy)
= x dx
y2 y2
4 x2
⇒ y ⋅ sin x = + C ⇒ y ⋅ sin x = 2 x2 + C  x
2 ⇒ - d   = x dx
π  y
Now, as y = 0 when x =
2 On integrating both sides, we get
π2 π2 x x2
∴ C=- ⇒ y ⋅ sin x = 2 x2 - - = +C ...(i)
2 2 y 2
π
Now, putting x = , we get ! It passes through (1, - 1).
6
Differential Equations 209

1 1 p(t )⋅ e - t / 2 = 400 e - t / 2 + K
∴ 1=+C ⇒C=
2 2
! p (0) = 100 ⇒ K = -300
x x2 1
Now, from Eq. (i) - = + ∴ p(t )e - t / 2 = 400e - t / 2 - 300
y 2 2
2x 2x ⇒ p(t ) = 400 - 300et / 2
⇒ x2 + 1 = - ⇒ y=- 2
y x +1 19. At present, a firm is manufacturing
1 4 2000 items. It is estimated that the rate of
∴ f  -  =
 2 5 change of production P w.r.t. additional
number of workers x is given by
17. Let y ( x ) be the solution of the differential dP
dy = 100 - 12 x . If the firm employees
equation ( x log x ) + y = 2 x log x , ( x ≥ 1). dx
dx 25 more workers, then the new level of
Then, y (e ) is equal to [JEE Main 2015] production of items is [JEE Main 2013]
(a) e (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) 2e (a) 2500 (b) 3000 (c) 3500 (d) 4500

Exp. (c) Exp. (c)

Given differential equation is dP
Given, = (100 - 12 x )
dy dx
( xlog x) + y = 2 xlog x, ( x ≥ 1)
dx ⇒ dP = (100 - 12 x ) dx
dy y On integrating both sides, we get
⇒ + =2
dx xlog x ∫ dP = ∫ (100 - 12 x ) dx
This is a linear differential equation. ⇒ P = 100 x - 8 x3 / 2 + C
1
∫ dx
∴ IF = e x log x = elog(log x ) = log x When x = 0, then P = 2000 ⇒ C = 2000
Now, the solution of given differential equation is Now, when x = 25, then
given by P = 100 × 25 - 8 × (25)3 / 2 + 2000
y ⋅ log x = ∫ log x ⋅ 2dx = 2500 - 8 × 125 + 2000
⇒ y ⋅ log x = 2 ∫ log x dx = 4500 - 1000 = 3500
⇒ y ⋅ log x = 2[ xlog x - x] + c
20. The population p (t ) at time t of a certain
At x = 1, c = 2
⇒ y ⋅ log x = 2[ xlog x - x] + 2 mouse species satisfies the differential
At x = e, dp (t )
equation = 0.5(t ) - 450. If p(0) = 850,
y = 2(e - e ) + 2 ⇒ y = 2 dt
then the time at which the population
18. Let the population of rabbits surviving at a becomes zero is [AIEEE 2012]
time t be governed by the differential 1
dp (t ) 1 (a) 2 log 18 (b) log 9 (c) log 18 (d) log18
equation = p (t ) - 200. If p (0) = 100, 2
dt 2
Exp. (a)
then p (t ) is equal to [JEE Main 2014]
(a) 400 - 300e t / 2 (b) 300 - 200e - t / 2 Given
(i) The population of mouse at time ‘t ’ satisfies
(c) 600 - 500e t / 2 (d) 400 - 300e - t / 2
the differential equation
Exp. (a) dp(t )
p′(t ) = = 0.5p(t ) - 450
dt
dp 1
- p(t ) = -200 (ii) Population of mouse at time
dt 2
t = 0 is p(0) = 850
 1
∫ -   dt
IF = e  2
= e -t / 2 To find The time at which the population of
the mouse will become zero, i.e., to find the
Hence, p(t )⋅ e - t / 2 = ∫ -200 ⋅ e - t / 2dt value of ‘t ’ at which p(t ) = 0.
210 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Let’s solve the differential equation first. dV (t )

= - k (T - t ), wherek > 0 is a constant
dp(t ) dt
p′(t ) = = 0.5p(t ) - 450
dt and T is the total life in years of the
2dp(t ) 2dp(t ) equipment. Then, the scrap value V (T ) of
⇒ = dt ⇒ ∫ = dt
p(t ) - 900 p(t ) - 900 ∫ the equipment is [AIEEE 2011]
⇒ 2 log| p( t ) - 900| = t + C k 2 k (T - t )2
(a) I - T (b) I -
where, C is the constant of integration. 2 2
1
To find the value of ‘C’, let’s substitute t = 0. (c) e -kT (d) T 2 -
k
⇒ 2 log| p(0) - 900| = 0 + C
Exp. (a)
⇒ C = 2 log|850 - 900| [! P (θ) = 850]
∴ C = 2 log 50 d {V(t )}
Given, = - k (T - t )
dt
Now, substituting the value of C back in the
solution, we get ∴ d {V(t )} = - k (T - t ) dt
2 log| p(t ) - 900| = t + 2 log 50 When t = 0, V( t ) = I …(i)
Here, since we want to find the value of t at T T

which p(t ) = 0, hence substituting p(t ) = 0, we

⇒ ∫ 0 d {V(t )} = ∫ 0 - k (T - t ) dt
get T
( t - T )2 
2 log| 0 - 900| = t + 2 log 50 ⇒ V(T ) - V(0) = k  
 2 0
900
⇒ t = 2 log ∴ t = 2 log 18 k
50 ⇒ V(T ) - I = {(T - T )2 - (0 - T )2 }
2
dy k
21. If = y + 3 > 0 and y (0) = 2 , then y (log 2 ) is ∴ V(T ) = I - T 2
dx 2
equal to [AIEEE 2011]
23. Consider the differential equation
(a) 5 (b) 13
 1
(c) -2 (d) 7 y 2dx +  x -  dy = 0. If y(1) = 1, then x is
 y
Exp. (d) given by [AIEEE 2011]
dy
Here, = y + 3> 0 1 e 1/ y 2 e 1/ y
dx (a)1 - + (b) 4 - -
and y(0) = 2 y e y e
dy 1 e 1/ y 1 e 1/ y
⇒ ∫ = dx
y+ 3 ∫
(c) 3 - + (d)1 + -
y e y e
⇒ log| y + 3| = x + C
Exp. (d)
Since, y(0) = 2 dx 1 1
Here, + ⋅x= 3
⇒ log|2 + 3| = 0 + C dy y2 y
∴ C = loge 5 [linear differential equation in x]
1
⇒ log| y + 3| = x + loge 5 ∫ dy -
1
y2 y
When x = loge 2 ∴ IF = e =e
⇒ log| y + 3| = loge 2 + loge 5 = loge 10 Complete solution is
1 1
- -
⇒ y + 3 = 10 y 1 y
x⋅e = ∫ y3 ⋅e dy
∴ y=7
1 1
-
y 1 1 -y
22. Let I be the purchase value of an equipment ⇒ x⋅e ∫ y ⋅ y2 ⋅ e dy
=
and V (t ) be the value after it has been used
1 1
for t years. The value V (t ) depreciates at a Put - = t ⇒ 2 dy = dt
rate given by differential equation y y
Differential Equations 211

1
- (a) y ′ = y 2 (b) y ′′ = y ′ y
⇒ xe y
= ∫ - t ⋅ et dt
(c) yy ′′ = y ′ (d) yy ′′ = ( y ′ )2
1
-
⇒ xe y
= - {t ⋅ et - ∫ 1⋅ et dt } + C Exp. (d)
-
1 Given, y = c1ec 2 x ⇒ y ′ = c 2 c1 ec 2 x
⇒ xe y
= - tet + et + C ⇒ y ′ = c2 y …(i)
1 1 1
-
1 - - ⇒ y ′ ′ = c2 y ′ …(ii)
y y y
⇒ xe = ⋅e +e +C ( y′ )2  y′
y ⇒ y ′′ =
y  from Eq. (i), c 2 = y 
! y(1) = 1  
⇒ yy ′′ = ( y ′ )2
∴ e -1 = e -1 + e -1 + C

⇒ C=-
1 26. The differential equation of the family of
e circles with fixed radius 5 units and centre
-
1
-
1
-
1 on the line y = 2 is [AIEEE 2008]
y 1 y y 1
∴ xe = ⋅e +e - (a) ( x - 2 )2 y ′2 = 25 - ( y - 2 )2
y e
1 (b) ( x - 2 )y ′2 = 25 - ( y - 2 )2
1 1 (c) ( y - 2 )y ′2 = 25 - ( y - 2 )2
⇒ x = + 1 - ⋅ey
y e (d) ( y - 2 )2 y ′2 = 25 - ( y - 2 )2

24. Solution of the differential equation Exp. (d)

π
cos x dy = y (sin x - y )dx , 0 < x < , is The equation of family of circles with centre on
2 y = 2 and radius 5 is
[AIEEE 2010] ( x - α )2 + ( y - 2 )2 = 52 …(i)
(a) sec x = (tan x + C ) y (b) y sec x = tan x + C
⇒ x2 + α 2 - 2 α x + y2 + 4 - 4 y = 25
(c) y tan x = sec x + C (d) tan x = (sec x + C ) y
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
Exp. (a) 2 x - 2α + 2 y
dy
-4
dy
=0
Since, cos x dy = ysin x dx - y2 dx dx dx
dy
1 dy 1 ⇒ α= x+ ( y - 2)
⇒ - tan x = - sec x dx
y2 dx y On putting the value of α in Eq. (i), we get
which is the Bernaulli’s form. 2
 x - x - dy ( y - 2 ) + ( y - 2 )2 = 52
1 1 dy dz  dx 
Put - = z ⇒ 2 =
y y dx dx 2
⇒  dy  ( y - 2 )2 = 25 - ( y - 2 )2
dz  
⇒ + (tan x) z = - sec x  dx 
dx
or y ′2 ( y - 2 )2 = 25 - ( y - 2 )2
This is a linear differential equation. Therefore,
IF = e ∫ tan xdx = elog sec x
= sec x 27. The solution of the differential equation
Hence, the solution is
dy x + y
z ⋅ (sec x) = ∫ - sec x ⋅ sec x dx + C1 = satisfying the condition y(1) = 1 is
dx x
= - ∫ sec 2 x dx + C1 (a) y = x log x + x (b) y = log x + x
1 (c) y = x log x + x 2 (d) y = xe ( x - 1 )
⇒ - sec x = - tan x + C1 [AIEEE 2008]
y
⇒ sec x = y(tan x + C ) [put C = - C1 ] Exp. (a)
25. The differential equation which represents Given equation can be rewritten as
c 2x dy 1
the family of curves y = c1e , where c1 and - ⋅ y=1
c 2 are arbitrary constants, is [AIEEE 2009] dx x
212 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

1
-∫ dx 1 dy
Now, IF = e x = e - log x
= 2 Ax + 2 By =0 …(i)
x dx
∴ Required solution, Again differentiating, we get
1 1  dy 2 d 2 y 
y   = ∫ x dx = log x + C 2 A + 2 B   + y 2  = 0 …(ii)
 x
 dx  dx 
! y(1) = 1 ⇒ 1 = log 1 + C ⇒ C =1
Eliminating A and B from Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
∴ y = x log x + x 2
d2y dy y dy
y 2
+   - ⋅ =0
dx  dx  x dx
28. The differential equation of all circles
passing through the origin and having their This is the required differential equation whose
centres on the X-axis is [AIEEE 2007] order is two and degree is one.
dy
(a) x 2 = y 2 + xy
dy
(b) x 2 = y 2 + 3xy 30. The differential equation representing the
dx dx family of curves y 2 = 2 c ( x + c ), where c > 0,
2 2 dy 2 2 dy is a parameter, is of order and degree as
(c) y = x + 2 xy (d) y = x - 2 xy
dx dx follows [AIEEE 2005]
Exp. (c) (a) order 2, degree 2 (b) order 1, degree 3
General equation of all such circles which pass (c) order 1, degree 1 (d) order 1, degree 2
through the origin and whose centre lie on X-axis, Exp. (b)
is
Given equation of family of curves is
x2 + y2 + 2 gx = 0 …(i)
y2 = 2 c ( x + c) …(i)
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
On differentiating Eq. (i) w.r.t. x, we get
dy
2x+2y + 2g = 0
dx 2 y y1 = 2 c ⇒ c = y y1
dy On putting the value of c in Eq. (i), we get
⇒ 2 g = -  2 x + 2 y 
 dx  y2 = 2 y y1( x + y y1 )
On putting the value of 2g in Eq. (i), we get ∴ ( y2 - 2 y y1 x)2 = 4( y y1 )3
dy
x2 + y2 +  -2 x - 2 y  x = 0 Hence, the degree and order of above equation
 dx  are three and one, respectively.
2 2 2 dy dy
⇒ x + y - 2 x - 2 xy =0 31. If x = y (log y - log x + 1), then the
dx dx
dy
⇒ y2 = x2 + 2 xy solution of the equation is [AIEEE 2005]
dx
x y
which is the required equation. (a) log   = C y (b) log   = C x
y x

29. The differential equation whose solution is y x

(c) x log   = C y (d) y log   = C x
2 2
Ax + By = 1, where A and B are arbitrary x y
constant, is of [AIEEE 2006]
Exp. (b)
(a) first order and second degree
dy
(b) first order and first degree Given that, x = y(log y - log x + 1)
dx
(c) second order and first degree
dy  y   y 
(d) second order and second degree ∴ =    log   + 1 …(i)
dx  x    x 
Exp. (c) which is the homogeneous equation.
The given equation is Ax2 + By2 = 1. dy dt
Put y = t x ⇒ =t + x
dx dx
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get dt
∴ t + x = t log t + t [from Eq. (i)]
dx
Differential Equations 213

⇒ t log t dx = x dt
dt dx
34. The degree and order of the differential
⇒ ∫ t log t = ∫ x equation of the family of all parabolas whose
axis is X-axis, are respectively [AIEEE 2003]
On integrating, we get (a) 2, 1 (b) 1, 2
log t = log x + log C (c) 3, 2 (d) 2, 3
y
⇒ log   = C x Exp. (b)
 x
General equation of parabola whose axis is X-axis,
32. The differential equation for the family of is
2 2
curves x + y - 2 ay = 0, where a is an
arbitrary constant, is [AIEEE 2004]
y2 = 4 a( x + h)
(a) 2 ( x 2 - y 2 ) y ′ = xy (b) 2 ( x 2 + y 2 ) y ′ = xy On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
2 2 2 2 dy
(c) ( x - y ) y ′ = 2 xy (d) ( x + y ) y ′ = 2 xy 2y = 4a
dx
Exp. (c) dy
⇒ y = 2a
The equation of the family of curves is dx
x2 + y2 - 2 ay = 0 …(i) Again differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get 2
dy d2y
y   + y 2 = 0
2 x + 2 yy ′ - 2 ay ′ = 0  dx  dx
2 x + 2 yy ′
⇒ = 2a …(ii) This is a differential equation whose degree and
y′ order are one and two, respectively.
From Eq. (i), we get
x 2 + y2 35. The solution of the differential equation
2a =
y -1 dy
(1 + y 2 ) + ( x - e tan y
) = 0, is
On putting the value of 2a in Eq. (ii), we get dx [AIEEE 2003]
2 x + 2 yy ′ x2 + y2 (a) ( x - 2 ) = Ce -2 tan -1 y
=
y′ y -1 -1
(b) 2 xe tan y
= e 2 tan y
+C
⇒ 2 xy + 2 y2 y ′ = x2 y ′ + y2 y ′
tan -1 y -1
(c) xe = tan y +C
∴ ( x2 - y2 )y ′ = 2 xy
2 tan -1 y tan -1 y
(d) xe =e +C
33. The solution of the differential equation
y dx + ( x + x 2y ) dy = 0 is [AIEEE 2004]
Exp. (b)
1 1 Given differential equation can be rewritten as
(a) - =C (b) - + log y = C
xy xy dx -1
(1 + y2 ) + x = e tan y
1 dy
(c) + log y = C (d) log y = Cx -1
xy dx 1 e tan y
or + 2
x=
dy 1 + y 1 + y2
Exp. (b) 1
∫1+ dy
Given that, y dx + ( x + x2 y) dy = 0 Pdy y2 -1
∴ IF = e ∫ =e = e tan y
y dx + x dy 1
∴ = - dy ∴ Required solution,
x 2 y2 y
-1
 1 1 -1 e 2 tan y
xe tan y
= ∫ dy + C1
⇒ ∫ d  - xy  = - ∫ y dy 1+ y 2

On integrating both sides, we get Put t = tan-1 y

1 1 dy
- = - log y + C ⇒ - + log y = C ⇒ dt =
xy xy 1 + y2
214 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics
-1
∴ xe tan y
= ∫ e 2 t dt + C1 Exp. (b)
-1 1 2t d2y
⇒ x e tan y
= e + C1 ! = e -2 x
2 dx2
-1 1 -1
On integrating both sides, we get
⇒ xe tan y
= e 2 tan y + C1
2 dy e -2 x
-1 -1 = +C
⇒ 2 xe tan y
= e 2 tan y
+C [!put 2C1 = C] dx -2
Again integrating, we get
36. The order and degree of the differential e -2 x
2 y= + Cx + D
3 4
 dy  d y 3
equation 1 + 3  = 4 3 are
 dx  dx [AIEEE 2002] 38. The differential equation of all non-vertical
2
(a) 1,  (b) (3, 1) lines in a plane is [AIEEE 2002]
 3
d2 y d 2x
(c) (3, 3) (d) (1, 2) (a) =0 (b) =0
dx 2 dy 2
Exp. (c) dy dx
(c) =0 (d) =0
dx dy
The given differential equation can be rewritten as
2 3
3
 1 + 3 dy  = 4  d y  Exp. (a)
   3 
 dx   dx  The general equation of all non-vertical lines in a
This shows that the order and degree of given plane is ax + by = 1, where b ≠ 0.
equation are 3 and 3, respectively. On differentiating, we get
dy
d 2y a+ b =0
37. The solution of the equation = e -2 x is dx
dx 2 Again differentiating, we get
[AIEEE 2002]
d2y
e -2 x e -2 x b 2 =0
(a) (b) + Cx + D dx
4 4
1 1 d2y
(c) e -2 x + Cx 2 + D (d) e -2 x + C + D ⇒ =0 [! b ≠ 0]
4 4 dx2
11
Coordinate Geometry
1. The shortest distance between the line y = x ⇒
1
=1
and the curve y 2 = x - 2 is 2yP
[JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-I] dy
[differentiating the curve (i), we get 2 y = 1]
7 dx
(a) 2 (b) 1 1
8 ⇒ = 1⇒t = [! P( x, y) = P(t 2 + 2, t )]
7 11 2t 2
(c) (d) 9 1
4 2 4 2 So, the point P is  ,  .
 4 2
Exp. (c) 9 - 1
 
Given equation of curve is Now, minimum distance = PM = 4 2
2
y2 = x - 2 …(i) [!distance of a point P( x1, y1 ) from a line
and the equation of line is |ax + by1 + c |
y= x …(ii) ax + by + c = 0 is 1 
a2 + b 2 
Y y=x 7
y2=x–2 = units
4 2
M
P(t2+2, t) 2. The sum of the squares of the lengths of the
chords intercepted on the circle, x 2 + y 2 = 16,
X by the lines, x + y = n, n ∈ N , where N is the
O (2, 0)
set of all natural numbers, is
[JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-I]
(a) 320 (b) 105 (c) 160 (d) 210

Exp. (d)
Consider a point P(t 2 + 2, t ) on parabola (i). Given equation of line is x + y = n,n∈N …(i)
For the shortest distance between curve (i) and and equation of circle is x2 + y2 = 16 …(ii)
line (ii), the line PM should be perpendicular to line Now, for intercept, made by circle (ii) with line (i)
(ii) and parabola (i), i.e. tangent at P should be
parallel to y = x.
dy x2+y2=16
∴ = Slope of tangent at point P to
dx at point P (0, 0)
curve (i)
4
=1 d
[!tangent is parallel to line y = x] A B x+y=n, n ! N
216 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

d<4 Also, the point (a, b ) lies on the ellipse (i), so

n
⇒ <4 4a2 + b 2 = 8
2
⇒ 4a2 + 64a2 = 8 [from Eq.(iv)]
[!d = perpendicular distance from (0, 0) to the
8
|0 + 0 - n| n  ⇒ 68a2 = 8 ⇒ a2 =
line x + y = n and it equal to =  68
2
1 +1 2 2
2 2
⇒ a =
⇒ n< 4 2 …(iii) 17
! n ∈ N, so n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Clearly, length of chord AB = 2 42 - d 2 4. A point on the straight line, 3x + 5y = 15
which is equidistant from the coordinate
n2 !d = n 
= 2 16 - axes will lie only in
2  2 
[JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-I]
∴Sum of square of all possible lengths of chords (a) IV quadrant
(for n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
(b) I quadrant
1
= 4 (16 × 5) - (12 + 2 2 + 32 + 42 + 52 ) (c) I and II quadrants
 2 
(d) I, II and IV quadrants
5(6)(11)
= 320 - 2 = 320 - 110 = 210
6 Exp. (c)
Given equation of line is 3 x + 5 y = 15 …(i)
3. If the tangents on the ellipse 4x 2 + y 2 = 8 at
Clearly, a point on the line (i), which is
the points (1, 2) and (a ,b ) are perpendicular equidistance from X and Y-axes will lie on the line
to each other, then a 2 is equal to either y = x or y = - x.
[JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-I]
Y
128 64 4 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
17 17 17 17 B y=x
Exp. (d) (0, 3)
Equation of given ellipse is y=–x A
4 x 2 + y2 = 8 …(i)
(5, 0)
x 2 y2 x2 y2 0
X
⇒ + = 1⇒ 2
+ =1 3x+5y=15
2 8 ( 2) (2 2 )2
Now, equation of tangent at point (1, 2) is In the above figure, points A and B are
2x+ y = 4 ...(ii) on the line (i) and are equidistance from the
x2 y2 coordinate axes.
[!equation of tangent to the ellipse 2 + 2 = 1
15 15
a b On solving line (i) and y = x, we get A ,  .
xx yy  8 8
at ( x1, y1 ) is 21 + 21 = 1]
a b Similarly, on solving line (i) and y = - x, we get
and equation of another tangent at point (a, b ) is 15 15
B  - ,  .
4ax + by = 8 …(iii)  2 2
Since, lines (ii) and (iii) are perpendicular to each So, the required points lie only in I and II
other. quadrants.
∴  - 2  ×  - 4a  = - 1
   
 1  b  5. Let O(0, 0) and A(0, 1) be two fixed points,
[if lines a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 and a2 x + b2 y + c 2 = 0 then the locus of a point P such that the
perimeter of ∆AOP is 4, is
 a  a  [JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-I]
are perpendicular, then  - 1   - 2  = - 1]
 b1   b2  (a) 8x2 - 9 y2 + 9 y = 18 (b) 9x2 - 8 y2 + 8 y = 16
⇒ b = - 8a …(iv) (c) 9x2 + 8 y2 - 8 y = 16 (d) 8x2 + 9 y2 - 9 y = 18
Coordinate Geometry 217

Exp. (c) Since, lines L1 and L2 are perpendicular to each

other.
Given vertices of ∆AOP are O(0, 0) and A(0, 1)
∴ m1m2 = - 1
Let the coordinates of point P are ( x, y).
1
-   3 - k
Clearly, perimeter = OA + AP + OP = 4 (given) ⇒     = - 1 [from Eqs. (i) and (iii)]
 2   4 - h
⇒ (0 - 0)2 + (0 - 1)2 + (0 - x)2 + (1 - y)2
⇒ 3 - k = 8 - 2h
+ x 2 + y2 = 4 ⇒ 2h - k = 5 …(iv)
2 2 2 2 On solving Eqs. (ii) and (iv), we get
⇒1 + x + ( y - 1) + x + y =4
2 2 (h, k ) = (3, 1)
⇒ x + y - 2y + 1 + x 2 + y2 = 3 k 3
So, = =3
⇒ x 2 + y2 - 2 y + 1 = 3 - x 2 + y2 h 1

⇒ x 2 + y2 - 2 y + 1 = 9 + x 2 + y2 - 6 x 2 + y2 7. In an ellipse, with centre at the origin, if the

[squaring both sides] difference of the lengths of major axis and
minor axis is 10 and one of the foci is at
⇒ 1 - 2 y = 9 - 6 x 2 + y2
(0, 5 3 ), then the length of its latus rectum is
⇒ 6 x 2 + y2 = 2 y + 8 [JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-II]
(a) 5 (b) 10 (c) 8 (d) 6
⇒ 3 x 2 + y2 = y + 4
Exp. (a)
⇒ 9( x2 + y2 ) = ( y + 4)2 [squaring both sides]
x2 y2
⇒ 9 x2 + 9 y2 = y2 + 8 y + 16 One of the focus of ellipse 2
+ = 1is on Y-axis
a b2
⇒ 9 x2 + 8 y2 - 8 y = 16 (0, 5 3 )
Thus, the locus of point P( x, y) is ∴ be = 5 3 …(i)
9 x2 + 8 y2 - 8 y = 16 [where e is eccentricity of ellipse]
According to the question,
6. Suppose that the points (h , k ), (1, 2 ) and 2 b - 2 a = 10 ⇒ b - a = 5 …(ii)
( -3, 4) lie on the line L1. If a line L 2 passing On squaring Eq. (i) both sides, we get
through the points (h , k ) and b 2e 2 = 75
(4, 3) is perpendicular to L1, thenk /h equals  a2   2 a2 
[JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-II] ⇒ b 2  1 - 2  = 75 !e = 1 - 2 
1 1  b   b 
(a) - (b)
7 3 ⇒ b 2 - a2 = 75
(c) 3 (d) 0 ⇒ (b + a)(b - a) = 75
⇒ b + a = 15 [from Eq. (ii)] …(iii)
Exp. (c) On solving Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
Given, points (1, 2), (-3, 4) and (h, k ) are lies on line b = 10 and a = 5
L1, so slope of line L1 is 2 a2 2 × 25
4-2 k -2 So, length of latusrectum is = =5
m1 = = b 10
-3 - 1 h - 1
⇒ m1 =
-1 k - 2
= …(i) 8. The tangent to the parabola y 2 = 4x at the
2 h-1 point where it intersects the circle x 2 + y 2 = 5
⇒ 2(k - 2 ) = - 1(h - 1) in the first quadrant, passes through the
⇒ 2k - 4 = - h + 1 point [JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-II]
⇒ h + 2k = 5 …(ii)  1 3  3 7
(a)  ,  (b)  , 
and slope of line L2 joining points (h, k ) and  4 4  4 4
3-k  1 4  1 1
(4, 3), is m2 = …(iii) (c)  - ,  (d)  - , 
4-h  3 3  4 2
218 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Exp. (b) 10. If a point R ( 4, y , z ) lies on the line segment

Given equations of the parabola y2 = 4 x …(i) joining the points P(2 , - 3, 4) and Q(8, 0, 10),
and circle x 2 + y2 = 5 …(ii) then the distance of R from the origin is
[JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-II]
So, for point of intersection of curves (i) and (ii),
put y2 = 4 x in Eq. (ii), we get (a) 2 21 (b) 53 (c) 2 14 (d) 6
2 2
x + 4x - 5 = 0 ⇒ x + 5x - x - 5 = 0 Exp. (c)
⇒ ( x - 1)( x + 5) = 0 ⇒ x = 1, - 5 Given points are P(2, - 3, 4), Q(8, 0, 10) and
For first quadrant x = 1, so y = 2. R(4, y, z).
Now, equation of tangent of parabola (i) at point Now, equation of line passing through points P
(1, 2) is T = 0
x - 8 y - 0 z - 10
⇒ 2 y = 2( x + 1) and Q is = =
6 3 6
⇒ x - y + 1= 0
[since equation of a line passing through two
 3 7
The point  ,  satisfies, the equation of line points A( x1, y1, z1 ) and B( x2 , y2 , z2 ) is given by
 4 4
x - x1 y - y1 z - z1 
x - y + 1= 0 = = 
x2 - x1 y2 - y1 z2 - z1 
9. If the eccentricity of the standard hyperbola ⇒
x - 8 y z - 10
= = …(i)
passing through the point ( 4, 6) is 2, then the 2 1 2
equation of the tangent to the hyperbola at ! Points P, Q and R are collinear, so
( 4, 6) is [JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-II] 4 - 8 y z - 10
= = ⇒ -2 = y =
z - 10
(a) 3x - 2 y = 0 (b) x - 2 y + 8 = 0 2 1 2 2
(c) 2x - y - 2 = 0 (d) 2x - 3 y + 10 = 0 ⇒ y = - 2 and z = 6
So, point R is (4, - 2, 6), therefore the distance of
Exp. (c) point R from origin is
Let the equation of standard hyperbola is OR = 16 + 4 + 36 = 56 = 2 14
x2 y2
- 2 =1 …(i)
a 2
b 11. The tangent and the normal lines at the
Now, eccentricity of hyperbola is point ( 3 , 1) to the circle x 2 + y 2 = 4 and the
b2 X-axis form a triangle. The area of this
1+ =2 (given)
a2 triangle (in square units) is
⇒ a2 + b 2 = 4a2 [JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-II]
2 2 1 4 2 1
⇒ b = 3a …(ii) (a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 3 3
Since, hyperbola (i) passes through the point
(4, 6) Exp. (c)
16 36 Let T = 0 and N = 0 represents the tangent and
∴ - =1 …(iii)
a2 b 2 normal lines at the point P( 3, 1) to the circle
On solving Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get x2 + y2 = 4.
Y
a2 = 4 and b 2 = 12 …(iv)
N=0
Now, equation of tangent to hyperbola (i) at point P
(4, 6), is
4x 6y T=0
- =1
a2 b 2 X
4x 6y O M A
⇒ - =1 [from Eq. (iv)]
4 12
y
⇒ x - = 1 ⇒ 2x - y - 2 = 0 x2+y2=4
2
Coordinate Geometry 219

So, equation of tangent (T = 0) is Now, in ∆PRQ,

3x + y = 4 …(i) QR = 16 - d 2 = 16 - 2 = 14
For point A, put y = 0, we get d 2 1 m+ 1
4 ∴ tanθ = = = =
x= QR 14 7 1- m
3
 m2 - m1 
1 ! tan θ = 
! Area of required ∆OPA = (OA)(PM ) 1 + m1m2 
2 
1 4 m+ 1 1
= × ×1 ⇒ =±
2 3 1- m 7
[!PM = y-coordinate of P] m+ 1 1 m+ 1 1
2 ⇒ = or =-
= sq unit 1- m 7 1- m 7
3
1- 7 -1 - 7
⇒ m= or m =
12. Slope of a line passing through P (2, 3) and 1+ 7 7 -1
intersecting the line, x + y = 7 at a distance
of 4 units from P, is 13. If the line y = mx + 7 3 is normal to the
[JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-I] x2 y 2
hyperbola - = 1, then a value of m is
1- 5 7 -1 24 18
(a) (b) [JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-I]
1+ 5 7+1
3 15
1- 7 5 -1 (a) (b)
(c) (d) 5 2
1+ 7 5+1 2 5
(c) (d)
Exp. (c) 5 2

Let the slope of line is m, which is passing through Exp. (c)

P(2, 3). Given equation of hyperbola, is
Y x 2 y2
- =1 …(i)
24 18
8
Since, the equation of the normals of slope m to
7 x 2 y2
the hyperbola 2 - 2 = 1, are given by
6 a b
5 m(a2 + b 2 )
y = mx "
4 R a2 - b 2 m2
d
3 P(2, ∴ Equation of normals of slope m, to the hyperbola
3) (i), are
2 θ
4 Q m(24 + 18)
1 y = mx ± …(ii)
24 - m2 (18)
X′ X
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 !Line y = mx + 7 3 is normal to hyperbola (i)
∴On comparing with Eq. (ii), we get
Y′ x+y=7
m(42 ) 6m
± = 7 3 ⇒± = 3
Since, the distance of a point ( x1, y1 ) from the line 24 - 18m2 24 - 18m2
ax + by1 + c 36m2
ax + by + c = 0 is d = 1 . ⇒ =3 [squaring both sides]
a2 + b 2 24 - 18m2
∴ The distance of a point P(2, 3) from the line ⇒ 12 m2 = 24 - 18m2
x + y - 7 = 0, is ⇒ 30m2 = 24
|2 + 3 - 7| 2 2
d= = = 2 ⇒ 5m2 = 4 ⇒ m = ±
1+ 1 2 5
220 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Equation of given parabola is y2 = 16 x, its focus is

14. If a tangent to the circle x 2 + y 2 = 1 intersects
(4, 0).
the coordinate axes at distinct points P and
Since, slope of line passing through ( x1, y1 ) and
Q, then the locus of the mid-point of PQ is y - y1
[JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-I] ( x2 , y2 ) is given by m = tanθ = 2 .
x2 - x1
(a) x2 + y2 - 2x2y2 = 0 ∴ Slope of focal chord having one end point is (1, 4)
(b) x2 + y2 - 2xy = 0 4- 0 4
is m = tanα = =-
1- 4 3
(c) x2 + y2 - 4x2y2 = 0
[where, ‘α’ is the inclination of focal
(d) x2 + y2 - 16x2y2 = 0 chord with X-axis.]
Exp. (c) Since, the length of focal chord = 4a cosec 2α
Equation of given circle is x2 + y2 = 1, then ∴ The required length of the focal chord
equation of tangent at the point (cos θ,sinθ) on the = 16 [1 + cot 2 α ]
given circle is [! a = 4 and cosec 2 α = 1 + cot 2 α ]
x cos θ + ysinθ = 1 …(i) 9 1 3
= 16 1 +  = 25units !cot α = =- 
[!Equation of tangent at the point  16   tanα 4 
P(cos θ, sinθ) to the circle x2 + y2 = r 2
is x cos θ + ysinθ = r] 16. If the tangent to the parabola y 2 = x at a
Now, the point of intersection with coordinate point (α , β ),(β > 0) is also a tangent to the
axes are P(sec θ, 0) and Q(0, cos ec θ).
ellipse, x 2 + 2 y 2 = 1, then α is equal to
!Mid-point of line joining points P and Q is
[JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-II]
sec θ cos ecθ 
M  ,  = (h, k ) (let) (a) 2 + 1 (b) 2 - 1
 2 2 
1 1 (c) 2 2 + 1 (d) 2 2 - 1
So, cosθ = and sinθ =
2h 2k Exp. (a)
!sin2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1 Since the point(α, β ) is on the parabola y2 = x, so
1 1 1 1
∴ 2
+ 2 = 1⇒ 2 + 2 = 4 α = β2 …(i)
4h 4k h k
Now, locus of mid-point M is Now, equation of tangent at point (α, β ) to the
1 1 parabola y2 = x, is T = 0
+ =4 1
x 2 y2 ⇒ yβ = ( x + α )
2
⇒ x 2 + y2 - 4 x 2 y2 = 0
[!equation of the tangent to the parabola
So, correct option is (c).
y2 = 4ax at a point ( x1 , y1 ) is given by
15. If one end of a focal chord of the parabola, yy1 = 2 a( x + x1 )]
y 2 = 16x is at (1, 4), then the length of this ⇒ 2 yβ = x + β 2 [from Eq. (i)]
x β
focal chord is [JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-I] ⇒ y= + …(ii)
2β 2
(a) 22 (b) 25 (c) 24 (d) 20
Since, line (ii) is also a tangent of the ellipse
Exp. (b) x 2 + 2 y2 = 1
2 2
Key Idea ∴  β  = (1)2  1  + 1
   
2  2β  2
(i) First find the focus of the given parabola
(ii) Then, find the slope of the focal chord by [!condition of tangency of line y = mx + c to
y - y1 x2 y2
using m = 2 ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 is c 2 = a2 m2 + b 2 ,
x2 - x1 a b
1 1 β
(iii) Now, find the length of the focal chord by here m = , a = 1, b = and c = 
using the formula 4a cosec 2 α. 2β 2 2 
Coordinate Geometry 221

β2 1 1
⇒ = + 18. If the two lines x + (a - 1)y = 1 and
4 4β 2 2
2 x + a 2y = 1, (a ∈R - {0, 1}) are
⇒ β4 = 1 + 2β2
perpendicular, then the distance of their
⇒ β4 - 2β2 - 1 = 0
point of intersection from the origin is
2± 4+ 4
⇒ β2 = [JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-II]
2 2 2 2 2
2±2 2 (a) (b) (c) (d)
= = 1± 2 5 5 5 5
2
⇒ β2 = 1 + 2 [!β 2 > 0] Exp. (d)
2
! α = β = 1+ 2 Key Idea
(i) If lines are perpendicular to each other, then
17. A rectangle is inscribed in a circle with a product of their slopes is -1, i.e. m1m2 = - 1
diameter lying along the line 3y = x + 7. If the
(ii) Distance between two points ( x1, y1 )
two adjacent vertices of the rectangle are
(–8, 5) and (6, 5), then the area of the and ( x2 , y2 ) = ( x2 - x1 )2 + ( y2 - y1 )2
rectangle (in sq units) is Given, lines x + (a - 1)y = 1
[JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-II]
and 2 x + a2 y = 1, where a ∈ R - {0, 1}
(a) 72 (b) 84
are perpendicular to each other
(c) 98 (d) 56
 1   2 
∴ -  × -  = -1
Exp. (b)  a - 1  a2 
Given points are (-8, 5) and (6, 5) in which [!If lines are perpendicular,
y-coordinate is same, i.e. these points lie on then product of their slopes is -1]
horizontal line y = 5. ⇒ a2 (a - 1) = - 2
3y=x+7 ⇒ a3 - a2 + 2 = 0
2
⇒ (a + 1)(a - 2 a + 2 ) = 0 ⇒ a = - 1
(–8, β) (6, β) ∴Equation of lines are
x - 2y = 1 …(i)
and 2x + y = 1 …(ii)
On solving Eq. (i) and Eq. (ii), we get
3 1
x = and y = -
(–8, 5) (6, 5) 5 5
∴Point of intersection of the lines (i) and (ii)
3 1
is P , -  .
 5 5
Let (-8, β) and (6, β ) are the coordinates of the 3 1
Now, required distance of the point P , - 
other vertices of rectangle as shown in the figure.  5 5
Since, the mid-point of line joining points (-8, 5) 9 1 10 2
from origin = + = =
and (6, β ) lies on the line 3 y = x + 7. 25 25 25 5
5 + β  -8 + 6
∴ 3   = +7
 2  2 19. The area (in sq units) of the smaller of the
⇒ 15 + 3β = - 2 + 14 two circles that touch the parabola, y 2 = 4x
⇒ 3β = - 3 at the point (1, 2) and the X -axis is
⇒ β = -1 [JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-II]
Now, area of rectangle = |-8 - 6| × |β - 5| (a) 8π(3 - 2 2 ) (b) 4π (3 + 2 )
= 14 × 6 = 84 (c) 8π (2 - 2 ) (d) 4π (2 - 2 )
222 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Exp. (a) ! c1c 2 = 9 + 16 = 5 and|r1 - r2| = 5

Given parabola y = 4 x2
…(i) ! c1c 2 = |r1 - r2| = 5
∴circle x2 + y2 = 4 touches the circle
So, equation of tangent to parabola (i) at point(1, 2 )
is 2 y = 2( x + 1) x2 + y2 + 6 x + 8 y - 24 = 0 internally.
[!equation of the tangent to the parabola So, equation of common tangent is
y2 = 4ax at a point ( x1, y1 ) is given by S1 - S 2 = 0
⇒ 6 x + 8 y - 20 = 0
yy1 = 2 a( x + x1 )]
⇒ 3 x + 4 y = 10 …(i)
⇒ y= x+1 …(ii)
The common tangent passes through the point
Now, equation of circle, touch the parabola at
(6, - 2 ), from the given options.
point (1, 2) is
( x - 1)2 + ( y - 2 )2 + λ( x - y + 1) = 0 21. If the circles x 2 + y 2 + 5Kx + 2 y + K = 0 and
2 2
⇒ x + y + ( λ - 2 ) x + ( -4 - λ ) y + ( 5 + λ ) = 0 2 ( x 2 + y 2 ) + 2Kx + 3y -1 = 0,(K ∈R ), intersect
…(iii) at the points P and Q, then the line
Also, Circle (iii) touches the x-axis, so g 2 = c 4x + 5y - K = 0 passes through P andQ, for
2 [JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-I]
⇒  λ - 2 = 5 + λ
  (a) no values of K
 2 
⇒ λ2 - 4λ + 4 = 4λ + 20
(b) exactly one value of K
(c) exactly two values of K
⇒ λ2 - 8λ - 16 = 0 (d) infinitely many values of K
8± 64 + 64
⇒ λ= Exp. (a)
2
⇒ λ=4± 32 = 4 ± 4 2 Equation of given circles
2 2 x2 + y2 + 5Kx + 2 y + K = 0 …(i)
Now, radius of circle is r = g + f -c
and 2( x2 + y2 ) + 2 Kx + 3 y - 1 = 0
⇒ r =|f| [!g 2 = c]
3 1
⇒ x2 + y2 + Kx + y - = 0 …(ii)
=λ + 4
= 8 + 4 2 2 2
 2  2 On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get
8-4 2 1 1
or 4Kx + y + K + = 0
2 2 2
8-4 2 ⇒ 8Kx + y + (2 K + 1) = 0 …(iii)
For least area r = = 4 - 2 2 units
2 [!if S1 = 0 and S 2 = 0 be two circles, then their
So, area = πr 2 = π(16 + 8 - 16 2 ) common chord is given by S1 - S 2 = 0.]
= 8 π(3 - 2 2 ) sq unit Eq. (iii) represents equation of common chord as
it is given that circles (i) and (ii) intersects each
other at points P and Q.
20. The common tangent to the circles
x 2 + y 2 = 4 and x 2 + y 2 + 6x + 8y - 24 = 0 also Since, line 4 x + 5 y - K = 0 passes through point P
and Q.
passes through the point 8K 1 2 K + 1 1
[JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-II] ∴ = = ⇒K =
4 5 -K 10
(a) (6, - 2) (b) (4, - 2) [equating first and second terms]
(c) (-6, 4) (d) (-4, 6) and - K = 10K + 5
[equating second and third terms]
Exp. (a) 5
⇒ 11K + 5 = 0 ⇒ K = -
Given circles are 11
x2 + y2 = 4, centre c1(0, 0) and radius r1 = 2 1 5
! ≠ - , so there is no such value of K, for
and x2 + y2 + 6 x + 8 y - 24 = 0, centre c 2 (-3, - 4) 10 11
which line 4 x + 5 y - K = 0 passes through points
and radius r2 = 7
P and Q.
Coordinate Geometry 223

22. If a directrix of a hyperbola centred at the 23. If the line x - 2 y = 12 is tangent to the
origin and passing through the point x2 y2  -9 
( 4, - 2 3 ) is 5x = 4 5 and its eccentricity is e, ellipse = 1 at the point  3,  , then
2
+
a b2  2
then [JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-I]
the length of the latusrectum of the ellipse
(a) 4e4 - 12e2 - 27 = 0
is [JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-I]
(b) 4e4 - 24e2 + 27 = 0
(a) 8 3 (b) 9
(c) 4e4 + 8e2 - 35 = 0
(c) 5 (d) 12 2
(d) 4e4 - 24e2 + 35 = 0

Exp. (d) Exp. (b)

Let the equation of hyperbola is Key Idea Write equation of the tangent to the
x2 y2 ellipse at any point and use formula for
2
- 2 =1 …(i) latusrectum of ellipse.
a b
Since, equation of given directrix is 5 x = 4 5 Equation of given ellipse is
a a x2 y2
so 5  = 4 5 [!equation of directrix is x = ] + =1 …(i)
e e a2 b2
a 4 9
⇒ = …(ii) Now, equation of tangent at the point  3, -  on
e 5  2
and hyperbola (i) passes through point (4, - 2 3 ) the ellipse (i) is
3x 9y
16 12 ⇒ - =1 …(ii)
so, - =1 …(iii) a 2
2 b2
a2 b2
[! the equation of the tangent to the ellipse
b2
The eccentricity e = 1 + 2 x2 y2 xx1 yy1
a + = 1 at the point ( x1, y1 ) is + = 1]
2
2
a b2 a2 b2
b
⇒ e2 = 1 + !Tangent (ii) represent the line x - 2 y = 12, so
a2
1 2 12
⇒ a2e 2 - a2 = b 2 …(iv) = =
3 9 1
From Eqs. (ii) and (iv), we get a2 2 b2
16 4 16 2 ⇒ a2 = 36and b 2 = 27
e - e = b2 …(v)
5 5 2 b 2 2 × 27
Now, Length of latusrectum = =
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get a 6
16 12 5 12 = 9units
- =1 ⇒ 2 - 2 =1
16 2 b 2 e b
e
5 24. The line x = y touches a circle at the point
2
12 5 12 5-e (1, 1). If the circle also passes through the
⇒ = -1 ⇒ =
b2 e2 b2 e2 point (1, - 3), then its radius is
[JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-I]
12e 2
⇒ b2 = …(vi) (a) 3 2 (b) 2 2 (c) 2 (d) 3
5 - e2
From Eqs. (v) and (vi), we get Exp. (b)
 12e 2 
16e 4 - 16e 2 = 5 
2
Since, the equation of a family of circles touching
5-e  line L = 0 at their point of contact( x1, y1 ) is
( x - x1 )2 + ( y - y1 )2 + λ L = 0, where λ ∈ R.
⇒ 16(e 2 - 1)(5 - e 2 ) = 60
∴ Equation of circle, touches the x = y at point (1, 1)
⇒ 4(5e 2 - e 4 - 5 + e 2 ) = 15
is
⇒ 4e 4 - 24e 2 + 35 = 0 ( x - 1)2 + ( y - 1)2 + λ( x - y) = 0
224 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

⇒ x 2 + y2 + ( λ - 2 ) x + ( - λ - 2 ) y + 2 = 0 …(i) Exp. (a)

!Circle (i) passes through point (1, - 3). Let (h, k ) be the centre of the circle and radius
∴ 1 + 9 + (λ - 2 ) + 3(λ + 2 ) + 2 = 0 r = h, as circle touch the Y-axis and other circle
x2 + y2 = 1 whose centre (0, 0) and radius is 1.
⇒ 4λ + 16 = 0
Y
⇒ λ = -4
So, equation of circle (i) at λ = - 4, is (h,k)
x 2 + y2 - 6 x + 2 y + 2 = 0 C r=h>O
r
k >O
Now, radius of the circle = 9 + 1 - 2 = 2 2. for first
quadrant
25. If 5x + 9 = 0 is the directrix of the hyperbola X
16x 2 - 9y 2 = 144, then its corresponding O
x2+y2=1
focus is [JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-II]
 5 
(a)  - , 0 (b) (- 5, 0) ∴ OC = r + 1
 3 
[!if circles touch each other externally,
5  then C1C 2 = r1 + r2 ]
(c)  , 0 (d) (5, 0)
3 
⇒ h2 + k 2 = h + 1, h > 0
Exp. (b) and k > 0, for first quadrant.
Equation of given hyperbola is ⇒ h2 + k 2 = h2 + 2 h + 1

16 x2 - 9 y2 = 144 ⇒ k2 = 2 h + 1

x2 y2 ⇒ k = 1 + 2 h, as k > 0
⇒ - =1 …(i) Now, on taking locus of centre (h, k ), we get
9 16
y = 1 + 2 x, x ≥ 0
So, the eccentricity of Eq. (i)
16 5 27. The tangent and normal to the ellipse
e = 1+ =
9 3 3x 2 + 5y 2 = 32 at the point P(2 , 2 ) meets the
[!the eccentricity (e) of the hyperbola X-axis at Q and R, respectively. Then, the
x2 y2 2 area (in sq units) of the ∆PQR is
- = 1 is 1 + (b / a) ]
a2 b2 [JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-II]
16 14 34 68
and given directrix is 5 x + 9 = 0 ⇒ x = - 9 / 5 (a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 15 15
 5 
So, corresponding focus is  - 3   , 0 = (- 5, 0)
  3  Exp. (d)
Equation of given ellipse is
26. The locus of the centres of the circles, which 3 x2 + 5 y2 = 32 …(i)
touch the circle, x 2 + y 2 = 1 externally, also
Now, the slope of tangent and normal at point
touch the Y-axis and lie in the first quadrant, P(2, 2 ) to the ellipse (i) are respectively
is [JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-II] dy dx
mT = and mN = -
(a) y = 1 + 2x, x ≥ 0 dx ( 2, 2 ) dy ( 2, 2 )
(b) y = 1 + 4x, x ≥ 0 On differentiating ellipse (i), w.r.t. x, we get
dy dy 3x
(c) x = 1 + 2 y, y ≥ 0 6 x + 10 y =0 ⇒ =-
dx dx 5y
(d) x = 1 + 4 y, y ≥ 0 3x 3 5y 5
So, mT = - = - and mN = =
5 y ( 2, 2 ) 5 3 y ( 2, 2 ) 3
Coordinate Geometry 225

Now, equation of tangent and normal to the given

ellipse (i) at point P(2, 2 ) are
29. If the line ax + y = c, touches both the curves
3 x 2 + y 2 = 1 and y 2 = 4 2 x , then| c | is equal to
( y - 2) = - ( x - 2)
5 [JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-II]
5 1 1
and ( y - 2 ) = ( x - 2 ) respectively. (a) (b) 2 (c) 2 (d)
3 2 2
It is given that point of intersection of tangent and
normal are Q and R at X-axis respectively. Exp. (c)
16 4
So, Q  , 0 and R  , 0 Key Idea Use the equation of tangent of slope
 3  5 
a
1 ‘m’ to the parabola y 2 = 4ax is y = mx + and
∴ Area of ∆PQR = (QR ) × height m
2 a line ax + by + c = 0 touches the circle
1 68 | c|
= × ×2 x 2 + y 2 = r 2 , if = r.
2 15
a2 + b2
68
= sq units
15 Since, equation of given parabola is y2 = 4 2 x
2 2 and equation of tangent line is ax + y = c or
[!QR =  16 - 4  =  68  = 68
    y = - ax + c,
 3 5  15  15
2 2
and height = 2] thenc = = [!m = slope of line = - a]
m -a
28. Lines are drawn parallel to the line [!line y = mx + c touches the
3 parabola y2 = 4ax iff c = a / m].
4x - 3y + 2 = 0, at a distance from the
5 Then, equation of tangent line becomes
origin. Then which one of the following
2
points lies on any of these lines? [JEE Main y = - ax - …(i)
2019, 10 April Shift-II] a
 1 2  1 2 !Line (i) is also tangent to the circle x2 + y2 = 1.
(a)  - , -  (b)  - , 
 4 3  4 3 2
-
1 1  1 1 a
(c)  , -  (d)  ,  ∴ Radius = 1 =
4 3  4 3 1 + a2

Exp. (b) 2
⇒ 1 + a2 = -
a
Since, equation of a line parallel to line
2
ax + by + c = 0 is ax + by + k = 0 ⇒ 1 + a2 = [squaring both sides]
a2
∴Equation of line parallel to line
⇒ a4 + a2 - 2 = 0 ⇒ (a2 + 2 ) (a2 - 1) = 0
4 x - 3 y + 2 = 0 is 4 x - 3 y + k = 0 …(i)
⇒ a2 = 1 [! a2 > 0, ∀ a ∈ R ]
Now, distance of line (i) from the origin is
| k| 3 2
= ∴ | c| = = 2
2 2 5 | a|
4 + 3
[as per question’s requirement] 30. If the angle of intersection at a point where
⇒ | k| = 3 the two circles with radii 5 cm and 12 cm
⇒ k=± 3 intersect is 90°, then the length (in cm) of
their common chord is
So, possible lines having equation, either
[JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-I]
4 x - 3 y + 3 = 0 or 4 x - 3 y - 3 = 0 13 120
1 2 (a) (b)
Now, from the given options the point  - ,  5 13
 4 3 60 13
lies on the line 4 x - 3 y + 3 = 0. (c) (d)
13 2
226 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Exp. (b) In ∆C1 AC 2 ,

Let, the length of common chord C1C 2 = (C1 A)2 + ( AC 2 )2
= AB = 2 AM = 2 x [!∠C1 AC 2 = 90º, because circles
intersects each other at 90º]
A
= (12 )2 + (5)2
12 5
= 144 + 25
C1 C2
M = 169 = 13 cm
12 5
1
Now, area of ∆C1 AC 2 = AC1 × AC 2
B 2
1
= × 12 × 5 = 30 cm2
Now, C1C 2 = AC12 + AC 22 … (i) 2
1
[!circles intersect each other at 90º] Also, area of ∆C1 AC 2 = C1C 2 × AM
2
and C1C 2 = C1M + MC 2 1 AB ! AM = AB 
= × 13 ×
⇒ C1C 2 = 12 2 - AM 2 + 52 - AM 2 … (ii) 2 2  2 
1
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get ∴ × 13 × AM = 30 cm
4
AC12 + AC 22 = 144 - AM 2 + 25 - AM 2 AM =
120
cm
13
⇒ 144 + 25 = 144 - x2 + 25 - x2

⇒ 13 = 144 - x2 + 25 - x2
31. If the normal to the ellipse 3x 2 + 4y 2 = 12 at a
point P on it is parallel to the line, 2 x + y = 4
On squaring both sides, we get and the tangent to the ellipse at P passes
169 = 144 - x2 + 25 - x2 throughQ( 4, 4) then PQ is equal to
+ 2 144 - x2 25 - x2 [JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-I]

⇒ 2
x = 144 - x 2
25 - x 2 5 5 61 221 157
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2 2
Again, on squaring both sides, we get
x4 = (144 - x2 ) (25 - x2 ) Exp. (a)
= (144 × 25) - (25 + 144)x2 + x4 Key Idea Equation of tangent and normal to the
144 × 25 x2 y2
⇒ 2
x = ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 at point p(x1, y1 ) is
169 a b
12 × 5 60 xx yy
⇒ x= = cm T = 0 ⇒ 21 + 21 = 1
13 13 a b
120 a2 x b2 y
Now, length of common chord 2 x = cm and - = a2 - b 2 respectively.
13 x1 y1
Alternate Solution
Equation of given ellipse is 3 x2 + 4 y2 = 12
Given, AC1 = 12 cm and AC 2 = 5 cm
x2 y2
⇒ + =1 … (i)
A 4 3
12 5 Now, let point P(2 cos θ, 3 sinθ) , so equation of
tangent to ellipse (i) at point P is
C1 C2
M xcos θ ysinθ
+ =1 … (ii)
2 3
B Since, tangent (ii) passes through point Q(4, 4)
Common 4
chord ∴ 2 cos θ + sinθ = 1 … (iii)
3
Coordinate Geometry 227

and equation of normal to ellipse (i) at point P is Now, equation of common tangents to the
4x 3y parabola (i) and hyperbola (ii) are
- =4-3
2 cos θ 3 sinθ y = 3 x + 1and y = - 3 x - 1
⇒ 2 xsinθ - 3 cos θy = sinθ cos θ … (iv) ! Point ‘P’ is point of intersection of above
Since, normal (iv) is parallel to line, 2 x + y = 4 common tangents,
∴ Slope of normal (iv) = slope of line, 2 x + y = 4 ∴ P(- 1 / 3, 0)
2 and focus of hyperbola S(3, 0) and S ′(- 3, 0).
⇒ tanθ = - 2
3 Thus, the required ratio
⇒ tanθ = - 3 ⇒θ = 120º PS 3 + 1 / 3 10 5
= = = =
 3 1 PS ′ 3 - 1 / 3 8 4
⇒ (sinθ, cos θ) =  ,- 
 2 2
33. An ellipse, with foci at (0, 2) and (0, - 2 ) and
3
Hence, point P - 1,  minor axis of length 4, passes through
 2
which of the following points?
2
3
Now, PQ = (4 + 1)2 +  4 -  [JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-II]
 2 (a) ( 2 , 2) (b) (2, 2 )
[given cordinates of Q ≡≡ (4, 4)] (c) (2, 2 2 ) (d) (1, 2 2 )
25 5 5 Exp. (a)
= 25 + =
4 2
Let the equation of ellipse be
x2 y2
32. Let P be the point of intersection of the 2
+ 2 =1 …(i)
common tangents to the parabola y 2 = 12 x a b
Since, foci are at (0, 2) and (0, - 2 ), major axis is
and the hyperbola 8x 2 - y 2 = 8. If S and S ′
along the Y-axis.
denotes the foci of the hyperbola whereS lies So, be = 2 …(ii)
on the positive X-axis then P divides SS ′ in a
[where e is the eccentricity of ellipse]
ratio [JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-I]
and 2a = length of minor axis = 4 [given]
(a) 13 : 11 (b) 14 : 13
⇒ a=2 …(iii)
(c) 5 : 4 (d) 2 : 1
2 a2
! e = 1- 2
Exp. (c) b
2
Equation of given parabola y2 = 12 x … (i) 2 = 1- 4 !e = 2 
∴  
 b b2  b 
and hyperbola 8 x2 - y2 = 8 … (ii)
8
Now, equation of tangent to parabola y = 12 x 2 ⇒ = 1 ⇒ b2 = 8
3 b2
having slope ‘m’ is y = mx + … (iii) Thus, equation of required ellipse is
m
and equation of tangent to hyperbola x2 y2
+ =1
x2 y2 4 8
- = 1having slope ‘m’ is x2 y2
1 8 Now, from the option the ellipse + =1
4 8
y = mx ± 12 m2 - 8 …(iv)
passes through the point ( 2 , 2 ).
Since, tangents (iii) and (iv) represent the same
line 34. A circle touching the X -axis at (3, 0) and
2
3 making a intercept of length 8 on the
∴ m - 8 =  
2
 m Y -axis passes through the point
⇒ m4 - 8m2 - 9 = 0 [JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-II]
(a) (3, 10) (b) (3, 5)
⇒ (m2 - 9) (m2 + 1) = 0
(c) (2, 3) (d) (1, 5)
⇒ m = ± 3.
228 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Exp. (a) which will give the points of intersection of tangent

and rectangular hyperbola.
It is given that the circle touches the X-axis at (3, 0) 4
and making an intercept of 8 on the Y-axis. Since, line y = mx + is also a tangent to the
m
Y rectangular hyperbola.
∴Discriminant of quadratic equation
B 4
mx2 + x + 4 = 0, should be zero.
m
M
8 C [!there will be only one point of intersection]
2
4
r r ⇒ D =   - 4 (m) (4) = 0
A  m
X
O (3,0) ⇒ m3 = 1 ⇒ m = 1
Let the radius of the circle is ‘r’, then the So, equation of required tangent is y = x + 4.
coordinates of centre of circle are (3, r ).
From the figure, we have 36. A triangle has a vertex at (1, 2) and the
CM = 3, CA = radius = r
mid-points of the two sides through it are
AB ( -1, 1) and (2 , 3). Then, the centroid of this
and AM = BM = =4 triangle is [JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-II]
2
 7 1 
Then, r 2 = CM 2 + AM 2 = 9 + 16 = 25 (a) 1,  (b)  , 2
 3 3 
⇒ r=± 5
1   1 5
Now, the equation of circle having centre (3, ± 5) (c)  , 1 (d)  , 
3   3 3
and radius = 5 is
( x - 3)2 + ( y ± 5)2 = 25 Exp. (b)
Now, from the options (3, 10) satisfy the equation Let a ∆ABC is such that vertices
of circle ( x - 3)2 + ( y - 5)2 = 25
A(1, 2 ), B( x1 y1 ) and C( x2 , y2 ).

35. The equation of a common tangent to the A(1,2)

curves, y 2 = 16x and xy = - 4, is
[JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-II]
(a) x - y + 4 = 0 (b) x + y + 4 = 0
(c) x - 2 y + 16 = 0 (d) 2x - y + 2 = 0 B(x1,y1) C(x2,y2)
It is given that mid-point of side AB is (- 1, 1.)
Exp. (a) x1 + 1
So, = -1
Key Idea An equation of tangent having slope 2
a y1 + 2
‘m’ to parabola y2 = 4ax is y = mx + . and =1
m 2
⇒ x1 = - 3 and y1 = 0
Given equation of curves are
So, point B is (- 3, 0)
y2 = 16 x (parabola) …(i)
Also, it is given that mid-point of side AC is
and xy = - 4 (rectangular hyperbola)…(ii) (2, 3), so
Clearly, equation of tangent having slope ‘m’ to x2 + 1 y +2
4 = 2 and 2 =3
parabola (i) is y = mx + …(iii) 2 2
m ⇒ x2 = 3and y2 = 4
Now, eliminating y from Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get So, point C is (3, 4).
4
x  mx +  = - 4 Now, centroid of ∆ABC is
 m 1 + (- 3) + 3 2 + 0 + 4 
G  , 1 
4  = G  , 2
⇒ mx2 + x + 4 = 0,  3 3  3 
m
Coordinate Geometry 229

37. A straight line L at a distance of 4 units from Exp. (c)

the origin makes positive intercepts on the Given equation of parabola is
coordinate axes and the perpendicular from y = ( x - 2 )2 - 1
the origin to this line makes an angle of 60° ⇒ y = x2 - 4 x + 3 …(i)
with the linex + y = 0. Then, an equation of
the line L is [JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-II]
Now, let (x1, y1) be the point of intersection of
tangents of parabola (i) and line.
(a) x + 3 y = 8
x - y = 3, then
(b) ( 3 + 1) x + ( 3 - 1) y = 8 2
Equation of chord of contact of point ( x1, y1 ) w.r.t.
(c) 3x + y = 8 parabola (i) is
(d) ( 3 - 1)x + ( 3 + 1) y = 8 2 T=0
1
Exp. (d) ⇒ ( y + y1 ) = xx1 - 2( x + x1 ) + 3
2
According to the question, we have the following ⇒ y + y1 = 2 x ( x1 -2 ) - 4 x1 + 6
figure.
⇒ 2 x( x1 - 2 ) - y = 4 x1 + y1 - 6, this equation
represent the line x - y = 3 only, so on comparing,
(0,b) we get
M 2( x1 - 2 ) - 1 4 x1 + y1 - 6
= =
1 -1 3
60° 5
α (a,0)
⇒ x1 = and y1 = - 1
O x+ 2
y= x y 5
0 — + — =1 So, the required point is  , - 1 .
a b 2 

Letθ be the inclination of the line x + y = 0.Then,

39. Axis of a parabola lies along X -axis. If its
tanθ = - 1 = tan (180°- 45°)
vertex and focus are at distances 2 and 4
⇒ tanθ = tan 135° respectively from the origin, on the positive
⇒ θ = 135° X-axis, then which of the following points
⇒ α + 60°= 135° does not lie on it? [JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-I]
⇒ α = 75° (a) (4, -4) (b) (6, 4 2)
Since, line L having perpendicular distance (c) (8, 6) (d) (5, 2 6)
OM = 4.
So, equation of the line ‘L’ is Exp. (c)
x cos α + y sinα = 4 According to given information, we have the
⇒ x cos 75°+ y sin 75°= 4 following figure.
⇒ x cos (45°+ 30°) + y sin (45°+ 30°) = 4 Y
 3 1   3 1 
⇒ x - + y + =4
 2 2 2 2   2 2 2 2
X
⇒ ( 3 - 1) x + y ( 3 + 1) = 8 2 (2, 0) (4, 0)

38. The tangents to the curve y = ( x - 2 )2 - 1 at

its points of intersection with the line
x - y = 3, intersect at the point Now, if the origin is shifted to (2, 0) and ( X, Y ) are
[JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-II] the coordinates with respect to new origin, then
5   5  equation of parabola is Y 2 = 4aX,
(a)  , 1 (b)  - , - 1
2   2  where, X = x - 2 and Y = y and a = 4 - 2 = 2
5   5  ∴ y2 = 8( x - 2 )
(c)  , - 1 (d)  - , 1
2   2  Note that (8, 6) is the only point which does not
satisfy the equation.
230 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Clearly, AB = a + b (sum of radii) and BD = b - a

40. Consider the set of all lines px + qy + r = 0
∴ AD = (a + b )2 - (b - a)2
such that 3p + 2q + 4r = 0. Which one of the
following statements is true? (using Pythagoras theorem in ∆ABD)
[JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-I] = 2 ab
(a) Each line passes through the origin. Similarly, AC = a + c and CE = c - a
3 1
(b) The lines are concurrent at the point  ,  ∴In ∆ACE, AE = (a + c )2 - (c - a)2 = 2 ac
 4 2
(c) The lines are all parallel Similarly, BC = b + c and CF = c - b
(d) The lines are not concurrent ∴In ∆BCF, BF = (b + c )2 - (c - b )2 = 2 bc

Exp. (b) ! AD + AE = BF
∴ 2 ab + 2 ac = 2 bc
Given, px + qy + r = 0 is the equation of line such
1 1 1
that ⇒ + =
c b a
3 p + 2q + 4r = 0
Consider, 3 p + 2q + 4r = 0 42. Equation of a common tangent to the circle,
3 p 2q
⇒ + + r=0 x 2 + y 2 - 6x = 0 and the parabola, y 2 = 4x , is
4 4 [JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-I]
(dividing the equation by 4)
3 1 (a) 3y = 3x + 1 (b) 2 3y = 12 x + 1
⇒ p  + q   + r = 0
 
(c) 3y = x + 3 (d) 2 3y = - x - 12
 4 2
3 1
⇒  ,  satisfy px + qy + r = 0 Exp. (c)
 4 2
We know that, equation of tangent to parabola
So, the lines always passes through the point y2 = 4ax is
 3, 1 . a
  y = mx +
 4 2
m
∴Equation of tangent to the parabola y2 = 4 x is
41. Three circles of radii a ,b ,c(a < b < c ) touch
1
each other externally. If they have X -axis as y = mx + (!a = 1)
m
a common tangent, then [JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan
Shift-I] ⇒ m2 x - my + 1 = 0 …(i)
(a) a , b , c are in AP Now, let line (i) is also a tangent to the circle.
1 1 1
(b) = + Equation of circle x2 + y2 - 6 x = 0
a b c
Clearly, centre of given circle is (3, 0) and radius
(c) a , b , c are in AP =3
1 1 1 [!for the circle x2 + y2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0,
(d) = +
b a c
centre = (- g , - f ) and radius = g 2 + f 2 - c]
Exp. (b) ∴ The perpendicular distance of (3, 0) from the line
(i) is 3.
According to given information, we have the
following figure. [!radius is perpendicularto the
tangent of circle]
|m2 ⋅ 3 - m ⋅ 0 + 1|
⇒ =3
(m2 )2 + (- m)2
C
The length of perpendicular from a point ( x1, y1 ) to
B ax1 + by1 + c
F the line ax + by + c = 0 is .
c
b E a2 + b 2
D a
A 3m2 + 1
⇒ =3
where A, B, C are the centres of the circles m4 + m2
Coordinate Geometry 231

⇒ 9m4 + 6m2 + 1 = 9(m4 + m2 ) Since, both sinθ and tanθ are increasing functions
π π
⇒ m ≈ ∞or m = ±
1 in  , 
3 2
 3 
1 ∴ Least value of latus rectum is
 2 3+ 2 
3m + 1 m
! lim = lim = 3 π π 3 π
 m Æ ∞ m4 + m2 m Æ ∞ 1 + 1  > 2 sin ⋅ tan = 2 ⋅ ⋅ 3 = 3  at θ = 
3 3 2  3
 m2 
and greatest value of latusrectum is < ∞
∴ Equation of common tangents are x = 0,
Hence, latusrectum length ∈ (3, ∞ ).
x -x
y= + 3 and y = - 3
3 3 44. Let the equations of two sides of a triangle be
 using y = mx + 1  3x - 2 y + 6 = 0 and 4x + 5y - 20 = 0. If the
 
 m orthocentre of this triangle is at (1, 1) then
i.e. x = 0, 3 y = x + 3 the equation of its third side is
[JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-I]
and 3y = - x - 3
(a)122 y - 26x - 1675 = 0 (b) 26x - 122 y - 1675 = 0
π (c)122 y + 26x + 1675 = 0 (d) 26x + 61y + 1675 = 0
43. Let 0 < θ < . If the eccentricity of the
2
x2 y2 Exp. (b)
hyperbola - = 1 is greater than 2, A
2 2
cos θ sin θ
then the length of its latus rectum lies in the E F
H
interval [JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-I]
3 (1, 1)
(a) (1, ] (b) (3,∞)
2
3 C B
(c) ( ,2] (d) (2, 3] 3x–2y+6=0 4x+5y–20=0
2
Let equation of AB be 4 x + 5 y - 20 = 0 and AC be
Exp. (b) 3x - 2 y + 6 = 0
x2 y2 3
For the hyperbola 2
- = 1, Clearly, slope of AC =
a b2 2
a
b2 [!slope of ax + by + c = 0 is - ]
e = 1+ b
a2
∴ Slope of altitude BH, which is perpendicular to
∴ For the given hyperbola,
2  1 
AC = - . ! mBH = - 
sin2 θ 3  mAC 
e = 1+ >2
cos 2 θ Equation of BH is given by y - y1 = m( x - x1 )
(!a2 = cos 2 θ and b 2 = sin2 θ) Here,
2
m = - , x1 = 1and y1 = 1
⇒ 1 + tan2 θ > 4 3
2
⇒ tan2 θ > 3 ∴ y - 1 = - ( x - 1) ⇒ 2 x + 3 y - 5 = 0
3
⇒ tanθ ∈ (- ∞, - 3 ) ∪ ( 3, ∞ ) Now, equation of AB is 4 x + 5 y - 20 = 0 and
2
[x > 3 ⇒| x| > 3 ⇒ x ∈ (-∞, - 3 ) ∪ ( 3, ∞ )] equation of BH is 2 x + 3 y - 5 = 0
π
But θ ∈  0,  ⇒ tanθ ∈ ( 3, ∞ ) Solving these, we get point of intersection
 2 (i.e. coordinates of B).
π π
⇒ θ ∈  ,  4 x + 5 y - 20 = 0 
3 2  ⇒ y = - 10
4 x + 6 y - 10 = 0
Now, length of latusrectum
On substituting y = - 10 in 2 x + 3 y - 5 = 0, we get
2 b2 sin2 θ
= =2 = 2sinθ tanθ 35
a cos θ x=
2
232 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

∴
35
B  , - 10 For y2 = 4ax, parametric coordinates of a point is
2  (at 2 , 2at).
Solving 4 x + 5 y - 20 = 0 and 3 x - 2 y + 6 = 0, we ∴For y2 = 4 x, let coordinates of C be (t 2 , 2t).
get coordinate of A.
12 x + 15 y - 60 = 0 t2 2t 1
 ⇒23 y = 84 1
12 x - 8 y + 24 = 0  Then, area of ∆ABC = 9 6 1
2
84 10 4 -4 1
⇒ y= ⇒x=
23 23 1 2
= |t (6 - (- 4)) - 2t (9 - 4) + 1(- 36 - 24)|
 10 84  2
∴A , 
 23 23  1 10
= |10t 2 - 10t - 60| = |t 2 - t - 6|
 84  2 2
 y - y1   23 - 1 61 = 5| t 2 - t - 6|
Now, slope of AH =  2 = = .
x
 2 - x1  10 - 13 A(t ) = 5| t 2 - t - 6|
- 1 Let ...(i)
 23 
Clearly, A(4, - 4) ≡ A(t 12 , 2t 1 ) ⇒2t 1 =-4
!BC is perpendicular to AH.
13  1  ⇒ t1 = - 2
∴Slope of BC is ! mBC = -  and B(9, 6) ≡ B(t 22 ,2t 2 )
61  mAH 
⇒ 2t 2 = 6 ⇒ t 2 = 3
Now, equation of line BC is given by
y - y1 = m( x - x1 ), where ( x1, y1 ) are coordinates of Since, C is on the arc AOB, the parameter ‘t’ for
B. point C∈ (- 2, 3).
13  35  Let f(t ) = t 2 - t - 6 ⇒ f ′(t ) = 2t - 1
∴ y - (- 10) = x- 
61  2  1
Now, f ′(t ) = 0 ⇒t =
13 2
⇒ y + 10 = (2 x - 35) 1
61 × 2 Thus, for A(t ), critical point is at t =
2
⇒ 122 y + 1220 = 26 x - 455 2
 1  1 1
⇒ 26 x - 122 y - 1675 = 0 Now, A  = 5   - - 6
2 2 2
45. Let A ( 4, - 4) and B(9, 6) be points on the =
125
= 31
1
[using Eq. (i)]
2 4 4
parabola, y = 4x . LetC be chosen on the arc
AOB of the parabola, where O is the origin, 46. Let S be the set of all triangles in the
such that the area of ∆ACB is maximum. xy-plane, each having one vertex at the
Then, the area (in sq. units) of ∆ACB , is origin and the other two vertices lie on
[JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-II] coordinate axes with integral coordinates.
1 3 1 If each triangle in S has area 50 sq. units,
(a) 31 (b) 32 (c) 31 (d) 30
4 4 2 then the number of elements in the set S is
[JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-II]
Exp. (a) (a) 36 (b) 32 (c) 18 (d) 9
According to given information, we have the Exp. (a)
following figure.
According to given information, we have the
following figure.
C (t2, 2t) B (9, 6) Y
(0, b)
B

X
A (4, –4) O A (a, 0)
Coordinate Geometry 233

(Note that as a and b are integers so they can be

⇒ | r - 6|< (8 - 4)2 + (10 - 7 )2 < r + 6
negative also)
Here O(0, 0), A(a, 0) and B(0, b ) are the three ⇒ | r - 6| < 16 + 9 < r + 6
vertices of the triangle. ⇒ | r - 6| < 5 < r + 6
Clearly, OA =| a| and OB =| b|. Now as, 5 < r + 6 always, we have to solve only
1 | r - 6| < 5
∴Area of ∆OAB = | a||b |.
2 ⇒ - 5< r - 6< 5
But area of such triangles is given as 50 sq units.
⇒ 6 - 5 < r < 5 + 6 ⇒1 < r < 11
1
∴ |a|| b| = 50
2 48. A hyperbola has its centre at the origin,
⇒ |a|| b | = 100 = 2 2 ⋅ 52 passes through the point (4, 2) and has
Number of ways of distributing two 2’s in|a| transverse axis of length 4 along the X -axis.
and| b| = 3 Then the eccentricity of the hyperbola is
| a| | b| [JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-II]
2 3
0 2 (a) 2 (b) (c) (d) 3
3 2
1 1
Exp. (b)
2 0
Equation of hyperbola is given by
⇒ 3 ways x2 y2
- 2 =1
Similarly, number of ways of distributing two 5’s in a 2
b
| a| and|b | = 3 ways. !Length of transverse axis = 2 a = 4
∴Total number of ways of distributing 2’s and 5’s ∴ a= 2
= 3 × 3 = 9 ways x2 y2
Thus, - 2 = 1 is the equation of hyperbola
Note that for one value of| a| , there are 2 possible 4 b
values of a and for one value of |b |, there are 2 !It passes through (4, 2 ).
possible values of b. 16 4 4
∴Number of such triangles possible ∴ - 2 = 1⇒ 4 - 2 = 1
4 b b
= 2 × 2 × 9 = 36. 4 2
So, number of elements in S is 36. ⇒ b2 = ⇒ b =
3 3
Now, eccentricity,
47. If the circles x 2 + y 2 -16x - 20y + 164 = r 2 4
and ( x - 4)2 + ( y - 7)2 = 36 intersect at two b2 1 2
e = 1+ 2 = 1+ 3 = 1+ =
distinct points, then [JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan a 4 3 3
Shift-II]
(a) 0 < r < 1 (b) r > 11 49. The equation of a tangent to the hyperbola
(c) 1 < r < 11 (d) r =11 4x 2 - 5y 2 = 20 parallel to the line x - y = 2 is
Exp. (c) [JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-I]
(a) x - y - 3 = 0 (b) x - y + 9 = 0
Circle I is
(c) x - y + 1 = 0 (d) x - y + 7 = 0
x2 + y2 - 16 x - 20 y + 164 = r 2
⇒ ( x - 8)2 + ( y - 10)2 = r 2 Exp. (c)
⇒ C1(8, 10)is the centre of Ist circle and r1 = r is its Given equation of hyperbola is
radius 4 x2 - 5 y2 = 20
which can be rewritten as
Circle II is ( x - 4)2 + ( y - 7 )2 = 36
x2 y2
⇒ - =1
⇒ C 2 (4, 7 ) is the centre of 2nd circle and r2 = 6 is 5 4
its radius. The line x - y = 2 has slope, m = 1
Two circles intersect if|r1 - r2 | < C1C 2 < r1 + r2 ∴ Slope of tangent parallel to this line = 1
234 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

We know equation of tangent to hyperbola

x2 y2
51. A point P moves on the line 2 x - 3y + 4 = 0. If
- = 1 having slope m is given by Q(1, 4) and R( 3, - 2 ) are fixed points, then the
a2 b 2
locus of the centroid of ∆PQR is a line
y = mx ± a2 m2 - b 2 [JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-I]
2 2
Here, a = 5, b = 4 and m = 1 2 3
(a) with slope (b) with slope
3 2
∴Required equation of tangent is
(c) parallel to Y -axis (d) parallel to X-axis
⇒ y= x± 5-4
⇒ y = x± 1 ⇒ x - y ± 1 = 0 Exp. (a)
Let the coordinates of point P be ( x1, y1 )
50. If the parabolas y 2 = 4b ( x - c ) and y 2 = 8ax !P lies on the line 2 x - 3 y + 4 = 0
have a common normal, then which one of ∴ 2 x1 - 3 y1 + 4 = 0
the following is a valid choice for the ordered 2x + 4
triad (a ,b , c ) ? [JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-I] ⇒ y1 = 1 …(i)
3
1
(a)  , 2 , 0 (b) (1, 1, 0) Now, let the centroid of ∆PQR be G(h, k ), then
2 
x + 1+ 3
1 h= 1
(c) (1, 1, 3) (d)  , 2 , 3 3
2 
⇒ x1 = 3h - 4 …(ii)
y1 + 4 - 2
Exp. (c) and k=
3
Normal to parabola y2 = 4ax is given by 2 x1 + 4
y = mx - 2 am - am3 +2
⇒ k= 3 [from Eq. (i)]
∴ Normal to parabola y2 = 4b( x - c ) is 3
2x + 4 + 6
y = m( x - c ) - 2 bm - bm3 ⇒ 3k = 1
3
[replacing a by b and x by x - c]
⇒ 9k - 10 = 2 x1 …(iii)
= mx - (2 b + c )m - bm3 … (i)
Now, from Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
and normal to parabola y2 = 8 ax is 2(3h - 4) = 9k - 10
y = mx - 4am - 2 am3 …(ii) ⇒ 6h - 8 = 9k - 10
[replacing a by 2a] ⇒ 6h - 9k + 2 = 0
For common normal, we should have Now, replace h by x and k by y.
mx - 4am - 2 am3 = mx - (2 b + c )m - bm3 ⇒6 x - 9 y + 2 = 0, which is the required locus and
2
[using Eqs. (i) and (ii)] slope of this line is
3
4am + 2 am3 = (2 b + c )m + bm3
!slope of ax + by + c = 0 is - a 
⇒ (2 a - b )m3 + (4a - 2 b - c )m = 0  b 
⇒ m((2 a - b )m2 + (4a - 2 b - c )) = 0
⇒ m= 0
52. If a circle C passing through the point (4, 0)
2 b + c - 4a c touches the circle x 2 + y 2 + 4x - 6y = 12
or m2 = = -2
2a - b 2a - b externally at the point(1, - 1), then the radius
c ofC is [JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-I]
As, m2 > 0, therefore >2 (a) 5 (b) 2 5 (c) 57 (d) 4
2a - b
Note that if m = 0, then all options satisfy Exp. (a)
(! y = 0 is a common normal) and if common
normal is other than the axis, then only option (c) Equation of tangent to the circle
satisfies. x2 + y2 + 4 x - 6 y - 12 = 0 at (1, - 1) is given by
 c 3  xx1 + yy1 + 2 ( x + x1 ) - 3( y + y1 ) - 12 = 0,
! for option (c), 2 a - b = 2 - 1 = 3 > 2 
  where x1 = 1 and y1 = - 1
Coordinate Geometry 235

⇒ x - y + 2 ( x + 1) - 3( y - 1) - 12 = 0 Also, let incentre is (h k ), then

⇒ 3x - 4y - 7 = 0 ax + bx2 + cx3
h= 1
This will also a tangent to the required circle. a+ b+c
Now, equation of family of circles touching the line (here, x1 = 8, x2 = 0, x3 = 0)
3 x - 4 y - 7 = 0 at point (1, - 1) is given by 6 × 8 + 8 × 0 + 10 × 0 48
= = =2
( x - 1)2 + ( y + 1)2 + λ (3 x - 4 y - 7 ) = 0 6 + 8 + 10 24
So, the equation of required circle will be ay + by2 + cy3
and k= 1
( x - 1)2 + ( y + 1)2 + λ(3 x - 4 y - 7 ) = 0, for some a+ b+c
λ ∈R …(i) (here, y1 = 0, y2 = 6, y3 = 0)
!The required circle passes through (4, 0) 6 × 0 + 8 × 6 + 10 × 0 48
= = =2
∴(4 - 1)2 + (0 + 1)2 + λ (3 × 4 - 4 × 0 - 7 ) = 0 6 + 8 + 10 24
⇒ 9 + 1 + λ (5) = 0 ⇒ λ = - 2 ∴ incentre is (2, 2)
Substituting λ = - 2 in Eq. (i), we get
( x - 1)2 + ( y + 1)2 - 2 (3 x - 4 y - 7 ) = 0 54. The shortest distance between the point
3 
⇒ x2 + y2 - 8 x + 10 y + 16 = 0  , 0 and the curve y = x ,( x > 0), is
2 
On comparing it with [JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-I]
x2 + y2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0, we get 3 5 3 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
g = - 4, f = 5, c = 16 2 4 2 2
∴ Radius = g2 + f2 - c
Exp. (d)
= 16 + 25 - 16 = 5 Let P( x1, y1 ) be any point on the curve y = x .
Clearly,y1 = x1 ⇒ x1 = y12 [!( x1, y1 ) lies on y = x]
53. If the line 3x + 4y - 24 = 0 intersects the
X -axis at the point A and theY -axis at the ∴ The point is P( y12 , y1 )
point B, then the incentre of the triangle 3
Now, let the given point be A  , 0 , then
OAB, whereO is the origin, is 2 
[JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-I] 2
PA =  y2 - 3  + y2
(a) (4, 3) (b) (3, 4) (c) (4, 4) (d) (2, 2)  1  1
 2
Exp. (d) 9
= y14 - 3 y12 +
+ y12
Given equation of line is 4
3 x + 4 y - 24 = 0 9 5
= y14 - 2 y12 + = ( y12 - 1)2 +
For intersection with X-axis put y = 0 4 4
⇒ 3 x - 24 = 0 ⇒ x = 8 Clearly, PA will be least when y12 - 1 = 0.
For intersection with Y-axis, put x = 0 5 5
⇒ PA min = 0+ =
⇒ 4 y - 24 = 0 ⇒ y = 6 4 2
∴ A(8, 0) and B (0, 6)
 y2 x2 
B(0,6) 55. Let S = ( x , y ) ∈R 2 : - = 1 ,
 1+r 1-r 
where r ≠ ± 1. Then, S represents
[JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-II]
2
(a) a hyperbola whose eccentricity is ,
1-r
O A(8,0) when 0 < r < 1.
2 2 2
Let AB = c = 8 + 6 = 10 (b) a hyperbola whose eccentricity is ,
r +1
OB = a = 6 and OA = b = 8 when 0 < r < 1.
236 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

2 Now, as point M (2, 4) is mid-point of line joining

(c) an ellipse whose eccentricity is , when
r +1 the points A and C, so
0 + x2 3 + y2 
r >1. (2, 4) =  , 
1  2 2 
(d) an ellipse whose eccentricity is , when
r +1   x1 + x2 y1 + y2  
r >1. !mid-point =  2 , 2  
 
0 + x2 3 + y2
Exp. (c) ⇒ 2= ;4=
2 2
 y2 x2  ⇒ x2 = 4 and y2 = 5
Given, S = ( x, y) ∈ R 2 : - = 1
 1+ r 1- r  ∴Thus, C ≡ (4, 5)
 y2 x2  Now, equation of line BC is given by
= ( x, y) ∈ R 2 : + = 1
1 + r r - 1 ( y - y1 ) = m ( x - x1 )
 
y - 5 = 1( x - 4)
y2 x2
For r > 1, + = 1, represents a vertical [line BC is parallel to x - y + 3 = 0 and slope
1+ r r - 1 (-1)
ellipse. [!for r > 1, r - 1 < r + 1and r - 1 > 0] of x - y + 3 = 0 is = 1]
(-1)
r -1
Now, eccentricity (e ) = 1 - ⇒ y = x+1 …(iii)
r+1
and equation of line DC is
 x2 y2 a2 
! for 2 + 2 = 1, a < b, e = 1 - 2  y - 5 = -1 ( x - 4)
 a b b  [line DC is parallel to x + y = 3and
-1
(r + 1) - (r - 1) 2 slope of x + y = 3is = -1]
= = 1
r+1 r+1
⇒ x+ y = 9 …(iv)
56. Two sides of a parallelogram are along the On solving Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get B (1, 2 ) and on
lines, x + y = 3 and x - y + 3 = 0. If its solving Eqs. (ii) and (iv), we get D (3, 6)
diagonals intersect at (2, 4), then one of its
vertex is [JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-II]
57. Two vertices of a triangle are (0, 2) and
(4, 3). If its orthocentre is at the origin, then its
(a) (3, 6) (b) (2, 6) (c) (2, 1) (d) (3, 5)
third vertex lies in which quadrant?
Exp. (a) [JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-II]
According to given information, we have the (a) Fourth (b) Third
following figure (c) Second (d) First
Exp. (c)
D C (x2 , y2 ) Let ABC be a given triangle with vertices
B(0, 2 ), C(4, 3) and let third vertex be A(a, b )
M
x–y+3=0 (2,4) A (a, b)

B E
A x+y=3 F
(0,0)
[Note that given lines are perpendicular to each
other as m1 × m2 = -1]
(0, 2) B C (4,3)
Clearly, point A is point of intersection of lines D
x+ y = 3 …(i) Also, let D, E and F are the foot of perpendiculars
and x - y = -3 …(ii) drawn from A, B and C respectively.
b - 0 3-2
So, A = (0, 3) Then, AD⊥ BC ⇒ × = -1
a- 0 4- 0
[solving Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
[if two lines having slopes m1 and m2 , are
perpendicular then m1m2 = -1]
Coordinate Geometry 237

⇒ b + 4a = 0 …(i) Clearly, length of the chord AB

and CF⊥ AB = ( x1 - x2 )2 + ( y1 - y2 )2
b -2 3- 0
⇒ × = -1
a- 0 4- 0 = ( x1 + x2 )2 - 4 x1 x2 + ( y1 + y2 )2 - 4 y1 y2
⇒ 3b - 6 = -4a [!(a - b )2 = (a + b)2 - 4ab]
⇒ 4a + 3b = 6 …(ii) = 8 + 64 + 100 - 64
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get = 108 [from Eqs. (iv) and (vi)]
- b + 3b = 6 ⇒ 2 b = 6 =6 3
⇒ b=3
3 59. The straight line x + 2 y = 1 meets the
and a=- [from Eq. (i)]
4 coordinate axes at A and B. A circle is drawn
So, the third vertex through A , B and the origin. Then, the sum
3
(a, b ) ≡  - , 3 , which lies in II quadrant. of perpendicular distances from A and B on
 4  the tangent to the circle at the origin is
[JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-I]
58. The length of the chord of the parabola 5 5
x 2 = 4y having equation x - 2 y + 4 2 = 0 is (a) 2 5 (b) (c) 4 5 (d)
4 2
[JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-II] Exp. (d)
(a) 8 2 (b) 2 11 (c) 3 2 (d) 6 3
According to given information, we have the
Exp. (d) following figure.
Y
Given, equation of parabola is x2 = 4 y … (i) (0,1/2)

and the chord is x - 2 y + 4 2 = 0 … (ii) B

From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have
[ 2 ( y - 4)]2 = 4 y
⇒ 2( y - 4)2 = 4 y N
2 A
⇒ ( y - 4) = 2 y x
2
O
⇒ y - 8 y + 16 = 2 y (1, 0) x+2y=1

⇒ y2 - 10 y +16 = 0 …(iii) M

Y From figure, equation of circle (diameter form) is

1
A x– √ 2 y+4 √ 2 =0 ( x - 1) ( x - 0) + ( y - 0) y -  = 0
(x1 , y1 )  2
B (x2 y2 ) y
⇒ x 2 + y2 - x - = 0
X 2
O y
Equation of tangent at (0, 0) is x + = 0
2
[!equation of tangent at ( x1, y1 ) is given by T = 0.
Let the roots of Eq. (iii) be y1 and y2 Here, T = 0
1 1
Then, y1 + y2 = 10 and y1 y2 = 16 … (iv) ⇒ xx1 + yy1 - ( x + x1 ) - ( y + y1 ) = 0]
2 4
Again from Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have
⇒ 2x + y = 0
x
x2 = 4  + 4 |2 ⋅ 1 + 1⋅ 0| 2
 2  Now, AM = =
5 5
⇒ x2 - 2 2 x - 16 = 0 … (v)
[!distance of a point P( x1, y1 ) from a line
Let the roots of Eq. (v) be x1 and x2 |ax + by1 + c |
Then, x1 + x2 = 2 2 ax + by + c = 0 is 1 ]
a2 + b 2
and x1 x2 = -16 … (vi)
238 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

1 Now, OA = 25 + 144 = 169 = 13;

2 ⋅ 0 + 1 
2 1 OB = 121 + 144 = 265
and BN = =
5 2 5 OC = 121 + 16 = 137
2 1 4+1 5 and OD = 25 + 16 = 41
∴ AM + BN = + = =
5 2 5 2 5 2
61. Two circles with equal radii are intersecting
60. A square is inscribed in the circle at the points (0, 1) and (0, -1). The tangent at
x 2 + y 2 - 6x + 8y - 103 = 0 with its sides the point (0,1) to one of the circles passes
parallel to the coordinate axes. Then, the through the centre of the other circle. Then,
distance of the vertex of this square which is the distance between the centres of these
nearest to the origin is circles is [JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-I]
[JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-I] (a) 2 (b) 2 2 (c) 1 (d) 2
(a) 6 (b) 13
(c) 41 (d) 137 Exp. (d)
Clearly, circles are orthogonal because tangent at
Exp. (c) one point of intersection is passing through centre
Given equation of circle is of the other.
Y
x2 + y2 - 6 x + 8 y - 103 = 0, which can be written
S2 S1
as ( x - 3)2 + ( y + 4)2 = 128 = (8 2 )2 (0, 1)
∴ Centre = (3, - 4) and radius = 8 2 r r
Now, according to given information, we have the X
(α, 0)
following figure. (–α, 0)
Y (0,–1)

D C Let C1(α, 0) and C 2 (- α, 0) are the centres.

O X
Then, S1 ≡ ( x - α )2 + y2 = α 2 + 1
45°
G ⇒ S1 ≡ x2 + y2 - 2 αx - 1 = 0
(3,–4)
[!radius, r = (α - 0)2 + (0 - 1)2 ]

A B and S 2 ≡ ( x + α )2 + y2 = α 2 + 1
⇒ S 2 ≡ x2 + y2 + 2αx - 1 = 0
Now, 2(α ) (- α ) + 2 ⋅ 0 ⋅ 0 = (- 1) + (- 1) ⇒α = ± 1
For the coordinates of A and C.
[!condition of orthogonality is
x-3 y+ 4
Consider, = =± 8 2 2 g1g 2 + 2 f1f2 = c1 + c 2 ]
1 1
∴C1(1, 0) and C 2 (- 1, 0) ⇒C1C 2 = 2
2 2
[using distance (parametric) form of line, 62. Equation of a common tangent to the
x - x1 y - y1
= = r] parabola y 2 = 4x and the hyperbola xy = 2 is
cos θ sinθ [JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-I]
⇒ x = 3 ± 8, y = - 4 ± 8 (a) x + 2 y + 4 = 0 (b) x - 2 y + 4 = 0
∴ A(- 5, - 12 ) and C(11, 4) (c) 4x + 2 y + 1 = 0 (d) x + y + 1 = 0
Similarly, for the coordinates of Band D, consider
x-3 y+ 4 Exp. (a)
= =±8 2 a
1 1 We know that, y = mx + is the equation of
- m
2 2 2
tangent to the parabola y = 4ax.
[in this case, θ = 135°] 1
∴ y = mx + is a tangent to the parabola
⇒ x = 3 " 8, y = - 4 ± 8 m
∴ B (11, - 12 ) and D(- 5, 4) y2 = 4 x [! a = 1]
Coordinate Geometry 239

Let, this tangent is also a tangent to the hyperbola Now, the equation of tangent at P is
xy = 2 x 2 cos θ ysinθ
1 + =1
Now, on substituting y = mx + in xy = 2, we get 2 1
m [!equation of tangent at ( x1, y1 ) is given by T = 0
1
x  mx +  = 2. xx yy
 m ⇒ 21 + 21 = 1
a b 
⇒ m2 x2 + x - 2 m = 0
x y
⇒ + =1
Note that tangent touch the curve exactly at one 2 sec θ cosec θ
point, therefore both roots of above equations are
equal. ∴ A ( 2 sec θ, 0) and B (0, cosec θ)
⇒ D = 0 ⇒1 = 4(m2 ) (- 2 m) Let mid-point of AB be R(h, k ), then
3 2 sec θ cosec θ
1 h= and k =
⇒ m3 =  -  2 2
 2
1 2 h = 2 sec θand 2k = cosec θ
⇒ m= -
2 1 1
⇒ cosθ = and sinθ =
∴Required equation of tangent is 2h 2k
x We know that, cos 2 θ + sin2 θ = 1
y= - -2
2 1 1
∴ + =1
⇒ 2y = - x - 4 2 h2 4k 2
⇒ x + 2y + 4 = 0 1 1
So, locus of (h, k ) is 2 + =1
2x 4 y2
63. If tangents are drawn to the ellipse
x 2 + 2 y 2 = 2 at all points on the ellipse other 64. A circle cuts a chord of length 4a on the
than its four vertices, then the mid-points of X-axis and passes through a point on the
the tangents intercepted between the Y-axis, distant 2b from the origin. Then, the
coordinate axes lie on the curve locus of the centre of this circle, is
[JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-I] [JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-II]
x2 y 2 1 1 (a) a parabola (b) an ellipse
(a) + =1 (b) + =1
4 2 4x 2 2y 2 (c) a straight line (d) a hyperbola
x2 y 2 1 1 Exp. (a)
(c) + =1 (d) 2
+ =1
2 4 2x 4y 2
According to given information, we have the
following figure.
Exp. (d)
Given equation of ellipse is x2 + 2 y2 = 2 , which (0, 2b)
P
can be written as
x2 y2
+ =1 4a
2 1 A O B
Let P be a point on the ellipse, other than its four
vertices. Then, the parametric
Let the equation of circle be
coordinates of P be ( 2 cos θ, sinθ)
x2 + y2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 …(i)
y
According the problem,
B
4a = 2 g 2 - c …(ii)
P (√2 cos θ, sin θ)
[!the length of intercepts made by the
x circle x2 + y2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0
A
with X-axis is 2 g 2 - c ]
240 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Also, as the circle is passing through P(0, 2 b ) x2 y2

∴Equation of ellipse be + =1
2 64 32
∴ 0 + 4b + 0 + 4bf + c = 0 [using Eq. (i)]
⇒ 2
4b + 4bf + c = 0 …(iii) Now, check all the options.
Only (4 3, 2 2 ), satisfy the above equation.
Eliminating ‘c’ from Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
4b 2 + 4bf + g 2 - 4a2 = 0 66. If the area of the triangle whose one vertex is
[!4a = 2 g 2 - c ⇒c = g 2 - 4a2 ] at the vertex of the parabola,
So, locus of (- g , - f ) is
y 2 + 4( x - a 2 ) = 0 and the other two vertices
4b 2 - 4by + x2 - 4a2 = 0
are the points of intersection of the parabola
andY -axis, is 250 sq units, then a value of ‘a’
⇒ x2 = 4by + 4a2 - 4b 2 is [JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-II]
which is a parabola. (a) 5 5 (b) 5
(c) 5( 21/ 3 ) (d) (10)2 / 3
65. Let the length of the latus rectum of an
ellipse with its major axis along X-axis and Exp. (b)
centre at the origin, be 8. If the distance Vertex of parabola
between the foci of this ellipse is equal to the y2 = - 4( x - a2 )is (a2 , 0).
length of its minor axis, then which one of
the following points lies on it? For point of intersection with Y-axis, put x = 0 in the
[JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-II] given equation of parabola.
(a) ( 4 2 , 2 3 ) (b) ( 4 3 , 2 2 ) This gives, y2 = 4a2
(c) ( 4 2 , 2 2 ) (d) ( 4 3 , 2 3 ) ⇒ y = ± 2a
Thus, the point of intersection are (0, 2a) and
Exp. (b) (0, - 2 a).
Let the equation of ellipse be Y
x2 y2
2
+ 2 =1 B (0, 2a)
a b
Then, according the problem, we have
2 b2 O A
= 8 and 2 ae = 2 b X
a (a2, 0)
2 b2
[length of latus rectum = and
a
length of minor axis = 2b] C(0, –2a)
b b
⇒ b   = 4and = e
 a a From the given condition, we have
⇒ b(e ) = 4 Area of ∆ABC = 250
1 1
⇒ b = 4. …(i) ∴ (BC )(OA) = 250
e 2
Also, we know that b 2 = a2 (1 - e 2 ) 1
[!area = × base × height]
2
b2 1
⇒ = 1 - e2 ⇒ (4a)a2 = 250
a2 2
! b = e  ⇒ a3 = 125 = 53
⇒ e2 = 1 - e2
 a  ∴ a=5
1
⇒ 2e 2 = 1 ⇒ e = …(ii)
2 67. If a hyperbola has length of its conjugate axis
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get equal to 5 and the distance between its foci
b=4 2 is 13, then the eccentricity of the hyperbola
b2 32
is [JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-II]
Now, a2 = = = 64 13 13 13
1 - e2 1 - 1 (a) (b) 2 (c) (d)
12 8 6
2
Coordinate Geometry 241

Exp. (a) ⇒ 3y - 6 = 5x - 5
x y 2 2 ⇒ 5x - 3y + 1 = 0
We know that - in = 1, where
a2 b 2 69. Let P( 4, - 4) andQ(9, 6) be two points on the
2 2 2
b = a (e - 1), the length of conjugate axis is 2b
and distance between the foci is 2ae.
parabola, y 2 = 4x and let X be any point on
∴According the problem, 2 b = 5and 2 ae = 13 the arc POQ of this parabola, whereO is the
Now, b 2 = a2 (e 2 - 1)
vertex of this parabola, such that the area of
2
∆PXQ is maximum. Then, this maximum
⇒  5  = a2e 2 - a2 area (in sq units) is
 
2 [JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-I]
2 125 75 625 125
25 (2 ae ) (a) (b) (c) (d)
⇒ = - a2 2 2 4 4
4 4
25 169
= - a2 [!2 ae = 13] Exp. (d)
4 4
Given parabola is y2 = 4 x,
169 - 25 144
⇒ a2 = = = 36 Since, X lies on the parabola, so let the
4 4 coordinates of X be (t 2 , 2t ). Thus, the coordinates
⇒ a=6
Now, 2 ae = 13 of the vertices of the triangle PXQ are P(4,–4), X
(t 2 ,2t ) and Q(9, 6).
2 × 6 × e = 13
13 Y
e= Q(9,6)
12 X (t 2,2t) y 2=4x

68. If in a parallelogram ABDC , the coordinates

of A , B andC are respectively (1, 2), (3, 4) and X′ X
O
(2, 5), then the equation of the diagonal AD
is [JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-II]
(a) 3x + 5y - 13 = 0 (b) 3x - 5y + 7 = 0
(c) 5x - 3y + 1 = 0 (d) 5x + 3y - 11 = 0 P(4,–4)
Y′
Exp. (c) 4 -4 1
1
According to given information, we have the ∴Area of ∆PXQ = t2 2t 1
2
following figure 9 6 1
1
C(2, 5) D = [4(2t - 6) + 4(t 2 - 9) + 1(6t 2 - 18t ]
2
1
P = | [8t - 24 + 4t 2 - 36 + 6t 2 - 18t ]|
2
= | 5t 2 - 5t - 30| = | 5(t + 2 ) (t - 3)|
A(1, 2) B(3, 4) Now, as X is any point on the arc POQ of the
We know that, diagonals of a parallelogram parabola, therefore ordinate of point X, 2t ∈ (- 4, 6)
intersect at mid-point. ⇒t ∈ (- 2, 3).
5 9 ∴ Area of ∆PXQ = - 5(t + 2 ) (t - 3)
∴ P = Mid-point of BC and so, P ≡  , 
2 2 = - 5t 2 + 5t + 30
Now, equation of AD is. [!| x - a| = - ( x - a), if x < a]
9 The maximum area (in square units)
-2
( y - 2) = 2 ( x - 1)  25 - 4(- 5) (30) 125
5 =- = 4
-1  4(- 5) 
2
5 [!maximum value of quadratic expression
⇒ y - 2 = ( x - 1) D
3 ax2 + bx + c, when a < 0 is - ]
4a
242 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

70. Let C 1 and C 2 be the centres of the circles 72. The maximum area (in sq. units) of a
2 2
x + y - 2x - 2y - 2 = 0 and rectangle having its base on the X -axis and
its other two vertices on the parabola,
x 2 + y 2 - 6x - 6y + 14 = 0 respectively. If P
y = 12 - x 2 such that the rectangle lies inside
andQ are the points of intersection of these
the parabola, is [JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-I]
circles, then the area (in sq units) of the
quadrilateral PC 1QC 2 is [JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan (a) 36 (b) 20 2 (c) 32 (d)18 3
Shift-I]
Exp. (c)
(a) 8 (b) 4
(c) 6 (d) 9 Equation of parabola is given, y = 12 - x2
or x2 = - ( y - 12 ).
Exp. (b)
Note that vertex of parabola is (0, 12) and its open
Given circles, downward.
x 2 + y2 - 2 x - 2 y - 2 = 0 … (i) Let Q be one of the vertices of rectangle which lies
and x2 + y2 - 6 x - 6 y + 14 = 0 … (ii) on parabola. Then, the coordinates of Q be
(a, 12- a2 )
are intersecting each other orthogonally, because
Y
2(1)(3) + 2(1)(3) = 14 - 2
[!two circles are intersected (0, 12)
orthogonally if 2 g1g 2 + 2 f1f2 = c1 + c 2 ]
R M Q(a, 12–a2)
P

2 2
C1 (3,3) X′ X
C2 S O P(a,0)
(1,1) y=12–x2
Y′
Q
Then, area of rectangle PQRS
So, area of quadrilateral
= 2 × (Area of rectangle PQMO)
PC1QC 2 = 2 × ar (∆PC1C 2 ).
[due to symmetry about Y-axis]
1
= 2 ×  × 2 × 2  = 4 sq units = 2 × [a(12 - a2 )] = 24a - 2 a3 = ∆ (let).
2 
The area function ∆ a will be maximum, when
d∆
71. If the straight line, 2 x - 3y + 17 = 0 is =0
da
perpendicular to the line passing through ⇒ 24 - 6a2 = 0
the points (7, 17) and (15, β), then β equals
⇒ a2 = 4 ⇒a = 2 [! a > 0]
[JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-I]
So, maximum area of rectangle
35 35
(a) (b) - 5 (c) - (d) 5 PQRS = (24 × 2 ) - 2 (2 )3
3 3
= 48 - 16 = 32 sq units
Exp. (d)
Slope of the line 2 x - 3 y + 17 = 0 is 73. If a variable line, 3x + 4y - λ = 0 is such that
2 the two circles
= m1, (let) and the slope of line joining the points
3
(7, 17) and
x 2 + y 2 - 2 x - 2 y + 1 = 0 and
β - 17 β - 17 x 2 + y 2 - 18x - 2 y + 78 = 0
(15, β ) is = = m2 (let)
15 - 7 8 are on its opposite sides, then the set of all
According to the question, m1m2 = - 1 values of λ is the interval
2 β - 17 [JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-I]
⇒ × = -1
3 8 (a) [13, 23] (b) (2, 17)
⇒ β - 17 = - 12 ⇒ β = 5. (c) [12, 21] (d) (23, 31)
Coordinate Geometry 243

Exp. (c) So, equation of the hyperbola is

The given circles, x2 y2
- =1 … (i)
x 2 + y2 - 2 x - 2 y + 1 = 0 ... (i) 4 5
2 2
The point (6, 5 2 ) from the given options does not
and x + y - 18 x - 2 y + 78 = 0, ... (ii) satisfy the above equation of hyperbola.
are on the opposite sides of the variable line
3 x + 4 y - λ = 0. So, their centres also lie on the 75. If a circle of radius R passes through the
opposite sides of the variable line.
origin O and intersects the coordinate axes
at A and B, then the locus of the foot of
⇒ [3(1) + 4(1) - λ ] [3(9) + 4(1) - λ ] < 0 perpendicular fromO on AB is
[!The points P( x1, y1 ) and Q( x2 , y2 ) lie on the [JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-II]
opposite sides of the line ax + by + c = 0, (a) ( x 2 + y 2 )2 = 4R 2 x 2 y 2
if (ax1 + by1 + c )(ax2 + by2 + c ) < 0] (b) ( x 2 + y 2 )3 = 4R 2 x 2 y 2
⇒ (λ - 7 )(λ - 31) < 0 (c) ( x 2 + y 2 )( x + y ) = R 2 xy
⇒ λ ∈(7, 31) ... (iii) (d) ( x 2 + y 2 )2 = 4Rx 2 y 2
3(1) + 4(1) - λ Exp. (b)
Also, we have ≥ 1+ 1- 1
5
Let the foot of perpendicular be P(h, k ). Then, the
!distance of centre from the given line is  slope of line OP =
k
 ax + by1 + c  h
greater than the radius,i.e. 1 ≥ r
Y
 a2 + b 2 
⇒ |7 - λ|≥ 5 ⇒λ ∈ (- ∞, 2 ] ∪ [12 , ∞ ) ... (iv)
3(9) + 4(1) - λ
and ≥ 81 + 1 - 78 B
5
P(h, k)
⇒ |λ - 31| ≥ 10
⇒ λ ∈ (- ∞, 21] ∪ [41, ∞ ) ... (v)
From Eqs. (iii), (iv) and (v), we get A
X
λ ∈[12, 21] O

74. If the vertices of a hyperbola be at ( -2 , 0) and !Line AB is perpendicular to line OP, so slope of
h
(2 ,0) and one of its foci be at ( -3, 0), then line AB = - [!product of slopes of two
which one of the following points does not k
perpendicular lines is(-1)]
lie on this hyperbola? [JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan
Shift-I] Now, the equation of line AB is
(a) ( 2 6 , 5) (b) (6, 5 2 ) h
y - k = - ( x - h)
(c) ( 4, 15 ) (d) ( - 6, 2 10 ) k
⇒ hx + ky = h2 + k 2
Exp. (b) x y
or + =1
The vertices of hyperbola are given as (± 2, 0) and  h2 + k 2   h2 + k 2 
one of its foci is at (- 3, 0).    
 h   k 
∴ (a, 0) = (2, 0) and (- ae, 0), = (- 3, 0)
 h2 + k 2   h2 + k 2 
On comparing x-coordinates both sides, we get So, point A , 0 and B 0, 
 h   k 
⇒ a = 2 and - ae = - 3
⇒ 2e = 3 !∆AOB is a right angled triangle, so AB is one of
the diameter of the circle having radius R (given).
3
⇒ e= ⇒ AB = 2 R
2 2 2
9 b2  2 b2   h2 + k 2   h2 + k 2 
Also, = 1 + ⇒ b2 = 5 ⇒   +   = 2R
!e = 1 + 2   h   k 
4 4  a 
244 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

⇒
1 1
(h2 + k 2 )2  2 + 2  = 4R 2 ⇒ 2e 2 = 1
h k  1
⇒ e2 = …(iii)
⇒ (h2 + k 2 )3 = 4R 2 h2 k 2 2
On replacing h by x and k by y, we get From Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get
( x2 + y2 )3 = 4R 2 x2 y2 , 1 1
b 2 = a2   = 16  [using Eq. (ii)]
which is the required locus. 2 2

76. Let S and S ′ be the foci of an ellipse and B be ⇒ b2 = 8

any one of the extremities of its minor axis. If Now, length of latus rectum
∆S ′ BS is a right angled triangle with right 2 b2 2×8
angle atB and area( ∆S ′ BS ) = 8 sq units, then = = = 4 units
a 4
the length of a latus rectum of the ellipse is
[JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-II] 76. If a straight line passing through the point
(a) 2 2 (b) 4 2 P( - 3, 4) is such that its intercepted portion
(c) 2 (d) 4 between the coordinate axes is bisected atP,
Exp. (d) then its equation is
[JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-II]
x2 y2
Let the ellipse be 2
+ 2
= 1. (a) x - y + 7=0
a b
(b) 4x - 3y + 24 = 0
Then, according to given information, we have the
(c) 3x - 4y + 25 = 0
following figure.
(d) 4x + 3y = 0
Y
Exp. (b)
B (0,b)
Let the equation of required line having intercepts
a and b with the axes is
X x y
S′(–ae,o)O S(ae,0) + =1 …(i)
a b
Y
B (0,b)
b
Clearly, slope of line SB =
- ae b P (–3,4)
b
and slope of line S ′B =
ae
! Lines SB and S ′ B are perpendicular, so A (a,0)
X
 b  .  b  = -1 O a
   
 - ae   ae 
[!product of slopes of two Now, according to given information,
perpendicular lines is (-1] ) P is the mid-point of AB
a b
⇒ b 2 = a2e 2 …(i) ∴ P =  ,  = (-3, 4) [given]
2 2 
Also, it is given that area of ∆S ′ BS = 8
1 2 ⇒ (a, b ) = (-6, 8)
∴ a =8
2 On putting the value of a and b in Eq. (i), we get
[!S ′ B = SB = a because S ′ B + SB = 2 a and x y
S ′ B = SB] + =1
-6 8
⇒ a2 = 16 ⇒ a = 4 …(ii) ⇒ 8 x - 6 y = -48
2 b2 2 ⇒ 4 x - 3 y + 24 = 0
! e = 1- 2 = 1- e [from Eq. (i)]
a
Coordinate Geometry 245

78. A straight line through a fixed point (2, 3) 80. If the tangent at (1, 7) to the curve x 2 = y - 6
intersects the coordinate axes at distinct touches the circle x 2 + y 2 + 16x + 12 y + c = 0,
points P and Q. If O is the origin and the
then the value of c is [JEE Main 2018]
rectangleOPRQ is completed, then the locus
(a) 195 (b) 185 (c) 85 (d) 95
of R is [JEE Main 2018]
(a) 3x + 2 y = 6 (b) 2 x + 3y = xy Exp. (d)
(c) 3x + 2 y = xy (d) 3x + 2 y = 6xy
Key Idea Equation of tangent to the curve
Exp. (c) x2 = 4ay at ( x1, y1 ) is xx1 = 4a
y + y1 

 2 
Q(0, β) R(α, β)
Tangent to the curve x2 = y - 6 at (1, 7 ) is
(2, 3) y+7
x= -6
2
⇒ 2x - y + 5 = 0 …(i)
P(α, 0)
Equation of circle is x2 + y2 + 16 x + 12 y + c = 0
x y Centre (-8, - 6)
Equation of line PQ is + =1
α β r= 82 + 62 - c = 100 - c
Since this line is passes through fixed point (2, 3). Since, line 2 x - y + 5 = 0 also touches the circle.
2 3 2(-8) - (-6) + 5
∴ + =1
α β ∴ 100 - c =  

 2 2 + 12 
∴Locus of R is 2β + 3α = αβ
i.e. 2 y + 3 x = xy ⇒ 3 x + 2 y = xy ⇒ 100 - c = -16 + 6 + 5 
 5 
79. Let the orthocentre and centroid of a ⇒ 100 - c = |- 5| ⇒100 - c = 5 ⇒ c = 95
triangle be A( -3, 5) and B( 3, 3), respectively.
IfC is the circumcentre of this triangle, then 81. Tangent and normal are drawn at P(16, 16)
the radius of the circle having line segment on the parabola y 2 = 16x , which intersect the
AC as diameter, is [JEE Main 2018] axis of the parabola at A and B, respectively.
5 3 5 If C is the centre of the circle through the
(a) 10 (b) 2 10 (c) 3 (d)
2 2 pointsP, A and B and ∠CPB = θ, then a value
Exp. (c) of tanθ is [JEE Main 2018]
1 4
Key Idea Otrhocentre, centroid and circumcentre (a) (b) 2 (c) 3 (d)
2 3
are collinear and centroid divide orthocentre and
circumcentre in 2 : 1 ratio. Exp. (b)
We have orthocentre and centroid of a triangle Equation of tangent and normal to the curve
be A(-3, 5) and B(3, 3) respectively and C y2 = 16 x at (16, 16) is x - 2 y + 16 = 0 and
circumcentre. 2 x + y - 48 = 0, respectively.
Y
A(–3, 5) B(3,3) C
P
Clearly, AB = (3 + 3)2 + (3 - 5)2 (16, 16)
2x
=0 θ +
= 36 + 4 = 2 10 6 y–
1
y+ 48
We know that, AB : BC = 2 : 1 x–2 =
0
⇒ BC = 10 X′ X
A(–16, 0) C(4, 0) B(24, 0)
Now, AC = AB + BC = 2 10 + 10 = 3 10
Since, AC is a diameter of circle.
AC 3 10 5
∴ r= ⇒ r= =3
2 2 2
Y′
246 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

A = (-16, 0) ; B = (24, 0) Exp. (b)

C is the centre of circle passing through PAB 1 a
i.e. C = (4, 0) We have, e = and = 4
2 e
16 - 0 16 4
Slope of PC = = = = m1 ∴ a=2
16 - 4 12 3  2
Now, b 2 = a2 (1 - e 2 ) = (2 )2 1 -  1   = 4 1 - 1 
16 - 0 16     
Slope of PB = = = - 2 = m2  2   4
16 - 24 -8 
=3
 m - m2 
tanθ =  1  ⇒ b= 3
1 + m1m2 x2 y2
∴Equation of the ellipse is 2 + =1
 4  (2 ) ( 3 )2
 3+2 
⇒ tanθ =  ⇒ tanθ = 2 x2 y2
1 -  4  (2 ) ⇒
4
+
3
=1
  3  3
Now, the equation of normal at  1,  is
82. Tangents are drawn to the hyperbola  2
4x 2 - y 2 = 36 at the points P and Q. If these a2 x b 2 y
- = a2 - b 2
tangents intersect at the point T (0, 3), then x1 y1
the area (in sq units) of ∆PTQ is 4x 3y
[JEE Main 2018] ⇒ - =4-3
1 ( 3 /2 )
(a) 45 5 (b) 54 3 (c) 60 3 (d) 36 5
⇒ 4x - 2 y = 1
Exp. (a)
Tangents are drawn to the hyperbola 84. If a hyperbola passes through the point
4 x2 - y2 = 36 at the point P and Q. P( 2 , 3 ) and has foci at ( ± 2 , 0), then the
Tangent intersects at point T(0, 3) tangent to this hyperbola at P also passes
through the point [JEE Main 2017 (offline)]
Y
T (0, 3) (a) ( 3 2 , 2 3 ) (b) ( 2 2 , 3 3 )
(c) ( 3 , 2 ) (d) ( - 2 , - 3 )

X Exp. (b)
O x2 y2
Let the equation of hyperbola be 2
- = 1.
a b2
(–3√5, –12)Q P(3√5, –12) ∴ ae = 2
S(0, –12)
⇒ a2e 2 = 4
Clearly, P Q is chord of contact.
⇒ a2 + b 2 = 4
∴Equation of PQ is -3 y = 36
⇒ y = - 12 ⇒ b 2 = 4 - a2
2 2
Solving the curve 4 x2 - y2 = 36 and y = - 12 , ∴
x
-
y
=1
we get x = ± 3 5 a2 4 - a2
1 1 Since, ( 2 , 3 ) lie on hyperbola.
Area of ∆PQT = × PQ × ST = (6 5 × 15)
2 2 2 3
∴ - =1
= 45 5 a2 4 - a2
83. The eccentricity of an ellipse whose centre is ⇒ 8 - 2 a2 - 3a2 = a2 (4 - a2 )
at the origin is 1/2. If one of its directrices is ⇒ 8 - 5a2 = 4a2 - a4
x = - 4, then the equation of the normal to it ⇒ a - 9a2 + 8 = 0
4
 3
at 1,  is ⇒ (a4 - 8)(a4 - 1) = 0
 2 [JEE Main 2017 (offline)]
⇒ a4 = 8, a4 = 1
(a) 2 y - x = 2 (b) 4x - 2 y = 1
(c) 4x + 2 y = 7 (d) x + 2 y = 4 ∴ a=1
Coordinate Geometry 247

x2 y2 Exp. (d)
Now, equation of hyperbola is - = 1.
1 3 Given equation of circle is
∴ Equation of tangent at ( 2 , 3 ) is given by x2 + y2 - 8 x - 8 y - 4 = 0,
3y whose centre is C(4, 4) and radius
2x - =1
3
y = 42 + 42 + 4 = 36 = 6
⇒ 2x - =1
3 Let the centre of required circle be C1( x, y). Now,
which passes through the point (2 2 , 3 3 ). as it touch the X-axis, therefore its radius = y .
Also, it touch the circle
85. Two sides of a rhombus are along the lines, x2 + y2 - 8 x - 8 y - 4 = 0,
x - y + 1 = 0 and 7x - y - 5 = 0. If its diagonals
therefore CC1 = 6 + y
intersect at (- 1, - 2), then which one of the
following is a vertex of this rhombus? ⇒ ( x - 4)2 + ( y - 4)2 = 6 + y
[JEE Main 2016 (offline)]
⇒ x2 + 16 - 8 x + y2 + 16 - 8 y
(a) ( - 3, - 9) (b) ( - 3, - 8)
1 8 10 7 = 36 + y2 + 12 y
(c)  , -  (d)  - , - 
 3 3  3 3
⇒ x2 - 8 x - 8 y + 32 = 36 + 12 y
Exp. (c) ⇒ x2 - 8 x - 8 y - 4 = 12 y
As the given lines x - y + 1 = 0 and
Case I If y > 0, then we have
7 x - y - 5 = 0 are not parallel, therefore they
represent the adjacent sides of the rhombus. x2 - 8 x - 8 y - 4 = 12 y
2
On solving x - y + 1 = 0 and 7 x - y - 5 = 0, we ⇒ x - 8 x - 20 y - 4 = 0
get x = 1and y = 2. Thus, one of the vertex is ⇒ x2 - 8 x - 4 = 20 y
A(1, 2 ).
D C (x, y) ⇒ ( x - 4)2 - 20 = 20 y
=0

⇒ ( x - 4) 2 = 20 ( y + 1),
y–5

(–1, –2) which is a parabola.

7x –

Case II If y< 0, then we have

A x – y+1=0 B x2 - 8 x - 8 y - 4 = - 12 y
(1, 2) ⇒ 2
x - 8 x - 8 y - 4 + 12 y = 0
Let the coordinate of point C be ( x, y). ⇒ x2 - 8 x + 4 y - 4 = 0
x+1 y+2
Then, - 1= and - 2 = ⇒ x2 - 8 x - 4 = - 4 y
2 2
⇒ ( x - 4) 2 = 20 - 4 y
⇒ x + 1 = - 2 and y = - 4 - 2
⇒ ( x - 4)2 = - 4( y - 5)
⇒ x = - 3 and y = - 6
which is again a parabola.
Hence, coordinates of C = (- 3, - 6)
Note that, vertices B and D will satisfy 87. If one of the diameters of the circle, given by
x - y + 1 = 0 and 7 x - y - 5 = 0, respectively. the equation, x 2 + y 2 - 4x + 6y - 12 = 0, is a
Since, option (c) satisfies 7 x - y - 5 = 0, chord of a circle S, whose centre is at ( -3, 2 ),
1 - 8
therefore coordinate of vertex D is  , .
then the radius of S is [JEE Main 2016 (offline)]
3 3 
(a) 5 2 (b) 5 3 (c) 5 (d) 10
86. The centres of those circles which touch the
circle, x 2 + y 2 - 8x - 8y - 4 = 0, externally Exp. (b)
and also touch the X -axis, lie on Given equation of circle is x2 + y2 - 4 x
(a) a circle [JEE Main 2016 (offline)] + 6 y - 12 = 0, whose centre is(2, - 3) and radius
(b) an ellipse which is not a circle
= 2 2 + (- 3) 2 + 12 = 4 + 9 + 12 = 5
(c) a hyperbola
(d) a parabola
248 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Now, according to given information, we have Thus, coordinate of point P are (2, - 4).
the following figure. Now , CP = 2 2 + (- 4 + 6)2 = 4+ 4=2 2
S
Hence, required equation of circle is
A (–3, 2) C ( x - 2 )2 + ( y + 4)2 = (2 2 )2
⇒ x2 + 4 - 4 x + y2 + 16 + 8 y = 8
O (2,–3) ⇒ x2 + y2 - 4 x + 8 y + 12 = 0
B
89. The eccentricity of the hyperbola whose
length of the latusrectum is equal to 8 and
x2 + y2 – 4x + 6y – 12 = 0 the length of its conjugate axis is equal to
Clearly, AO ⊥ BC, as O is mid-point of the chord. half of the distance between its foci, is
[JEE Main 2016 (offline)]
Now, in ∆AOB, we have 4 4 2
(a) (b) (c) (d) 3
2
OA = (- 3 - 2 ) + (2 + 3) 2 3 3 3

= 25 + 25 = 50 = 5 2 Exp. (c)
and OB= 5 We have,
2 b2
∴ AB = OA 2 + OB2 = 8 and 2b = ae ⇒ b 2 = 4a and 2b = ae
a
= 50 + 25 = 75 = 5 3 Consider, 2b = ae
⇒ 4b 2 = a2e 2
88. Let P be the point on the parabola, y 2 = 8x ,
⇒ 4a2 (e 2 - 1) = a2e 2
which is at a minimum distance from the
centre C of the circle, x 2 + ( y + 6)2 = 1. Then, ⇒ 4e 2 - 4 = e 2 [! a ≠ 0]
the equation of the circle, passing throughC 2 2
⇒ 3e = 4 ⇒ e = [! e > 0]
and having its centre at P is 3
[JEE Main 2016 (offline)]
2 2
(a) x + y - 4x + 8y + 12 = 0 90. The number of points having both
2 2
(b) x + y - x + 4y - 12 = 0 coordinates as integers that lie in the
x interior of the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (0,
(c) x 2 + y 2 - + 2 y - 24 = 0 41) and (41, 0) is [JEE Main 2015]
4
(d) x 2 + y 2 - 4x + 9y + 18 = 0 (a) 901 (b) 861
(c) 820 (d) 780
Exp. (a)
Centre of circle x2 + ( y + 6)2 = 1 is C(0, - 6).
Exp. (d)
Required points (x, y) are such that it satisfy
Let the coordinates of point P be (2t 2 , 4 t ).
x + y < 41
Now, let D = CP = (2t 2 )2 + (4 t + 6)2 and x > 0, y > 0
Number of positive integral solution of the
⇒ D= 4 t 4 + 16 t 2 + 36 + 48 t equationx + y + k = 41will be number of integral
coordinates in the bounded region.
Squaring on both side
⇒ D2 (t ) = 4 t 4 + 16 t 2 + 48 t + 36 (0,41)
4 2
Let F(t ) = 4 t + 16 t + 48 t + 36
For minimum, F ′(t ) = 0
3
⇒ 16 t + 32t + 48 = 0
⇒ t 3 + 2t + 3 = 0
(0,0) (41,0)
⇒ (t + 1) (t 2 - t + 3) = 0 ⇒ t = - 1
Coordinate Geometry 249

∴Total number of integral coordinates P (2, 3)

0
4=
40!
= 41-1C 3 -1 = 40C 2 =

y+
= 780
2 ! 38!

–3
2x
Aliter (1, 2)
A M
Consider the following figure :

x=
2y
+3
(0,41) P′ (h, k)

=0
(1,40)
(2,39) 1 point ∴ AP = AP′
⇒ (2 - 1)2 + (3 - 2 )2 = (h - 1)2 + (k - 2 )2

(40,1) ⇒ 2 = h2 + k 2 - 2 h - 4k + 1 + 4
(40,1) 39 points ⇒ 2 = h2 + k 2 - 2 h - 4k + 5
(0,0) x=1 x=2 x=40 (41,0)
⇒ h2 + k 2 - 2 h - 4k + 5 = 2
⇒ h2 + k 2 - 2 h - 4k + 3 = 0
Clearly, the number of required points
Thus, the required locus is
= 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 39
39 x 2 + y2 - 2 x - 4 y + 3 = 0
= (39 + 1) = 780
2 which is a equation of circle with

91. Locus of the image of the point (2, 3) in the radius = 1 + 4 - 3 = 2

line(2 x - 3y + 4) + k ( x - 2 y + 3) = 0,k ∈R , is a Aliter
[JEE Main 2015] (2 x - 3 y + 4) + k( x - 2 y + 3) = 0 is family of lines
(a) straight line parallel to X-axis passing through (1, 2). By congruency of
(b) straight line parallel to Y -axis triangles, we can prove that mirror image (h, k ) and
the point (2, 3) will be equidistant from (1, 2).
(c) circle of radius 2
∴Locus of (h, k ) is PR = PQ
(d) circle of radius 3
⇒ (h - 1)2 + (k - 2 )2 = (2 - 1)2 + (3 - 2 )2
Exp. (c) or ( x - 1)2 + ( y - 2 )2 = 2
Central Idea First of all find the point of
∴Locus is a circle of radius = 2
intersection of the lines 2 x - 3 y + 4 = 0 and
x - 2 y + 3 = 0 (say A). Now, the line 2 x – 3y + 4 = 0
(2 x - 3 y + 4) + k( x - 2 y + 3) = 0 is the
perpendicular bisector of the line joining points Q
(2, 3)
P(2, 3) and image P′(h, k ). Now, AP = AP′ and
simplify. P
Given line is
(2 x - 3 y + 4) + k( x - 2 y + 3) = 0, k ∈ R …(i) (1, 2)
This line will pass through the point of (h, k)
R
intersection of the lines
2 x - 3y + 4 = 0 …(ii)
x – 2y + 3 = 0
and x - 2y + 3 = 0 …(iii)
On solving Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get 92. The number of common tangents to the
x = 1, y = 2 circles x 2 + y 2 - 4x - 6y - 12 = 0 and
∴Point of intersection of lines (ii) and (iii) is (1, 2 ). 2 2
x + y + 6x +18y + 26 = 0 is [JEE Main 2015]
Let M be the mid-point of PP′, then AM is
(a) 1 (b) 2
perpendicular bisector of PP′ (where, A is the
point of intersection of given lines). (c) 3 (d) 4
250 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Y
Exp. (c)
(0,3)
P
Central Idea Number of common tangents
depend on the position of the circle with respect to (–2, 5/3)
each other. M L (2, 5/3)
(i) If circles touch externally
⇒C1C 2 = r1 + r2 , 3 common tangents Q
X′ X
(–2,0) O (2,0) (9/2, 0)
(ii) If circles touch internally
⇒ C1C 2 = r2 - r1, 1 common tangent L′
M′
(iii) If circles do not touch each other, 4 common (–2, –5/3) (2, –5/3)
tangents
Given equations of circles are
x2 + y2 - 4 x - 6 y - 12 = 0 …(i) Y′
2 2
x + y + 6 x + 18 y + 26 = 0 …(ii) ∴Extremities of one of latusrectum are
Centre of circle (i) is C1(2, 3) and radius  2, 5  and  2, -5  .
   
= 4 + 9 + 12 = 5(r1 ) (say)  3  3
Centre of circle (ii) is C 2 (-3, - 9) and radius 5
∴Equation of tangent at  2,  is,
= 9 + 81 - 26  3
= 8(r2 ) (say) x(2 ) y(5 / 3)
+ =1
Now, C1C 2 = (2 + 3)2 + (3 + 9)2 9 5
or 2 x + 3y = 9 …(ii)
⇒ C1C 2 = 52 + 12 2
 9 
Eq.(ii) intersects X and Y-axes at  , 0 and (0, 3),
⇒ C1C 2 = 25 + 144 = 13 2 
∴ r1 + r2 = 5 + 8 = 13 respectively.
Also, C1C 2 = r1 + r2 ∴ Area of quadrilateral
Thus, both circles touch each other externally. = 4 ×Area of ∆POQ
Hence, there are three common tangents. 1 9
= 4 ×  × × 3 = 27 sq units
2 2 
93. The area (in sq units) of the quadrilateral
formed by the tangents at the end points of 94. LetO be the vertex andQ be any point on the
2
x2 y
the latera recta to the ellipse + = 1 is parabola x 2 = 8y . If the point P divides the
9 5
[JEE Main 2015] line segment OQ internally in the ratio 1 : 3,
(a)
27
(b) 18 (c)
27
(d) 27
then the locus of P is [JEE Main 2015]
4 2 (a) x 2 = y
Exp. (d) (b) y 2 = x
Given equation of ellipse is (c) y 2 = 2 x
x2 y2 (d) x 2 = 2 y
+ =1 …(i)
9 5
Exp. (d)
∴ a2 = 9, b 2 = 5
Central Idea Any point on the parabola x2 = 8 y is
⇒ a = 3, b = 5
b2 5 2 (4t , 2t 2 ). Point P divides the line segment joining of
Now, e = 1- = 1- = O(0, 0) and Q(4t , 2t 2 ) in the ratio 1 : 3. Apply the
a2 9 3
section formula for internal division.
foci = (± ae, 0) = (± 2, 0)
Equation of parabola is
b2 5
and = x2 = 8 y …(i)
a 3
Coordinate Geometry 251

Let any point Q on the parabola (i) is (4t , 2t 2 ). Exp. (c)

Y Let coordinate of the point be (α, - α ).
Since, (α, - α ) lie on 4ax + 2 ay + c = 0
and 5bx + 2 by + d = 0.

k)
-c

h,
Q (4t,2t2) ∴ 4aα - 2 aα + c = 0 ⇒ α = …(i)
1: P (
3 2a
-d
Also, 5bα - 2 bα + d = 0 ⇒ α = …(ii)
X′ X 3b
(0, 0) O -c -d
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), =
2a 3b
Y′
∴ 3bc = 2 ad
Let P(h, k ) be the point which divides the line
segment joining (0,0) and (4t , 2t 2 ) in the ratio 1 : 3.
97. The locus of the foot of perpendicular drawn
1 × 4t + 3 × 0
from the centre of the ellipse x 2 + 3y 2 = 6 on
∴ h= ⇒ h=t any tangent to it, is [JEE Main 2014]
4
(a) ( x 2 - y 2 )2 = 6x 2 + 2 y 2
1 × 2t 2 + 3 × 0 t2
and k= ⇒ k= (b) ( x 2 - y 2 )2 = 6x 2 - 2 y 2
4 2
⇒
1
k = h2 (!t = h) (c) ( x 2 + y 2 )2 = 6x 2 + 2 y 2
2 (d) ( x 2 + y 2 )2 = 6x 2 - 2 y 2
⇒ 2 k = h2 ⇒ 2 y = x2 , which is required locus.
Exp. (c)
95. If PS is the median of the triangle with Equation of ellipse is x2 + 3 y2 = 6.
vertices P (2 , 2 ), Q (6, - 1) and R ( 7, 3), then xcos θ ysinθ
Equation of the tangent is + = 1.
equation of the line passing through (1, – 1) a b
and parallel to PS is [JEE Main 2014]
Let (h, k ) be any point on the locus, then
(a) 4x - 7y - 11 = 0 (b) 2 x + 9y + 7 = 0 h k
(c) 4x + 7y + 3 = 0 (d) 2 x - 9y - 11 = 0 cos θ + sinθ = 1 …(i)
a b
-b
! Product of slope of two perpendicular lines is - 1, Slope of the tangent line is cotθ.
is the key concept used. a
Slope of perpendicular drawn from centre (0, 0) to
Exp. (b) k
(h, k ) is .
Coordinate of P (2, 2) h
7 + 6 3 - 1 Since, both the lines are perpendicular.
S =  ,   k  ×  - b cotθ = -1
 2 2  ∴    
 h  a 
13
=  , 1 cos θ sinθ
2  Q R ⇒ = =α [say]
S ha kb
-2 (6, –1) (7, 3)
Slope of the line PS is . ⇒ cos θ = αha, sinθ = αkb
9
From Eq. (i),
Required equation passes through (1, - 1) is h k
-2 (αha) + (αkb ) = 1
y+ 1= ( x - 1) a b
9 ⇒ h2α + k 2α = 1
⇒ 2 x + 9y + 7 = 0 1
⇒ α= 2
96. Let a ,b , c and d be non-zero numbers. If the h + k2
point of intersection of the lines Also, 2 2
sin θ + cos θ = 1
4ax + 2 ay + c = 0 and 5bx + 2by + d = 0 lies in ⇒ (αkb )2 + (αha)2 = 1
the fourth quadrant and is equidistant from
⇒ α k b + α 2 h2 a2 = 1
2 2 2
the two axes, then [JEE Main 2014]
(a) 2 bc - 3ad = 0 (b) 2 bc + 3ad = 0 k 2 b2 h2 a2
⇒ 2 2 2
+ =1
(c) 2ad - 3bc = 0 (d) 3bc + 2ad = 0 (h + k ) (h + k 2 )2
2
252 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

2 k2 6h2 1
⇒ + =1 Let y = mx + is tangent line and it touches the
2
(h + k ) 2 2 2
(h + k ) 2 2 m
parabola x2 = -32 y.
[! a2 = 6 and b 2 = 2 ]
1
⇒ 6 x2 + 2 y2 = ( x2 + y2 )2 ∴ x2 = -32  mx + 
 m
[replacing k by y and h by x]
32
⇒ x2 + 32 mx + =0
98. Let C be the circle with centre at (1, 1) and m
! D=0
radius 1. If T is the circle centred at (0, y )
32 1 1
passing through origin and touching the ∴ (32 m)2 - 4 ⋅   = 0 ⇒ m3 = ⇒ m =
 m 8 2
circle C externally, then the radius of T is
equal to [JEE Main 2014]
3 3 1 1
100. A ray of light along x + 3y = 3 gets
(a) (b) (c) (d) reflected upon reaching X -axis, the
2 2 2 4
equation of the reflected ray is
Exp. (d) [JEE Main 2013]
(a) y = x + 3 (b) 3y = x - 3
Let the coordinate of the centre of T be (0, k ).
(c) y = 3x - 3 (d) 3y = x - 1
Y
C
Exp. (b)
(1, 1)
Take any point B (0, 1) on given line.
T (1– k)
(0, k) B (0, 1) 3y =x – 3
X′ X
O (1, 0)

A ( 3, 0)

Y′ B′(0, –1)
Distance between their centre
Equation of AB′,
k + 1 = 1 + (k - 1)2 y-0=
- 1- 0
(x - 3)
0- 3
⇒ k + 1 = 1 + k2 + 1 - 2 k
⇒ - 3y = - x + 3
⇒ k + 1= k2 + 2 - 2 k
⇒ x- 3y = 3
⇒ k2 + 1 + 2 k = k2 + 2 - 2 k
1 ⇒ 3y = x - 3
⇒ k=
4 Alternate Solution
1 1
So, the radius of circle T is k i .e., . Slope of given line is - ⋅
4 3
Y
99. The slope of the line touching both the
parabolas y 2 = 4x and x 2 = -32 is 3y =x – 3
[JEE Main 2014]
1 3 1 2 30° 30°
(a) (b) (c) (d) X′ X
2 2 8 3 ( 3, 0)

! Tangent to parabola is y = mx + a / m, if it touches Y′

the other curve, then D = 0. From figure, equation of reflected rays is
Exp. (a) 1
y= ( x - 3)
3
For parabola, y2 = 4 x
⇒ 3y = x - 3
Coordinate Geometry 253

 7 
101. The circle passing through (1, - 2 ) and ∴ Foci is (± ae, 0) =  ± 4 × , 0 = (± 7 ,0)
 4 
touching the axis of x at ( 3, 0) also passes
through the point [JEE Main 2013] ∴ Radius of the circle, r = (ae )2 + b 2
(a) ( - 5, 2 ) (b) ( 2 , - 5) = 7 + 9 = 16 = 4
(c) ( 5, - 2 ) (d) ( - 2 , 5) Now, equation of circle is
( x - 0)2 + ( y - 3)2 = 16
Exp. (c)
∴ x 2 + y2 - 6 y - 7 = 0
Let the equation of circle be
( x - 3)2 + ( y - 0)2 + λy = 0
103. The x-coordinate of the incentre of the
Y
triangle that has the coordinates of
mid-points of its sides as (0, 1), (1, 1) and
(1, 0) is [JEE Main 2013]
A (3, 0) (a) 2 + 2 (b) 2 - 2
X′ X
P
(c) 1 + 2 (d) 1 - 2
(1, –2)
Exp. (b)
Y′
Given, mid-points of a triangle are (0, 1), (1, 1) and
As it passes through (1, - 2 ). (1, 0). Plotting these points on a graph paper and
make a triangle.
∴ (1 - 3)2 + (- 2 )2 + λ(- 2 ) = 0
So, the sides of a triangle will be 2, 2 and
⇒ 4 + 4 - 2λ = 0
⇒ λ=4 22 + 22 = 2 2.
∴ Equation of circle is ( x - 3)2 + y2 + 4 y = 0. Y
By hit and trial method, we see that point (5, - 2 )
satisfies equation of circle. C (0,2)

102. The equation of the circle passing through 2 (0, 1) (1, 1)

x2 y 2
the foci of the ellipse + = 1 and
16 9 X′ X
B (1, 0) A (2, 0)
having centre at (0, 3) is [JEE Main 2013] (0, 0) 2
(a) x 2 + y 2 - 6y - 7 = 0 (b) x 2 + y 2 - 6y + 7 = 0 Y′
2 2 2 2
(c) x + y - 6y - 5 = 0 (d) x + y - 6y + 5 = 0
x-coordinate of incentre
Exp. (a) 2 × 0 + 2 2 ⋅ 0 + 2 ⋅2
=
2+2+2 2
Given equation of ellipse is
x2 y2 2 2- 2
+ =1 = × =2 - 2
16 9 2+ 2 2- 2
Y
104. Given A circle, 2 x 2 + 2 y 2 = 5 and a
(0, b) parabola, y 2 = 4 5x . [JEE Main 2013]

r
Statement I An equation of a common
X′ S′ S
X
tangent to these curves is y = x + 5.
Statement II If the line,
(–ae, 0) (ae, 0)
5
Y′ y = mx + , (m ≠ 0) is the common
m
9 7
Here, a = 4, b = 3, e = 1 - ⇒ tangent, then m satisfies m 4 - 3m 2 + 2 = 0.
16 4
254 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

(a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Exp. (c)

Statement II is a correct explanation of
Statement I
Statement I
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Analysis given, a parabola y2 = 16 3 x and an
Statement II is not a correct explanation of ellipse 2 x2 + y2 = 4.
Statement I To find The equation of common tangent to the
(c) Statement I is true, Statement II is false given parabola and the ellipse. This can be very
(d) Statement I is false, Statement II is true easily done by comparing the standard equation
of tangents. Standard equation of tangent with
Exp. (b) slope ‘ m’ to the parabola y2 = 16 3 x is
5
Equation of circle can be rewritten as x2 + y2 = 4 3
2 y = mx + …(i)
5 m
Here, centre Æ (0, 0) and radius Æ ⋅ Standard equation of tangent with slope ‘ m’ to the
2
x2 y2
Let common tangent be ellipse + = 1 is
2 4
5 y = mx ± 2 m2 + 4 …(ii)
y = mx +
m
If a line L is a common tangent to both parabola
The perpendicular from centre to the tangent is
and ellipse, then L should be tangent to parabola,
equal to radius. i.e., its equation should be like Eq. (i).
5
L should be tangent to ellipse i.e., its equation
m 5
∴ = should be like Eq. (ii).
1 + m2 2
i.e., L must be like both of the Eqs. (i) and (ii).
2 2 2 Hence, comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
⇒ m 1+ m = 2 ⇒ m (1 + m ) = 2
4 2 2 2 4 3
⇒ m + m - 2 = 0 ⇒(m + 2 ) (m - 1) = 0 = ± 2 m2 + 4
m
⇒ m = ± 1 [!m2 + 2 ≠ 0, as m ∈ R ]
On squaring both sides we get
∴ y = ± ( x + 5) ⇒ m2 (2 m2 + 4) = 48
Both statements are correct as m = ± 1 satisfies ⇒ m4 + 2 m2 - 24 = 0
the given equation of Statement II but statement II is
not a correct explanation of statement I. ⇒ (m2 + 6)(m2 - 4) = 0
⇒ m2 = 4 [! m2 ≠ - 6]
105. Statement I An equation of a common ∴ m= ± 2
tangent to the parabola y 2 = 16 3x and the
Substituting m = ± 2 in the Eq. (i), we get the
ellipse 2 x 2 + y 2 = 4 is y = 2 x + 2 3. required equation of the common tangents as
4 3 y = 2x + 2 3
Statement II If the line y = mx + ,
m and y = -2x - 2 3
(m ≠ 0) is a common tangent to the
Hence, Statement I is correct.
parabola y 2 = 16 3x and the ellipse
Statement II
2 x 2 + y 2 = 4,then m satisfiesm 4 + 2m 2 = 24.
[AIEEE 2012] In Statement II, we have already seen that, if the
4 3
(a) Statement I is false, Statement II is true line y = mx + is a common tangent to the
m
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
x2 y2
Statement II is a correct explanation of parabola y2 = 16 3 x and the ellipse + = 1,
Statement I 2 4
(c) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; then it satisfies the equation m4 + 2 m2 - 24 = 0.
Statement II is not a correct explanation of Hence, Statement II is also correct but is not able
Statement I to explain the Statement I. It is an intermediate
(d) Statement I is true, Statement II is false step in the final answer.
Coordinate Geometry 255

Hence, the equation of the circle is

106. If the line 2 x + y = k passes through the
( x - h)2 + ( y - k )2 = k 2
point which divides the line segment
joining the points(1, 1) and( 2, 4) in the ratio Also, given that the circle passes through points
3 : 2, then k is equal to [AIEEE 2012] (1, 0) and (2 , 3). Hence, substituting them in the
29 11 equation of the circle, we get
(a) (b) 5 (c) 6 (d)
5 5 (1 - h)2 + (0 - k )2 = k 2 …(i)
2 2 2
(2 - h) + (3 - k ) = k …(ii)
Exp. (c)
From Eq. (i), we get h = 1
Given line L : 2 x + y = k passes through point (say
P) which divides a line segment (say AB) in ratio On substituting in Eq. (ii), we get
3 : 2, where A(1, 1) and B(2, 4). (2 - 1)2 + (3 - k )2 = k 2
Using section formula, the coordinates of the 5
point P which divides AB internally in the ratio 3 : 2 ⇒ k=
3
are
10
 3 × 2 + 2 × 1 3 × 4 + 2 × 1  8 14  The diameter of the circle is 2 k =
P ,  ≡P ,  3
 3+2 3+2  5 5 

Also, since the line L passes through P, hence 108. An ellipse is drawn by taking a diameter of
8 14 the circle ( x - 1)2 + y 2 = 1 as its semi-minor
substituting the coordinates of P  ,  in the
5 5  axis and a diameter of the circle
equation of L : 2 x + y = k, we get x 2 + ( y - 2 )2 = 4 is semi-major axis. If the
8 14 centre of the ellipse is at the origin and its
2   +   = k
 5  5  axes are the coordinate axes, then the
∴ k=6 equation of the ellipse is [AIEEE 2012]
(a) 4x 2 + y 2 = 4 (b) x 2 + 4y 2 = 8
107. The length of the diameter of the circle 2
(c) 4x + y = 8 2
(d) x 2 + 4y 2 = 16
which touches the X -axis at the point (1, 0)
and passes through the point ( 2, 3) is Exp. (d)
[AIEEE 2012] Given
10 3 6 5
(a) (b) (c) (d) (i) An ellipse whose semi-minor axis coincides
3 5 5 3 with one of the diameters of the circle
Exp. (a) ( x - 1)2 + y2 = 1.
Given (ii) The semi-major axis of the ellipse coincides
with one of the diameters of circle
(i) A circle which touches X-axis at the point(1, 0).
x2 + ( y - 2 )2 = 4.
(ii) The circle also passes through the point(2, 3).
(iii) The centre of the ellipse is at origin.
To find The length of the diameter of the circle.
(iv) The axes of the ellipse are coordinate axes.
Y
To find The equation of the ellipse.
Diameter of circle ( x - 1)2 + y2 = 1 is 2 units and
(h, k) that of circle x2 + ( y - 2 )2 = 4 is 4 units.
(2, 3)
k
k ⇒ Semi-minor axis of ellipse, b = 2 units and
semi-major axis of ellipse, a = 4 units.
X
O (1, 0) Hence, the equation of the ellipse is
Let us assume that the coordinates of the centre x2 y2
2
+ 2 =1
of the circle are C(h, k ) and its radius is r. a b
Now, since the circle touches X-axis at(1, 0), hence x2 y2
⇒ + =1
its radius should be equal to ordinate of centre. 16 4
⇒ r=k ∴ x2 + 4 y2 = 16
256 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

109. A line is drawn through the point (1, 2 ) to 110. The lines L1 : y - x = 0 and L 2 : 2 x + y = 0
meet the coordinate axes at P and Q such
intersect the line L 3 : y + 2 = 0 at P and Q ,
that it forms a ∆OPQ, where O is the origin,
if the area of the ∆OPQ is least, then the respectively. The bisector of the acute
slope of the line PQ is [AIEEE 2012] angle between L1 and L 2 intersects L 3 atR.
1 1 Statement I The ratio PR : RQ equals
(a) - (b) – 4 (c) - 2 (d) -
4 2
2 2 : 5.
Exp. (c) Statement II In any triangle, bisector of an
Given angle divides the triangle into two similar
(i) A line through (1, 2 ) meets the coordinate axes triangles.
at P and Q. (a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
(ii) The area of ∆OPQ is minimum. Statement II is not a correct explanation of
Statement I
To find The slope of line PQ. (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is false
Let mbe the slope of the line PQ, then the equation (c) Statement I is false, Statement II is true
of PQ is (d) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
y - 2 = m( x - 1) Statement II is a correct explanation of
2 Statement I [AIEEE 2011]
Now, PQ meets X-axis at P  1 - , 0 and Y-axis
 m  Exp. (b)
at Q(0, 2 - m).
2 Here, L1 : y - x = 0, L2 : 2 x + y = 0
⇒ OP = 1 - and L3 : y + 2 = 0 shown as
m
and OQ = 2 - m Y
L1
Q y=x

(1, 2)
X
O (0, 0)
P Q L3
O P y = –2
R –2 (1, –2)
1 (– 2, –2) L2
Also, area of ∆OPQ = (OP)(OQ ) y = – 2x
2 Angle bisector
1  2
=  1 -  (2 - m) |PO| = 4+ 4 =2 2
2  m
1 4 |OQ| = 1 + 4 = 5
= 2 - m- +2
2 m Since, OR is angle bisector.
1 4
= 4 -  m +  ∴
OP PR
=
2  m OQ RQ
4
Let f(m) = 4 -  m +  In a triangle, angle bisector divides the opposite
 m sides in the ratio of side containing the angle.
4 PR 2 2
⇒ f ′(m) = - 1 + 2 ⇒ =
m RQ 5
Now, f ′(m) = 0
So, Statement I is true.
⇒ m2 = 4 ⇒ m= ± 2 But, it does not divide the triangle in two similar
⇒ f(2 ) = 0 and f(- 2 ) = 8 triangles.
Since, the area cannot be zero, hence the So, Statement II is false.
required value of m is -2. Hence, option (b) is correct.
Coordinate Geometry 257

(i) If circles touch internally,

111. Equation of the ellipse whose axes are the
axes of coordinates and which passes a a a a
c- = ⇒ c- =
through the point ( -3, 1) and has 2 2 2 2
2 ⇒ c = a, c > 0
eccentricity is ∴ |a| = c
5 [AIEEE 2011]
(a) 5x 2 + 3y 2 - 48 = 0 (b) 3x 2 + 5y 2 - 15 = 0 (ii) If circles touch externally,
2 2 2 2 Y
(c) 5x + 3y - 32 = 0 (d) 3x + 5y - 32 = 0

Exp. (d)
x2 y2
Given, 2
+ =1 c a/2
a b2 X′
C a/2
X
(0, 0)
Y

(– 3, 1) P+
Y′
X′ X
O (ii) Externally

a a a a
c+ = ⇒ c+ =
Y′ 2 2 2 2
2 ∴ c = 0, i .e., not possible as c > 0.
Passes through P(- 3, 1) and e = .
5 Hence, the circles should touch internally and
9 1 2 b2 |a| = c.
∴ + =1 and e = 1 -
a2 b2 a2
9 5 2 b2 113. The shortest distance between line y - x = 1
⇒ + = 1 and = 1- 2
a2 3a2 5 a and curve x = y 2 is [AIEEE 2011, 2009]
2
27 + 5 b 3 3 2 8 4 3
⇒ = 1 and = (a) (b) (c) (d)
3 a2 a2 5 8 3 2 3 4
2 32 2 32
⇒ a = and b =
3 5 Exp. (a)
∴ Equation on ellipse To find The shortest distance between y - x = 1
3 x2 5 y2 and x = y2 along the common normal.
⇒ + = 1 ⇒ 3 x2 + 5 y2 = 32
32 32 ∴ Tangent at P is parallel to
112. The two circles x 2 + y 2 = ax and y= x+1 …(i)
2 2 2
x + y = c , (c > 0) touch each other, if Y y=1+x
[AIEEE 2011]
(a) | a | = c (b) a = 2 c (c) | a | = 2 c (d) 2 | a | = c 1 Q
Exp. (a) P (t 2, t)
x2 + y2 - ax = 0 and x2 + y2 = c 2 touch each other. –1
X′ X
Y O

c
a/2 y2 = x
X′ Y′
a/2 C X
O
∴ Slope of tangent at P (t 2 , t ).
dy  1  1
⇒ =  = …(ii)
dx  2 y  ( t 2, t ) 2 t
Y′
(i) Internally
258 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

1 Y - y  dy 
⇒ =1 [Eqs. (i) and (ii) are parallel] Equation of AB is =  …(i)
2t X - x  dx  ( x, y )
1   dx  
⇒ t = x-intercept is  x - y ⋅   , 0
2   dy  
1 1
∴ P  ,  dy
 4 2 y-intercept is  0, y - x 
 dx 
1 1
- +1 As P is mid-point of AB.
3
Shortest distance =|PQ| = 4 2 =  dx  dx
1+ 1 4 2 ∴ 2 x = x - y⋅   ⇒ y =- x
 dy  dy
3 2 dx dy
Hence, shortest distance is ⋅ ∴ + =0
8 x y
Alternate Solution Integrating both sides, we get
Given, x- y+ 1= 0 …(i) log x + log y = log c
dy
and x = y2 ⇒ 1 = 2 y ⇒ xy = c, as it passes through (2, 3).
dx
∴ c = 6 ⇒ xy = 6
dy 1
⇒ = = Slope of the line (i)
dx 2 y 115. The equation of the hyperbola whose foci
1 1 are ( - 2 , 0) and (2 , 0) and eccentricity is 2, is
⇒ =1 ⇒ y=
2y 2 given by [AIEEE 2011]
2 (a) - 3x 2 + y 2 = 3 (b) x 2 - 3y 2 = 3
1 1
⇒ x =   = 2
(c) 3x - y = 3 2
(d) - x 2 + 3y 2 = 3
2 4
1 1
⇒ The point is ( x, y) =  , 
Exp. (c)
 4 2 Y
∴The shortest distance is
1 1
- +1
4 2 3 3 2
= = X′ X
1+ 1 4 2 8 (–2, 0) O (2, 0)

114. The curve that passes through the point

(2, 3) and has the property that the Y′
segment of any tangent to it lying between Let equation of hyperbola be
the coordinate axes is bisected by the point x2 y2
of contact, is given by [AIEEE 2011] 2
- 2 =1
a b
2 2
x y
(a)   +   = 2 (b) 2 y - 3x = 0 where, 2 ae = 4 and e = 2 ⇒ a = 1
 2  3 ! a2e 2 = a2 + b 2 ⇒ 4 = 1 + b 2
6
(c) y = (d) x 2 + y 2 = 13 ∴ b2 = 3
x
Thus, equation of hyperbola is
Exp. (c) x2 y2
- = 1 or 3 x2 - y2 = 3
Y 1 3
116. The equation of the circle passing through
B the point (1, 0) and (0, 1) and having the
(x, y) y = f (x) smallest radius is [AIEEE 2011]
P (a) x 2 + y 2 + x + y - 2 = 0
(b) x 2 + y 2 - 2 x - 2 y + 1 = 0

O A X (c) x 2 + y 2 - x - y = 0
(d) x 2 + y 2 + 2 x + 2 y - 7 = 0
Coordinate Geometry 259

 9 - 2x
Exp. (c) 2 - 2 + x - 3 + + 1
 , 3  = (h, k )
Circle whose diametric end points are (1, 0) and
 3 3 
(0, 1) will be of smallest radius.  
⇒ ( x - 1) ( x - 0) + ( y - 0) ( y - 1) = 0 x 3 - 2x
⇒ x 2 + y2 - x - y = 0 ∴ h= ,k=
3 9
⇒ 9 k = 3 - 2 (3 h)
117. The lines x + y = |a | and ax - y = 1 intersect ⇒ 9k = 3 - 6h
each other in the first quadrant. Then, the ⇒ 2 h + 3 k = 1 or 2 x + 3 y = 1
set of all possible values of a in the interval
(a) ( -1,1] (b) (0, ∞ ) [AIEEE 2011] 119. If two tangents drawn from a point P to the
(c) [1, ∞) (d) ( -1, ∞ ) parabola y 2 = 4x are at right angles, then
Exp. (c) the locus of P is [AIEEE 2010]
(a) x =1 (b) 2 x + 1 = 0
As, x + y =|a| and ax - y = 1, intersect in
(c) x = -1 (d) 2 x - 1 = 0
I quadrant.
Therefore, x and y intercept are positive. Exp. (c)
1 + |a| a|a| - 1
∴ x= ≥ 0 and y = ≥0 We know that, the locus of point P from which two
1+ a a+1 perpendicular tangents are drawn to the parabola,
⇒ 1+ a≥ 0 is the directrix of the parabola.
and a|a| - 1 ≥ 0 Hence, the required locus is x = -1.
⇒ a≥ -1 x y
and a|a| ≥ 1 …(i)
120. The line L given by + = 1 passes
5 b
Case I If - 1< a < 0 through the point (13, 32). The line K is
⇒ - a2 > 1 [not possible] x y
parallel to L and has the equation + = 1.
Case II If a ≥ 0 ⇒ a2 ≥ 1 c 3
Then, the distance between L and K is
⇒ a≥1 …(ii) [AIEEE 2010]
∴ a ≥ 1or a ∈[1, ∞) 23 17 23
(a) (b) 17 (c) (d)
118. If A(2 , - 3) and B( -2 , 1) are two vertices of a 15 15 17
triangle and third vertex moves on the line Exp. (d)
2 x + 3y = 9, then the locus of the centroid of
Since, the line L is passing through the point
the triangle is [AIEEE 2011]
(13, 32 ). Therefore,
(a) 2 x - 3y = 1 (b) x - y =1 13 32 32 8
(c) 2 x + 3y = 1 (d) 2 x + 3y = 3 + =1 ⇒ = - ⇒ b = -20
5 b b 5
Exp. (c) The line K is parallel to the line L, its equation must
be
The third vertex lies on 2 x + 3 y = 9 . x y x y
 x, 9 - 2 x  - = a or - =1
i .e.,   5 20 5 a 20a
 3 
x y
On comparing with + = 1, we get
A (2, –3) c 3
3
20a = - 3, c = 5 a = -
4
Hence, the distance between lines
-3
-1
9 – 2x
B (–2, 1) (
C x,
3 ) =
|a - 1|
1 1
= 20
17
=
23
17
+
∴ Locus of centroid is 25 400 400
260 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

121. The circle x 2 + y 2 = 4x + 8y + 5 intersects 124. Three distinct points A , B and C given in
the line 3x - 4y = m at two distinct points, if the 2-dimensional coordinate plane such
(a) - 85 < m < - 35 (b) - 35 < m < 15 that the ratio of the distance of any one of
(c) 15 < m < 65 (d) 35 < m < 85 them from the point (1, 0) to the distance
[AIEEE 2010] 1
Exp. (b) from the point ( - 1, 0) is equal to . Then,
3
Since, the coordinates of the centre of the circle the circumcentre of the ∆ABC is at the
are (2 , 4). point
Also, r 2 = 4 + 16 + 5 = 25 5 5
(a)  , 0 (b)  , 0
The line will intersect the circle at two distinct 4  2  [AIEEE 2009]
points, if the distance of (2 , 4) from 3 x - 4 y = m is 5
less than radius of the circle. (c)  , 0 (d) (0, 0)
3 
|6 - 16 - m|
∴ < 5 ⇒ - 25 < 10 + m < 25
5 Exp. (a)
∴ - 35 < m < 15 Let ( x, y) denotes the coordinates in A, B and C
plane.
122. The linesp (p 2 + 1) x - y + q = 0 Then,
( x - 1)2 + y2
=
1
2 2
and (p 2 + 1)2 x + (p 2 + 1) y + 2q = 0 ( x + 1) + y 9
are perpendicular to a common line for ⇒ 9 x2 + 9 y2 - 18 x + 9 = x2 + y2 + 2 x + 1
(a) exactly one value of p [AIEEE 2009] ⇒ 8 x2 + 8 y2 - 20 x + 8 = 0
(b) exactly two values of p 5
⇒ x 2 + y2 - x + 1 = 0
(c) more than two values of p 2
5
(d) no value of p Hence, A, B and C lie on a circle with C  , 0 .
4 
Exp. (a)
125. The ellipse x 2 + 4y 2 = 4 is inscribed in a
Lines perpendicular to same line are parallel to rectangle aligned with the coordinate axes,
each other.
which in turn is inscribed in another ellipse
∴ - p( p2 + 1) = p2 + 1 ⇒ p = - 1 that passes through the point (4, 0). Then,
Hence, there is exactly one value of p. the equation of the ellipse is [AIEEE 2009]
(a) x 2 + 12 y 2 = 16 (b) 4x 2 + 48y 2 = 48
123. If P and Q are the points of intersection of
(c) 4x 2 + 64y 2 = 48 (d) x 2 + 16y 2 = 16
the circles x 2 + y 2 + 3x + 7y + 2p - 5 = 0 and
x 2 + y 2 + 2 x + 2 y - p 2 = 0, then there is a Exp. (a)
circle passing through P ,Q and (1, 1) and Let the equation of the required ellipse be
(a) all values of p [AIEEE 2009] x2 y2
+ 2 = 1.
(b) all except one value of p 16 b
(c) all except two values of p But the ellipse passes through the point (2, 1).
(d) exactly one value of p 2
x2 + y = 1
Y 4 1
Exp. (c) A(2, 1)
Let S = x 2 + y2 + 3 x + 7 y + 2 p - 5 = 0 (0, 1)
2 2 2 X′ X
and S′ = x + y + 2 x + 2 y - p = 0 O (2, 0) (4, 0)
Equation of the required circle is S + λS ′ = 0.
As it passes through (1, 1), the value of
Y′
λ = - (7 + 2 p)/(6 - p2 )
1 1 1 3
⇒ + =1 ⇒ 2 =
Here, λ is not defined at p = ± 6 4 b2 b 4
Hence, it is true for all except two values of p.
Coordinate Geometry 261

4
∴ b2 = 128. The point diametrically opposite to the
3
point P(1, 0) on the circle
Hence, equation is
x 2 + y 2 + 2 x + 4y - 3 = 0 is [AIEEE 2008]
x2 3 y2
+ = 1 ⇒ x2 + 12 y2 = 16
16 4 (a) (3, 4) (b) (3, – 4)
(c) (– 3, 4) (d) (–3, – 4)
126. The perpendicular bisector of the line
segment joining P(1, 4) and Q (k , 3) has y Exp. (d)
intercept - 4. Then, a possible value of k is Given equation can be rewritten as
(a) – 4 (b) 1 [AIEEE 2008] ( x + 1)2 + ( y + 2 )2 = (2 2 )2
(c) 2 (d) – 2 Let required point be Q(α, β ).
Then, mid-point of P(1, 0) and Q(α, β ) is the centre
Exp. (a)
of the circle.
4-3 1 α+1
Since, slope of PQ = = i .e., = -1
1- k 1- k 2
Slope of AM = (k - 1) β+ 0
and = -2
A 2
⇒ α = -3
and β = -4
So, required point is (– 3, – 4).
P Q
(1, 4) (k, 3) 129. A focus of an ellipse is at the origin. The
M directrix is
the line x = 4 and the
k + 1, 7
2 2 1
eccentricity is , then the length of
∴ Equation of AM is 2
7  k + 1  semi-major axis is
y - = (k - 1) x -   5 8 [AIEEE 2008]
2   2  (a) (b)
3 3
For y intercept, x = 0, y = - 4 2 4
7 k + 1 15 k 2 - 1 (c) (d)
- 4 - = - (k - 1)   ⇒ = 3 3
2  2  2 2
⇒ k 2 - 1 = 15 ⇒ k 2 = 16 Exp. (b)
a 1
∴ k=±4 ! - ae = 4 and e =
e 2
a
127. A parabola has the origin as its focus and ∴ 2a - = 4
the line x = 2 as the directrix. Then, the 2
vertex of the parabola is at [AIEEE 2008] Y
(a) (2, 0) (b) (0, 2) (c) (1, 0) (d) (0, 1)

Exp. (c)
X′ X
Since, the vertex is the mid-point of the focus and
foot of the directrix vertex of the parabola at (1, 0).
Y
x=4
Y′
(1, 0) 3a
X′ X ⇒ =4
(0, 0) (2, 0) 2
8
⇒ a=
3
Y′ x=2
262 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

130. Consider a family of circles which are 132. The equation of a tangent to the parabola
passing through the point (–1, 1) and are y 2 = 8x is y = x + 2. The point on this line
tangent to X -axis. If (h , k ) are the from which the other tangent to the parabola
coordinates of the centre of the circles, is perpendicular to the given tangent is
then the set of values of k is given by the (a) (–1, 1) (b) (0, 2) [AIEEE 2007]
interval (c) (2, 4) (d) (–2, 0)
1 1 [AIEEE 2007]
(a) 0 < k < (b) k ≥
2 2 Exp. (d)
1 1 1 Since, perpendicular tangents intersect on the
(c) - ≤k ≤ (d) k ≤
2 2 2 directrix, then point must lie on the directrix
x = - 2.
Exp. (b) Hence, the required point is (– 2, 0).
Equation of circle which touches X-axis and
coordinates of centre are (h, k ), is 133. Let A (h , k ), B (1, 1)andC (2 , 1) be the vertices
2 2 2 of a right angled triangle with AC as its
( x - h) + ( y - k ) = k
hypotenuse. If the area of the triangle is 1,
Since it is passing through (–1, 1), then then the set of values which k can take is
(-1 - h)2 + (1 - k )2 = k 2 given by [AIEEE 2007]
⇒ h2 + 2 h - 2 k + 2 = 0 (a) {1, 3} (b) {0, 2}
For real circles, D≥ 0 (c) {–1, 3} (d) {–3, –2}
⇒ (2 )2 - 4(-2 k + 2 ) ≥ 0 Exp. (c)
1
∴ k≥ Since,A(h, k ), B(1, 1) and C(2 , 1) are the vertices of a
2 right angled ∆ABC.
x2 y2
131. For the hyperbola = 1, - Y
cos 2 α sin 2 α
A (h, k)
which of the following remains constant
when α varies? [AIEEE 2007]
(a) Eccentricity
(b) Directrix
(c) Abscissae of vertices
(d) Abscissae of foci B (1, 1) C (2, 1)
X
O
Exp. (d)
The given equation of hyperbola is
x2 y2 Now, AB = (1 - h)2 + (1 - k )2
- =1
cos α sin2 α
2
BC = (2 - 1)2 + (1 - 1)2
2 2
Here, a = cos α =1
and b 2 = sin2 α and CA = (h - 2 )2 + (k - 1)2
b2 From Pythagoras theorem,
Now, e = 1+
a2 AC 2 = AB2 + BC 2
sin2 α ⇒ 4 + h2 - 4 h + k 2 + 1 - 2 k
⇒ e = 1+ = 1 + tan2 α
cos 2 α = h2 + 1 - 2 h + k 2 + 1 - 2 k + 1
⇒ e = sec α ⇒ 5 - 4h = 3 - 2 h
Coordinates of foci are (± ae, 0) i.e., (±1, 0). ∴ h=1 …(i)
Hence, abscissae of foci remains constant when α Now, given that area of triangle is 1.
varies.
Coordinate Geometry 263

1
Then, area (∆ABC ) = × AB × BC 135. If one of the line of my 2 + (1 - m 2 )
2
xy - mx 2 = 0 is a bisector of the angle
1
⇒ 1 = × (1 - h)2 + (1 - k )2 × 1 between the lines xy = 0, then m is
2 1
(a) - (b) –2 [AIEEE 2007]
⇒ 2 = (1 - h)2 + (1 - k )2 …(ii) 2
(c) ±1 (d) 2
⇒ 2 = (k - 1)2 [from Eq. (i)]

⇒ 4 = k2 + 1 - 2 k
Exp. (c)
Equation of bisectors of line xy = 0 are
⇒ k2 - 2 k - 3 = 0 y = ± x.
⇒ (k - 3)(k + 1) = 0 Put y = ± x in my2 + (1 - m2 )xy - mx2 = 0, we get
∴ k = - 1, 3 mx2 ± (1 - m2 )x2 - mx2 = 0
Thus, the set of values of k is {–1, 3}.
⇒ (1 - m2 )x2 = 0
134. Let P = ( -1, 0),Q = (0, 0)and R = ( 3 , 3 3 ) be ∴ m= ±1
three points. The equation of the bisector
of the ∠PQR is [AIEEE 2007] 136. In an ellipse, the distances between its foci
3 is 6 and minor axis is 8. Then, its
(a) 3x + y = 0 (b) x + y =0 eccentricity is [AIEEE 2007]
2
1 4 1 3
3 (a) (b) (c) (d)
(c) x + y =0 (d) x + 3y = 0 2 5 5 5
2

Exp. (a) Exp. (d)

Given that, 2 ae = 6 and 2 b = 8
3 3-0
Now, slope of QR = = 3 = tan θ
3-0 ⇒ ae = 3 and b=4
Y ae 3 b 2 16e 2
⇒ = ⇒ =
b 4 a2 9
R (3, 3√3)
M We know that,
b2 2 16e 2
= 1 - e ⇒ = 1 - e2
π/3 a2 9
X′ X
⇒  16 + 9  e 2 = 1 ⇒ e2 =
9
P (0, 0)Q  
2π/3  9  25
(–1, 0)
3
∴ e=
5
Y′
π
137. The locus of the vertices of the family of
⇒ θ= a 3x 2 a 2x
3 parabolas y = + - 2 a is
2π 3 2
The angle between PQR is , so the line QM [AIEEE 2006]
3
2π 3 35
makes an angle from positive direction of (a) xy = (b) xy =
3 4 16
X-axis. 64 105
(c) xy = (d) xy =
2π 105 64
Slope of the line QM = tan =- 3
3
Exp. (d)
Hence, equation of line QM is y = - 3 x
The given equation of parabola is
or 3x + y = 0
a3 x 2 a2 x
y= + - 2a
3 2
264 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

a3  2 3 
⇒ y + 2a = x + x 139. If (a , a 2 ) falls inside the angle made by the
3  2a 
x
a3  2 3 9 9  lines y = , x > 0 and y = 3x , x > 0, then a
⇒ y + 2a = x + x+ -  2
3  2a 16 a 2
16 a2  belongs to [AIEEE 2006]
a3  3 9 a3 (a) ( 3 , ∞ )
1
(b)  , 3
⇒ y + 2a = x+  - ×
3  4 a  16 a2 3 2 
1 1
3 a a3  3
2
(c)  -3 , -  (d)  0 , 
⇒ y + 2a + = x+   2  2
16 3  4a
3 2 Exp. (b)
⇒  y + 35 a  = a  x + 3 
    The graph of equations x - 2 y = 0 and 3 x - y = 0
 16  3  4a
is as shown in the figure. Since, given point (a, a2 )
 3 35 a 
Thus, the vertices of parabola is  - , - ⋅ lies in the shaded region.
 4a 16  a
Then, a2 - > 0 and a2 - 3 a < 0
3 35 a 2
Let h = - and k = -
4a 16 ⇒ a(2 a - 1) > 0 and a (a - 3) < 0
105
Now, hk =
64 + – + + – +
Thus, the locus of vertices of a parabola is 0 1/2 0 3
105
xy = 1
64 ⇒ a ∈ (- ∞, 0) ∪  , ∞ 
2 
138. A straight line through the point A( 3 , 4) is and 0< a< 3
such that its intercept between the axes is Y
bisected at A. Its equation is [AIEEE 2006]
y = 3x
(a) 3x - 4y + 7 = 0 (b) 4x + 3y = 24
(c) 3x + 4y = 25 (d) x + y = 7
x
y=
Exp. (b) 2
Since, A is the mid-point of line PQ. X′ X
O
Y
Y′
P (0, b)
1
i .e., a ∈(0,3) ⇒ a ∈  , 3
2 
A (3, 4)
140. If the lines 3x - 4y - 7 = 0 and2 x - 3y - 5 = 0
are two diameters of a circle of area 49π sq
X′ X units, then the equation of the circle is
O Q
(a, 0) (a) x 2 + y 2 + 2 x - 2 y - 62 = 0 [AIEEE 2006]
Y′ (b) x 2 + y 2 - 2 x + 2 y - 62 = 0

∴ 3=
a+ 0
⇒ a=6 (c) x 2 + y 2 - 2 x + 2 y - 47 = 0
2 (d) x 2 + y 2 + 2 x - 2 y - 47 = 0
0+ b
and 4 = ⇒ b=8
2 Exp. (c)
Hence, the equation of line is The given equations of diameters are
x y
+ = 1 or 4 x + 3 y = 24 3x - 4y - 7 = 0 …(i)
6 8
and 2 x - 3y - 5 = 0 …(ii)
Coordinate Geometry 265

On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

142. Let P be the point (1, 0) andQ be the point
x = 1 and y = - 1
on y 2 = 8x . The locus of mid-point ofPQ is
So, the intersection of two diameters is the centre
of circle, is (1, –1). (a) x 2 - 4y + 2 = 0 (b) x 2 + 4y + 2 = 0
2
Let r be the radius of circle, then (c) y + 4x + 2 = 0 (d) y 2 - 4x + 2 = 0
Area of circle = 49 π [AIEEE 2005]
⇒ πr 2 = 49 π ⇒ r = 7 units
Exp. (d)
∴ Equation of required circle is
Since, the coordinates of P are (1, 0).
( x - 1)2 + ( y + 1)2 = 49
Let any point Q on y2 = 8 x be (2 t 2 , 4t ).
⇒ x2 - 2 x + 1 + y2 + 2 y + 1 = 49
Again, let mid-point of PQ is (h, k ), so
⇒ x2 + y2 - 2 x + 2 y - 47 = 0
2t 2 + 1
h= ⇒ 2 h = 2t 2 + 1 …(i)
2
141. Let C be the circle with centre (0, 0) and 4t + 0 k
radius 3 units. The equation of the locus of and k = ⇒ t = …(ii)
2 2
the mid-points of the chords of the circleC
2π On putting the value of t from Eq. (ii) in Eq. (i), we
that subtend an angle of at its centre, is get
3
2 k2
[AIEEE 2006] 2h = + 1 ⇒ 4 h = k2 + 2
2 2 2 27
2 4
(a) x + y = 1 (b) x + y =
4 Hence, locus of (h, k ) is y2 - 4 x + 2 = 0.
2 92 3
(c) x + y = (d) x 2 + y 2 =
4 2 143. Area of the greatest rectangle that can be
x2 y2
Exp. (c) inscribed in the ellipse + = 1 is
a2 b2
Let the coordinates of a point P be (h, k ) which is a
mid-point of the chord AB. (a) sq unit (b) ab sq unit
b
Now, OP = (h - 0)2 + (k - 0)2 (c) ab sq unit (d) 2ab sq unit
2 2
[AIEEE 2005]
= h + k
Exp. (d)
Let the coordinates of the vertices of rectangle
ABCD be
A(a cos θ, b sin θ), B(- a cos θ, b sin θ),
O (0, 0)
C(- a cos θ, - b sin θ) and D(a cos θ, - b sin θ)
3 Then length of rectangle, AB = 2 a cos θ
π/3 π/3
and breadth of rectangle, AD = 2 b sin θ
A P (h, k) B ∴ Area of rectangle, A = AB × AD
= 2 a cos θ × 2 b sin θ

π OP ⇒ A = 2 ab sin 2 θ …(i)
In ∆AOP, cos = Y
3 OA
(– a cos θ, b sin θ)
1 h2 + k 2 A (a cos θ, b sin θ)
⇒ = B
2 3
9 X′ X
⇒ h2 + k 2 = O
4
Hence, the required locus is C D (a cos θ, – b sin θ)
(– a cos θ, – b sin θ)
9
x 2 + y2 =
4 Y′
266 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

On differentiating Eq. (i) w.r.t. θ, we get The negative sign shows that the line is below
dA 3
= 2 × 2 ab cos 2 θ X-axis at a distance from it.
dθ 2
dA Alternate Solution
For maxima or minima, put =0
dθ Equation of given lines are
⇒ 4ab cos 2 θ = 0 ax + 2 by + 3 b = 0 …(i)
π and bx - 2 ay - 3 a = 0 …(ii)
⇒ 2θ =
2 On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get the point of
π intersection is
∴ θ=
4 3
x = 0, y = -
d2A 2
Now, = - 8 ab sin 2 θ
dθ2 Also, required line is parallel to X-axis.
d2 A ∴ m= 0
π
At θ = ,  2  < 0 ∴ Equation of line which is passing through
4  dθ 
 0, - 3  having slope m = 0 is
π  
∴ Area is maximum at θ = .  2
4
⇒ Maximum area of rectangle = 2 ab sq units  y + 3  = 0( x - 0)
 
 2
[from Eq. (i)]
Alternate Solution 3
⇒ y=-
From Eq. (i), 2
Area of rectangle, A = 2 ab sin 2 θ Thus, the required line is below X-axis at a
3
∴ A is maximum when sin 2 θ = 1 distance from X-axis.
2
⇒ Maximum area of rectangle = 2 ab sq units

144. The line parallel to the X -axis and passing 145. If non-zero numbers a ,b and c are in HP,
x y 1
through the intersection of the lines then the straight line + + = 0 always
a x + 2by + 3b = 0 and bx - 2 ay - 3a = 0, a b c
passes through a fixed point. That point is
where (a ,b ) ≠ (0, 0) is [AIEEE 2005]
1
(a) above the X-axis at a distance of (2/3) from it (a) 1, -  (b) (1, –2) [AIEEE 2005]
 2
(b) above the X-axis at a distance of (3/2) from it
(c) below the X-axis at a distance of (2/3) from it (c) (–1, –2) (d) (–1, 2)
(d) below the X-axis at a distance of (3/2) from it
Exp. (b)
Exp. (d) 1 1 1
Since, a, b and c are in HP. Then , and are in
Equation of a line passing through the intersection a b c
of lines ax + 2 by + 3b = 0 and bx - 2 a y - 3 a = 0 AP.
is 2 1 1 1 2 1
∴ = + ⇒ - + =0
(ax + 2 by + 3 b ) + λ(bx - 2 ay - 3 a) = 0 …(i) b a c a b c
Now, this line is parallel to X-axis, so coefficient of x y 1
Hence, straight line + + = 0 is always
x should be zero. a b c
a passes through a fixed point (1, – 2).
i.e., a + λb = 0 ⇒ λ = -
b
On putting this value in Eq. (i), we get 146. If a vertex of a triangle is (1, 1) and the
b(ax + 2 by + 3 b) - a(bx - 2 ay - 3 a) = 0 mid-points of two sides through this vertex
⇒ 2 2 2
2 b y + 3 b + 2 a y + 3a 2
=0 are (–1, 2) and (3, 2), then the centroid of
the triangle is [AIEEE 2005]
⇒ 2 (b 2 + a2 ) y + 3(b 2 + a2 ) = 0
1 7 7 1 7 7
3 (a)  ,  (b) 1,  (c)  - ,  (d)  -1, 
∴ y=-  3 3  3  3 3  3
2
Coordinate Geometry 267

Exp. (b) On comparing it with 5 x + by - a = 0, we get

Let D and E be the mid-points of AB and AC. The 5a c - d a + 1
= =
coordinates of B are 5 b -a
1 + x2 ⇒ a ( - a) = a + 1
-1 =
2 ⇒ a2 + a + 1 = 0
1 + y2
and 2= which gives no real value of a.
2
i.e., x2 = - 3 Hence, the line will passes through P and Q for no
value of a.
and y2 = 3
and coordinates of C are 148. A circle touches the X -axis and also
3=
1 + x3 touches the circle with centre at (0, 3) and
2 radius 2. The locus of the centre of the
and 2=
1 + y3 circle is [AIEEE 2005]
2 (a) a parabola (b) a hyperbola
i.e., x3 = 5 and y3 = 3 (c) a circle (d) an ellipse
A (1, 1) Exp. (a)
Since, circle touches the X-axis and also touches
circle with the centre at (0, 3) and radius 2, then
E (3, 2)
(–1, 2) D C1C 2 = r1 + r2
∴ h2 + (k - 3)2 = (|k| + 2 )2

B (–3, 3)
C (5, 3) h2 + k 2 + 9 - 6 k = k 2 + 4 + 4|k|
Y
∴ Centroid of triangle
x + x2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y3  (0,3)
=  1 , 
 3 3  C1 2
 1 - 3 + 5 1 + 3 + 3  7 
= ,  =  1, 
 3 3   3 (h, k)
C2 |k|
147. If the circles x 2 + y 2 + 2 a x + cy + a = 0 and X′
O
X
2 2
x + y - 3a x + dy - 1 = 0 intersect in two
Y′
distinct points P and Q , then the line
5x + by - a = 0 passes through P and Q for ∴ Locus of centre of circle is
(a) exactly two values of a [AIEEE 2005] x2 = - 5 + 6 y + 4| y|
(b) infinitely many values of a ⇒ x2 = 10 y - 5 [! y > 0]
(c) no value of a
This equation represents a parabola. Thus, locus
(d) exactly one value of a
of the centre of the circle is a parabola.
Exp. (c)
149. If a circle passes through the point (a ,b )
Let equation of circles be
S1 ≡ x2 + y2 + 2 a x + c y + a = 0
and cuts the circle x2 + y 2 = p2
and S 2 ≡ x2 + y2 - 3 a x + dy - 1 = 0 orthogonally, then the equation of the
locus of its centre is
Chord through intersection points P and Q of the (a) 2 ax + 2 by - (a 2 + b 2 + p 2 ) = 0
given circles is S1 - S 2 = 0. [AIEEE 2005]
∴ ( x2 + y2 + 2 ax + cy + a) (b) x 2 + y 2 - 2 ax - 3 by + (a 2 - b 2 - p 2 ) = 0
(c) 2 ax + 2 by - (a 2 - b 2 + p 2 ) = 0
- ( x2 + y2 - 3 a x + dy - 1) = 0
(d) x 2 + y 2 - 3ax - 4 by + (a 2 + b 2 - p 2 ) = 0
⇒ 5 a x + (c - d )y + a + 1 = 0
268 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Exp. (a) Alternate Solution

Let the equation of circle be Since, F and F ′ are foci of an ellipse, whose
x2 + y2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0. It cuts the circle coordinates are (ae, 0) and (- ae, 0) respectively
and coordiantes of B are (0, b ).
x2 + y2 = p2 orthogonally. b
∴ Slope of BF =
! 2 g1g 2 + 2 f1f2 = c1 + c 2 - ae
∴ 2 g (0) + 2 f(0) = c - p2 b
and slope of BF ′ =
⇒ c = p2 ae
Also, it passes through (a, b ). ! ∠FBF ′ = 90°
∴ a2 + b 2 + 2 ga + 2 fb + p2 = 0 b  b
∴ - ⋅   = -1
So, locus of (- g , - f ) is ae  ae 
a2 + b 2 - 2 a x - 2 by + p2 = 0
⇒ b 2 = a2e 2
⇒ 2 a x + 2 by - (a2 + b 2 + p2 ) = 0 b2 a2e 2
∴ e2 = 1 - 2 = 1 - 2
a a
150. An ellipse has OB as semi-minor axis, 2 1
F and F ′ its foci and the ∠FBF is a right ⇒ 2e = 1 ∴ e =
2
angle. Then, the eccentricity of the ellipse
is [AIEEE 2005] 151. The locus of a point P(α , β ) moving under
1 1
(a) (b) the condition that the line y = α x + β is a
3 4 x2 y 2
1 1 tangent to the hyperbola 2 - 2 = 1 , is
(c) (d) a b
2 2 [AIEEE 2005]

Exp. (d) (a) a hyperbola (b) a parabola

(c) a circle (d) an ellipse
Since, ∠FBF ′ = 90°, then
∠OBF ′ = 45° Exp. (a)
and ∠BF ′O = 45°
Since, the line y = αx + β is tangent to the
Y
x2 y2
hyperbola - = 1.
B(0, b) a 2
b2
45° ∴ β 2 = a2α 2 - b 2. .
X′ X So, locus of (α, β ) is
F' O F A(a, 0)
(–ae,0) (ae,0)
y2 = a 2 x 2 - b 2
⇒ a 2 x 2 - y2 - b 2 = 0
Y′ Since, this equation represents a hyperbola, so
locus of a point P(α, β ) is a hyperbola.
⇒ ae = b
[since, ∆BOF′ is an isosceles triangle] 152. If the pair of lines ax 2 + 2 (a + b )xy + by 2 = 0
b2 lie along diameters of a circle and divide
and e2 = 1 - 2
a the circle into four sectors such that the
2 2
⇒
a
e2 = 1 - 2
e area of one of the sectors is thrice the area
a of another sector, then
⇒ e2 = 1 - e2 (a) 3a 2 + 2ab + 3 b 2 = 0 [AIEEE 2005]
⇒ 2e2 = 1 (b) 3a 2 + 10ab + 3 b 2 = 0
1 (c) 3a 2 - 2ab + 3 b 2 = 0
∴ e= [since, e cannot be negative]
2 (d) 3a 2 - 10ab + 3 b 2 = 0
Coordinate Geometry 269

Exp. (a) 154. The equation of the straight line passing

Given equation of pair of lines is through the point (4, 3) and making
ax2 + 2 (a + b ) xy + by2 = 0 intercepts on the coordinate axes whose
Here, H = a + b, A = a, B = b sum is –1, is [AIEEE 2004]
π x y x y
Since, 4θ = π ⇒ θ = (a) + = - 1 and + = -1
4 2 3 -2 1
x y x y
(b) - = - 1 and + = -1
2 3 -2 1
3θ x y x y
(c) + = 1 and + =1
2 3 -2 1
θ x y x y
O (d) - = 1 and + =1
(0, 0) 2 3 -2 1

Exp. (d)
Angle between lines is given by Let the intercepts on the coordinate axes be
2 a and b.
2 H - AB
tan θ = Y
A+ B
π 2 (a + b )2 - ab
⇒ tan = 1=
4 a+ b b
⇒ a2 + b 2 + 2 ab = 4(a2 + b 2 + ab)
⇒ 3 a2 + 3 b 2 + 2 ab = 0 X′ X
O a

153. Let A (2 , - 3)and B ( -2 , 1) be the vertices of a Y′

∆ABC . If the centroid of this triangle moves According to the given condition,
on the line 2 x + 3y = 1,then the locus of the a + b = - 1 ⇒ b = - a - 1 = - (a + 1)
vertexC is the line [AIEEE 2004] x y
Let equation of line be + = 1.
(a) 2 x + 3y = 9 a b
(b) 2 x - 3y = 7 x y
⇒ - =1 … (i)
(c) 3x + 2 y = 5 a a+1
(d) 3x - 2 y = 3
Since, this line passes through a point (4, 3).
Exp. (a) 4 3 4a + 4 - 3a
∴ - =1 ⇒ =1
a a+1 a(a + 1)
Let ( x, y) be the coordinates of vertex C and ( x1, y1 )
be the coordinates of centroid of the triangle. ⇒ a + 4 = a2 + a ⇒ a2 = 4
x+ 2 -2 y-3+1
∴ x1 = and y1 = ∴ a=±2
3 3 On putting the values of a in Eq. (i), we get
x y-2 x y x y
⇒ x1 = and y1 = … (i) - = 1 and + =1
3 3 2 3 -2 1
Since, the centroid lies on the line 2 x + 3 y = 1.
So, point ( x1, y1 ) satisfied the equation of line. 155. If the sum of the slopes of the lines given by
∴ 2 x1 + 3 y1 = 1 x 2 - 2 cxy - 7y 2 = 0 is four times their
product, then c has the value [AIEEE 2004]
2 x 3( y - 2 )
⇒ + =1 [from Eq. (i)] (a) 1 (b) –1
3 3
(c) 2 (d) –2
⇒ 2 x + 3y - 6 = 3
⇒ 2 x + 3y = 9 Exp. (c)
Hence, this is the required equation of locus of the The given pair of lines is x2 - 2cxy - 7 y2 = 0.
vertex C.
270 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

On comparing the standard equation Since, it passes through the point (a, b ).
ax2 + 2 hxy + by2 = 0, we get ∴ a2 + b 2 + 2 ag + 2 f b + 4 = 0
a = 1, 2 h = - 2 c, b = - 7
Locus of centre (- g , - f ) will be
2h 2c
Now, m1 + m2 = - =-
b 7 a2 + b 2 - 2 xa - 2 yb + 4 = 0
a 1 ⇒ 2 ax + 2 by - (a2 + b 2 + 4) = 0
and m1m2 = = -
b 7
Alternate Solution
According to the given condition,
Let the centre of required circle be (- g , - f ). This
m1 + m2 = 4m1m2
circle cuts the circle x2 + y2 = 4 orthogonally. The
2c 4
∴ - =- ⇒ c =2 centre and radius of circle x2 + y2 = 4 are (0, 0)
7 7
and 2, respectively.
156. If one of the lines given by ∴ g 2 + f 2 = 4 + (a + g )2 + (b + f )2
6x - xy + 4cy 2 = 0 is 3x + 4y = 0, then c is
2
⇒ g 2 + f 2 = 4 + a2 + g 2 + 2 ag
equal to [AIEEE 2004]
+ 2 bf + b 2 + f 2
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 3 (d) –3 2 2
⇒ 4 + a + b + 2 ag + 2 bf = 0
Exp. (d) Hence, the locus of centre is
Since, one of the two lines is 3 x + 4 y = 0. Then, 2 ax + 2 by - (a2 + b 2 + 4) = 0
3x
y=- will satisfy the equation
4 158. A variable circle passes through the fixed
6 x2 - xy + 4cy2 = 0 point A (p , q )and touches X -axis. The locus
3x 3x
2 of the other end of the diameter through A
∴ 6 x2 - x  -  + 4c  -  = 0 is
 4  4
(a) ( x - p )2 = 4qy (b) ( x - q )2 = 4py
3 x2 9 x2
⇒ 6 x2 + + 4c ⋅ =0 2
(c) ( y - p ) = 4qx (d) ( y - q )2 = 4px
4 16
[AIEEE 2004]
⇒ x2 (27 + 9c ) = 0
∴ c = -3 Exp. (a)
Since, the coordinates of one end of a diameter of
157. If a circle passes through the point (a ,b ) a circle A are ( p, q ) and let the coordinates of other
and cuts the circle x 2 + y 2 = 4 orthogonally, end B be ( x1, y1 ).
then the locus of its centre is [AIEEE 2004] Equation of circle in diameter form is
(a) 2 ax + 2 by + (a 2 + b 2 + 4) = 0 ( x - p)( x - x1 ) + ( y - q )( y - y1 ) = 0
⇒ x2 - ( p + x1 )x + px1 + y2
(b) 2 ax + 2 by - (a 2 + b 2 + 4) = 0
(c) 2 ax - 2 by + (a 2 + b 2 + 4) = 0 - (q + y1 )y + q y1 = 0
2 2 ⇒ x2 - ( p + x1 )x + y2
(d) 2 ax - 2 by - (a + b + 4) = 0
- ( y1 + q )y + px1 + q y1 = 0
Exp. (b) Since, this circle touches X-axis.
Let the equation of circle be i.e., y=0
x2 + y2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 ∴ x2 - ( p + x1 ) x + px1 + q y1 = 0
It cuts the circle x2 + y2 = 4 orthogonally, if Also, the discriminant of above equation will be
2 g1g 2 + 2 f1f2 = c1 + c 2 ( p + x1 )2 = 4( px1 + q y1 )
∴ 2 g ⋅ 0 + 2f ⋅ 0 = c - 4 ⇒ p2 + x12 + 2 px1 = 4 px1 + 4q y1
⇒ c=4
∴ Equation of circle is ⇒ x12 - 2 px1 + p2 = 4q y1
x2 + y2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + 4 = 0 Hence, locus of point B is ( x - p)2 = 4q y.
Coordinate Geometry 271

159. If the lines 2 x + 3y + 1 = 0 and 3x - y - 4 = 0 161. Ifa ≠ 0 and the line2bx + 3cy + 4d = 0 passes
through the points of intersection of the
lie along diameters of a circle of parabolas y 2 = 4ax and x 2 = 4ay , then
circumference 10π, then the equation of (a) d 2 + ( 2 b + 3c )2 = 0 (b) d 2 + ( 3 b + 2 c )2 = 0
the circle is
(c) d 2 + ( 2 b - 3c )2 = 0 (d) d 2 + ( 3 b - 2 c )2 = 0
(a) x 2 + y 2 - 2 x + 2 y - 23 = 0 [AIEEE 2004]
[AIEEE 2004]
(b) x 2 + y 2 - 2 x - 2 y - 23 = 0
Exp. (a)
(c) x 2 + y 2 + 2 x + 2 y - 23 = 0
Given, equation of parabolas are
(d) x 2 + y 2 + 2 x - 2 y - 23 = 0
y2 = 4 ax and x2 = 4 ay
Exp. (a) The point of intersection of parabolas are
A(0, 0) and B(4 a, 4 a).
Given lines 2 x + 3 y + 1 = 0 and 3 x - y - 4 = 0 are
the diameters of circle. Also, given line 2 bx + 3cy + 4d = 0 passes
through the points A and B, respectively.
The intersection of two lines is the centre of circle
(1, –1). ∴ d=0 …(i)
Circumference of circle = 10π [given] and 2 b ⋅ 4 a + 3c ⋅ 4 a + 4d = 0
⇒ 2 πr = 10 π ⇒ 2 ab + 3 ac + d = 0
⇒ a( 2 b + 3c ) = 0 [!d = 0]
⇒ r=5
⇒ 2 b + 3c = 0 …(ii)
∴ Equation of circle having centre (1, –1) and
radius 5 is On squaring and adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
( x - 1)2 + ( y + 1)2 = 52 d 2 + ( 2 b + 3c )2 = 0
⇒ x2 + 1 - 2 x + y2 + 2 y + 1 = 25 162. The eccentricity of an ellipse with its centre
⇒ x2 + y2 - 2 x + 2 y - 23 = 0 1
at the origin, is .If one of the directrices is
2
160. The intercept on the line y = x by the circle x = 4, then the equation of the ellipse is
x 2 + y 2 - 2 x = 0 is AB. Equation of the circle (a) 3x 2 + 4y 2 = 1 (b) 3x 2 + 4y 2 = 12
2 2
on AB as a diameter is [AIEEE 2004] (c) 4x + 3y = 12 (d) 4x 2 + 3y 2 = 1
(a) x 2 + y 2 - x - y = 0 (b) x 2 + y 2 - x + y = 0 [AIEEE 2004]
2 2
(c) x + y + x + y = 0 2 2
(d) x + y + x - y = 0
Exp. (b)
Since, equation of directrix is x = 4, then major axis
Exp. (a) of an ellipse is along X-axis.
a 1 !e = 1 
Given, equation of line is y = x. …(i) ∴ =4 ⇒ a=4×
e 2  2 
And equation of circle is ⇒ a=2
x 2 + y2 - 2 x = 0 …(ii) Now, b 2 = a2 (1 - e 2 )
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 1 3
∴ b 2 = 4  1 -  = 4 × ⇒ b 2 = 3
x2 + x2 - 2 x = 0 ⇒ 2 x( x - 1) = 0  4 4
⇒ x = 0, x = 1 Hence, equation of ellipse is
On putting the values of x in Eq. (i) respectively, we x2 y2
+ = 1 or 3 x2 + 4 y2 = 12
get 4 3
y = 0, y = 1 163. If x1 , x 2 , x 3 and y1 , y 2 , y 3 are both in GP with
Let coordinates of A be (0, 0) and coordinates of B the same common ratio, then the points
be (1, 1). ( x1 , y1 ),( x 2 , y 2 )and ( x 3 , y 3 ) [AIEEE 2003]
∴ Equation of circle when AB as a diameter, is
(a) lie on a straight line
( x - 0)( x - 1) + ( y - 0)( y - 1) = 0 (b) lie on an ellipse
⇒ x 2 - x + y2 - y = 0 (c) lie on a circle
⇒ x 2 + y2 - x - y = 0 (d) are vertices of a triangle
272 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Exp. (a) Exp. (a)

Since, x1, x2 , x3 and y1, y2 , y3 are in GP. Let P(α, β ) be the point which is equidistant from
Then, x2 = rx1, x3 = r 2 x1 A(a1, b1 ) and B(a2 , b2 ).
∴ PA = PB
and y2 = ry1, y3 = r 2 y1,
⇒ (α - a1 )2 + ( β - b1 )2 = (α - a2 )2 + ( β - b2 )2
where, r is a common ratio.
⇒ α 2 + a12 - 2 α a1 + β 2 + b12 - 2 βb1
The points become ( x1, y1 ), (r x1, r y1 ) and
(r 2 x1, r 2 y1 ). = α 2 + a22 - 2 αa2 + β 2 + b22 - 2 βb2

x1 y1 1 x1 y1 1 ⇒ 2 (a2 - a1 )α + 2 (b2 - b1 )β
+ (a12 + b12 - a22 - b22 ) = 0
Now, x2 y2 1 = rx1 ry1 1
x3 y3 1 r 2 x1 r 2 y1 1 Thus, the equation of locus (α, β ) is
1
Taking x1 common from C1 and y1 from C 2 (a2 - a1 )x + (b2 - b1 )y + (a12 + b12 - a22 - b22 ) = 0
2
1 1 1 But the given equation is
= x1 y1 r r 1 = x1 y1(0) = 0 (a2 - a1 ) x + (b2 - b1 ) y - c = 0
r2 r2 1 ∴ c=-
1 2
(a1 + b12 - a22 - b22 )
[since, two columns are identical] 2
1 2
Hence, these points lie on a straight line. = (a2 + b22 - a12 - b12 )
2
Alternate Solution
Let x1 = a
⇒ x2 = ar and x3 = ar 2 and y1 = b
165. Locus of centroid of the triangle whose
vertices are
⇒ y2 = br and y3 = br 2
(a cos t , a sin t ),(b sin t , - b cos t ) and (1, 0),
where, r is a common ratio. wheret is a parameter, is
The given points will be A(a, b ), B(ar, br ) and [AIEEE 2003]
C(ar 2 , br 2 ). 2 2 2
(a) ( 3x - 1 ) + ( 3y ) = a - b 2

b(r - 1) b (b) ( 3x - 1 )2 + ( 3y )2 = a 2 + b 2
Now, slope of AB = =
a(r - 1) a
(c) ( 3x + 1 )2 + ( 3y )2 = a 2 + b 2
b(r 2 - r )
b
and slope of BC = 2
= (d) ( 3x + 1 )2 + ( 3y )2 = a 2 - b 2
a(r - r ) a
∴ Slope of AB = Slope of BC ⇒ AB|| BC Exp. (b)
But B is a common point. Since, the triangle, whose vertices are
So, A , B and C are collinear. (a cos t , a sin t ), (b sin t , - b cos t ) and (1, 0).
i.e., the points ( x1, y1 ), ( x2 , y2 ) and ( x3 , y3 ) lie on a Let the coordinates of centroid be
straight line. a cos t + b sin t + 1
x=
3
164. If the equation of the locus of a point
equidistant from the points ⇒ 3 x - 1 = a cos t + b sin t …(i)
(a1 ,b1 )and (a 2 ,b 2 ) is a sin t - b cos t + 0
and y=
(a1 - a 2 )x + (b1 - b 2 )y + c = 0, then the value 3
of c is [AIEEE 2003] ⇒ 3y = a sin t - b cos t …(ii)
1
(a) (a 22 + b22 - a12 - b12 ) On squaring and adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
2
(3 x - 1)2 + (3 y)2
(b) a12 - a 22 + b12 - b22
1 = a2 (cos 2 t + sin2 t ) + b 2 (sin2 t + cos 2 t )
(c) (a12 + a 22 + b12 + b22 )
2 ⇒ (3 x - 1)2 + (3 y)2 = a2 + b 2
(d) a12 + b12 - a 22 - b22 [!sin2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1]
Coordinate Geometry 273

166. If the pair of straight lines x 2 - 2pxy - y 2 = 0 Exp. (d)

and x 2 - 2qxy - y 2 = 0 be such that each Since, line OA makes an angle α with X-axis and
given OA = a, then coordinates of A are
pair bisects the angle between the other
(a cos α, a sin α ).
pair, then [AIEEE 2003]
(a) p = q Also, OB ⊥ OA, then OB makes an angle (90°+ α )
(b) p = - q with X-axis, then coordinates of B are
[a cos (90°+ α ), a sin (90°+ α )].
(c) pq =1
i.e., (- a sin α, a cos α )
(d) pq = -1
Equation of the diagonal AB not passing through
Exp. (d) the origin is
acos α - asin α
The given equation is ( y - a sin α ) = ( x - acos α )
- a sin α - a cos α
x2 - 2 pxy - y2 = 0
⇒ (sin α + cos α )( y - asin α )
On comparing with standard equation = (sin α - cos α )( x - acos α )
ax2 + 2 h x y + by2 = 0 ⇒ y(sin α + cos α ) + x(cos α - sin α )
we get a = 1, = a sin α(sin α + cos α ) - acos α(sin α - cos α )
b = - 1, = a(sin2 α + sin α cos α - cos α sin α + cos 2 α )
h=- p ∴ y(sin α + cos α ) + x(cos α - sin α ) = a
Equation of the bisector of angles is
x 2 - y2 xy
=
a-b h [a cos (90° + α),
2 2 a sin (90° + α)] B A (a cos α, a sin α)
x - y xy
∴ =
1+ 1 -p 90°
2 xy α
⇒ x 2 - y2 = - O
p
2 2 xy 2
⇒ x + - y =0 …(i)
p 168. If the two circles ( x - 1)2 + ( y - 3)2 = r 2 and
But given bisector equation of angles is x 2 + y 2 - 8x + 2 y + 8 = 0 intersect in two
x2 - 2 qxy - y2 = 0 …(ii) distinct points, then [AIEEE 2003]
(a) 2 < r < 8 (b) r < 2 (c) r = 2 (d) r > 2
On comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
2 Exp. (a)
= - 2 q ⇒ pq = - 1
p The equation of first circle
( x - 1)2 + ( y - 3)2 = r 2
167. A square of side a lies above the X -axis and
whose centre is C1(1, 3) and radius r1 = r .
has one vertex at the origin. The side
and equation of second circle
passing through the origin makes an angle
 π x 2 + y2 - 8 x + 2 y + 8 = 0
α 0 < α <  with the positive direction of
 4 whose centre is C 2 (4, - 1) and radius
X -axis. The equation of its diagonal not r2 = 42 + 12 - 8 = 17 - 8 = 9=3
passing through the origin is [AIEEE 2003] Two circles intersect in two distinct points, then
(a) y (cos α - sin α ) - x (sin α - cos α ) = a r1 - r2 < C1C 2 < r1 + r2
(b) y (cos α + sin α ) + x (sin α - cos α ) = a
⇒ r - 3 < (4 - 1)2 + (-1 - 3)2 < r + 3
(c) y (cosα + sin α ) + x (sin α + cos α ) = a
⇒ r - 3< 9 + 16 < r + 3
(d) y (cosα + sin α ) + x (cosα - sin α ) = a
⇒ r - 3< 5< r + 3
274 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

⇒ r - 3 < 5 and 5 < r + 3 x2 y 2

⇒ r < 8 and 2 < r
171. The foci of the ellipse + = 1 and the
16 b 2
∴ 2< r< 8 x 2
y 2
1
hyperbola - = coincide. Then,
169. The lines 2 x - 3y = 5 and 3x - 4y = 7 are 144 81 25
the value ofb 2 is [AIEEE 2003]
diameters of a circle having area as 154 sq
(a) 1 (b) 5
units. Then, the equation of the circle is
2 2 (c) 7 (d) 9
(a) x + y + 2 x - 2 y = 62 [AIEEE 2003]
(b) x 2 + y 2 + 2 x - 2 y = 47 Exp. (c)
2 2 Given equation of hyperbola can be rewritten as
(c) x + y - 2 x + 2 y = 47
2 2
(d) x + y - 2 x + 2 y = 62 x2 y2
2
- 2
=1
 12   9
Exp. (c)    
 5  5
Given equation of diameters of a circle are b ′2
∴ Eccentricity, e ′2 = 1 +
2 x - 3y = 5 …(i) a′ 2
and 3x - 4y = 7 …(ii) 9 25
⇒ e′2 = 1 + =
The intersection of Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get the 16 16
coordinate of centre (1, –1). 5
∴ e′ =
Given area of circle = πr 2 4
22 2 The foci of a hyperbola are
⇒ 154 = r ∴r =7
7 12 5 
(± a ′e ′, 0) =  ± × , 0 = (± 3, 0)
Equation of the circle whose centre (1, –1) and  5 4 
radius 7 is
Given equation of ellipse is
( x - 1)2 + ( y + 1)2 = 7 2
x2 y2
+ 2 =1
⇒ x2 - 2 x + 1 + y2 + 2 y + 1 = 49 16 b
⇒ x2 + y2 - 2 x + 2 y = 47 Foci of an ellipse are (± ae, 0) = (± 4e, 0) but given
focus of ellipse and hyperbola coincide, then
170. The normal at the point (bt 12 , 2bt 1 ) on a 4e = 3 ⇒ e =
3
parabola meets the parabola again in the 4
point (bt 22 , 2bt 2 ), then Also, b 2 = a2 (1 - e 2 )
[AIEEE 2003]
9
(a) t 2 = - t 1 -
2
(b) t 2 = - t 1 +
2 = 16  1 -  = 169 - 9 = 7
t1 t1  16 
2 2
(c) t 2 = t 1 - (d) t 2 = t 1 + 172. A triangle with vertices (4, 0), (–1, –1), (3, 5)
t1 t1
is
Exp. (a) (a) isosceles and right angled [AIEEE 2002]
Equation of the normal at point (bt 12 , 2 bt 1 ) on (b) isosceles but not right angled
parabola is (c) right angled but not isosceles
y = - t 1 x + 2 bt 1 + bt 13 (d) neither right angled nor isosceles
It also passes through (bt 22 , 2 bt 2 ) , then Exp. (a)
2 bt 2 = - t 1 ⋅ bt 22 + 2 bt 1 + bt 13 Let the vertices of ∆ABC be A(4, 0), B(-1, - 1) and
⇒ 2 t 2 - 2 t 1 = - t 1(t 22 - t 12 ) C(3, 5).
= - t 1(t 2 + t 1 )(t 2 - t 1 ) Now, AB = (-1 - 4)2 + (-1 - 0)2 = 25 + 1 = 26
⇒ 2 = - t 1(t 2 + t 1 ) BC = (3 + 1)2 + (5 + 1)2 = 42 + 62
2
∴ t 2 = - t1 - = 16 + 36 = 52
t1
Coordinate Geometry 275

and CA = (4 - 3)2 + (0 - 5)2 175. The radius of the circle passing through the
= 1 + 25 = 26 x2 y 2
foci of the ellipse + = 1 and having its
16 9
∴ CA 2 + AB2 = ( 26 )2 + ( 26 )2 centre at (0, 3), is [AIEEE 2002]
= 26 + 26 = 52 = BC 2 (a) 4 units (b) 3 units
7
⇒ CA 2 + AB2 = BC 2 (c) 12 units (d) units
2
Thus, the triangle is isosceles and right angled
Exp. (a)
triangle.
The equation of an ellipse is
173. The equation of the directrix of the x2 y2
+ =1
parabola y 2 + 4y + 4x + 2 = 0 is [AIEEE 2002] 16 9
(a) x = -1 (b) x =1 Y
(c) x = - 3/2 (d) x = 3/ 2
(0,3)
Exp. (d)
Given equation of parabola can be rewritten as X′ X
1 S′ O S A(a, 0)
( y + 2 )2 = - 4  x -  (–ae,0) (ae,0)
 2
1
Let y + 2 = Y and x - = X Y′
2
Here, a = 4, b=3
∴ Y 2 = - 4X
b2 9 7
Here, a=1 Eccentricity, e = 1 - = 1- =
∴ Equation of directrix is X = a. a2 16 4
1 3 Foci of an ellipse are (± ae, 0) i.e., (± 7 , 0).
∴ x- =1 ⇒ x=
2 2 ∴ Radius of required circle
= ( 7 - 0)2 + (0 - 3)2
174. The incentre of the triangle with vertices
= 7 + 9 = 16 = 4 units
(1, 3 ),(0, 0)and (2 , 0) is [AIEEE 2002]

(a) 1,
3

2 1 
(b)  ,
176. Three straight lines 2 x + 11y - 5 = 0,

 2   3 3 24x + 7y - 20 = 0 and 4x - 3y - 2 = 0
 2 3 1  (a) form a triangle [AIEEE 2002]
(c)  ,  (d) 1, 
3 2   3 (b) are only concurrent
(c) are concurrent with one line bisecting the
Exp. (d)
angle between the other two
Let the vertices of ∆ABC be A(1, 3 ), B(0, 0) and (d) None of the above
C(2 , 0).
Again, let a = BC = (2 - 0)2 + (0 - 0)2 = 2 Exp. (c)
The angle bisector for the given two lines
b = AC = (2 - 1)2 + (0 - 3 )2 = 2 24 x + 7 y - 20 = 0 and 4 x - 3 y - 2 = 0, are
24 x + 7 y - 20 4x - 3y - 2
and c = AB = (0 - 1)2 + (0 - 3 )2 = 2 =±
25 5
Since, all sides of a triangle are equal, then the Taking positive sign, we get
triangle is an equilateral triangle. 2 x + 11y - 5 = 0
Also, incentre is same as centroid of the triangle. This equation of line is already given.
Hence, coordinates of incentre are Therefore, the given three lines are concurrent
 1 + 0 + 2 3 + 0 + 0  1 . with one line bisecting the angle between the other
 ,  i.e.,  1, 
 3 3   3 two.
276 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Let the equation of required tangent be x + y = a.

177. A straight line through the point (2, 2)
The perpendicular distance from centre to the
intersects the lines 3 x + y = 0 and
circle is equal to radius of circle.
3x - y = 0 at the points A and B . The
∴ -2 + 2 - a
 = 2 ⇒ a = 2 2
equation to the line AB so that the ∆OAB is  2 
equilateral, is [AIEEE 2002]
Hence, the equation of tangent is x + y = 2 2.
(a) x - 2 = 0 (b) y - 2 = 0
(c) x + y - 4 = 0 (d) None of these 180. The equation of the ellipse whose foci are
Exp. (b) ( ± 2 , 0) and eccentricity is 1/2, is
[AIEEE 2002]
Given lines 3 x + y = 0 makes an angle of 120° x 2 y2 x 2 y2
with OX and 3 x - y = 0 makes an angle of 60° (a) + =1 (b) + =1
12 16 16 12
with OX. So, the required line is y - 2 = 0. x 2
y 2
(c) + =1 (d) None of the above
16 8
178. The greatest distance of the point P(10, 7)
from the circle x 2 + y 2 - 4x - 2 y - 20 = 0 is Exp. (b)
1
(a) 10 units [AIEEE 2002] Given that, e = , ae = 2 ⇒ a = 4
2
(b) 15 units
1
(c) 5 units ∴ b 2 = a2 (1 - e 2 ) = 16  1 -  = 12
 4
(d) None of the above
x2 y2
Hence, equation of an ellipse is + = 1.
Exp. (b) 16 12
Given equation of circle
x2 + y2 - 4 x - 2 y - 20 = 0 181. The equation of the chord joining two
whose centre is C(2 , 1) and radius is 5. points ( x1 , y1 )and ( x 2 , y 2 ) on the
At point (10, 7), rectangular hyperbola xy = c 2 is [AIEEE 2002]
S1 = 102 + 7 2 - 4 × 10 - 2 × 7 - 20 x y
(a) + =1
x1 + x 2 y1 + y 2
= 75 > 0
x y
So, P lies outside the circle. (b) + =1
x1 - x 2 y1 - y 2
2 2
Now, PC = (2 - 10) + (1 - 7 ) x y
(c) + =1
= 82 + 62 = 102 = 10 y1 + y 2 x1 + x 2
x y
∴Greatest distance between circle and the point is (d) + =1
y1 - y 2 x1 - x 2
P = 10 + 5 = 15 units.

179. The equation of the tangent to the circle Exp. (a)

2 2 x + x2 y1 + y2 
x + y + 4x - 4y + 4 = 0 which make equal The mid-point of the chord is  1 , .
 2 2 
intercepts on the positive coordinate axes,
is [AIEEE 2002] The equation of the chord T = S1.
(a) x + y = 2 (b) x + y = 2 2 y + y2   x1 + x2 
∴ x  1  + y 
(c) x + y = 4 (d) x + y = 8  2   2 
x + x2   y1 + y2 
Exp. (b) = 2  1   
 2   2 
Given equation of circle is ⇒ x( y1 + y2 ) + y( x1 + x2 ) = ( x1 + x2 )( y1 + y2 )
x2 + y2 + 4 x - 4 y + 4 = 0 whose centre (– 2, 2) x y
⇒ + =1
and radius = 2 x1 + x2 y1 + y2
12
Three Dimensional
Geometry
1. The equation of a plane containing the line 3
(a) (b) 6
of intersection of the planes 2 x - y - 4 = 0 2
and y + 2 z - 4 = 0 and passing through the 3
(c) 3 6 (d)
point (1, 1, 0) is [JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-I] 2
(a) x - 3y - 2 z = - 2 (b) 2 x - z = 2
(c) x - y - z =0 (d) x + 3y + z = 4
Exp. (d)
The normal vector to the plane containing the
Exp. (c) vectors (!i + !j + k! ) and (!i + 2 !j + 3k! ) is
Equations of given planes are n = (!i + !j + k! ) × (!i + 2 !j + 3k! )
2x - y - 4 = 0 …(i) !i !j k! 
and y + 2z - 4 = 0 …(ii) = 1 1 1
Now, equation of family of planes passes through 
 

the line of intersection of given planes (i) and (ii) is 1 2 3
(2 x - y - 4) + λ( y + 2 z - 4) = 0 …(iii) = !i(3 - 2 ) - !j(3 - 1) + k! (2 - 1)
According to the question, = !i - 2 !j + k!
Plane (iii) passes through the point (1, 1, 0), so Now, magnitude of the projection of vector
(2 - 1 - 4) + λ(1 + 0 - 4) = 0 2 !i + 3!j + k! on normal vector n is
⇒ -3 - 3λ = 0 |(2 !i + 3!j + k! ) ⋅ n| |(2 !i + 3!j + k! ) ⋅ (!i - 2 !j + k! )|
=
⇒ λ = -1 |n| 1+ 4 + 1
Now, equation of required plane can be obtained |2 - 6 + 1| 3 3
by putting λ = - 1in the equation of plane (iii). = = = units
6 6 2
⇒ (2 x - y - 4) - 1( y + 2 z - 4) = 0
⇒ 2x - y - 4 - y - 2z + 4 = 0 3. The length of the perpendicular from the
⇒ 2x - 2y - 2z = 0 point (2 , - 1, 4) on the straight line,
⇒ x- y- z=0 x +3 y -2 z
= = is
10 -7 1
2. The magnitude of the projection of the [JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-I]
vector !
2 i! + 3!j + k on the vector (a) greater than 3 but less than 4
perpendicular to the plane containing the (b) less than 2
! and !i + 2 !j + 3k
vectors !i + !j + k ! , is (c) greater than 2 but less than 3
[JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-I] (d) greater than 4
278 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Exp. (a) ∴(1 + 2 λ ) - (1 + 3λ ) + (1 + 4λ ) = 0

[" if plane a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 = 0 is
Equation of given line is
perpendicular to plane a2 x + b2 y + c 2 z + d 2 = 0,
x+ 3 y-2 z
= = = r (let) …(i) then a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c 2 = 0]
10 -7 1
⇒ 3λ + 1 = 0
Coordinates of a point on line (i) is 1
⇒ λ=- …(ii)
A(10r - 3, - 7 r + 2, r ) 3
Now, let the line joining the points P(2, - 1, 4) and So, the equation of required plane, is
A(10r - 3, - 7 r + 2, r ) is perpendicular to line (i). 1 - 2  x + 1 - 3  y + 1 - 4  z - 1 - 5  = 0
Then,        
 3  3  3  3
PA ⋅ (10!i - 7 !j + k! ) = 0 1 1 2
⇒ x- z+ =0 ⇒ x- z+2 =0
["vector along line (i) is(10!i - 7 !j + k! )] 3 3 3
⇒ [(10r - 5)!i + (-7 r + 3)!j + (r - 4)k! ] Now, vector form, is r ⋅ (i! - k !)+ 2 = 0
⋅[10!i - 7 !j + k! ] = 0
x -1 y +1 z -2
⇒ 10(10r - 5) - 7(3 - 7 r ) + (r - 4) = 0 5. If the line = = meets the
⇒ 100r - 50 - 21 + 49r + r - 4 = 0 2 3 4
1 plane, x + 2 y + 3z = 15 at a point P, then the
⇒ 150r = 75 ⇒ r =
2 distance of P from the origin is
3 1 [JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-I]
So, the foot of perpendicular is A 2, - ,  (a) 7 / 2 (b) 9 / 2 (c) 5/2 (d) 2 5
 2 2
1
[put r = in the coordinates of point A] Exp. (b)
2
Now, perpendicular distance of point P(2, - 1, 4) Equation of given plane is
from the line (i) is x + 2 y + 3 z = 15 …(i)
2 2 x-1 y+ 1 z-2
3 1 and line is, = = = r (let) …(ii)
PA = (2 - 2 )2 +  - + 1 +  - 4 2 3 4
 2  2 
So, the coordinates of any point on line (ii) is
1 49 50 5 P(1 + 2 r, - 1 + 3r, 2 + 4r ).
= + = =
4 4 4 2 "Point P is intersecting point of plane (i) and line
which lies in (3, 4). (ii)
∴(1 + 2 r ) + 2 (–1 + 3r ) + 3 (2 + 4r ) = 15
4. The vector equation of the plane through
⇒1 + 2 r - 2 + 6r + 6 + 12 r = 15 ⇒20r = 10
the line of intersection of the planes
1
x + y + z = 1 and 2 x + 3y + 4z = 5, which is ⇒ r=
perpendicular to the plane x - y + z = 0 is 2
∴Coordinates of P
[JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-II]
3 1
(a) r ⋅ ( i! - k
! )- 2 =0 (b) r × ( !i + k ! )+ 2 =0 =  1 + 1, - 1 + , 2 + 2  =  2, , 4
 2   2 
(c) r × ( !i - k! )+ 2 =0 (d) r ⋅ ( i! - k
! )+ 2 =0
Now, distance of the point P from the origin
Exp. (d) 1 1 81 9
= 4 + + 16 = 20 + = = units
4 4 4 2
Since, equation of planes passes through the line
of intersection of the planes 6. A plane passing through the points (0, - 1, 0)
x+ y+ z=1 π
and 2 x + 3 y + 4 z = 5, is and (0, 0, 1) and making an angle with the
4
( x + y + z - 1) + λ(2 x + 3 y + 4 z - 5) = 0 plane y - z + 5 = 0, also passes through the
⇒(1 + 2 λ )x + (1 + 3λ )y + (1 + 4λ )z - (1 + 5λ ) = 0 point [JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-I]
…(i)
" The plane (i) is perpendicular to the plane (a) ( 2 ,1, 4) (b) ( - 2 ,1, - 4)
x - y + z = 0. (c) ( - 2 , - 1, - 4) (d) ( 2 , - 1, 4)
Three Dimensional Geometry 279

Exp. (a) On substituting λ = - 1in Eq. (i),

we get
Let the equation of plane is
- x - 2 y - 11 = 0
ax + by + cz = d …(i)
⇒ x + 2 y + 11 = 0 …(ii)
Since plane (i) passes through the points (0,-1, 0)
and (0, 0, 1,) then which is the required equation of the plane.
- b = d and c = d Now, the distance of the point (0, 0, 256) from
∴Equation of plane becomes plane P is
0 + 0 + 11 11
ax - dy + dz = d …(ii) =
π 1+ 4 5
"The plane (ii) makes an angle of with the plane
4 ["distance of ( x1, y1, z1 ) from the plane
y - z + 5 = 0. 
ax + by1 + cz1 - d
ax + by + cz - d = 0, is 1 
π -d - d
cos = a2 + b 2 + c 2 
4 a + d2 + d2
2
1+ 1
[" The angle between the two planes 8. The vertices B and C of a ∆ABC lie on the
a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d = 0 and x +2 y -1 z
line, = = such that BC = 5 units.
a2 x + b2 y + c 2 z + d = 0 is 3 0 4
 Then, the area (in sq units) of this triangle,
a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c 2
cosθ = 
given that the point A(1, - 1, 2 ) is
a12 + b12 + c12 a22 + b22 + c 22 
[JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-II]
1 |-2d|
⇒ = ⇒ a2 + 2d 2 = |-d| (a) 34 (b) 2 34
2 2
a + 2d 2 2 (c) 5 17 (d) 6
⇒ a2 + 2d 2 = 4d 2 [squaring both sides] Exp. (a)
2 2
⇒ a = 2d ⇒ a = ± 2d Given line is
So, the Eq. (ii) becomes x+ 2 y-1 z
= =
± 2x- y+ z = 1 …(iii) 3 0 4
Now, from options ( 2 , 1, 4) satisfy the plane Vector along line is, a = 3!i + 4k
!
- 2x- y+ z = 1 and vector joining the points (1, - 1, 2 ) to (-2, 1, 0) is
b = (1 + 2 )i! + (-1 - 1)!j + (2 - 0)k
!
7. Let P be the plane, which contains the line
= 3!j - 2 !j + 2 k
!
of intersection of the planes, x + y + z - 6 = 0
and2 x + 3y + z + 5 = 0 and it is perpendicular and |BC| = 5 units
to the XY -plane. Then, the distance of the Now, area of required ∆ABC
1
point (0, 0, 256) from P is equal to = |BC|| b| |sinθ| …(ii)
2
[JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-II]
[where θ is angle between vectors a and b]
11 17
(a) 63 5 (b) 205 5 (c) (d) |a × b|
5 5 " | b|sinθ = ,
|a|
Exp. (c) !i !j k !
Equation of plane, which contains the line of
" |a × b|= 3 0 4 = 8i! + 6!j - 6k !
intersection of the planes
3 –2 2
x + y + z - 6 = 0 and 2 x + 3 y + z + 5 = 0, is
( x + y + z - 6) + λ(2 x + 3 y + z + 5) = 0
⇒ | a × b| = 64 + 36 + 36
⇒(1 + 2 λ )x + (1 + 3λ )y + (1 + λ )z + (5λ - 6) = 0 …(i)
= 136 = 2 34
"The plane (i) is perpendicular to XY-plane
(as DR’s of normal to XY-plane is (0, 0, 1)). and |a| = 9 + 16 = 5
∴ 0(1 + 2 λ ) + 0(1 + 3λ ) + 11 ( + λ) = 0 2 34
∴ | b|sinθ =
⇒ λ = -1 5
280 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

On substituting these values in Eq. (i), we get Let the coordinates of point P is ( x1, y1, z1 ), then
1 2 34 x1 - 0 y1 + 1 z1 + 3
Required area = × 5 × = 34 sq. units = =
2 5 3 -1 4
[3(0) - 1(-1) + 4(-3) - 2 ]
Alternate Method = -2
Given line is 32 + (-1)2 + 42
x+ 2 y-1 z [∴image of the point ( x1, y1, z1 ) in the plane
= = = λ (let) …(i) ax + by + cz + d = 0 is ( x, y, z), where
3 0 4
x - x1 y - y1 z - z1 - 2 (ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d )
A(1, –1, 2)
= = = ]
a b c a2 + b 2 + c 2
x1 - 0 y1 + 1 z1 + 3
⇒ = =
3 -1 4
(1 - 12 - 2 ) 26
=2 = =1
B D C x+2 y–1 z 26 26
= =
3 0 4
⇒ P( x1, y1, z1 ) = (3, - 2,1)
Since, point D lies on the line BC. Now, area of ∆PQR, where point R(3, - 1, - 2 )
∴Coordinates of D = (3λ - 2, 1, 4λ ) 1 Æ Æ
= PQ × PR
Now, DR of BC ⇒ a1 = 3, b1 = 0, c1 = 4 2
and DR of AD ⇒ a2 = 3λ - 3, b2 = 2, c 2 = 4λ - 2 1
= (-3i! + !j - 4k! ) × (0i! + !j - 3k! )
Since, AD ⊥ BC, a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c 2 = 0 2
3 × (3λ - 3) + 0(2 ) + 4(4λ - 2 ) = 0 i! !j k!
1 1
⇒ 9λ - 9 + 0 + 16λ - 8 = 0 = -3 1 -4 = !i - 9 !j - 3k!
⇒ 25λ - 17 = 0 2 2
0 1 -3
17
⇒ λ=
25 1 91
= 1 + 81 + 9 = sq units
1 68 2 2
∴Coordinates of D =  , 1,  .
 25 25 
2 2
10. If the length of the perpendicular from the
Now, AD =  1 - 1  + (-1 - 1)2 +  2 - 68  point (β, 0, β ) (β ≠ 0) to the line,
   
 25   25 
x y -1 z +1 3
2 2 = = is , then β is equal to
=  24  + (-2 )2 +  -18  1 0 -1 2
   
 25   25  [JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-I]
576 324 2 (a) 2 (b) - 2 (c) -1 (d) 1
= + 4+ = 34
625 625 5
1 1 2
Exp. (c)
∴Area of ∆ABC = BC × AD = × 5 × 34 Equation of given line is
2 2 5
= 34 sq units x y-1 z+ 1
= = …(i)
1 0 -1
9. If Q(0, - 1, - 3) is the image of the point P in Now, one of the point on line is P(0, 1, - 1) and the
the plane 3x - y + 4z = 2 and R is the point given point is Q(β, 0, β ).
Q(β,0, β)
( 3, - 1, - 2 ) , then the area (in sq units) of
∆PQR is [JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-I]
l
91 91 65
(a) (b) 2 13 (c) (d)
2 4 2
Exp. (a) P(0, 1, –1) M x y–1 z+1
= =
1 0 –1
Given, equation of plane 3 x - y + 4 z = 2 ...(i) and
From the figure, the length of the perpendicular
the point Q(0, - 1, - 3) is the image of point P in the
plane (i), so point P is also image of point Q w.r.t. 3
QM = l = (given)
plane (i). 2
Three Dimensional Geometry 281

PQ × PM 3
⇒ = 12. A perpendicular is drawn from a point on
PM 2 x -1 y +1 z
the line = = to the plane
" PQ = βi! - !j + (β + 1)k
! 2 -1 1
and PM = a vector along given line (i) = i! - k
! x + y + z = 3 such that the foot of the
!i !j ! perpendicular Q also lies on the plane
k
x - y + z = 3. Then, the coordinates ofQ are
So, PQ × PM = β -1 β + 1
[JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-II]
1 0 -1 (a) ( -1, 0, 4) (b) ( 4, 0, - 1)
= !i - !j(- β - β - 1) + k
! (c) (2, 0, 1) (d) (1, 0, 2)
! !
= i + (2 β + 1)j + k !
Exp. (c)
PQ × PM 1 + (2 β + 1)2 + 1 3
So, = = Key Idea Use the foot of perpendicular
PM 1+ 1 2 Q(x2 , y 2 , z2 ) drawn from point P(x1, y1, z1 ) to the
plane ax + by + cz + d = 0, is given by
⇒ 4β 2 + 4β + 3 = 3 ⇒ 4 β (β + 1) = 0
⇒ β = 0, - 1 P(x1,y1,z1 )
⇒ β = -1 [as β ≠ 0]

11. If the plane 2 x - y + 2 z + 3 = 0 has the

1 2 Q(x2,y2,z2)
distances and units from the planes ax+by+z+d=0
3 3
4x - 2 y + 4z + λ = 0 and 2 x - y + 2 z + µ = 0, x2 - x1 y 2 - y1 z2 - z1
respectively, then the maximum value of = =
a b c
λ + µ is equal to ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d
[JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-II] =-
a2 + b2 + c 2
(a) 13 (b) 15 (c) 5 (d) 9
Let a general point on the given line
Exp. (a) x-1 y+ 1 z
= = =r (say)
Equation of given planes are 2 -1 1
2x - y + 2z + 3 = 0 …(i)
is P(2 r + 1, - 1 - r, r ).
4x - 2 y + 4z + λ = 0 …(ii)
and 2x - y + 2z + µ = 0 …(iii) Now, let foot of perpendicular Q( x1, y1, z1 ) to be
drawn from point P(2 r + 1, - 1 - r, r ) to the plane
"Distance between two parallel planes
x + y + z = 3, then
ax + by + cz + d1 = 0, x1 - 2 r - 1 y + 1 + r z - r
= =
and ax + by + cz + d 2 = 0is 1 1 1
| d1 - d 2 |  2r + 1 - 1 - r + r - 3
distance = =- 
a2 + b 2 + c 2  1+ 1+ 1 
∴Distance between planes (i) and (ii) is ⇒ x1 - 2 r - 1 = y + r + 1
| λ - 2(3)| 1 1 2
= [given] = z - r = (3 - 2 r ) = 1 - r
16 + 4 + 16 3 3 3
4r 5r r
⇒ | λ - 6| = 2 ⇒ λ - 6 = ± 2 ⇒ λ = 8 or 4 ⇒ x1 = 2 + , y = - and z = 1+
3 3 3
and distance between planes (i) and (iii) is
4r 5r r
| µ - 3| 2 So, point Q ≡  2 + , - , 1 +  , lies on the
= [given]  3 3 3
4 + 1+ 4 3
plane x - y + z = 3 also.
⇒ |µ - 3| = 2 ⇒µ - 3 = ± 2 ⇒ µ = 5 or 1 4r 5r r
So, 2 + + + 1+ = 3 ⇒ r = 0
So, maximum value of (λ + µ) at λ = 8 and µ = 5 3 3 3
and it is equal to 13. Therefore, the coordinates of point Q are (2, 0, 1)
282 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

x -2 y +1 z -1 Now, equation of planes bisecting the angles

13. If the line = = intersects the between the planes (i) and (ii) are
3 2 -1
2x - y + 2z - 4 x + 2y + 2z - 2
plane 2 x + 3y - z + 13 = 0 at a point P and the =±
plane 3x + y + 4z = 16 at a pointQ, then PQ is 4 + 1+ 4 1+ 4 + 4
equal to [JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-I] ⇒ 2 x - y + 2 z - 4 = ± ( x + 2 y + 2 z - 2)
(a) 14 (b) 14 (c) 2 7 (d) 2 14 On taking (+ ve) sign, we get a plane
Exp. (d) x - 3y = 2 …(iii)
On taking (- ve) sign, we get a plane
Equation of given line is
x-2 y+ 1 z-1 3x + y + 4z = 6 …(iv)
= = =r (let) …(i) Now from the given options, the point (2, - 4, 1)
3 2 -1
Now, coordinates of a general point over given satisfy the plane of angle bisector
3x + y + 4z = 6
line is R(3r + 2, 2 r - 1, - r + 1)
Let the coordinates of point P are 15. The length of the perpendicular drawn from
(3r1 + 2, 2 r1 - 1, r1 + 1) and Q are
the point (2, 1, 4) to the plane containing the
(3r2 + 2, 2 r2 - 1, - r2 + 1). !)
lines r = ( !i + !j) + λ( i! + 2 !j - k
Since, P is the point of intersection of line (i) and
the plane 2 x + 3 y - z + 13 = 0, so and r = (i! + !j) + µ (- i! + !j - 2k
! ) is
2(3r1 + 2 ) + 3(2 r1 - 1) - (- r1 + 1) + 13 = 0 [JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-II]
⇒ 6r1 + 4 + 6r1 - 3 + r1 - 1 + 13 = 0 1 1
(a) 3 (b) (c) 3 (d)
⇒ 13r1 + 13 = 0 ⇒ r1 = - 1 3 3
So, point P(- 1, - 3, 2 ) Exp. (c)
And, similarly for point ‘Q’, we get
3(3r2 + 2 ) + (2 r2 - 1) + 4(- r2 + 1) = 16 Key Idea "Length of the perpendicular drawn
from point (x1, y1, z1 ) to the plane
⇒ 7 r2 = 7 ⇒ r2 = 1 ax + by + cz + d = 0 is
So, point is Q (5, 1, 0) | ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d |
d1 =
Now, PQ = (5 + 1)2 + (1 + 3)2 + 2 2 a2 + b 2 + c 2
= 36 + 16 + 4 = 56 = 2 14 Given line vectors
r = (!i + !j) + λ (!i + 2 !j - k
! ) and …(i)
14. A plane which bisects the angle between the
! ! ! !
r = (i + j) + µ (- i + j - 2 k !) …(ii)
two given planes 2 x - y + 2 z - 4 = 0 and
x + 2 y + 2 z - 2 = 0, passes through the point Now, a vector perpendicular to the given vectors
[JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-II]
(i) and (ii) is
!i !j k
!
(a) (1, - 4,1) (b) (1, 4, - 1)
(c) ( 2 , 4,1) (d) ( 2 , - 4,1) n = 1 2 -1
-1 1 - 2
Exp. (d)
Key Idea Equation of planes bisecting the = !i (-4 + 1) - !j(- 2 - 1) + k
! (1 + 2 )
angles between the planes = - 3!i + 3!j + 3k !
a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 = 0 and ∴The equation of plane containing given vectors
a2 x + b2 y + c 2 z + d 2 = 0, are (i) and (ii) is
a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1
=± - 3 ( x - 1) + 3( y - 1) + 3 ( z - 0) = 0
a12 + b12 + c12 ⇒ -3 x + 3 y + 3 z = 0
a2 x + b2 y + c 2 z + d 2 ⇒ x- y- z=0 …(iii)
a22 + b22 + c 22 Now, the length of perpendicular drawn from the
point (2, 1, 4) to the plane x - y - z = 0, is
Equation of given planes are | 2 - 1 - 4| 3
2x - y + 2z - 4 = 0 …(i) d1 = = = 3
1+ 1+ 1 3
and x + 2y + 2z - 2 = 0 …(ii)
Three Dimensional Geometry 283

x+ 4 y- 3 z-1
16. The equation of the line passing through or = =
3 -1 1
(-4, 3, 1), parallel to the plane
[multiplying by 2]
x + 2 y - z - 5 = 0 and intersecting the line
x +1 y - 3 z - 2
= = is 17. The plane through the intersection of the
-3 2 -1 planes x + y + z = 1 and 2 x + 3y - z + 4 = 0
[JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-I]
and parallel to Y -axis also passes through
x + 4 y - 3 z -1 x + 4 y - 3 z -1
(a) = = (b) = = the point [JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-I]
3 -1 1 -1 1 1
(a) (3, 3, -1) (b) (-3, 1, 1)
x + 4 y - 3 z -1 x -4 y + 3 z +1
(c) = = (d) = = (c) (3, 2, 1) (d) (-3, 0, -1)
1 1 3 2 1 4
Exp. (c)
Exp. (a) Key Idea Equation of plane through the
x + 1 y -3 z - 2 intersection of two planes P1 and P2 is given by
Any point on the line = = is of the
-3 2 -1 P1 + λP2 = 0
form (-3λ - 1, 2 λ + 3, - λ + 2 )
The plane through the intersection of the planes
 take x + 1 = y - 3 = z - 2 = λ ⇒ x = - 3λ - 1, x + y + z - 1 = 0 and 2 x + 3 y - z + 4 = 0 is given
 -3 2 -1 by
y = 2 λ + 3 and z = - λ + 2] ( x + y + z - 1) + λ(2 x + 3 y - z + 4) = 0,
So, the coordinates of point of intersection of two where λ ∈ R
lines will be (- 3λ - 1, 2 λ + 3, - λ + 2 ) for some ⇒(1 + 2 λ )x + (1 + 3λ )y + (1 - λ )z + (4λ - 1) = 0,
λ ∈ R. where λ ∈ R …(i)
Let the point A ≡ (- 3λ - 1, 2 λ + 3, - λ + 2 ) and Since, this plane is parallel to Y-axis, therefore its
B ≡ (-4, 3, 1) normal is perpendicular to Y-axis.
Then, AB = OB - OA ⇒ {(1 + 2 λ )i! + (1 + 3λ )!j + (1 - λ )k! } ⋅ !j = 0
= (-4!i + 3!j + k! ) - {(-3λ - 1)i! + (2 λ + 3)!j ⇒ 1 + 3λ = 0
!
+ (- λ + 2 ) k} 1
⇒ λ=-
= (3λ - 3)i! - 2 λ!j + (λ - 1)k! 3
Now, as the line is parallel to the given plane, Now, required equation of plane is
therefore AB will be parallel to the given plane and  1 - 2  x +  1 - 3  y +  1 + 1  z +  - 4 - 1 = 0
so AB will be perpendicular to the normal of plane.        
 3  3  3  3 
⇒ AB ⋅ λ = 0, where n = !i + 2 !j - k ! is normal to
-1
the plane. [substituting λ = in Eq. (i)]
⇒ ((3λ - 3)i! - 2 λ!j + (λ - 1)k)
! ⋅ (!i + 2 !j - k! ) = 0 3
⇒ 3(λ - 1) - 4λ + (-1)(λ - 1) = 0 ⇒ x + 4z - 7 = 0
["If a = a1i! + a2 !j + a3 k! and Here, only (3, 2, 1) satisfy the above equation.
b = b1i! + b2 !j + b3 k! ,
then a ⋅ b = a1b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 ] 18. If lines x = ay + b , z = cy + d and x = a ′ z + b ′,
⇒ 3λ - 3 - 4λ - λ + 1 = 0 y = c ′ z + d ′ are perpendicular, then
⇒ - 2λ = 2 [JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-II]
⇒ λ = -1 (a) ab ′+ bc ′+1 = 0 (b) bb ′+ cc ′+1 = 0
Now, the required equation is the equation of line (c) aa ′+ c + c ′ = 0 (d) cc ′+ a + a ′ = 0
joining A(2, 1, 3) and B(-4, 3, 1,) which is
x - (- 4) y - 3 z - 1 Exp. (c)
= =
2 - (-4) 1 - 3 3 - 1 Let 1st line is x = ay + b, z = cy + d .
["equation of line joining ( x1, y1, z1 ) and ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) x -b z-d x-b z-d
⇒ = y, = y⇒ = y=
x - x1 y - y1 z - z1  a c a c
is = = 
x2 - x1 y2 - y1 z2 - z1  The direction vector of this line is
x+ 4 y- 3 z-1 b1 = ai! + !j + ck! .
⇒ = = Let 2nd line is x = a′ z + b ′, y = c ′ z + d ′.
6 -2 2
284 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

x - b′ y- d′ x - b′ y - d ′
⇒ = z, = z⇒ = = z 20. Let A be a point on the line
a′ c′ a′ c′ ! and B( 3, 2 , 6)
The direction vector of this line is r = (1 - 3µ)i! + (µ - 1)!j + (2 + 5µ)k
b 2 = a′ !i + c ′ !j + k! . be a point in the space. Then, the value of µ
"The two lines are perpendicular, therefore, for which the vector AB is parallel to the
b1 ⋅ b 2 = 0. plane x - 4y + 3z = 1 is
⇒ (ai! + !j + ck! ) ⋅(a′ i! + c ′ !j + k! ) = 0 [JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-I]
1 1
⇒ aa′ + c ′ + c = 0 ⇒ aa′ + c + c ′ = 0 (a) (b) -
4 4
19. The equation of the plane containing the 1 1
(c) (d)
x y z 8 2
straight line = = and perpendicular to
2 3 4
the plane containing the straight lines Exp. (a)
x y z x y z Given equation of line is
= = and = = is
3 4 2 4 2 3 r = (1 - 3 µ)!i + (µ - 1) !j + ( 2 + 5 µ) k
!
[JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-II]
Clearly, any point on the above line is of the form
(a) 5x + 2 y - 4z = 0
(1 - 3µ,µ - 1, 2 + 5µ)
(b) x + 2 y - 2 z = 0
Let A be (- 3 µ + 1, µ - 1, 5µ + 2 ) for some µ ∈ R.
(c) 3x + 2 y - 3z = 0
Then, AB = (3 - (- 3 µ + 1)) !i + (2 - (µ - 1)) !j
(d) x - 2 y + z = 0
+ (6 - (5µ + 2 ))k ! [" AB = OB - OA]
Exp. (d) = (3 µ + 2 ) !i + (3 - µ)!j + (4 - 5µ) k
! … (i)
Let P1 be the plane containing the lines Normal vector (n ) of the plane x - 4 y + 3 z = 1is
x y z x y z n = !i - 4!j + 3k ! …(ii)
= = and = = .
3 4 2 4 2 3
"AB is parallel to the plane
For these two lines, direction vectors are
b1 = 3i! + 4!j + 2 k! and b 2 = 4i! + 2 !j + 3k! . ∴n is perpendicular to the AB
A vector along the normal to the plane P1 is given by ⇒ AB ⋅ n = 0
!i !j k! ⇒ [(3 µ + 2 )!i + (3 - µ)!j + (4 - 5 µ)k
! ]⋅

n1 = b1 × b 2 = 3 4 2 ! !
[i - 4 j + 3k!]= 0
4 2 3 [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
= i!(12 - 4) - !j(9 - 8) + k! (6 - 16) = 8i! - !j - 10k! ⇒ (3 µ + 2 ) - 4(3 - µ) + 3 (4 - 5 µ) = 0
x y z ⇒ - 8µ + 2 = 0
Let P2 be the plane containing the line = =
2 3 4 1
and perpendicular to plane P1. ⇒ µ=
4
x y z
For the line = = , the direction vector is
2 3 4 21. The plane passing through the point
b = 2 !i + 3!j + 4k! and it passes through the point
( 4, - 1, 2 ) and parallel to the lines
with position vector a = 0!i + 0!j + 0k! .
x +2 y -2 z +1 x -2 y - 3 z - 4
"P2 is perpendicular to P1, therefore n1 and b lies = = and = =
along the plane. 3 -1 2 1 2 3
Also, P2 also passes through the point with also passes through the point
position vector a. [JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-I]
∴ Equation of plane P2 is given by
x-0 y-0 z-0 (a) ( -1, - 1, - 1) (b) (1,1, - 1)
(c) (1, 1, 1) (d) ( -1, - 1,1)
(r - a) ⋅(n1 × b ) = 0 ⇒ 8 - 1 - 10 = 0
2 3 4 Exp. (c)
⇒ x(- 4 + 30) - y(32 + 20) + z(24 + 2 ) = 0 Let a be the position vector of the given point
⇒ 26 x - 52 y + 26 z = 0 (4, - 1, 2 ).
⇒ x - 2y + z = 0 Then, a = 4i! - !j + 2 k
!
Three Dimensional Geometry 285

The direction vector of the lines Exp. (d)

x+ 2 y-2 z+ 1
= = Given equation of line is
3 -1 2 x- 4 y- 5 z- 3
= = = r (let) …(i)
x - 2 y - 3 z- 4 2 2 1
and = =
1 2 3 ⇒ x = 2 r + 4; y = 2 r + 5 and z = r + 3
are respectively ∴ General point on the line (i) is
b1 = 3i! - !j + 2 k
! P(2 r + 4, 2 r + 5, r + 3)
So, the point of intersection of line (i) and plane
and b = !i + 2 !j + 3k
2
!
x + y + z = 2 will be of the form
Now, as the plane is parallel to both b1 and b2 P (2 r + 4, 2 r + 5, r + 3) for some r ∈ R.
[" plane is parallel to the given lines] ⇒(2 r + 4) + (2 r + 5) + (r + 3) = 2
So, normal vector (n ) of the plane is perpendicular ["the point will lie on the plane]
to both b1 and b2 . ⇒ 5r = -10 ⇒ r = -2
⇒ n = b1 × b2 and So, the point of intersection is P(0, 1, 1)
Required equation of plane is [putting r = -2 in (2 r + 4, 2 r + 5, r + 3)]
(r - a ) ⋅ n = 0 Now, on checking the options, we get
⇒ (r - a ) ⋅ ( b1 × b2 ) = 0 x-1 y- 3 z+ 4
= = contain the point (0, 1, 1)
x- 4 y+ 1 z-2 1 2 -5
⇒ 3 -1 2 =0
1 2 3 23. The plane which bisects the line segment
joining the points ( -3, - 3, 4) and ( 3, 7, 6) at
" r - a = ( x!i + y!j + zk ! ) - (4!i - !j + 2 k
! ) right angles, passes through which one of
 !i + ( y + 1)!j + ( z - 2 ) k
!  the following points ?
 = ( x - 4)  [JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-II]
 and we know that, [a b c] = a ⋅ ( b × c)
  (a) ( 4, - 1, 7) (b) ( 2 ,1, 3)
a1 a2 a3
  (c) ( -2 , 3, 5) (d) ( 4,1, - 2 )
 = b1 b2 b3 
  Exp. (d)
 c1 c 2 c 3 
⇒ ( x - 4) (- 3 - 4) - ( y + 1) (9 - 2 ) Let the given points be A(- 3, - 3, 4) and B (3, 7 6).
+ ( z - 2 ) (6 + 1) = 0 Then, mid-point of line joining A, B is
⇒ - 7 ( x - 4) - 7 ( y + 1) + 7 ( z - 2 ) = 0 - 3 + 3 - 3 + 7 4 + 6
⇒ ( x - 4) + ( y + 1) - ( z - 2 ) = 0 P  , ,  = P (0, 2, 5)
 2 2 2 
⇒ x + y - z - 1= 0
"The required plane is perpendicular
(1, 1, 1) is the only point that satisfies.
bisector of line joining A, B, so direction ratios of
22. On which of the following lines lies the normal to the plane is proportional to the direction
point of intersection of the line, ratios of line joining A, B.
x - 4 y -5 z - 3 So, the direction ratios of normal to the plane are
= = and the plane,
2 2 1 6, 10, 2.
x + y + z =2 ? [JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-II] ["DR’s of AB are 3 + 3, 7 + 3, 6 - 4, i.e. 6, 10, 2]
x-4 y -5 z-5 Now, equation of plane is given by
(a) = =
1 1 -1 a( x - x1 ) + b ( y - y1 ) + c ( z - z1 ) = 0
x + 3 4- y z +1
(b) = = 6( x - 0) + 10( y - 2 ) + 2( z - 5) = 0
3 3 -2
["P(0,2, 5) line on the plane]
x-2 y -3 z+ 3 ⇒ 3 x + 5 y - 10 + z - 5 = 0
(c) = =
2 2 3 ⇒ 3 x + 5 y + z = 15 … (i)
x -1 y - 3 z + 4 On checking all the options, the option (4, 1, - 2)
(d) = =
1 2 -5 satisfy the equation of plane (i).
286 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

24. The direction ratios of normal to the plane Exp. (c)

through the points (0, - 1, 0) and (0, 0, 1) and Let the direction vector of the line
π x- 3 y+ 2 z-1
making an angle with the plane = = is
4 2 -1 3
[JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-I]
y - z + 5 = 0 are b = 2 i! - !j + 3k! .
(a) 2 , - 1,1 (b) 2 ,1, - 1 Since, the required plane contains this line and its
(c) 2 , 2 , - 2 (d) 2 3 ,1, - 1 projection along the plane 2 x + 3 y - z = 5, it will
also contain the normal of the plane
Exp. (b, c) 2 x + 3 y - z = 5.
n x–3 y+2 z–1
Let the equation of plane be B L = =
b×n 2 –1 3
a( x - 0) + b( y + 1) + c ( z - 0) = 0
["equation of plane passing through a point A required plane (ABCD)
b
( x1, y1, z1 ) is given by P

5
z=
a( x - x1 ) + b( y - y1 ) + c( z - z1 ) = 0]

3y–
⇒ ax + by + cz + b = 0 ... (i) D

2x+
C Projection of line L
Since, it also passes through (0, 0, 1), therefore,
we get
c+ b= 0 ...(ii)
Normal vector of the plane 2 x + 3 y - z = 5 is
Now, as angle between the planes
n = 2 i! + 3!j - k! .
ax + by + cz + b = 0
and y - z + 5 = 0 is .
π Now, the required plane contains b = 2 i! - !j + 3k!
4 and n = 2 i! + 3!j - k! .
 π  |n1 ⋅ n 2|
∴ cos   = ; where n1 = ai! + b!j + c k! ∴Normal of the required plane is b × n.
 4  |n1||n 2| Since, the plane contains the line
and n 2 = 0i! + !j - k! x - 3 y + 2 z -1
1 |(ai! + b!j + ck! ) ⋅ (0i! + !j - k! )| = = , therefore it also contains
⇒ = 2 -1 3
2 a2 + b 2 + c 2 0 + 1 + 1
the point a = 3!i - 2 !j + k! .
|b - c| Now, the equation of required plane is
=
a2 + b 2 + c 2 2 (r - a) ⋅ (b × n ) = 0
⇒ a + b 2 + c 2 = |b - c|2 = (b - c )2
2
x- 3 y+ 2 z-1
= b 2 + c 2 - 2 bc 2 -1 3 =0
2
⇒ a = -2 bc 2 3 -1
⇒ a2 = 2 b 2 [using Eq. (ii)]
⇒( x - 3) [1 - 9] - ( y + 2 ) [ - 2 - 6] +
⇒ a = ± 2b
( z - 1) [6 + 2 ] = 0
⇒ Direction ratios (a, b,c ) = (± 2 , 1, - 1)
⇒ - 8 x + 8 y + 8 z + 32 = 0
So, options (b) and (c) are correct because 2,
2 , - 2 and 2 , 1, - 1. are multiple of each ⇒ x- y- z=4
other. Note that (2, 0, - 2) is the only point which satisfy
25. The plane containing the line above equation.
x -3 y +2 z -1
= = and also containing its 26. If the point (2 , α , β ) lies on the plane which
2 -1 3
passes through the points (3, 4, 2) and
projection on the plane 2 x + 3y - z = 5,
(7, 0, 6) and is perpendicular to the plane
contains which one of the following points? 2 x - 5y = 15, then 2α - 3β is equal to
[JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-I] [JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-II]
(a) ( -2 , 2 , 2 ) (b) ( 2 , 2 , 0) (a) 17 (b) 7
(c) ( 2 , 0, - 2 ) (d) (0, - 2 , 2 ) (c) 5 (d) 12
Three Dimensional Geometry 287

Exp. (b) Similarly, any point on the line.

x+ 5 y-2 z- 3
According to given information, we have the = = = b(say), is of the form
7 -6 4
following figure.
Q (7 b - 5, - 6b + 2, 4b + 3)
Now, if the lines are intersect, then P = Q for some
2, –5, 0
a and b.
n 2x–5y=15 ⇒ a + 3 = 7b - 5
3a - 1 = - 6b + 2
p
and - a + 6 = 4b + 3
⇒ a - 7 b = - 8, a + 2 b = 1and a + 4b = 3
On solving a - 7 b = - 8 and a + 2 b = 1, we get
A b = 1 and a = - 1 ,
(3, 4, 2) B (7, 0, 6)
C (2, !, ") which also satisfy a + 4b = 3
∴ P = Q = (2, - 4, 7 ) for a = - 1and b = 1
From figure, it is clear that
Thus, coordinates of point R are (2, - 4, 7 )
(AB × BC) = p and n = 2 i! - 5!j + 0k!
!i !j and reflection of R in xy-plane is (2, - 4, - 7 ).
k!
∴ p = 4 -4 4 28. The perpendicular distance from the origin
-5 α β - 6 to the plane containing the two lines,
x+2 y-2 z+5 x -1 y - 4 z + 4
["AB = (7 - 3)!i + (0 - 4)!j + (6 - 2 )k! = = and = = ,
3 5 7 1 4 7
= 4i! - 4!j + 4k! and
is [JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-I]
BC = (2 - 7 )!i + (α - 0)!j + (β - 6)k!
11
= - 5!i + α!j + (β - 6)k! ] (a)11 6 (b) (c)11 (d) 6 11
6
! !
= i(-4β + 24 - 4α ) - j(4β - 24 + 20) + k! (4α - 20)
⇒ p = (24 - 4α - 4β )i! + !j(4 - 4β ) + k! (4α - 20) Exp. (b)
Now,as the planes are perpendicular, therefore Let the equation of plane, containing the two lines
p⋅ n = 0 x+ 2 y-2 z+ 5
= =
⇒ ((24 - 4α - 4β )i! + (4 - 4β )!j + (4α - 20)k! ) 3 5 7
⋅ (2 !i - 5!j + 0k! )) = 0 x-1 y- 4 z+ 4
and = = is
1 4 7
⇒ 2(24 - 4α - 4β ) - 5(4 - 4β ) + 0 = 0
a( x + 2 ) + b( y - 2 ) + c( z + 5) = 0 … (i)
⇒ 8(6 - α - β ) - 4(5 - 5β ) = 0
" Plane (i) contain lines, so
⇒ 12 - 2α - 2 β - 5 + 5β = 0
3a + 5b + 7c = 0 ... (ii)
⇒ 2 α - 3β = 7
and a + 4b + 7c = 0 ... (iii)
x - 3 y +1 z -6 From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
27. Two lines = = and
a b c
1 3 -1 = =
x +5 y -2 z - 3 35 - 28 7 - 21 12 - 5
= = intersect at the point R. a b c a b c
7 -6 4 ⇒ = = ⇒ = =
7 - 14 7 1 -2 1
The reflection of R in the xy-plane has
So, equation of plane will be
coordinates [JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-II]
1( x + 2 ) - 2( y - 2 ) + 1( z + 5) = 0
(a) ( 2 , - 4, - 7) (b) ( 2 , - 4, 7)
⇒ x - 2 y + z + 11 = 0 ... (iv)
(c) ( - 2 , 4, 7) (d) (2, 4, 7)
Now, perpendicular distance from origin to plane
11 11
Exp. (a) is = =
1+ 4 + 1 6
x-3 y+1 z-6
Let = = = a (say). Then, any ["perpendicular distance from origin to the
1 3 -1
point on this line is of the form |d|
plane ax + by + cz + d = 0, is ]
P(a + 3, 3a - 1, - a + 6) a2 + b 2 + c 2
288 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

1 - λ2 2 0
29. A tetrahedron has vertices P(1, 2 , 1),
2 1 - λ2 0 =0
Q (2 , 1, 3), R ( - 1, 1, 2 ) and O(0, 0, 0). The angle
between the facesOPQ and PQR is 2 2 - λ2 - 1
[JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-I] "condition of coplanarity is 
(a) cos -1  7 9
(b) cos-1    x -x 
  y2 - y1 z2 - z1
 31   35   2 1 
 x3 - x1 y3 - y1 z3 - z1 = 0
19 17
(c) cos-1   (d) cos-1    
 35   31   x4 - x1 y4 - y1 z4 - z1 
⇒ (-1 - λ2 ) [(1 - λ2 )2 - 4] = 0
Exp. (c) ⇒(1 + λ ) [(1 - λ2 - 2 ) (1 - λ2 + 2 )] = 0
2

The given vertices of tetrahedron PQRO are ⇒ (1 + λ2 )2 (3 - λ2 ) = 0

P(1, 2, 1,) Q (2, 1, 3), R (-1, 1, 2 ) and O (0, 0, 0).
⇒ λ2 = 3 ["1 + λ2 ≠ 0 ∀ λ ∈ R]
The normal vector to the face OPQ
⇒ λ=± 3
= OP × OQ
= (i! + 2 i! + k! ) × (2 !i + !j + 3k! ) 31. If an angle between the line,
!i !j k! x +1 y -2 z - 3
= = and the plane,
= 1 2 1 = 5!i - !j - 3k! 2 1 -2
2 1 3 2 2 
x - 2 y - kz = 3 is cos - 1   , then a value
and the normal vector to the face PQR  3 
= PQ × PR of k is [JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-II]
= (i! - !j + 2 k! ) × (-2 !i - !j + k! ) 5 3 3 5
(a) (b) (c) - (d) -
i! !j k! 3 5 5 3
= 1 -1 2
-2 -1 1
Exp. (a)
Clearly, direction ratios of given line are
= !i (- 1 + 2 ) - !j (1 + 4) + k! (- 1 - 2 ) 2, 1, –2 and direction ratios of normal to the given
= !i - 5!j - 3k! plane are 1, –2, –k.
Now, the angle between the faces OPQ and PQR As we know angle ‘θ’ between line and plane can
is the angle between their normals be obtained by
5+ 5+ 9 |a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1c 2|
= cos - 1 sinθ =
25 + 1 + 9 1 + 25 + 9 a1 + b12 + c12 a22 + b22 + c 22
2

19
= cos - 1   |2 - 2 + 2 k|
 35  So, sinθ =
4 + 1 + 4 1 + 4 + k2
30. Let S be the set of all real values of λ such  2 2 |2 k|
that a plane passing through the points ⇒ sin cos -1  =
 3  3 5 + k2
( - λ 2 , 1, 1), (1, - λ 2 ,1) and (1, 1, - λ 2 ) also
 -1 2 2 
passes through the point ( - 1, - 1, 1). Then, S given θ = cos 3 
is equal to [JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-II] 
(a) { 3 , - 3 } (b) { 3, - 3} 2 |k| 1
⇒ =
(c) {1, - 1} (d) { 3 } 3 5 + k2 3

Exp. (a)  2 2 1 -1 1
"cosθ = 3 ⇒sinθ = 3 ⇒ θ = sin 3
According to the question points 
(- λ2 , 1, 1), (1, - λ2 , 1) and (1, 1, - λ2 ) are coplanar 2 2 1
⇒ cos -1 = sin-1 
with the point (-1, - 1, 1,) so 3 3
Three Dimensional Geometry 289

2 2 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3
3 3 3 3
√32–(2√2)2 =1
Exp. (d)
θ
2√2
Key idea Length of projection of the line
segment joining a 1 and a 2 on the plane r ⋅ n = d
2 2 2
⇒ 4k = 5 + k ⇒ 3k = 5 (a - a 1 ) × n
is 2
5 | n|
⇒ k=±
3
Length of projection the line segment joining the
32. If L1 is the line of intersection of the planes points (5, -1, 4) and (4, -1, 3) on the plane
x + y + z = 7 is
2 x - 2 y + 3z - 2 = 0, x - y + z + 1 = 0 and L 2 is B (4, –1, 3)
the line of intersection of the planes (a2)
x + 2 y - z - 3 = 0, 3x - y + 2 z - 1 = 0, then the
distance of the origin from the plane, n=i+j+k
^ ^ ^

containing the lines L1 and L 2 is

[JEE Main 2018]
1 1 1 1 (5, –1, 4)
(a) (b) (c) (d) C
4 2 3 2 2 2 2 A(a1)
Exp. (b) (a - a1 ) × n |(- !i - k! ) × (!i + !j + k! )|
AC =  2 =
L1 is the line of intersection of the plane  |n |  | !i + !j + k!|
2 x - 2 y + 3 z - 2 = 0 and x - y + z + 1 = 0 and
L2 is the line of intersection of the plane |^i - ^k| 2 2
AC = ⇒ AC = =
x + 2 y - z - 3 = 0 and 3 x - y + 2 z - 1 = 0 3 3 3
!i !j k! Alternative Method
Since Li is parallel to2 -2 3 = !i + !j Clearly, DR’s of AB are 4 - 5, - 1 + 1, 3 - 4,

 
 i.e. -1, 0, -1
1 -1 1
and DR’s of normal to plane are 1, 1, 1.
!i !j k! 
Now, let θ be the angle between the line and plane,
L2 is parallel to 1 2 -1 = 3!i - 5!j - 7 k!


 
 then θ is given by
3 -1 2  - 1+ 0 - 1 2 2
5 8 sinθ = = =
Also, L2 passes through  , , 0 . 2 2 2 2
(-1) + (-1) 1 + 1 + 1 2 2 3 3
7 7 
B (4, –1, 3)
[put z = 0 in last two planes]
x - 5 y - 8 z 
 7  A (5, –1, 4) θ
7 C
So, equation of plane is 1 1 0 = 0
 3 -5 -7
  θ Plane : x + y + z = 7
 
⇒ 7 x - 7 y + 8z + 3 = 0
Now, perpendicular distance from origin is
2
  ⇒ sinθ =
3 3 1 3

 2 = =
2 2 162 3 2 2 1
 7 + 7 + 8  ⇒ cos θ = 1 - sin2 θ = 1 - =
3 3
1
33. The length of the projection of the line Clearly, length of projection = ABcosθ = 2 ⋅
3
segment joining the points (5, -1, 4) and
[" AB = 2 ]
( 4, - 1, 3) on the plane, x + y + z = 7 is 2
[JEE Main 2018] =
3
290 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

x-2 y+ 1 z+ 7
34. If the image of the point P(1, - 2 , 3) in the and = =
2 -1 -1
plane2 x + 3y - 4z + 22 = 0 measured parallel
x y z Let n1 = i - 2 j + 3k and n 2 = 2 !i - !j - k!
! ! !
to the line = = isQ, then PQ is equal to ∴Any vector n perpendicular to both n1, n 2 is given
1 4 5 by
[JEE Main 2017 (offline)]
n = n1 × n2
(a) 3 5 (b) 2 42
!i !j k!
(c) 42 (d) 6 5
⇒ n = 1 - 2 3 = 5!i + 7 !j + 3k!
Exp. (b) 2 -1 -1
x y z
Any line parallel to = = and passing
1 4 5 ∴Equation of a plane passing through (1, - 1, - 1)
through P(1, - 2, 3) is and perpendicular to n is given by
P (1, –2, 3) 5( x - 1) + 7( y + 1) + 3( z + 1) = 0
x y z <1, 4, 5>
= = ⇒ 5x + 7 y + 3z + 5 = 0
1 4 5
5 + 21 - 21 + 5
∴Required distance =
R 2x + 3y – 4z + 22 = 0 52 + 7 2 + 32
10
= units
83
Q
x-1 y+ 2 z- 3 36. The distance of the point (1, - 5, 9) from the
= = =λ (say)
1 4 5
plane x - y + z = 5 measured along the line
Any point on above line can be written as x = y = z is [JEE Main 2016 (offline)]
(λ + 1, 4λ - 2, 5λ + 3). 10 20
(a) 3 10 (b)10 3 (c) (d)
∴Coordinates of R are (λ + 1, 4λ - 2, 5λ + 3). 3 3
Since, point R lies on the above plane. Exp. (b)
∴2(λ + 1) + 3(4λ - 2 ) - 4(5λ + 3) + 22 = 0
Equation of line passing through (1, - 5, 9) and
⇒ λ =1
parallel to x = y = z is
So, point R is (2, 2, 8).
x-1 y+ 5 z- 9
Now, PR = (2 - 1)2 + (2 + 2 )2 + (8 - 3)2 = 42 = = =λ (say)
1 1 1
∴ PQ = 2 PR = 2 42 Thus, any point on this line is of the form
(λ + 1, λ - 5, λ + 9).
35. The distance of the point (1, 3, -7) from the Now, if P(λ + 1, λ - 5, λ + 9) is the point of
plane passing through the point (1, - 1, - 1) intersection of line and plane, then
having normal perpendicular to both the (λ + 1) - (λ - 5) + λ + 9 = 5
lines ⇒ λ + 15 = 5
x -1 y +2 z - 4 x -2 y +1 ⇒ λ = - 10
= = and = =
1 -2 3 2 -1 ∴Coordinates of point P are (- 9, - 15, - 1.)
z+7 Hence, the required distance
, is
-1 [JEE Main 2017 (offline)] = (1 + 9)2 + (- 5 + 15)2 + (9 + 1)2
20 10
(a) units (b) units = 102 + 102 + 102 = 10 3
74 83
5 10
(c) units (d) units x - 3 y +2 z + 4
83 74 37. If the line, = = lies in the
2 -1 3
Exp. (b)
plane,lx + my - z = 9, thenl 2 + m 2 is equal to
Given, equations of lines are
x-1 y+ 2 z- 4 [JEE Main 2016 (offline)]
= = (a) 26 (b) 18 (c) 5 (d) 2
1 -2 3
Three Dimensional Geometry 291

Exp. (d) Exp. (c)

x-3 y+2 z+ 4 Let equation of plane containing the lines
Since, the line = = lies in the
2 -1 3 2 x - 5 y + z = 3 and x + y + 4 z = 5 be
plane lx + my - z = 9, therefore we have (2 x - 5 y + z - 3) + λ( x + y + 4 z - 5) = 0
2l - m - 3 = 0 ⇒ (2 + λ )x + (λ - 5)y + (4λ + 1)z - 3 - 5λ = 0
[" normal will be perpendicular to the line] …(i)
⇒ 2l - m = 3 ...(i) This plane is parallel to the plane x + 3 y + 6 z = 1.
2 + λ λ - 5 4λ + 1
and 3l - 2 m + 4 = 9 ∴ = =
1 3 6
[" point (3, - 2, - 4) lies on the plane]
On taking first two equalities, we get
⇒ 3l - 2 m = 5 ...(ii)
6 + 3λ = λ - 5
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
⇒ 2 λ = - 11
l = 1and m = - 1 11
∴ l 2 + m2 = 2 ⇒ λ=-
2
On taking last two equalities, we get
38. The distance of the point (1, 0, 2) from the 6λ - 30 = 3 + 12 λ
point of intersection of the line 11
x -2 y +1 z -2 ⇒ -6λ = 33 ⇒ λ = -
= = and the plane 2
3 4 12 So, the equation of required plane is
x - y + z = 16 is [JEE Main 2015]
 2 - 11 x +  -11 - 5 y +  - 44 + 1 z - 3
(a) 2 14 (b) 8 (c) 3 21 (d) 13      
 2  2   2 
Exp. (d) 11
+ 5× =0
2
Given equation of line is
7 21 42 49
x-2 y+ 1 z-2 ⇒ - x- y- z+ =0
= = =λ (say)…(i) 2 2 2 2
3 4 12
⇒ x + 3y + 6z - 7 = 0
and equation of plane is
x - y + z = 16 …(ii) 40. The angle between the lines whose direction
Any point on the line (i) is cosines satisfy the equation l + m + n = 0 and
(3λ + 2, 4λ - 1, 12 λ + 2) l 2 = m 2 + n 2 is [JEE Main 2014]
Let this point be point of intersection of the line π π π π
(a) (b) (c) (d)
and plane. 3 4 6 2
(3∴
λ + 2 ) - (4λ - 1) + (12 λ + 2 ) = 16
! Use formula
⇒ 11λ + 5 = 16 a1a2 + b1b 2 + c1c2
cos θ =
⇒ 11λ = 11 a12 + b12 + c12 a22 + b 22 + c22
⇒ λ =1
∴Point of intersection is (5, 3, 14). Exp. (a)
Now, distance between the points (1, 0, 2) and Given, l + m+ n= 0
(5, 3, 14) ⇒ l = - (m + n)
= (5 - 1)2 + (3 - 0)2 + (14 - 2 )2 ⇒ (m + n)2 = l 2
= 16 + 9 + 144 ⇒ m2 + n2 + 2 mn = m2 + n2
= 169 = 13
["l 2 = m2 + n2 , given]
39. The equation of the plane containing the ⇒ 2 mn = 0
line 2 x - 5y + z = 3, x + y + 4z = 5 and parallel Case I When m = 0, then
to the plane x + 3y + 6z = 1 is [JEE Main 2015]
l=-n
(a) 2 x + 6y + 12 z = 13 (b) x + 3y + 6z = - 7
Hence, (l, m, n) is (1, 0, - 1).
(c) x + 3y + 6z = 7 (d) 2 x + 6y + 12 z = - 13
292 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Case II When n = 0, then Given planes are

2x + y + 2z - 8 = 0
l=-m 5
and 2x + y + 2z + = 0
Hence, (l, m, n) is (1, - 1, 0). 2
1+ 0 + 0 1 Distance between two planes
∴ cos θ = =
2 × 2 2 5 21
-8-
| c1 - c 2 | 2 7
π = = = 2 =
⇒ θ= 2
a + b +c2 2 2 2
2 +1 +2 2 3 2
3
x -1 y - 3 z - 4 x -2 y - 3 z - 4
41. The image of the line = = 43. If the lines = = and
3 1 -5 1 1 -k
in the plane 2 x - y + z + 3 = 0 is the line x -1 y - 4 z -5
[JEE Main 2014] = = are coplanar, then k can
x+ 3 y -5 z-2 x+ 3 y -5 z+ 2 k 2 1
(a) = = (b) = = have [JEE Main 2013]
3 1 -5 -3 -1 5
(a) any value (b) exactly one value
x-3 y + 5 z-2 x-3 y + 5 z-2
(c) + = (d) = = (c) exactly two values (d) exactly three values
3 1 -5 -3 -1 5
Exp. (c)
! Distance of mirror from the object is equal to
distance of image from the mirror. The given lines are
Exp. (a) x-2 y- 3 z- 4
= = …(i)
1 1 -k
Plane and line are parallel to each other. Equation
x-1 y- 4 z- 5
of normal to the plane through the point(1, 3, 4) is and = = …(ii)
k 2 1
x-1 y- 3 z- 4
= = =k [say] Condition for two lines are coplanar.
2 -1 1
x1 - x2 y1 - y2 z1 - z2
Any point in this normal is
l1 m1 n1 =0
(2 k + 1, - k + 3, 4 + k )
l2 m2 n2
2k + 1 + 1 3 - k + 3 4 + k + 4
⇒  , ,  lies on where, ( x1, y1, z1 ) and ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) are any points on
 2 2 2  the lines (i) and (ii), respectively and < l1, m1, n1 >
plane. and < l2 , m2 , n2 > are direction cosines of lines (i)
6 - k  8 + k
⇒ 2(k + 1) -  +
   + 3 = 0 and (ii), respectively.
 2   2  2 -1 3- 4 4- 5
⇒ k = -2 ∴ 1 1 -k =0
Hence, point through which this image pass is k 2 1
(2 k + 1, 3 - k, 4 + k )
1 -1 -1
i.e., [2 (- 2 ) + 1, 3 + 2, 4, - 2 ]
⇒ 1 1 -k =0
= (- 3, 5, 2 )
k 2 1
Hence, equation of image line is
2
x+ 3 y- 5 z-2 ⇒ 1(1 + 2 k ) + (1 + k ) - (2 - k ) = 0
= =
3 1 -5 ⇒ k2 + 2 k + k = 0
42. Distance between two parallel planes ⇒ k 2 + 3k = 0
2 x + y + 2 z = 8 and 4x + 2 y + 4z + 5 = 0 is ⇒ k = 0, - 3
[JEE Main 2013]
3 5 7 9 Note If 0 appears in the denominator, then the
(a) (b) (c) (d) correct way of representing the equation of
2 2 2 2 straight line is

Exp. (c) x -2 y -3 y -4 z -5
= ; z = 4 and x = 1; =
1 1 2 1
Three Dimensional Geometry 293

Since, L1 and L2 are intersecting each other,

44. An equation of a plane parallel to the plane hence both points P and Q should coincide at the
x - 2 y + 2 z - 5 = 0 and at a unit distance from
point of intersection, i.e., corresponding
the origin is [AIEEE 2012]
coordinates of P and Q should be same.
(a) x - 2 y + 2 z - 3 = 0 (b) x - 2 y + 2 z + 1 = 0
2 p + 1 = q + 3, 3 p - 1 = 2q + k and 4 p + 1 = q
(c) x - 2 y + 2 z - 1 = 0 (d) x - 2 y + 2 z + 5 = 0
On solving 2 p + 1 = q + 3 and 4 p + 1 = q , we get
Exp. (a) the values of p and q as
-3
Given A plane P : x - 2 y + 2 z - 5 = 0 p= and q = - 5
2
To find The equation of a plane parallel to given
plane P and at a distance of 1 unit from origin. On substituting the values of p and q in the third
Equation of family of plane parallel to the given equation 3 p - 1 = 2q + k, we get
- 3 9
plane P is 3   - 1 = 2(- 5) + k ∴ k =
Q : x - 2y + 2z + d = 0  2  2
Also, perpendicular distance of Q from origin is y -1 z-3
1 unit. 46. If the angle between the line x = =
2 λ
0 - 2(0) + 2(0) + d  5
⇒ =1
and the plane x + 2 y + 3z = 4 is cos -1  ,
12 + 2 2 + 2 2  14 
d
⇒ =1 then λ is equal to [AIEEE 2011]
3
3 2 5 2
⇒ d=± 3 (a) (b) (c) (d)
2 5 3 3
Hence, the required equation of the plane Exp. (d)
parallel to P and at unit distance from origin is
x - 2y + 2z ± 3 = 0 Angle between straight line
^
Hence, out of the given equations, option (a) is r = a + λb and plane r ⋅ n = d is
^
the only correct. b⋅n
sin θ =
x -1 y +1 z -1 ^
|b||n|
45. If the line = = and
2 3 4 (!i + 2 !j + λ k! ) ⋅ (!i + 2 !j + 3 k! )
x - 3 y -k z ∴ sin θ =
= = intersect, then k is equal to 1 + 4 + λ2 1+ 4 + 9
1 2 1
[AIEEE 2012] 5 + 3λ
2 9 ⇒ sin θ =
(a) –1 (b) (c) (d) 0 λ2 + 5 ⋅ 14
9 2
5
Given, cos θ =
Exp. (c) 14
x-1 y+ 1 z-1 3 3 5 + 3λ
Given Two lines L1 : = = ∴ sin θ = ⇒ =
2 3 4 14 14 2
λ + 5 ⋅ 14
x-3 y-k z-0 2 2
and L2 : = = ⇒ 9 (λ + 5) = 9λ + 30λ + 25
1 2 1
⇒ 9 λ2 + 45 = 9λ2 + 30λ + 25 ⇒ 30λ = 20
To find The value of k of the given lines L1 and L2
are intersecting each other. 2
∴ λ=
x-1 y+ 1 z-1 3
Let L1 : = = = p
2 3 4
x-3 y-k z-0
47. Statement I The point A (1, 0, 7) is the
and L2 : = = =q mirror image of the pointB (1, 6, 3) in the line
1 2 1
x y -1 z -2
⇒ Any point P on line L1 is of type = = .
P(2 p + 1, 3 p - 1, 4 p + 1) and any point Q on line L2 is 1 2 3
of type Q(q + 3, 2q + k, q ).
294 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

x y -1 z -2 P (3, _1,11)
Statement II The line
= =
1 2 3
bisects the line segment joining A (1, 0 , 7)
and B (1, 6, 3). [AIEEE 2011]
(a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
Statement II is not a correct explanation of A B
Q
Statement I
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is false
(c) Statement I is false, Statement II is true ∴ DR’s of PQ is (2 λ - 3, 3λ + 3, 4λ - 8).
(d) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Also, perpendicular to straight line AB
Statement II is a correct explanation of x y-2 z- 3
= = =λ
Statement I 2 3 4
having DR’s (2, 3, 4).
Exp. (d)
Thus, 2 (2 λ - 3) + 3 (3λ + 3) + 4 (4λ - 8) = 0
Mid-point of AB is M (1, 3, 5) ⇒ 4λ - 6 + 9λ + 9 + 16λ - 32 = 0
A (1, 0, 7)
⇒ 29λ - 29 = 0
∴ λ =1
Hence, coordinates of Q are (2, 5, 7).
∴ |PQ| = (3 - 2 )2 + (- 1 - 5)2 + (7 - 11)2
M x y–1 z–2
1 2 3 = 1 + 36 + 16 = 53

49. The distance of the point (1, - 5, 9) from the

B (1, 6, 3)
plane x - y + z = 5 measured along a straight
which lies on line x = y = z , is [AIEEE 2011]
x y-1 z-2
= = (a) 3 5 (b)10 3
1 2 3
1 3-1 5-2 (c) 5 3 (d) 3 10
as = = ⇒ 1= 1= 1
1 2 3 Exp. (b)
Hence, Statement II is true.
Also, direction ratios of AB is Let Q be any point on the plane.
(1 - 1, 6 - 0, 3 - 7 ) Then equation of PQ is
i .e., (0, 6, - 4) …(i) x-1 y+ 5 z- 9
= = = λ,
And direction ratios of straight line is 1 1 1
(1, 2 , 3) …(ii) where P = (1, - 5, 9)
The two lines are perpendicular, if
0 (1) + 6 (2 ) - 4 (3) = 12 - 12 = 0
Q
Hence, Statement I is true and Statement II is a
correct explanation of Statement I.

48. The length of the perpendicular drawn from ∴ x = λ + 1, y = λ - 5, z = λ + 9 lies on the

the point ( 3, - 1, 11) to the line plane
x y -2 z - 3
= = is x- y+ z=5
2 3 4 [AIEEE 2011]
⇒ λ + 1- λ + 5 + λ + 9 = 5
(a) 66 (b) 29
∴ λ = - 10
(c) 33 (d) 53
Hence, coordinate of Q is Q (- 9, - 15, - 1.)
Exp. (d)
∴ |PQ| = (10)2 + (10)2 + (10)2
Let the coordinates of Q be (2 λ , 3λ + 2 , 4λ + 3)
= 10 3
which is any point on the straight line AB.
Three Dimensional Geometry 295

2, – 2, 2 which are proportional to 1, - 1, 1, the

50. A line AB in three-dimensional space makes direction ratios of the normal to the plane.
angles 45° and 120° with the positive X-axis
and the positive Y-axis, respectively. If AB Hence, Statement II is true. Thus, both statements
are true and Statement II is a correct explanation
makes an acute angle θ with the positive
of Statement I.
Z-axis, then θ is equal to [AIEEE 2010]
(a) 30° (b) 45° (c) 60° (d) 75° x -2 y -1 z +2
52. Let the line = = lies in the
Exp. (c) 3 -5 2
plane x + 3y - αz + β = 0. Then, (α , β ) is equal
We know that, to [AIEEE 2009]
cos 2 45°+ cos 2 120°+ cos 2 θ = 1 (a) (6, - 17) (b) ( - 6, 7)
1 1 1
⇒ + + cos 2 θ = 1 ⇒ cos 2 θ = (c) ( 5, - 15) (d) ( - 5,15)
2 4 4
1 Exp. (b)
⇒ cosθ = ±
2
DR’s of given line are (3, - 5, 2 ) .
∴ θ = 60°or 120°
DR’s of normal to the plane = (1, 3, - α )
51. Statement I The point A(3, 1, 6) is the ∴ Line is perpendicular to the normal
mirror image of the point B(1, 3, 4) in the 3(1) - 5(3) + 2 (- α ) = 0
plane x - y + z = 5. ⇒ 3 - 15 - 2 α = 0
Statement II The plane x - y + z = 5 bisects ⇒ 2 α = - 12
the line segment joining A(3, 1, 6) and ⇒ α=-6
B(1, 3, 4) [AIEEE 2010] Also, point (2 , 1, - 2 ) lies on the plane.
(a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; ∴ 2 + 3 + 6 (- 2 ) + β = 0 ⇒ β = 7
Statement II is a correct explanation of ⇒ (α, β ) = (- 6, 7 )
Statement I
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; 53. The projections of a vector on the three
Statement II is not a correct explanation of coordinate axes are6, - 3 and 2, respectively.
Statement I
The direction cosines of the vector are
(c) Statement I is true, Statement II is false 6 3 2
(d) Statement I is false, Statement II is true (a) 6, - 3, 2 (b) ,- ,
5 5 5
6 3 2 6 3 2
Exp. (a) (c) ,- , (d) - , - ,
7 7 7 7 7 7
The image of the point (3, 1, 6) with respect to [AIEEE 2009]
the plane x - y + z = 5 is Exp. (c)
x - 3 y - 1 z - 6 - 2 (3 - 1 + 6 - 5)
= = = Projection of a vector on coordinate axes are
1 -1 1 1+ 1+ 1 x2 - x1, y2 - y1, z2 - z1
" x - x1 = y - y1 = z - z1
 ⇒ x2 - x1 = 6, y2 - y1 = - 3, z2 - z1 = 2
a b c
- 2(ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d ) Now, ( x2 - x1 )2 + ( y2 - y1 )2 + ( z2 - z1 )2
= 
a2 + b 2 + c 2  = 36 + 9 + 4 = 7
x- 3 y-1 z- 6 6 3 2
⇒ = = = -2 So, the DC’s of the vector are , - and ⋅
1 -1 1 7 7 7
⇒ x = 3-2 = 1 54. The line passing through the points (5, 1, a )
y = 1+ 2 = 3 and ( 3,b , 1) crosses the yz-plane at the point
and z = 6 - 2 = 4  17 13
0, , -  . Then,
which shows that Statement I is true.  2 2 [AIEEE 2008]
We observe that the line segment joining the (a) a = 8, b = 2 (b) a = 2 , b = 8
points A(3, 1, 6) and B(1, 3, 4) has direction ratios (c) a = 4, b = 6 (d) a = 6, b = 4
296 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Exp. (d) 56. Let L be the line of intersection of the planes

Equation of line passing through (5, 1, a) and 2 x + 3y + z = 1 and x + 3y + 2 z = 2 .If L makes
(3, b, 1) is an angle α with the positive X-axis, then
x- 3 y- b z-1 cos α is equal to [AIEEE 2007]
= = …(i)
5 - 3 1- b a - 1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) 1 (d)
 x - x1 y - y1 z - z1  3 2 2
" = = 
 x2 - x1 y2 - y1 z2 - z1 
17 13
Exp. (a)
Point  0, , -  satisfies Eq. (i), we get
 2 2 Let the direction cosines of line L be l , m and n.
17 13 Since, the line intersect the given planes, then the
-b - -1
3 normal to the planes are perpendicular to the line
- = 2 = 2
2 1- b a-1 L.
 - 15  ∴ 2 l + 3m + n = 0 … (i)
 
 2 and l + 3 m + 2 n = 0 … (ii)
⇒ a - 1= =5 ⇒ a=6
 - 3 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
 
 2 l m n
= = =k [say]
17
Also, - 3(1 - b ) = 2  - b  3 -3 3
2 
We know that, l 2 + m2 + n2 = 1
⇒ 3 b - 3 = 17 - 2 b
∴ (3k )2 + (- 3k )2 + (3k )2 = 1
⇒ 5b = 20
1
⇒ b=4 ⇒ 27 k 2 = 1 ⇒ k=
3 3
x -1 y -2 z - 3 1 1
55. If the straight lines = = and ∴ l= ⇒ cos α =
k 2 3 3 3
x -2 y - 3 z -1
= = intersect at a point, then π
3 k 2 57. If a line makes an angle of with the positive
4
the integer k is equal to [AIEEE 2008]
directions of each of X-axis and Y-axis, then
(a) – 2 (b) – 5
the angle that the line makes with the
(c) 5 (d) 2
positive direction of the Z-axis is [AIEEE 2007]
Exp. (b) π π
(a) (b)
x-1 y-2 z- 3 6 3
Given, = = … (i) π π
k 2 3 (c) (d)
x-2 y- 3 z-1 4 2
and = = … (ii)
3 k 2 Exp. (d)
Since, lines intersect at a point. Then, shortest π
distance between them is zero. Since, a line makes an angle of with positive
4
k 2 3 directions of each of X-axis and Y-axis, therefore
∴ 3 k 2 =0 π π
α= , β=
1 1 -2 4 4
We know that,
⇒ k (- 2 k - 2 ) - 2 (- 6 - 2 ) + 3(3 - k ) = 0 cos 2 α + cos 2 β + cos 2 γ = 1
⇒ - 2 k 2 - 5k + 25 = 0 π π
∴ cos 2 + cos 2 + cos 2 γ = 1
⇒ 2 k 2 + 5k - 25 = 0 4 4
2 k 2 + 10k - 5k - 25 = 0 1 1
⇒ ⇒ + + cos 2 γ = 1
2 2
⇒ 2 k(k + 5) - 5(k + 5) = 0
5 ⇒ cos 2 γ = 0
⇒ k= ,-5 π
2 ∴ γ=
Hence, integer value of k is - 5. 2
Three Dimensional Geometry 297

x - x1 y - y1 z - z1
58. If (2, 3, 5) is one end of a diameter of the = =
a b c
sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - 6x - 12 y - 2 z + 20 = 0, - 2 (ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d )
=
then the coordinates of the other end of the a2 + b 2 + c 2
diameter are [AIEEE 2007]
Thus, the image of point (–1, 3, 4) in a plane
(a) (4, 9, –3) (b) (4, –3, 3) x - 2 y = 0 is given by
(c) (4, 3, 5) (d) (4, 3, –3) x+1 y-3 z-4
= =
1 -2 0
Exp. (a)
- 2 [1 × (-1) + (- 2 ) × 3 + 0 × 4]
Given equation of sphere =
1+ 4
x2 + y2 + z2 - 6 x - 12 y - 2 z + 20 = 0
x + 1 y - 3 z - 4 - 2 ( -7 )
whose coordinates of centre are (3, 6, 1). ⇒ = = =
1 -2 0 5
Since, one end of diameter are (2, 3, 5) and let the
14 9
other end of diameter be (α, β, γ ), then ⇒ x= - 1= ,
5 5
α+2 β+ 3 γ+ 5
= 3, = 6, =1 28 13
2 2 2 y=- + 3=- and z = 4
5 5
⇒ α = 4, β = 9 and γ = - 3
Hence, the coordinates of other points be Hence, the image of point (–1, 3, 4) is
 9 , - 13 , 4 .
(4, 9, - 3).  
5 5 
59. The two lines x = ay + b , z = cy + d and
61. If the plane 2 ax - 3ay + 4az + 6 = 0 passes
x = a ′ y + b ′ , z = c ′ y + d ′ are perpendicular
to each other, if [AIEEE 2006, 2003]
through the mid-point of the line joining the
a c centres of the spheres
(a) aa ′ + cc ′ =1 (b) + = -1 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 6x - 8y - 2 z = 13 and
a′ c′
(c)
a
+
c
=1 (d) aa ′ + cc ′ = -1 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - 10x + 4y - 2 z = 8, then a is
a′ c′ equal to [AIEEE 2005]
(a) 2 (b) - 2 (c) 1 (d) -1
Exp. (d)
Given equations can be rewritten as Exp. (b)
x- b y- 0 z-d Equation of given spheres are
= =
a 1 c x2 + y2 + z2 + 6 x - 8 y - 2 z = 13 …(i)
x - b′ y - 0 z - d ′ 2 2 2
and = = and x + y + z - 10 x + 4 y - 2 z = 8 …(ii)
a′ 1 c′
whose centres are (– 3, 4, 1) and (5, – 2, 1).
These lines will be perpendicular, if
Mid-point of (– 3, 4, 1) and (5, – 2, 1) is (1, 1, 1).
aa ′ + cc ′ + 1 = 0[" l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0]
Since, the given plane 2 ax - 3ay + 4az + 6 = 0
passes through (1, 1, 1).
60. The image of the point (–1, 3, 4) in the plane
∴ 2 a - 3a + 4a + 6 = 0
x - 2 y = 0 is [AIEEE 2006]
⇒ 3a = - 6 ⇒ a = - 2
17 19
(a) (15, 11, 4) (b)  - , - ,1
 3 3  62. If the angle θ between the line
9 13 x +1 y -1 z -2
(c) (8, 4, 4) (d)  , - , 4 = = and the plane
5 5  1 2 2
1
Exp. (d) 2 x - y + λ z + 4 = 0 is such that sin θ = .
3
We know that, the image ( x, y, z) of a point The value of λ is [AIEEE 2005]
( x1, y1, z1 ) in a plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 is given 4 3 3 5
(a) - (b) (c) - (d)
by 3 4 5 3
298 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Exp. (d) 1 1 10
and radius = + +2=
4 4 2
Direction ratios of line are
(a1, b1, c1 ) = (1, 2 , 2 )
And direction ratios of a plane are
(a2, b2 , c 2 ) = (2 , - 1, λ ) O
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c 2
∴ sin θ =
a1 + b12 + c12 a22 + b22 + c 22
2
B A
1 × 2 + 2 (-1) + 2 × λ
=
12 + 2 2 + 2 2 2 2 + 12 + ( λ )2 Distance from centre of sphere to the given plane
 1 + 1 - 4
1 2 λ 5   3
⇒ = = 5 + λ = 4λ ⇒ λ = OA = 2 2 =
3 3 5+ λ 3 
 1 + 4 + 1
 6
 
63. The angle between the lines 2 x = 3y = - z So, radius of circle,
10 9
and 6x = - y = - 4z is [AIEEE 2005] AB = OB2 - OA 2 = -
4 6
(a) 30° (b) 45°
(c) 90° (d) 0° 30 - 18 12
= = =1
12 12
Exp. (c)
The given equations of lines can be rewritten as 65. A line makes the same angle θ with each of
x y z the X and Z -axes. If the angle β, which it
= =
3 2 -6 makes with Y-axis, is such that
x y z sin 2 β = 3 sin 2 θ , then cos 2 θ is equal to
and = =
2 -12 - 3 (a) 2/3 (b) 1/5 [AIEEE 2004]
∴ Angle between the lines is (c) 3/5 (d) 2/5
θ = cos -1 Exp. (c)
 3 × 2 + 2 (-12 ) - 6(-3) 
  A line makes angle θ with X-axis and Z-axis and β
 32 + 2 2 + (-6)2 (2 )2 + (-12 )2 + (-3)2  with Y-axis.
 
∴ l = cos θ, m = cos β, n = cos θ
 a1 ⋅ a2 + b2 ⋅ b2 + c1 ⋅ c 2 
"cosθ =  " l 2 + m2 + n2 = 1
 2 2 2 2 2 2 
 a1 + b 1 + c1 a2 + b2 + c 2  ∴ cos 2 θ + cos 2 β + cos 2 θ = 1
= cos -1 (0) = 90° ⇒ 2 cos 2 θ = 1 - cos 2 β
⇒ 2 cos 2 θ = sin2 β …(i)
64. The plane x + 2 y - z = 4 cuts the sphere But it is given that,
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - x + z - 2 = 0 in a circle of radius sin2 β = 3 sin2 θ …(ii)
(a) 2 (b) 2 [AIEEE 2005] From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
(c) 1 (d) 3 3 sin2 θ = 2 cos 2 θ
Exp. (c) ⇒ 3(1 - cos 2 θ) = 2 cos 2 θ
Since, the centre of sphere ⇒ 3 = 5cos 2 θ
1 1 3
x2 + y2 + z2 - x + z - 2 = 0 is  , 0, -  ∴ cos 2 θ =
2 2 5
Three Dimensional Geometry 299

On solving first and second fractions, we get

66. Distance between two parallel planes
2 x + y + 2 z = 8 and 4x + 2 y + 4z + 5 = 0 is k - 2λ + a = 2k - 2λ - 2a
[AIEEE 2004] ⇒ k = 3a …(i)
3 5 7 9 On solving second and third fractions, we get
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2 2 2k - 2λ - 2a = k - λ
Exp. (c) ⇒ k - λ = 2a
⇒ λ = 3 a - 2 a [from Eq. (i)]
We know that the distance between two parallel
∴ λ=a
planes ax + by + cz + d1 = 0
Hence, coordinates of E are (3 a, 2 a, 3 a) and
and ax + by + cz + d 2 = 0 is
coordinates of F are (a, a, a).
d 2 - d1
a + b2 + c 2
2 68. If the straight lines x = 1 + s , y = - 3 - λ s ,
t
Therefore, the distance between z = 1 + λ s and x = , y = 1 + t , z = 2 - t , with
4 x + 2 y + 4 z - 16 = 0 and 4 x + 2 y + 4 z + 5 = 0 2
is parameterss and t respectively are coplanar,
 5 + 16   21  21 7 then λ is equal to [AIEEE 2004]
 =  = = 1
(a) – 2 (b) –1 (c) - (d) 0
 16 + 4 + 16  36 6 2 2

67. A line with direction cosines proportional to Exp. (a)

2, 1, 2 meets each of the lines x = y + a = z The given straight line can be rewritten as
and x + a = 2 y = 2 z. The coordinates of each x-1 y+ 3 z-1
= = =s
of the points of intersection are given by 1 -λ λ
(a) ( 3a , 3a , 3a ),(a , a , a ) [AIEEE 2004] x- 0 y-1 z-2
and = = =t
(b) ( 3a , 2a , 3a ),(a , a , a ) 1 2 -2
(c) ( 3a , 2a , 3a ),(a , a , 2a ) These two lines are coplanar, if
(d) ( 2a , 3a , 3a ),( 2a , a , a ) x1 - x2 y1 - y2 z1 - z2
l1 m1 n1 =0
Exp. (b)
l2 m2 n2
Let the equation of line AB be
x-0 y+ a z=0 1- 0 - 3 - 1 1- 2
= = =k [say] ⇒ 1 -λ λ =0
1 1 1
A E 1 2 -2
B
1 -4 -1
⇒ 1 -λ λ =0
C D 1 2 -2
F
Any point on the line is F (k, k - a, k ). ⇒ 1(2 λ - 2 λ ) + 4(-2 - λ ) - 1(2 + λ ) = 0
⇒ - 8 - 4λ - 2 - λ = 0
Also, the equation of other line CD is
⇒ -10 = 5λ ⇒ λ = - 2
x+ a y-0 z-0
= = =λ [say]
2 1 1
69. The intersection of the spheres
Any point on the line is E (2 λ - a, λ, λ ).
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 7x - 2 y - z = 13 and
Direction ratios of EF are
[(k - 2 λ + a), (k - a - λ ), (k - λ )]. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - 3x + 3y + 4z = 8 is the same as
Since, it is given that direction ratios of EF are the intersection of one of the sphere and the
proportional to 2, 1, 2. plane [AIEEE 2004]
k - 2λ + a k - λ - a k - λ (a) x - y - z =1 (b) x - 2 y - z = 1
∴ = =
2 1 2 (c) x - y - 2 z = 1 (d) 2 x - y - z = 1
300 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Exp. (d) (a) k = 0 or –1 (b) k =1 or –1

(c) k = 0 or – 3 (d) k = 3 or – 3
Given equation of two spheres are [AIEEE 2003]
S ≡ x2 + y2 + z2 + 7 x - 2 y - z - 13 = 0
and S ′ ≡ x2 + y2 + z2 - 3 x + 3 y + 4 z - 8 = 0
Exp. (c)
If these spheres intersect, then S - S ′ = 0 Given lines
represents the equation of common plane of x-2 y- 3 z- 4
= = …(i)
intersection. 1 1 -k
∴ ( x2 + y2 + z2 + 7 x - 2 y - z - 13) and
x-1 y- 4 z- 5
= = …(ii)
- ( x2 + y2 + z2 - 3 x + 3 y + 4 z - 8) = 0 k 2 1
⇒ 10 x - 5 y - 5 z - 5 = 0 are coplanar.
⇒ 2x- y- z=1 -1 1 1
∴ 1 1 -k = 0
70. The radius of the circle in which the sphere k 2 1
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2 x - 2 y - 4z - 19 = 0 is cut by  x2 - x1 y2 - y1 z2 - z1 
the plane x + 2 y + 2 z + 7 = 0, is [AIEEE 2003] " l1 m1 n1 = 0
 
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4  l2 m2 n2 
Exp. (c) ⇒ -11 ( + k 2 ) + 12
( + 2 k ) - 11 ( - k) = 0
Given equation of sphere is ⇒ -2 k - 1 - 1 - k 2 + 2 - k = 0
x2 + y2 + z2 + 2 x - 2 y - 4 z - 19 = 0 ⇒ - k 2 - 3k = 0
whose centre (–1, 1, 2) ⇒ k = 0 or - 3
and radius = (-1)2 + (1)2 + (2 )2 + 19
72. The shortest distance from the plane
= 25 = 5
12 x + 4y + 3z = 327 to the sphere
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 4x - 2 y - 6z = 155 is
4 [AIEEE 2003]
(a) 26 (b) 11
O 13
(c) 13 (d) 39

Exp. (c)
B N A
Given equations of sphere and plane are

Also, equation of plane is x2 + y2 + z2 + 4 x - 2 y - 6 z - 155 = 0

x+2y+2z+7 =0 and 12 x + 4 y + 3 z - 327 = 0
Length of the perpendicular from centre O on the Centre of the sphere is (– 2, 1, 3) and radius
plane is = 4 + 1 + 9 + 155 = 169 = 13
-1 × 1 + 1 × 2 + 2 × 2 + 7 12
ON = = =4 Length of the perpendicular from centre to the
12 + 2 2 + 2 2 3 plane
In ∆OAN, - 2 × 12 + 1 × 4 + 3 × 3 - 327
52 = 42 + AN2 [by Pythagoras theorem] =
 

 (12 )2 + (4)2 + 32 
⇒ AN2 = 25 - 16 ⇒ AN2 = 9
∴ AN = 3  
ax + by1 + cz1 + d
" P = 1 
2 2 2
x -2 y - 3 z - 4  a + b +c 
71. The lines = = and  
1 1 -k
x -1 y - 4 z -5 -11 - 327
= = 338 = 26
= = are coplanar, if  169  13
k 2 1
Three Dimensional Geometry 301

∴Shortest distance between the plane and sphere Let a, b and c be the lengths of edges, then
= 26 - Radius of sphere a = 5 - 2 = 3, b = 9 - 3 = 6 and c = 7 - 5 = 2
= 26 - 13 = 13 So, the length of diagonal of a parallelopiped
= a2 + b 2 + c 2
73. Two systems of rectangular axes have the
= 9 + 36 + 4
same origin. If a plane cuts them at
distances a ,b , c and a ′ ,b ′ , c ′ from the origin, = 49 = 7 units
then [AIEEE 2003]
75. The equation of the plane containing the
1 1 1 1 1 1
(a) + + + + + =0 x - x1 y - y1 z - z1
a2 b2 c2 a ′2 b ′2 c ′2 line = = is
l m n
1 1 1 1 1 1
(b) + - + + - =0
a2 b2 c2 a ′2 b ′2 c ′2 a ( x - x1 ) + b ( y - y1 ) + c ( z - z1 ) = 0, where
1 1 1 1 1 1 (a) ax1 + by1 + cz1 = 0 [AIEEE 2002]
(c) - - + - - =0
a2
b2
c 2
a′ 2
b′ 2
c′ 2 (b) al + bm + cn = 0
a b c
1 1 1 1 1 1 (c) = =
(d) + + - - - =0 l m n
a2 b2 c2 a ′2 b ′2 c ′2
(d) lx1 + my1 + nz1 = 0
Exp. (d) Exp. (b)
Consider OX, OY , OZ and Ox, Oy, Oz are two The equation of plane containing the line
systems of rectangular axes.
x - x1 y - y1 z - z1
Let their corresponding equations of plane be = = is
l m n
x y z
+ + =1 …(i) a( x - x1 ) + b ( y - y1 ) + c( z - z1 ) = 0
a b c
x y z Since, the normal to the plane is perpendicular to
and + + =1 …(ii)
a′ b ′ c ′ the given line.
Length of perpendicular from origin to Eqs. (i) ∴ al + bm + cn = 0
and (ii) must be same.
1 1 76. The centre of the circle given by
∴ =
1 1 1 1 1 1 r ⋅ ( i + 2 j + 2 k ) = 15 and | r - ( j + 2 k )| = 4, is
+ 2 + 2 + 2 + 2
a2 b c a ′2 b′ c′ (a) (0, 1, 2) [AIEEE 2002]

1 1 1 1 1 1 (b) (1, 3, 4)
⇒ 2
+ 2
+ 2
= 2
+ 2
+ 2 (c) (–1, 3, 4)
a b c a′ b′ c′
(d) None of the above
1 1 1 1 1 1
⇒ + + - - - =0
a2 b2 c2 a ′2 b ′2 c ′2 Exp. (b)
The equation of a line through the centre j + 2k
74. A parallelopiped is formed by planes drawn and normal to the given plane is
through the points (2, 3, 5) and (5, 9, 7), r = j + 2 k + λ(i + 2 j + 2 k ) …(i)
parallel to the coordinate planes. The length This meets the plane at a point for which we
of a diagonal of the parallelopiped is must have
[AIEEE 2002]
[(j + 2 k ) + λ(i + 2 j + 2 k )] ⋅ (i + 2 j + 2 k ) = 15
(a) 7 units (b) 38 units
⇒ 2 (1 + 2 λ ) + λ + 2 (2 + 2 λ ) = 15
(c) 155 units (d) None of these
⇒ 6 + 9 λ = 15
Exp. (a) ∴ λ =1
On putting λ = 1in Eq. (i), we get
A parallelopiped is formed by planes drawn
through the points (2, 3, 5) and (5, 9, 7), parallel to r = i + 3j + 4k
the coordinate planes. Hence, centre of circle is (1, 3, 4).
13
Vector Algebra
" " " " "
! If β = β - β ,
2. Let α = 3i! + !j and β = 2 i! - !j + 3k.
1. Let a = 3!i + 2 !j + xk! and b = !i - !j + k! , for some " " 1 2
"
real x. Then |a × b| = r is possible if where β1 is parallel to α and β 2 is
" " "
[JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-II] perpendicular to α, then β1 × β 2 is equal to
3 3 3 [JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-I]
(a) 0 < r ≤ (b) <r ≤ 3
2 2 2 1 1
(a) ( 3i! - 9!j + 5k!) (b) ( -3i! + 9!j + 5k
!)
3 3 3 2 2
(c) 3 <r < 5 (d) r ≥ 5
2 2 2 (c) -3!i + 9!j + 5k
! (d) 3!i - 9!j - 5k!)
Exp. (d) Exp. (b)
Given vectors are a = 3!i + 2 !j + xk
! Æ Æ
! ! Given vectors α = 3!i + !j and β = 2 !i - !j + 3k
!
and b= i - j+ k !
Æ Æ Æ
and β = β1 - β 2
 !i !j k !
Æ Æ Æ
  such that β1 is parallel to α and β 2 is
∴ a × b= 3 2 x
  perpendicular to α
1 -1 1
  Æ
So, β = λα = λ(3i! + !j)
1
= i(2 + x) - !j(3 - x) + k
! ! ( -3 - 2 )
Æ
Æ Æ
Now, β 2 = β1 - β = λ(3!i + !j) - (2 !i - !j + 3k
!)
= ( x + 2 )!i + ( x - 3)!j - 5k
!
= (3λ - 2 )!i + (λ + 1)!j – 3k!
⇒ |a × b| = ( x + 2 )2 + ( x - 3)2 + 25 Æ Æ
# β 2 is perpendicular to α, so β 2 ⋅ α = 0
2
= 2 x - 2 x + 4 + 9 + 25 [since if non-zero vectors a and b are
perpendicular to each other, then a ⋅ b = 0]
1 1
= 2  x2 - x +  - + 38 ∴ (3λ - 2 )(3) + (λ + 1)(1) = 0
 4 2 ⇒ 9λ - 6 + λ + 1 = 0
1
1
2
75 ⇒ 10λ = 5 ⇒ λ =
= 2  x -  + 2
 2 2 Æ 3 1
So, β1 = !i + !j
75 1 2 2
So,|a × b| ≥ [at x = ,|a × b| is minimum] 3 1
and β 2 =  - 2  i! +  + 1 !j - 3k
Æ
!
2 2 2  2 
3 1 3
⇒ r≥ 5 = - !i + !j - 3k !
2 2 2
Vector Algebra 303

!i !j k Exp. (a)
!
Æ Æ 3 1
∴ β1× β 2 = 0 Key Idea Use the angle between two non-zero
2 2 a⋅b
vectors a and b is given by cos θ = and
-1 3 -3 |a|| b|
2 2 coordinates of the centroid i.e.
3 9 !  9 + 1   x1 + x2 + x3 , y1 + y 2 + y 3 , z1 + z2 + z3  of a
= i  - - 0 - !j - - 0 + k
! 
 
 2   2   4 4  3 3 3 
3! 9! 5 ! triangle formed with vertices; (x1, y1, z1 ),
=- i+ j+ k
2 2 2 (x2 , y 2 , z2 ) and (x3 , y 3 , z3 ).
1
= (-3i! + 9!j + 5k !) Given vertices of a ∆ABC are A(3, 0, - 1),
2
B(2, 10, 6) and C(1, 2, 1) and a point M is mid-point
π of AC. An another point G divides BM in ratio
3. If a unit vector a makes angles with !i,
3 2 : 1, so G is the centroid of ∆ABC.
π
with !j and θ ∈(0, π ) with k,
! then a value
∴ G 
3 + 2 + 1 0 + 10 + 2 -1 + 6 + 1
, ,  = (2, 4, 2 ).
4  3 3 3 
of θ is [JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-II] OG ⋅ OA
5π π 5π 2π Now, cos(∠GOA) = , where O is the
(a) (b) (c) (d) OG OA
6 4 12 3
origin.
Exp. (d) # OG =`2 !i + 4!j + 2 k
!

π π ⇒ OG = 4 + 16 + 4 = 24
Given unit vector a makes an angle with !i,
3 4 and OA = 3i! - k
!
with !j and θ ∈(0, π ) with k.
!
⇒ OA = 9 + 1 = 10
Now, we know that cos 2 α + cos 2 β + cos 2 γ = 1, and OG ⋅ OA = 6 - 2 = 4
where α, β, γ are angles made by the vectors 4 1
∴ cos(∠GOA) = =
with respectively !i, !j and k.! 24 10 15
π π
∴ cos 2   + cos 2   + cos 2 θ = 1
 3  4 5. The distance of the point having position
1 1 ! from the straight line
vector - !i + 2 !j + 6k
⇒ + + cos 2 θ = 1
4 2 passing through the point (2 , 3, - 4) and
1 ! is
⇒ cos 2 θ = parallel to the vector, 6i! + 3!j - 4k
4
1 [JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-II]
⇒ cosθ = ±
2 (a) 2 13 (b) 4 3 (c) 6 (d) 7
π 2π
⇒ cos θ = cos   or cos   Exp. (d)
 3  3 
π 2π Let point P whose position vector is
⇒ θ= or
3 3 (- !i + 2 !j + 6k
! ) and a straight line passing through

So, θ is
2π
, according to options. Q(2, 3, - 4) parallel to the vector n = 6i! + 3!j - 4k
!.
3 P(–1,2,6)

4. Let A( 3, 0, -1), B (2 , 10, 6) and C (1, 2 , 1) be the d

vertices of a triangle and M be the mid-point
of AC . If G divides BM in the ratio 2 : 1, then
cos ( ∠GOA ) (O being the origin) is equal to Q(2,3,–4)
n=6^
i+3^
j–4^
k
[JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-I]
1 1 1 1 # Required distance d = Projection of line
(a) (b) (c) (d) segment PQ perpendicular to vector n.
15 2 15 30 6 10
304 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

|PQ × n | Exp. (b)

=
| n|
Key Idea Volume of parallelopiped formed by
Now, PQ = 3i + !j - 10k
! ! , so
the vectors a, b and c is V = [ a b c].
!i !j k!
Given vectors are !i + λ!j + k
! , !j + λk! and λ!i + k
!,
PQ × n = 3 1 - 10
which forms a parallelopiped.
6 3 -4
∴Volume of the parallelopiped is
= 26!i - 48!j + 3k
! 1 λ 1
(26)2 + (48)2 + (3)2 V = 0 1 λ = 1 + λ3 - λ
So, d=
λ 0 1
(6)2 + (3)2 + (4)2
676 + 2304 + 9 2989 ⇒ V = λ3 - λ + 1
= =
36 + 9 + 16 61 On differentiating w.r.t. λ, we get
= 49 = 7 units dV
= 3 λ2 - 1
dλ
6. Let a = 3i! + 2 !j + 2 k! and b = i! + 2 !j - 2 k! be two dV
For maxima or minima, =0
vectors. If a vector perpendicular to both the dλ
vectors a + b and a - b has the magnitude 12, 1
⇒ λ=±
then one such vector is 3
[JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-I] 2 3 > 0 , for λ = 1
(a) 4( 2 i! + 2 !j + k
!) (b) 4( 2 i! - 2 !j - k
!) d 2V  3
and = 6λ = 
! ! ! ! dλ2 1
(c) 4( 2 i + 2 j - k)! (d) 4( - 2 i - 2 j + k !) 2 3 < 0 , for λ = -
 3
Exp. (b) d 2V 1
# 2 is positive for λ = , so volume ‘V’ is
dλ 3
Given vectors are 1
minimum for λ =
a = 3!i + 2 !j + 2 k
! and b = !i + 2 !j - 2 k
!
3
!
Now, vectors a + b = 4i + 4 j !
and a - b = 2 !i + 4k! 8. Let α ∈R and the three vectors
! , b = 2 i! + !j - αk
a = α!i + !j + 3k !
∴ A vector which is perpendicular to both the
vectors a + b and a - b is !
and c = α!i - 2 !j + 3k. Then, the set
!i !j k
! S = {α : a, b and c are coplanar}
(a + b) × (a - b) = 4 4 0 [JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-II]
2 0 4 (a)is singleton
= i!(16) - !j(16) + k
! (- 8) (b) is empty
(c) contains exactly two positive numbers
! !
= 8(2 i - 2 j - k)!
(d) contains exactly two numbers only one of
Then, the required vector along (a + b) × (a - b) which is positive
having magnitude 12 is
8(2 i! - 2 !j - k
!) Exp. (b)
± 12 × = ± 4(2 i! - 2 !j - k
!)
Given three vectors are
8× 4+ 4+1
a = α!i + !j + 3k !
! !
b = 2 i + j - αk !
7. If the volume of parallelopiped formed by the
! , !j + λk
vectors !i + λ!j + k ! and ! is
λ!i + k and c = α!i - 2 !j + 3k!

minimum, then λ is equal to α 1 3

[JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-I] Clearly, [a b c] = 2 1 -α
1 1 α -2 3
(a) - (b)
3 3 = α(3 - 2α ) - 1(6 + α 2 ) + 3 (- 4 - α )
(c) 3 (d) - 3 = - 3 α 2 - 18 = - 3 (α 2 + 6)
Vector Algebra 305

# There is no value of α for which - 3(α 2 + 6) b⋅ a

Clearly, projection of b on a =
α 1 3 |a|
becomes zero, so = 2 1 -α [a b c] ≠ 0 (b1!i + b2 !j + 2k! ) (!i + !j + 2k! )
=
α -2 3 12 + 12 + ( 2 )2
⇒ vectors a, b and c are not coplanar for any b + b2 + 2 b1 + b2 + 2
= 1 =
value α ∈ R. 4 2
So, the set S = {α : a, b and c are coplanar} is But projection of b on a =| a|
empty set. b + b2 + 2
∴ 1 = 12 + 12 + ( 2 )2
2
9. Let a = !i - !j, b = i! + !j + k! and c be a vector b1 + b2 + 2
⇒ = 2 ⇒ b1 + b2 = 2 ...(i)
such that a × c + b = 0 and a ⋅ c = 4, then | c|2 is 2
equal to [JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-I] Now, a + b = (i! + !j + 2 k! ) + (b1i! + b2 !j + 2 k! )
(a) 8 (b)
19
(c) 9 (d)
17 = (b + 1)i! + (b + 1)!j + 2 2 k!
1 2
2 2 # (a + b ) ⊥ c, therefore (a + b ) ⋅ c = 0
Exp. (b) ⇒ { (b1 + 1)i! + (b2 + 1)!j + 2 2 k}
!

We have, (a × c ) + b = 0 (5i! + !j + 2 k! ) = 0
⇒ a × (a × c ) + a × b = 0 ⇒ 5(b1 + 1) + 1(b2 + 1) + 2 2 ( 2 ) = 0
(taking cross product with a on both sides) ⇒ 5b1 + b2 = - 10 ...(ii)
!i !j k! From Eqs. (i) and (ii), b1 = - 3 and b2 = 5
⇒(a ⋅ c )a - (a ⋅ a )c + 1 -1 0 = 0 ⇒ b = - 3i! + 5!j + 2 k!
1 1 1 ⇒ | b | = (- 3)2 + (5)2 + ( 2 )2 = 36 = 6

(#a × (b × c ) = (a . c )b - (a ⋅ b)c) 11. Let a = 2 i! + λ 1!j + 3k! , b = 4i! + ( 3 - λ 2 )!j + 6k!

⇒ 4( i - j ) - 2c + (- !i - !j + 2k! ) = 0
! ! ! be three vectors
and c = 3!i + 6!j + ( λ 3 - 1)k
[#a ⋅ a = (!i - !j )(!i - !j ) = 1 + 1 = 2 and a ⋅ c = 4] such that b = 2a and a is perpendicular to c.
⇒ 2c = 4!i - 4!j - !i - !j + 2k! Then a possible value of ( λ 1 , λ 2 , λ 3 ) is
3!i - 5!j + 2k! [JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-I]
⇒ c=
2 (a) (1, 3, 1) (b) (1, 5, 1)
1 1
2 9 + 25 + 4 19 (c)  - , 4, 0 (d)  , 4, - 2 
⇒ |c| = =  2  2 
4 2
Exp. (c)
10. Let a = !i + !j + 2 k! , b = b1 i! + b 2 !j + 2 k! and We have, a = 2 !i + λ1!j + 3k!;
! be three vectors such that
c = 5 !i + !j + 2 k ! !
b = 4i + (3 - λ 2 )j + 6k !
the projection vector of b on a is a. If a + b is and ! !
c = 3i + 6 j + (λ 3 - 1)k !,
perpendicular to c, then | b | is equal to such that b = 2 a
[JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-II] Now, b = 2a
(a) 6 (b) 4 ⇒ 4!i + (3 - λ 2 )!j + 6k! = 2 (2 i! + λ !j + 3k
1
!)
(c) 22 (d) 32 ! ! ! !
⇒ 4i + (3 - λ )j + 6k = 4i + 2 λ j + 6k ! !
2 1

Exp. (a) ⇒ (3 - 2 λ1 - λ 2 )!j = 0

According to given information, we have the ⇒ 3 - 2 λ1 - λ 2 = 0

following figure. ⇒ 2 λ1 + λ 2 = 3 ...(i)
a+b Also, as a is perpendicular to c, therefore a . c = 0
b ⇒ (2 !i + λ1!j + 3k! ) ⋅ (3i! + 6!j + (λ - 1)k
3
!)= 0
c
⇒ 6 + 6λ1 + 3(λ 3 - 1) = 0
θ ⇒ 6λ1 + 3λ 3 + 3 = 0
a
306 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

⇒ 2 λ1 + λ 3 = - 1 ... (ii) ⇒ 1 {λ(λ2 - 1) - 16} - 2((λ2 - 1) - 8) + 4

Now, from Eq. (i), λ 2 = 3 - 2 λ1 and from Eq. (ii) (4 - 2 λ ) = 0
λ 3 = - 2 λ1 - 1 ⇒ λ3 - λ - 16 - 2 λ2 + 18 + 16 - 8λ = 0
∴ (λ1, λ 2 , λ 3 ) ≡ (λ1, 3 - 2 λ1, - 2 λ1 - 1)
⇒ λ3 - 2 λ2 - 9λ + 18 = 0
1
If λ1 = - , then λ 2 = 4, and λ 3 = 0
2 ⇒ λ2 (λ - 2 ) - 9 (λ - 2 ) = 0
1
Thus, a possible value of (λ1, λ 2 , λ 3 ) =  - , 4, 0 ⇒ (λ - 2 )(λ2 - 9) = 0
 2 
⇒ (λ - 2 ) (λ + 3) (λ - 3) = 0
12. Let α = ( λ - 2 ) a + b and β = ( 4λ - 2 ) a + 3b be ∴ λ = 2, 3 or - 3
two given vectors where vectors a and b are If λ = 2 , then
!i !j k!
non-collinear. The value of λ for which
vectors α and β are collinear, is a×c= 1 2 4
[JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-II] 2 4 3
(a) 4 (b) -3 (c) 3 (d) -4
= !i(6 - 16) - !j(3 - 8) + k! (4 - 4)
Exp. (d) = - 10!i + 5!j
!i !j k!
Two vectors c and d are said to be collinear if we
can write c = λb for some non-zero scalar λ. If λ = ± 3, then a × c = 1 2 4 = 0
Let the vectors α = (λ - 2 ) a + b 2 4 8
and β = (4λ - 2 )a + 3 b are
(because last two rows are proportional).
collinear, where a and b are non-collinear.
∴ We can write 14. Let 3 !i + !j, !i + 3!j and β!i + (1 - β )!j
α = kβ, for some k ∈ R - {0}
respectively be the position vectors of the
⇒ (λ - 2 )a + b = k[(4λ - 2 )a + 3 b]
points A , B andC with respect to the origin
⇒ [(λ - 2 ) - k (4λ - 2 )]a+(1 - 3k )b = 0 O. If the distance ofC from the bisector of
Now, as a and b are non-collinear, therefore they 3
are linearly independent and hence the acute angle betweenOA andOB is ,
2
(λ - 2 ) - k (4λ - 2 ) = 0 and 1 - 3k=0 then the sum of all possible values of β is
⇒ λ - 2 = k(4λ - 2 ) and 3k = 1 [JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-II]
1 # 3k = 1 ⇒ k = 1  (a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 2
⇒ λ - 2 = (4λ - 2 )
3  3 
Exp. (a)
⇒ 3λ - 6 = 4λ - 2 ⇒ λ = -4
According to given information, we have the
! , b = !i + λ!j + 4k
! and following figure.
13. Let a = !i + 2 !j + 4k
A(!3, 1)
! be coplanar vectors.
c = 2 !i + 4!j + ( λ 2 - 1) k
Then, the non-zero vector a × c is +1
!3
3 +1 , 2
[JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-I] !
2 M
(a) - 10 i! + 5!j (b) - 10 i! - 5!j 2 D
(c) - 14 !i - 5!j (d) - 14 !i + 5!j
C (", (1–"))
Exp. (a)
We know that, if a, b, c are coplanar vectors, then B(1, !3)
[a b c] = 0 O 2
1 2 4
Clearly, angle bisector divides the sides AB in
∴ 1 λ 4 =0 OA : OB,
2
2 4 λ -1 i.e., 2 : 2 = 1 : 1 [using angle bisector theorem]
Vector Algebra 307

So, D is the mid-point of AB and hence Exp. (a)

 3 + 1 3 + 1 1
coordinates of D are  ,  Given, a × ( b × c) = b
 2 2  2
Now, equation of bisector OD is 1
⇒ (a ⋅ c)b - (a ⋅ b)c = b
 3+1  2
 - 0
[#a × ( b × c) = (a ⋅ c)b - (a ⋅ b)c]
( y - 0) =  2  ( x - 0) ⇒ y = x
 3+1  On comparing both sides, we get
 - 0 
 2  1
a⋅ c = …(i)
⇒ x- y = 0 2
According to the problem, and a⋅ b = 0 …(ii)
3 β - (1 - β ) #a, b and c are unit vectors, and angle between a
= CM =
2 2 and b is α and angle between a and c is β, so
1
[Distance of a point P( x1, y1 ) from the line |a||c| cos β = [from Eq. (i)]
2
ax + by1 + c  1
ax + by + c = 0 is 1  ⇒ cosβ = [#|a|= 1 =|c|]
a2 + b 2  2
π π 1
⇒ |2 β - 1| = 3 ⇒ 2 β = ± 3 + 1 ⇒ β= …(iii) #cos = 
3  3 2 
⇒ 2 β = 4, - 2 ⇒ β = 2, - 1
Sum of 2 and -1is 1. and|a|| b| cos α = 0 [from Eq. (ii)]
π
⇒ α= …(iv)
15. The sum of the distinct real values of µ, for 2
! !i + µ!j + k
which the vectors, µi! + !j + k, !, From Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get
! are coplanar, is π π π
!i + !j + µk |α - β| = - = = 30º
2 3 6
[JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-I]
(a) 2 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) -1 17. Let u be a vector coplanar with the vectors
Exp. (d) a = 2 !i + 3!j - k! and b = !j + k.
! If u is
Given vectors, µ!i + !j + k! , !i + µ!j + k! , !i + !j + µk!
perpendicular to a and u ⋅ b = 24, then | u|2 is
will be coplanar, if equal to [JEE Main 2018]
µ 1 1 (a) 336 (b) 315 (c) 256 (d) 84
1 µ 1 =0
Exp. (a)
1 1 µ
⇒ µ(µ2 - 1) - 1(µ - 1) + 1(1 - µ) = 0 Key idea If any vector x is coplanar with the
vector y and z, then x = λy + µz
⇒ (µ - 1) [µ(µ + 1) - 1 - 1] = 0
Here, u is coplanar with a and b.
⇒ (µ - 1) [µ2 + µ - 2 ] = 0
∴ u = λa + µb
⇒ (µ - 1) [(µ + 2 ) (µ - 1)] = 0 Dot product with a, we get
⇒ µ = 1or - 2 u ⋅ a = λ(a ⋅ a ) + µ(b ⋅ a ) ⇒ 0 = 14λ + 2µ…(i)
So, sum of the distinct real values of
[# a = 2^i + 3^j - ^
k, b = ^j + ^
k, u ⋅ a = 0]
µ = 1 - 2 = - 1.
Dot product with b, we get
16. Let a, b and c be three unit vectors, out of u ⋅ b = λ(a ⋅ b ) + µ(b ⋅ b )
which vectors b and c are non-parallel. If α 24 = 2 λ + 2µ …(ii) [#u ⋅ b = 24]
and β are the angles which vector a makes Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
with vectors b and c respectively and λ = - 2, µ = 14
1 Dot product with u, we get
a × ( b × c) = b, then | α - β | is equal to
2 |u |2 = λ(u ⋅ a ) + µ(u ⋅ b )
[JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-II]
(a) 30º (b) 45º (c) 90º (d) 60º |u |2 = - 2(0) + 14(24) ⇒ |u |2 = 336
308 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

3
18. Let a = 2 !i + !j - 2 k,
! b = i! + !j and c be a vector ⇒ cos θ = - [#|a!| = |b!| = 1]
2
such that | c - a | = 3, |( a × b ) × c | = 3 and the π
⇒ cos θ = cos  π - 
angle between c and a × b is 30°. Then, a ⋅ c is  6
equal to [JEE Main 2017 (offline)] 5π
⇒ θ=
25 1 6
(a) (b) 2 (c) 5 (d)
8 8
20. Let a, band c be three non-zero vectors such
Exp. (b) that no two of them are collinear and
We have, a = 2 !i + !j - 2 k
! 1
( a × b) × c = | b|| c| a. If θ is the angle between
⇒ | a| = 4 + 1 + 4 = 3 3
and b = !i + !j ⇒|b| = 1 + 1 = 2 vectors band c, then a value of sinθ is
Now, |c - a| = 3 ⇒|c - a|2 = 9 [JEE Main 2015 (offline)]
2 2 - 2
⇒ ( c - a) ⋅ ( c - a) = 9 (a) (b)
3 3
⇒ |c| + |a|2 - 2 c ⋅ a = 9
2
…(i)
2 -2 3
Again, |(a × b ) × c| = 3 (c) (d)
3 3
6
⇒ |a × b|| c| sin 30°= 3 ⇒|c| =
|a × b| Exp. (a)
!i !j !
k 1
Given, (a × b) × c = |b||c|a
But a × b = 2 1 - 2 = 2 !i - 2 !j + k
! 3
1
1 1 0 ⇒ - c × (a × b) = |b||c|a
3
6 1
∴ |c| = =2 …(ii) ⇒ - (c ⋅ b) ⋅ a + (c ⋅ a )b = |b||c|a
4+ 4+1 3
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get  1|b||c| + (c ⋅ b) a = (c ⋅ a )b
(2 )2 + (3)2 - 2 c ⋅ a = 9 ⇒ 4 + 9 - 2 c ⋅ a = 9  3 
⇒ c⋅ a = 2 Since, a and b are not collinear.
1
c ⋅ b + |b||c| = 0 and c ⋅ a = 0
19. Let a, b and c be three unit vectors such that 3
1
3 ⇒ |c||b|cos θ + |b||c| = 0
a × (b × c ) = ( b + c ). If b is not parallel to c, 3
2 1
⇒ |b||c| cos θ +  = 0

then the angle between a and b is  3
[JEE Main 2016 (offline)] 1
3π π 2π 5π ⇒ cosθ + = 0 (#|b| ≠ 0,|c| ≠ 0)
(a) (b) (c) (d) 3
4 2 3 6 1
⇒ cosθ = -
3
Exp. (d) 8 2 2
⇒ sinθ= =
Given, |a!| = |b!| = |c!| = 1 3 3
3 ! !
and a! × ( b! × c! ) =
(b+ c )
2 21. If[a × b b × cc × a] = λ [a b c]2, then λ is equal
3 ! ! to [JEE Main 2014]
Now, consider a! × ( b! × c! ) = (b+ c )
2 (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
3 3
⇒ (a! ⋅ c! )b! - (a! ⋅ b!)c! = b! + c! Exp. (b)
2 2
On comparing, we get
! Use the formulae
3 3 a × (b × c) = (a ⋅ c)b - (a ⋅ b) c,
a! ⋅ b! = - ⇒|a!||b!| cos θ = -
2 2 [a b c ] = [b c a ] = [c a b]
Vector Algebra 309

and [a a b] = [a b b] = [ a c c ] = 0 23. Let a and b be two unit vectors. If the vectors

Further simplify it and get the result. c = a + 2 b and d = 5a - 4a are perpendicular
Now, [a × b b × c c × a ] to each other, then the angle between a and
= a × b ⋅ ((b × c ) × (c × a )) b is [AIEEE 2012]
π π π π
= a × b ⋅ ((k × c × a )) [here, k = b × c] (a) (b) (c) (d)
6 2 3 4
= a × b ⋅ [(k ⋅ a ) c - (k ⋅ c ) a ]
= (a × b) ⋅ ((b × c ⋅ a ) c - (b × c ⋅ c )a ) Exp. (c)
= (a × b) ⋅ ([b c a ] c ) - 0 [#[b × c ⋅ c ] = 0] Given that,
= a × b ⋅ c [b c a ] (i) a and b are unit vectors,
= [a b c ] [b c a ] i.e.,| a | = | b| = 1
(ii) c = a + 2b and d = 5a - 4b
= [a b c ] 2 {#[a b c ] = [b c a ]}
(iii) c and d are perpendicular to each other.
Hence, [a × b b × c c × a ] = λ [a b c] 2 i.e., c⋅ d = 0
⇒ [a b c ] 2 = λ [a b c ] 2 To find Angle between a and b.
⇒ λ =1 Now,
c ⋅ d = 0 ⇒ (a + 2 b) ⋅ (5 a - 4 b) = 0
22. If the vectors AB = 3i + 4k and ⇒ 5 a ⋅ a - 4 a ⋅ b + 10 b ⋅ a - 8 b ⋅ b = 0
! ! !
AC = 5i - 2 j + 4k are the sides of a ∆ABC , ⇒ 6 a ⋅b = 3
then the length of the median through A is 1
⇒ a ⋅b =
(a) 18 (b) 72 (c) 33 (d) 45 2
[JEE Main 2013, 2003] π
So, the angle between a and b is .
3
Exp. (c)
24. Let ABCD be a parallelogram such that
We know that, the sum of three vectors of a AB = q ,AD = p and ∠BAD be an acute angle.
triangle is zero. A If r is the vector that coincides with the
altitude directed from the vertex B to the
side AD, then r is given by [AIEEE 2012]

3( p ⋅ q ) p⋅q
(a) r = 3q p (b) r = - q +  p
(p ⋅ p )  p⋅p
B C
M p⋅q 3( p ⋅ q )
∴ AB + BC + CA = 0 (c) r = q -  p (d) r = - 3q + p
 p⋅p (p ⋅ p)
⇒ BC = AC - AB [#AC = - CA ]
AC - AB Exp. (b)
⇒ BM = [#M is a mid-point of BC]
2
Given
Also, AB + BM + MA = 0 (i) A parallelogram ABCD such that AB = q and
[by properties of a triangle] AD = p.
AC - AB (ii) The altitude from vertex B to side AD coincides
⇒ AB + = AM [#AM = - MA ]
2 with a vector r.
AB + AC 3!i + 4k! + 5!i - 2 !j + 4k! To find The vector r in terms of p and q.
⇒ AM = =
2 2 Let E be the foot of perpendicular from B to
= 4 !i - !j + 4k! side AD.
q⋅ p
AE = Projection of vector q on p = q ⋅ p =
⇒ |AM| = 42 + 12 + 42 = 33 | p|
310 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

D C Exp. (c)
Given, a ⋅ b ≠ 0, a ⋅ d = 0 …(i)
E and b×c =b×d
p r ⇒ b × (c - d) = 0
∴ b|| (c - d)
A B
q ⇒ c - d = λb
⇒ d = c - λb …(ii)
AE = Vector along AE of length AE Taking dot product with a, we get
a ⋅ d = a ⋅ c - λa ⋅ b
 q ⋅ p (q ⋅ p)p ⇒ 0 = a ⋅ c - λ (a ⋅ b)
= | AE | AE =   p=
 | p|  | p|2 a ⋅c
∴ λ= …(iii)
a ⋅b
Now, applying triangles law in ∆ABE, we get
(a ⋅ c )
AB + BE = AE ∴ d=c - b
(a ⋅ b)
(q ⋅ p)p (q ⋅ p)p
⇒ q+r= ⇒ r= -q
| p|2 | p|2 27. If the vectors p !i + !j + k! , !i + q !j + k! and
⇒
 q ⋅ p
r = -q+  p i! + !j + r k! ( where, p ≠ q ≠ r ≠ 1) are coplanar,
 p ⋅ p then the value of pqr - (p + q + r ) is
1 1 (a) - 2 (b) 2 [AIEEE 2011]
25. If a = ( 3i! + k! ) and b = (2 i! + 3!j - 6k! ), (c) 0 (d) -1
10 7
then the value of(2 - b) ⋅[(a × b) × (a + 2 b)] is Exp. (a)
(a) -3 (b) 5 [AIEEE 2011]
Given, a = p !i + !j + k,! b = !i + q!j + k! and
(c) 3 (d) -5 c = !i + !j + rk! are coplanar and p ≠ q ≠ r ≠ 1.
Exp. (d) Since, a , b and c are coplanar.
⇒ [a b c ] = 0
1
a = (3!i + k! ) p 1 1
10
1 ! ⇒ 1 q 1 =0
and b = (2 i + 3!j - 6 k! )
7 1 1 r
∴ (2a - b) ⋅ {(a × b) × (a + 2b)} ⇒ p (q r - 1) - 1 (r - 1) + 1 (1 - q ) = 0
= (2a - b) ⋅ {(a × b) × a + (a × b) × 2b} ⇒ pqr - p - r + 1 + 1 - q = 0
= (2a - b) ⋅ {(a ⋅ a ) b - (b ⋅ a ) a
∴ pqr - ( p + q + r ) = - 2
+ 2 (a ⋅ b) b - 2 (b ⋅ b) a }
= (2a - b) ⋅ {1 (b) - (0) a + 2 (0) b - 2 (1) a } 28. Let a , b and c be three non-zero vectors
[as a ⋅ b = 0 and a ⋅ a = b ⋅ b = 1] which are pairwise non-collinear. If a + 3b is
= (2a - b) (b - 2a ) collinear with c and b + 2 c is collinear witha,
= - (4|a|2 - 4 a ⋅ b + |b|2 ) then a + 3b + 6 c is [AIEEE 2011]
= - {4 - 0 + 1} = - 5 (a) a + c (b) a (c) c (d) 0

26. The vectors a and b are not perpendicular Exp. (d)

and c and d are two vectors satisfying As, a + 3 b is collinear with c.
b × c = b × d anda ⋅ b = 0. Then, the vector d is ∴ a + 3 b = λc …(i)
equal to [AIEEE 2011] Also, b + 2c is collinear with a.
⇒ b + 2c = µa …(ii)
 a⋅ c   b⋅ c 
(a) c +  b (b) b +  c From Eq. (i), we get
 a⋅ b  a⋅ b
a + 3 b + 6 c = (λ + 6) c …(iii)
 a⋅ c   b⋅ c 
(c) c -  b (d) b -  c From Eq. (ii), we get
 a⋅ b  a⋅ b
a + 3 b + 6 c = (1 + 3µ) a …(iv)
Vector Algebra 311

From Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get Exp. (d)

∴ (λ + 6) c = (1 + 3 µ) a
Since, [3u pv pw ] - [ p v w q u] - [2 w qv qu] = 0
Since, a is not collinear with c.
∴ 3 p2 [u ⋅ (v × w )] - pq [v ⋅ (w × u)]
⇒ λ + 6 = 1 + 3µ = 0
From Eq. (iv), we get - 2q 2 [w ⋅ (v × u)] = 0
a + 3b + 6c = 0 ⇒ (3 p2 - pq + 2q 2 ) [u ⋅ (v × w )] = 0
But [u v w ] ≠ 0
29. Leta = !j - k! anda = !i - !j - k! . Then, the vector
⇒ 3 p2 - pq + 2q 2 = 0
bsatisfying a × b + c = 0 and a ⋅ b = 3, is
[AIEEE 2010] ∴ p=q = 0
(a) - !i + !j - 2 k! (b) 2 !i - !j + 2 k!
(c) !i - !j - 2 k! (d) !i + !j - 2 k! 32. The vector a = α!i + 2 !j + βk! lies in the plane of
Exp. (a) the vectors b = !i + !j and c = !j + k! and bisects
We have, a ×b+c = 0 the angle between b and c. Then, which one
⇒ a × (a × b) + a × c = 0 of the following gives possible values of
⇒ (a ⋅ b)a - (a ⋅ a )b + a × c = 0 α and β? [AIEEE 2008]
⇒ 3a - 2 b + a × c = 0 (a) α = 1, β = 1 (b) α = 2 , β = 2
⇒ 2 b = 3a + a × c (c) α = 1, β = 2 (d) α = 2 , β = 1
⇒ 2 b = 3!j - 3k! - 2 !i - !j - k! Exp. (a)
= - 2 !i + 2 !j - 4k!
∴ b = - !i + !j - 2 k! Given that, b = !i + !j and c = !j + k! .
The equation of bisector of b and c is
30. If the vectors a = !i - !j + 2 k! , b = 2 i! + 4 !j + k! r = λ(b + c )
 !i + !j !j + k! 
and c = λ !i + !j + µ k! are mutually orthogonal, =λ + 
 2 2 
then ( λ , µ) is equal to [AIEEE 2010]
λ !
(a) (– 3, 2) (b) (2, – 3) = ( i + 2 !j + k! ) … (i)
2
(c) (– 2, 3) (d) (3, – 2)
Since, vector a lies in plane of b and c.
Exp. (a) ∴ a = b + µc
λ !
Since, the given vectors are mutually orthogonal, ⇒ ( i + 2 !j + k! ) = (!i + !j ) + µ( !j + k! )
2
therefore
On equating the coefficient of i both sides, we
a ⋅b = 2 - 4 + 2 = 0
get
a ⋅ c = λ - 1 + 2µ = 0 ...(i) λ
=1 ⇒ λ = 2
and b⋅ c = 2 λ + 4 + µ = 0 ...(ii) 2
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get On putting λ = 2 in Eq. (i), we get
µ=2 r = !i + 2 !j + k!
and λ = -3 Since, the given vector a represents the same
Hence, (λ , µ) = (-3, 2 ) bisector equation r.
∴ α = 1 and β = 1
31. If u , v and w are non-coplanar vectors and Alternate Solution
p , q are real numbers, then the equality Since, a , b and c are coplanar.
[ 3 u p v p w ] - [p v w q u] - [2 w q v q u] = 0 α 2 β
holds for [AIEEE 2009] ⇒ 1 1 0 =0
(a) exactly two values of (p , q ) 0 1 1
(b) more than two but not all values of (p , q )
⇒ α(1 - 0) - 2 (1 - 0) + β(1 - 0) = 0
(c) all values of (p , q )
⇒ α + β = 2, which is possible for α = 1, β = 1.
(d) exactly one value of (p , q )
312 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

33. The non-zero vectors a , b and c are related Exp. (c)

by a = 8b and c = - 7 b. Then, the angle Since, (a × b) × c = a × (b × c )
between a and c is [AIEEE 2008] ∴ (a ⋅ c )b - (b⋅ c )a = (a ⋅ c )b - (a ⋅ b)c
π π ⇒ (b⋅ c )a = (a ⋅ b)c
(a) π (b) 0 (c) (d) (a ⋅ b)
4 2 ⇒ a = ⋅c
Exp. (a) (b ⋅ c )
Hence, a is parallel to c.
Since, a = 8 b and c = -7 b
So, a is parallel to b and c is anti-parallel to b. 37. The value of a , for which the points, A , B ,C
⇒ a and c are anti-parallel. with position vectors 2 !i - !j + k! , !i - 3 !j - 5 k!
So, the angle between a and c is π.
and a !i - 3 !j + k! respectively are the
34. If u and v are unit vectors and θ is the acute vertices of a right angled triangle withC =
π
angle between them, then 2 u × 3 v is a unit 2
vector for [AIEEE 2007]
are [AIEEE 2006]
(a) exactly two values of θ
(a) –2 and –1 (b) –2 and 1
(b) more than two values of θ
(c) no value of θ (c) 2 and –1 (d) 2 and 1
(d) exactly one value of θ Exp. (d)
Exp. (d) Since, position vectors of A, B, C are 2 !i - !j + k! ,
Since, (2u × 3v ) is a unit vector. !i - 3 !j - 5k! and a !i - 3 !j + k! , respectively.
⇒ |2u × 3v| = 1
Now, AC = (a !j - 3 !j + k! ) - (2 !i - !j + k! )
⇒ 6|u || v|| sin θ|= 1
1 = (a - 2 ) !i - 2 !j
⇒ sin θ = [#|u| = |v| = 1]
6 and BC = (a !i - 3 !j + k! ) - (!i - 3 !j - 5k! )
Since, θ is an acute angle, then there is exactly one = (a - 1) !i + 6k!
value of θ for which (2u × 3v ) is a unit vector. Since, the ∆ABC is right angled at C, then
35. Let a = !i + !j + k! , b = i! - !j + 2 k! and AC ⋅ BC = 0
c = x!i + ( x - 2 )!j - k! . If the vector c lies in the ⇒ {(a - 2 ) !i - 2 !j } ⋅ {(a - 1) !i + 6k! } = 0
plane of a and b, then x equal to [AIEEE 2007] ⇒ (a - 2 )(a - 1) = 0
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) – 4 (d) –2 ∴ a=1 and a=2
Exp. (d)
38. IfC is the mid-point of AB and P is any point
Since, given vectors a , b and c are coplanar.
1 1 1 outside AB , then [AIEEE 2005]
(a) PA + PB + PC = 0 (b) PA + PB + 2 PC = 0
∴ 1 -1 2 = 0
x x - 2 -1 (c) PA + PB = PC (d) PA + PB = 2 PC
⇒ 1{1 - 2 ( x - 2 )} - 1(-1 - 2 x) + 1( x - 2 + x) = 0 Exp. (d)
⇒ 1- 2 x + 4 + 1+ 2 x + 2 x - 2 = 0
⇒ 2 x = - 4 ⇒ x = -2 Let P be the origin outside of ABand C is mid-point
of AB, then
36. If (a × b) × c = a × ( b × c ), where a, b and c are A
C B
any three vectors such that a ⋅ b ≠ 0, b ⋅ c ≠ 0,
then a and c are [AIEEE 2006]
π
(a) inclined at an angle of between them
(b) perpendicular 6
P
(c) parallel
π PA + PB
(d) inclined at an angle of between them PC = ⇒ 2PC = PA + PB
3 2
Vector Algebra 313

and c = y !i + x !j + (1 + x - y)k!
39. The distance between the line
1 0 -1
r = 2 !i - 2 !j + 3k! + λ ( !i - !j + 4k! ) and the plane
∴ [a b c ] = x 1 1- x
r ⋅ ( i! + 5 !j + k! ) = 5 is [AIEEE 2005] y x 1+ x - y
10 3 10 10
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 10 3 3 9 Applying C 3 Æ C 3 + C1, we get
1 0 0
Exp. (c) = x 1 1 = 11
( + x) - x = 1
Line is parallel to plane as y x 1+ x
(!i - !j + 4k! ) ⋅ (!i + 5 !j + k! ) = 1 - 5 + 4 = 0
Thus, [a b c ] depends upon neither x nor y.
General point on the line is
(λ + 2 , - λ - 2 , 4λ + 3). 42. Let a , b and c be distinct non-negative
For λ = 0, a point on this line is (2, –2, 3) and
numbers. If the vectors a !i + a !j + c k! , i + k
distance from
r ⋅ (!i + 5!j + k! ) = 5 or x + 5 y + z = 5 is and c !i + c !j + b k! lie in a plane, then c is
[AIEEE 2005]
2 + 5(-2 ) + 3 - 5
d =  (a) the harmonic mean of a and b
 1 + 25 + 1  (b) equal to zero
(c) the arithmetic mean of a and b
⇒  -10 
d =  = 10
 3 3 3 3 (d) the geometric mean of a and b

Exp. (d)
40. For any vector a, the value of
Since, the given vectors lie in a plane.
( a × i ) + (a × !j )2 + ( a × k! )2 is equal to
! 2

2 2 a a c
(a) 4 a (b) 2 a [AIEEE 2005]
∴ 1 0 1 =0
(c) a 2 (d) 3 a 2
c c b
Exp. (b) Applying C1 Æ C1 - C 2 , we get
Let a = a1 !i + a2 !j + a3 k! 0 a c
Then, a × !i = - a2k! + a3 !j 1 0 1 =0
0 c b
a × !j = a k! - a !i
1 3
a × k = - a1 j + a2 i ⇒ -1 (ab - c 2 ) = 0
2 2
∴ (a × i) + (a × j) + (a × k ) 2
⇒ c 2 = ab
= a 22 + a 23 + a 12 + a 23 + a 12 + a 22 Hence, c is GM of a and b.
=2 (a 12 + a 22 + a 23 ) = 2a 2
43. If a , b, c are non-coplanar vectors and λ is a
real number, then
41. Let a = !i - k! , b = xi! + !j + (1 - x ) k! and [ λ (a + b) λ 2b λc] = [a b + c b] for
c = y i! + x !j + (1 + x - y )k! . Then,[a b c] (a) exactly two values of λ [AIEEE 2005]
depends on [AIEEE 2005] (b) exactly three values of λ
(a) Neither x nor y (b) Both x and y (c) no value of λ
(c) Only x (d) Only y (d) exactly one value of λ

Exp. (a) Exp. (c)

Given, vectors are Given that,
a = !i - k! , b = x !i + !j + (1 - x) k! [λ(a + b) λ2 b λ c ] = [a b + c b]
314 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

λ(a1 + b1 ) λ(a2 + b2 ) λ(a3 + b3 ) The particle is displaced from

∴ λ2 b1 λ2 b2 λ2 b3 A(!i + 2 !j + 3k! ) to B(5 !i + 4 !j + k! ).
λc1 λc 2 λc 3 Now, displacement,
a1 a2 a3 AB = ( 5!i + 4 !j + k ) - ( !i + 2 !j + 3 k!) = 4 !i + 2 !j - 2 k!
= b1 + c1 b2 + c 2 b3 + c 3 ∴Work done = F ⋅ AB
b1 b2 b3 = (7 !i + 2 !j - 4k! ) ⋅ (4 !i + 2 !j - 2 k! )
a1 a2 a3 a1 a2 a3 = 28 + 4 + 8
⇒ λ4 b1 b2 b3 = - b1 b2 b3 = 40 units
c1 c 2 c3 c1 c 2 c3
46. If a, b, c are non-coplanar vectors and λ is a
⇒ λ4 = - 1 real number, then the vectors a + 2 b + 3c ,
So, no real value of λ exists. λb + 4c and (2 λ - 1) c are non-coplanar for
(a) all values of λ [AIEEE 2004]
44. If a , b and c are three non-zero vectors such (b) all except one value of λ
that no two of these are collinear. If the (c) all except two values of λ
vector a + 2 b is collinear with c and b + 3c is (d) no value of λ
collinear with a ( λ being some non-zero
scalar), then a + 2 b + 6c equal to [AIEEE 2004] Exp. (c)
(a) λa (b) λb (c) λc (d) 0 The three vectors (a + 2b + 3c ),(λb + 4c ) and
Exp. (d) (2 λ - 1)c are non-coplanar, if
1 2 3
If a + 2b is collinear with c, then a + 2b = tc …(i)
0 λ 4 ≠0
Also, b + 3 c is collinear with a, then
b + 3 c = λa 0 0 2λ - 1
⇒ b = λa - 3 c … (ii) 1
⇒ (2 λ - 1)(λ ) ≠ 0 ⇒ λ ≠ 0,
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 2
a + 2 (λa - 3 c ) = tc So, these three vectors are non-coplanar for all
⇒ (a - 6c ) = tc - 2 λa except two values of λ.
On comparing the coefficients of a and c, we get
1
1= - 2λ ⇒ λ = - 47. Let u , v , w be such that | u | = 1,| v | = 2 ,| w | = 3.
2
and -6 = t ⇒ t = -6 If the projection v along u is equal to that of
From Eq. (i), we get
w along u and v , w are perpendicular to
a + 2 b = -6c each other, then | u - v + w | equal to
⇒ a + 2b + 6c = 0 (a) 2 (b) 7 [AIEEE 2004]
(c) 14 (d) 14
45. A particle is acted upon by constant forces
4i! + !j - 3k! and 3i! + !j - k! which displace it Exp. (c)
from a point !i + 2 !j + 3k! to the point Since, |u |= 1,|v|= 2 ,|w|= 3
5!i + 4!j + k! . The work done in standard units The projection of v along u =
v ⋅u
by the forces is given by [AIEEE 2004] |u |
(a) 40 units (b) 30 units w ⋅u
and the projection of w along u =
(c) 25 units (d) 15 units |u |

Exp. (a) According to given condition,

v ⋅u w ⋅u
=
Total force, F = (4 !i + !j - 3k! ) + (3 !i + !j - k! ) |u| |u|
∴ F = 7 !i + 2 !j - 4k! ⇒ v ⋅u = w ⋅u … (i)
Vector Algebra 315

Since, v, w are perpendicular to each other. Exp. (a)

∴ v ⋅w = 0 …(ii)
2 2 2 2 Vector perpendicular to face OAB is n1.
Now, |u - v + w| = |u| + |v| + |w|
Y
-2 u ⋅ v - 2 v ⋅ w + 2 u ⋅ w
⇒ |u - v + w|2 = 1 + 4 + 9 - 2u ⋅ v + 2 v ⋅ u B(2, 1, 3)

[from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]

⇒ |u - v + w|2 = 1 + 4 + 9
⇒ |u - v + w| = 14
X
O A (1, 2, 1)
48. Let a , b and c be non-zero vectors such that
1
(a × b) × c = | b|| c |a. If θ is an acute angle
3 C (–1, 1, 2)
between the vectors b and c, then sin θ is Z
equal to [AIEEE 2004] !i !j k!
1 2
(a) (b) = OA × OB = 1 2 1
3 3
2 1 3
2 2 2
(c) (d)
3 3 = 5 !i - !j - 3k!
Vector perpendicular to face ABC is n 2
Exp. (d) !i !j k!
1 = AB × AC = 1 -1 2
Given that, |b||c|a = (a × b) × c
3 -2 -1 1
We know that,
= !i - 5 !j - 3k!
(a × b) × c = (a ⋅ c ) b - (b ⋅ c )a
Since, angle between faces is equal to the angle
1 between their normals.
∴ |b|| c|a = (a ⋅ c ) b - (b ⋅ c )a
3 n ⋅n
∴ cos θ = 1 2
On comparing the coefficients of a and b, |n1||n 2|
we get
5 × 1 + (-1) × (-5) + (-3) × (-3)
1 =
|b|| c| = -b ⋅ c and a ⋅ c = 0 5 + (-1)2 + (-3)2
2
12 + (-5)2 + (-3)2
3
1 5 + 5 + 9 19
⇒ |b||c|= -|b||c| cos θ = =
3 35 35 35
1 1
⇒ cos θ = - ⇒ 1 - sin2 θ = 19
3 9 ⇒ θ = cos -1  
 35 
2 8
⇒ sin θ =
9
50. a , b, c are three vectors, such that
2 2 # 0 ≤ θ ≤ π 
∴ sin θ = a + b + c = 0 , |a | = 1, | b| = 2 , | c | = 3, then
3  2  a ⋅ b + b ⋅ c + c ⋅ a is equal to [AIEEE 2003]
(a) 0 (b) –7
49. A tetrahedron has vertices at O(0, 0, 0),
(c) 7 (d) 1
A (1, 2 , 1), B (2 , 1, 3) and C ( -1, 1, 2 ). Then, the
angle between the faces OAB and ABC will Exp. (b)
be [AIEEE 2003]
Given that, |a|= 1,|b|= 2 ,|c|= 3
19 17
(a) cos-1   (b) cos-1   and a +b+c =0
 35   31 
Now, (a + b + c )2 = |a|2 + |b|2 + |c|2
(c) 30° (d) 90°
+ 2(a ⋅ b + b ⋅ c + c ⋅ a )
316 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

⇒ 0 = 12 + 2 2 + 32 + 2 (a ⋅ b + b ⋅ c + c ⋅ a ) a a2 1+a3
⇒ 2 (a ⋅ b + b ⋅ c + c ⋅ a ) = - 14 53. If b b 2 1 + b 3 = 0 and vectors
⇒ a ⋅ b + b ⋅ c + c ⋅ a = -7 c c2 1 + c3

51. If u , v and w are three non-coplanar vectors, (1, a , a 2 ),(1, b , b 2 ) and (1, c , c 2 ) are non-
then ( u + v - w ) ⋅[( u - v ) × ( v - w )] equal to coplanar, then the product abc equal to
[AIEEE 2003] (a) 2 (b) –1 [AIEEE 2003]
(a) 0 (b) u ⋅ v × w (c) 1 (d) 0
(c) u ⋅ w × v (d) 3u ⋅ v × w
Exp. (b)
Exp. (b)
Since,
(u + v - w ) ⋅ [(u - v ) × (v - w )] a a2 1 + a3 a a2 1 a a2 a3
= (u + v - w ) ⋅ [u × v - u × w - v × v + v × w ]
b b 1 + b = b b 1 + b b2
2 3 2
b3 = 0
= u ⋅ (u × v ) - u ⋅ (u × w ) + u ⋅ (v × w ) + v ⋅ (u × v )
c c2 1 + c3 c c2 1 c c2 c3
- v ⋅ (u × w) + v ⋅ (v × w) - w ⋅ (u × v)
+ w ⋅ (u × w)- w ⋅ (v × w) a a2 1 a a2 1
= u⋅ v × w - v ⋅ u × w - w ⋅ u × v {[a ,a b] = 0} ⇒ b b 1 + abc b b 2 1 = 0
2
= u⋅ v × w + w ⋅ u × v - w ⋅ u × v
c c2 1 c c2 1
= u⋅ v × w
a a2 1  a a2 1 
52. Consider points A , B ,C and D with position (1 + abc ) b b 2 1 = 0
 2 
⇒ # b b 1 ≠ 0
vectors 7!i - 4!j + 7k! , !i - 6 !j + 10 k! , - !i - 3!j + 4k! c c2 1 2
 c c 1 
 
and5 i! - !j + 5 k! , respectively. Then, ABCD is a
⇒ 1 + abc = 0
[AIEEE 2003]
⇒ abc = - 1
(a) square (b) rhombus
(c) rectangle (d) None of these
54. Let u = i! + !j , v = !i - !j and w = !i + 2 !j + 3k! . If n
Exp. (d) is a unit vector such that u ⋅ n = 0 and v ⋅ n = 0,
Given that, OA = 7 !i - 4 !j + 7 k! , then | w ⋅ n | is equal to [AIEEE 2003]
OB = !i - 6 !j + 10 k! , (a) 0 (b) 1
OC = - !i - 3 !j + 4 k! (c) 2 (d) 3
and OD = 5!i - !j + 5 k!
Exp. (d)
Now, AB = ( 7 - 1)2 + (-4 + 6)2 + ( 7 - 10)2
Given that, u = !i + !j, v = !i - !j , w = !i + 2 !j + 3k! ,
= 36 + 4 + 9
u ⋅ n = 0 and v ⋅ n = 0
= 49 = 7
u×v
BC = (1 + 1)2 + (-6 + 3)2 + (10 - 4)2 i .e., n=
|u × v |
= 4 + 9 + 36 !i !j k!
= 49 = 7
Now, u×v= 1 1 0
CD = (-1 - 5)2 + (-3 + 1)2 + (4 - 5)2 1 -1 0
= 36 + 4 + 1
= 0 !i - 0 !j - 2 k! = - 2 k!
= 41
|w ⋅ u × v| |- 6k|
and DA = (5 - 7 )2 + (-1 + 4)2 + (5 - 7 )2 ∴ |w ⋅ n|= = =3
|u × v| |- 2 k|
= 4 + 9 + 4 = 17 [#w ⋅ (u × w ) = (!i + 2 !j + 3k! ) ⋅ (- 2k! ) = - 6k! ]
Hence, option (d) is correct. Hence, |w ⋅ n|= 3
Vector Algebra 317

55. Given, two vectors are !i - !j and !i + 2 !j , the ∴ 2|!i + x !j + 3k!|= |4 !i + (4 x - 2 ) !j + 2 k!|

unit vector coplanar with the two vectors ⇒ 2 1 + x2 + 9 = 16 + (4 x - 2 )2 + 4

and perpendicular to first is [AIEEE 2002] ⇒ 40 + 4 x2 = 20 + (4 x - 2 )2
1 ! ! 1 3 x2 - 4 x - 4 = 0
(a) (i + j) (b) ( 2 !i + !j ) ⇒
2 5
⇒ ( x - 2 )(3 x + 2 ) = 0
1 ! ! 2
(c) ± ( i + j) (d) None of these ⇒ x = 2, -
2 3
Exp. (a) 57. If the vectors a , b and c form the sides
Given two vectors lie in xy-plane. So, a vector BC ,CA and AB respectively of a ∆ABC , then
coplanar with them is (a) a ⋅ b = b⋅ c = c⋅ b = 0 [AIEEE 2002]
a = x !i + y !j (b) a ×b=b×c=c×a
Since, a ⊥ (!i - !j ) (c) a ⋅ b = b⋅ c = c⋅ a = 0
⇒ ( x !i + y !j ) ⋅ (!i - !j ) = 0 (d) a × a + a × c + a × a =0
⇒ x- y=0
⇒ x= y
Exp. (b)
∴ a = x !i + x !j Since, a + b+ c =0
2 2 ⇒ a +b= -c
and |a|= x + x = x 2
⇒ (a + b) × c = - c × c
∴ Required unit vector ⇒ b×c =c×a
a x(!i + !j ) 1 ! ! Similarly, a ×b = b× c
= = = (i + j )
|a| x 2 2 Hence, a ×b = b× c = c × a

56. The vector !i + x !j + 3 k! is rotated through an 58. If the vectors c , a = x i! + y !j + z k! and b = !j are
angle θ and doubled in magnitude, then it such that a , c and b form a right handed
becomes 4 !i + ( 4x - 2 ) !j + 2 k! . The value of x system, then c is [AIEEE 2002]
are [AIEEE 2002] (a) z !i - x k! (b) 0
2 1 (c) y !j (d) - z !i + x k!
(a) - , 2  (b)  , 2 
 3  3 
2
Exp. (a)
(c)  , 0 (d) {2, 7}
3  Since, the vectors a = x !i + y !j + z k! and b = !j
are such that a , c and b form a right handed
Exp. (a) system.
!i !j k!
Since, the vector !i + x !j + 3k! is doubled in
magnitude, then it becomes ∴ c = b × a = 0 1 0 = z !i - xk!
4 !i + (4 x - 2 ) !j + 2 k! x y z
14
Statistics and Probability
1. The mean and variance of seven 2. Let A andB be two non-null events such that
observations are 8 and 16, respectively. If 5 A ⊂ B . Then, which of the following
of the observations are 2, 4, 10, 12, 14, then statements is always correct.
the product of the remaining two [JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-I]
observations is [JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-I] (a) P( A /B ) = P( B ) - P( A ) (b) P( A/B ) ≥ P( A )
(a) 45 (b) 49 (c) P( A/B ) ≤ P( A ) (d) P( A/B ) =1
(c) 48 (d) 40
Exp. (b)
Exp. (c) P( A ∩ B)
We know that, P ( A / B) =
Let the remaining two observations are a and b. P(B)
According to the question, [by the definition of conditional probability]
2 + 4 + 10 + 12 + 14 + a + b
Mean = =8 ! A⊂B
7
⇒ A∩B= A
⇒ 42 + a + b = 56 P( A)
⇒ a + b = 14 …(i) ∴ P( A / B) = …(i)
P(B)
and variance
As we know that, 0 ≤ P(B) ≤ 1
a2 + b 2 + 4 + 16 + 100 + 144 + 196
= - 82 = 16 1
7 ∴ 1≤ <∞
P(B)
a2 + b 2 + 460
⇒ - 64 = 16 P( A)
7 ⇒ P( A) ≤ <∞
P(B)
a2 + b 2 + 460
⇒ = 80 P( A)
7 ⇒ ≥ P( A) …(ii)
P(B)
⇒ a2 + b 2 + 460 = 560
Now, from Eqs (i) and (ii), we get
⇒ a2 + b 2 = 100 …(ii)
P ( A/B) ≥ P(A)
We know that,
(a + b )2 = (a2 + b 2 ) + 2 ab 3. The minimum number of times one has to
⇒ (14)2 = 100 + 2 ab toss a fair coin so that the probability of
[from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
observing atleast one head is atleast 90% is
⇒ 196 = 100 + 2 ab [JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-II]
⇒ 2 ab = 96 (a) 2 (b) 3
⇒ ab = 48 (c) 5 (d) 4
Statistics and Probability 319

Exp. (d) 945 + 612 - 455 - 279 - 623

=
6
The required probability of observing atleast one
head = 1 - P (no head) 1557 - 1357 200 100 10
= = = =
1 6 6 3 3
= 1- n [let number of toss are n]
2
! P(Head) = P(Tail ) = 1  5. If the standard deviation of the numbers
 2  -1, 0, 1, k is 5 where k > 0, then k is equal to
1 90 [JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-I]
According to the question, 1 - n ≥
2 100 10 5
(a) 2 (b) 2 6 (c) 4 (d) 6
1 1 3 3
⇒ ≤ ⇒ 2 n ≥ 10 ⇒ n ≥ 4
2 n 10
So, minimum number of times one has to toss a
Exp. (b)
fair coin so that the probability of observing atleast Given observations are -1, 0, 1 and k.
one head is atleast 90% is 4. Also, standard deviation of these four
observations = 5
4. A student scores the following marks in five 2
tests 45, 54, 41, 57, 43. His score is not known (-1)2 + (0)2 + (1)2 + k 2  -1 + 0 + 1 + k 
∴ -  = 5
for the sixth test. If the mean score is 48 in 4  4 
the six tests, then the standard deviation of [!if x1, x2 .... xn are n observation, then standard
the marks in six tests is 2
[JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-II] 1 n 2 1 n  
deviation = Σ xi -  Σ xi 
10 10 n i =1  n i =1  
(a) (b) 
3 3
100 100 2 + k2 k2
(c) (d) ⇒ - = 5 [squaring both sides]
3 3 4 16
8 + 4k 2 - k 2 8 + 3k 2
⇒ =5 ⇒ =5
Exp. (b) 16 16
Let the marks in sixth tests is ‘x’, so ⇒ 8 + 3k 2 = 80 ⇒ 3k 2 = 72
2
41 + 45 + 43 + 54 + 57 + x ⇒ k = 24 ⇒ k = 2 6 or -2 6
mean = = 48 (given)
6 ⇒ k =2 6 [!k > 0]
240 + x
⇒ = 48
6 6. The mean and the median of the following
x ten numbers in increasing order 10, 22, 26,
⇒ 40 + = 48
6 29, 34, x, 42, 67, 70, y are 42 and 35
x y
⇒ = 8 ⇒ x = 48 respectively, then is equal to
6 x
Now, standard deviation of these marks [JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-II]
2 2 2 2 2 2 7 7 8 9
41 + 45 + 43 + 54 + 57 + 48 (a) (b) (c) (d)
= - 482 3 2 3 4
6
Σxi2 Exp. (a)
[! standard deviation (SD) = - ( x )2 ]
6
Given ten numbers are
(412 - 482 ) + (452 - 482 ) + (432 - 482 ) 10, 22, 26, 29, 34, x, 42, 67, 70, y
+ (542 - 482 ) + (57 2 - 482 ) and their mean = 42
= 10 + 22 + 26 + 29 + 34 + x + 42 + 67 + 70 + y
6 ∴
10
(-7 × 89) + (-3 × 93) + (-5 × 91) = 42
300 + x + y
+ (6 × 102 ) + (9 × 105) ⇒ = 42
= 10
6
⇒ x + y = 120 …(i)
320 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

and their median (arranged numbers are in

increasing order) = 35 8. Assume that each born child is equally likely
34 + x to be a boy or a girl. If two families have two
⇒ = 35
2 children each, then the conditional
⇒ 34 + x = 70 probability that all children are girls given
⇒ x = 36 that at least two are girls; is
On substituting x = 36 in Eq. (i), we get [JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-I]
36 + y = 120 ⇒ y = 84 1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
y 84 7 17 12 10 11
∴ = =
x 36 3
Exp. (d)
7. If for some x ∈R , the frequency distribution Let event B is being boy while event G being girl.
of the marks obtained by 20 students in a According to the question,
test is 1
P(B) = P(G ) =
Marks 2 3 5 7 2
Now, required conditional probability that all
Frequency ( x + 1)2 2x - 5 x2 - 3 x x
children are girls given that at least two are girls, is
All 4 girls
Then, the mean of the marks is =
[JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-I]
(All 4 girls ) + (exactly 3 girls +1 boy)
(a) 3.0 (b) 2.8 +(exactly 2 girls + 2 boys)
4
(c) 2.5 (d) 3.2  1
 
2
Exp. (b) = 4 3 2 2
 1  + 4C  1   1  + 4C  1   1 
n   3    2   
2 2 2 2 2
Key Idea Use ∑ fi = Number of students;
i =1 1 1
= =
Σ fi xi 1 + 4 + 6 11
and Mean (x ) =
Σ fi
9. If both the mean and the standard
The given frequency distribution, for some x ∈ R, deviation of 50 observations x1 , x 2 ," , x 50
of marks obtained by 20 students is
are equal to 16, then the mean of ( x1 - 4)2,
Marks 2 3 5 7 ( x 2 - 4)2 ," ,( x 50 - 4)2 is
2
Frequency ( x + 1) 2 x - 5 x2 - 3 x x
[JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-II]
!Number of students = 20 = Σ fi (a) 480 (b) 400
⇒ ( x + 1)2 + (2 x - 5) + ( x2 - 3 x) + x = 20 (c) 380 (d) 525

⇒ ( x2 + 2 x + 1) + (2 x - 5) + ( x2 - 3 x) + x = 20 Exp. (b)
2 2
⇒ 2 x + 2 x - 24 = 0 ⇒ x + x - 12 = 0 It is given that both mean and standard deviation
⇒ ( x + 4)( x - 3) = 0⇒ x = 3 [as x > 0] of 50 observations x1, x2 , x3 , " , x50 are equal to
Σf x 16,
Now, mean ( x ) = i i Σx
Σ fi So, mean = i = 16 …(i)
50
2( x + 1)2 + 3(2 x - 5) + 5( x2 - 3 x) + 7 x 2
= Σxi2  Σxi 
20 and standard deviation = -  = 16
50  50 
2(4)2 + 3(1) + 5(0) + 7(3) 32 + 3 + 21
= = Σxi2
20 20 ⇒ - (16)2 = (16)2
56 50
= = 2.8
20 Σxi2
⇒ = 2 × 256 = 512 …(ii)
Hence, option (b) is correct. 50
Statistics and Probability 321

Now, mean of ( x1 - 4)2 , ( x2 - 4)2 , " ,( x50 - 4)2 regular hexagon alternate, here A1, A3 , A5 or A2 ,
2 A4 , A6 will result in an equilateral triangle.
Σ( xi - 4) Σ( xi2 - 8 xi + 16)
= = A1
50 50 A6 A2
Σx2 Σx 16
= i - 8 i  + Σ1 A5
50  50  50 A3

16 A4
= 512 - (8 × 16) +  × 50
 50  ∴Required probability
2 2 2 × 3×2 × 3×2 1
[from Eqs. (i) and (ii)] = 6 = = =
C3 6! 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 10
= 512 - 128 + 16 = 400
3! 3!
10. Minimum number of times a fair coin must 12. Let a random variable X have a binomial
be tossed so that the probability of getting
distribution with mean 8 and variance 4. If
atleast one head is more than 99% is k
[JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-II] P ( X ≤ 2 ) = 16 , then k is equal to
2
(a) 8 (b) 6
[JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-I]
(c) 7 (d) 5
(a) 17 (b) 121
Exp. (c) (c) 1 (d) 137
As we know probability of getting a head on a toss Exp. (d)
1
of a fair coin is P(H) = = p (let)
2 Let for the given random variable ‘X’ the binomial
Now, let n be the minimum numbers of toss probability distribution have n-number of
required to get at least one head, then required independent trials and probability of success and
probability = 1 - (probability that on all ‘n’ toss we failure are p and q respectively. According to the
are getting tail) question,
n Mean = np = 8
1 ! P(Tail ) = P(Head) = 1 
= 1 -   and variance = npq = 4
2  2  1 1
∴ q = ⇒ p = 1- q =
According to the question, 2 2
n n
1 99 1 99 1
1 -   > ⇒   < 1 - Now, n × = 8 ⇒ n = 16
2 100  2  100 2
n 16
1
⇒  1  < 1 ⇒2 n > 100
  P( X = r ) =16 C r  
2 100 2
⇒ n=7 [for minimum] ∴P( X ≤ 2 ) = P( X = 0) + P( X = 1) + P( X = 2 )
16 16 16
1 1 1
11. If there of the six vertices of a regular hexagon =16 C 0   + 16 C1   + 16 C 2  
2 2 2
are chosen at random, then the probability 1 + 16 + 120 137 k
that the triangle formed with these chosen = = 16 = 16 (given)
216 2 2
vertices is equilateral is
⇒ k = 137
[JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-I]
1 1
(a) (b) 13. If the data x1 , x 2 ,… , x10 is such that the mean
10 5
3 3 of first four of these is 11, the mean of the
(c) (d) remaining six is 16 and the sum of squares of
10 20
all of these is 2000, then the standard
Exp. (a) deviation of this data is
[JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-I]
Since, there is a regular hexagon, then the number
of ways of choosing three vertices is 6 C 3 . And, (a) 2 2 (b) 2
(c) 4 (d) 2
there is only two ways i.e. choosing vertices of a
322 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Exp. (b) Now, according to binomial probability distribution

concept
Key Idea Formula of standard deviation (σ ), r 50 - r
1 4
2 P( X = r ) = 50C r     , r = 0, 1, ..., 50
Σxi2  Σxi   5  5
for n observations = - 
n  n  ∴Required probability
Given 10 observations are x1, x2 , x3 , " , x10 = P( X < 2 ) = P( X = 0) + P( X = 1)
50
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 4 449
∴ = 11 = C 0  
50
+ 50
C1
4  5 (5)50
⇒ x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 44 … (i) 49 49
4  4 + 50  = 54  4
x5 + x6 + x7 + x8 + x9 + x10 =      
and = 16  5 5 5  5  5
6
⇒ x5 + x6 + x7 + x8 + x9 + x10 = 96 … (ii) 15 A person throws two fair dice. He wins
So, mean of given 10 observations ` 15 for throwing a doublet (same numbers
44 + 96 140 on the two dice), wins ` 12 when the throw
= = = 14
10 10 results in the sum of 9, and loses ` 6 for any
Since, the sum of squares of all the observations other outcome on the throw. Then, the
= 2000 expected gain/loss (in `) of the person is
∴ x12 + x22 + x32 + " + x10
2
= 2000 … (iii) [JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-II]
2 1 1
Σxi2  Σxi  (a) gain (b) loss
Now, σ 2 = (standard deviation)2 = -  2 4
10  10  1
2000 2 (c) loss (d) 2 gain
= - (14) = 200 - 196 = 4 2
10
So, σ =2 Exp. (c)
14. For an initial screening of an admission test, It is given that a person wins
a candidate is given fifty problems to solve. `15 for throwing a doublet (1, 1) (2, 2), (3, 3),
If the probability that the candidate can (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6) and win `12 when the throw
4 results in sum of 9, i.e., when (3, 6), (4, 5),
solve any problem is , then the probability (5, 4), (6, 3) occurs.
5
Also, losses `6 for throwing any other outcome,
that he is unable to solve less than two
i.e., when any of the rest 36 - 6 - 4 = 26
problem is [JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-II]
outcomes occurs.
49 48
201  1  316  4  Now, the expected gain/loss = 15 × P (getting a
(a)   (b)  
5  5 25  5  doublet) + 12 × P (getting sum 9) - 6 × P
49 48
54  4  164  1  (getting any of rest 26 outcome)
(c)   (d)  
5  5 25  5   6  4  26 
=  15 ×  +  12 ×  - 6 × 
 36   36   36 
Exp. (c) 5 4 26 15 + 8 - 26
= + - =
Given that, there are 50 problems to solve in an 2 3 6 6
admission test and probability that the candidate 23 - 26 3 1 1
4 = = - = - , means loss of `
can solve any problem is = q (say). So, 6 6 2 2
5
probability that the candidate cannot solve a 16. 5 students of a class have an average height
4 1
problem is p = 1 - q = 1- = . 150 cm and variance 18 cm 2. A new student,
5 5 whose height is 156 cm, joined them. The
Now, let X be a random variable which denotes variance (in cm 2) of the height of these six
the number of problems that the candidate is
students is [JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-I]
unable to solve. Then, X follows binomial
1 (a) 16 (b) 22
distribution with parameters n = 50 and p = .
5 (c) 20 (d) 18
Statistics and Probability 323

x 2- x
1 12
Exp. (c) Now, P( X = x) = 2C x     , x = 0, 1, 2
 13   13 
Let x1, x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 be the heights of five students.
Then, we have ∴ P( X = 1) + P( X = 2 )
5 1 2 0
1 12 1 12
Σ xi 5 = 2C1     + 2C 2    
Mean, x= i =1
= 150 ⇒ Σ xi = 750 …(i)  13   13   13   13 
5 i =1 12  1
5 = 2   +
Σ xi2  169  169
i =1
and variance = - ( x )2 24 1 25
n = + =
5 169 169 169
Σ xi2
i =1
⇒ - (150)2 = 18 18. A pot contain 5 red and 2 green balls. At
5
5 random a ball is drawn from this pot. If a
⇒ Σ xi2 = 112590 …(ii) drawn ball is green then put a red ball in the
i =1
6 pot and if a drawn ball is red, then put a
Σ xi green ball in the pot, while drawn ball is not
i =1
Now, new mean = replace in the pot. Now we draw another ball
6
5 randomly, the probability of second ball to
Σ xi + 156 be red is [JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-II]
i =1 750 + 156
= = [using Eq. (i)] 27 26 21 32
6 6 (a) (b) (c) (d)
⇒ xnew = 151 49 49 49 49
and new variance Exp. (d)
6 5
Σ xi2 Σ xi2 + (156)2 2
i =1 i =1 P(G1) = Probability that Ist ball drawn is green =
= - ( xnew )2 = - (151)2 7
6 6
P(R1) = Probability that Ist ball drawn in red
112590 + (156)2
= - (151)2 [using Eq. (ii)] 5
6 =
7
= 22821 - 22801 = 20
P(R ) = Probability that 2nd ball drawn is red.
17. Two cards are drawn successively with 6 4
= P(G1) ⋅ + P(R1) ⋅
replacement from a well shuffled deck of 52 7 7
cards. Let X denote the random variable of 2 6 5 4 32
= × + × =
number of aces obtained in the two drawn 7 7 7 7 49
cards. Then, P ( X = 1) + P ( X = 2 ) equals
[JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-I] 19. In a group of data, there are n observations,
n
25 52 49 24 x , x 2 ,...., xn . If Σ ( xi + 1)2 = 9n and
(a) (b) (c) (d)
169 169 169 169 i =1
n
2
Exp. (a) Σ ( xi - 1) = 5n, the standard deviation of
i =1
Let p = probability of getting an ace in a draw = the data is [JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-II]
probability of success (a) 2 (b) 7
and q = probability of not getting an ace in a draw (c) 5 (d) 5
= probability of failure
4 1 Exp. (d)
Then, p = = and q = 1 - p
52 13
1 12 We have,
= 1- = n
13 13 2
...(i)
Here, number of trials, n = 2
∑ ( xi + 1) = 9n
i =1
Clearly, X follows binomial distribution with n
2
1 and ∑ ( xi - 1) = 5n ...(ii)
parameter n = 2 and p = .
13 i =1
324 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i) is, we get = P(H) ⋅ P(E1 ) + P(T ) ⋅ P(E2 )
n
2 2 [!{H, E1} and {T, E2 } both are sets of
⇒ ∑ {( xi + 1) - ( xi - 1) } = 4n
independent events]
i =1 n
1 11 1 2 19
n n
∑ xi = × + × =
2 36 2 9 72
i =1
⇒ ∑ 4 xi = 4n ⇒ ∑ xi = n ⇒ n
=1
i =1 i =1
21. The mean of five observations is 5 and their
∴mean ( x ) = 1 variance is 9.20. If three of the given five
n
2 observations are 1, 3 and 8, then a ratio of
∑ ( xi - x) other two observations is
i =1
Now, standard deviation = [JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-I]
n
n
(a) 4 : 9 (b) 6 : 7
2 (c) 10 : 3 (d) 5 : 8
∑ ( xi - 1)
i =1 5n
= = = 5 Exp. (a)
n n
Let 1, 3, 8, x and y be the five observations.
20. An unbiased coin is tossed. If the outcome is Then, mean x =
Σx i
a head, then a pair of unbiased dice is rolled n
and the sum of the numbers obtained on 1+ 3 + 8 + x + y
⇒ x= =5 (given)
them is noted. If the toss of the coin results 5
in tail, then a card from a well-shuffled pack ⇒ x + y = 25 - 12 = 13
of nine cards numbered 1, 2, 3, …, 9 is ⇒ x + y = 13 …(i)
randomly picked and the number on the Σ( xi. - x )2
card is noted. The probability that the noted and variance = σ 2 =
n
number is either 7 or 8 is
[JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-I] (1 - 5)2 + (3 - 5)2 + (8 - 5)2 
15 13 19 19  
(a) (b) (c) (d)  + ( x - 5)2 + ( y - 5)2 
72 36 72 36 =  . (given)
= 92
5
Exp. (c) ⇒16 + 4 + 9 + ( x2 - 10 x + 25) +
Clearly, ( y2 - 10 y + 25) = 46
1 ⇒ x2 + y2 - 10( x + y) = 46 - 79
P(H) = Probability of getting head =
2
1 ⇒ x2 + y2 - 10 × 13 = - 33 (!x + y = 13)
and P(T ) = Probability of getting tail =
2 ⇒ x2 + y2 = 97 …(ii)
Now, let E1 be the event of getting a sum 7 or 8, y
when a pair of dice is rolled. Let = t ⇒ y = xt
x
Then, E1 = {(6, 1), (5, 2), (4, 3), (3, 4), (2, 5), Putting y = xt in Eq. (i), we get
(1, 6), (6, 2), (5, 3), (4, 4), (3, 5), (2, 6)}
x(1 + t ) = 13
⇒ P(E1 ) = Probability of getting 7 or 8 when a pair
11 ⇒ x (1 + t )2 = 169
2
…(iii)
of dice is thrown =
36 Putting y = xt in Eq. (ii), we get
Also, let P(E2 ) = Probability of getting 7 or 8 when a
card is picked from cards numbered x2 (1 + t 2 ) = 97 … (iv)
2
1, 2, ...., 9 = Dividing Eq (iii) by Eq. (iv), we get
9
x2 (1 + t )2 169
∴Probability that the noted number is 7 or 8 =
= P ((H ∩ E1 ) or (T ∩ E2 )) x2 (1 + t 2 ) 97
= P (H ∩ E1 ) + P (T ∩ E2 ) ⇒ 97(t 2 + 2t + 1) = 169 (1 + t 2 )
[!(H ∩ E1 ) and (T ∩ E2 ) are mutually exclusive] ⇒ (169 - 97 ) t 2 - 194 t + (169 - 97 ) = 0
Statistics and Probability 325

⇒ 36t 2 - 97 t + 36 = 0 and standard deviation

5
2
⇒ (4t - 9) (9t - 4) = 0 ∑ xi
i =1
9 4 SD = - ( x )2 = 3 (given)
⇒ t = or t = 5
4 9 5
2

22. If the probability of hitting a target by a

∑ xi 5
i =1 2
1 ⇒ - 100 = 9 ⇒ ∑ xi = 5 × 109
shooter in any shot, is , then the minimum 5 i =1
3 5
2
number of independent shots at the target ⇒ ∑ xi = 545 … (ii)
required by him so that the probability of i =1

hitting the target at least once is greater than Now, variance of 6 observations x1, x2 , x3 , x4 , x5
5 and - 50, is equal to
, is 2
6 [JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-II] 5  5 
2 2
(a) 6 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 4 ∑ xi + (- 50)  ∑ xi - 50 
 i =1 
i =1
σ2 = - 
Exp. (c) 6  6 
 
The probability of hitting a target at least once  
= 1 - (probability of not hitting the target in any trial) 2
545 + 2500  50 - 50 
= 1 - n C 0 p0q n = - 
6  6 
where n is the number of independent trials and p [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
and q are the probability of success and failure 3045
respectively. = = 507.5
6
[by using binomial distribution]
1
Here, p= 24. The outcome of each of 30 items was
3 1
1 2 observed ; 10 items gave an outcome -d
and q = 1- p = 1- = 2
3 3 1
According to the question,
each, 10 items gave outcome each and the
2
0 n
1 2 5 1
1 - nC 0     > remaining 10 items gave outcome +d
 3  3 6 2
n n each. If the variance of this outcome data is
⇒  2  < 1- 5 ⇒  2  < 1
 
 3
 
 3 4
6 6 , then |d | equals
3 [JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-I]
Clearly, minimum value of n is 5. 2 5
(a) (b) (c) 2 (d) 2
23. If mean and standard deviation of 5 3 2
observations x1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 , x 5 are 10 and 3, Exp. (c)
respectively, then the variance of 6
observations x1 , x 2 ,..... x 5 and - 50 is equal to Σx2
We know, σ 2 = - µ2
n
[JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-II] 2 2
1 1 1
(a) 507.5 (b) 586.5 10  – d  + 10 × + 10  + d 
2  4 2 
(c) 582.5 (d) 509.5 =
30
2
Exp. (a)  1  1 1 
 10  - d  + 10 × + 10  + d  
2  2 2 
The mean of five observation, x = 10 (given) -
 30 
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5  
⇒ = 10  
5 Σx
!µ = i 
⇒ x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 = 50 … (i)  n 
326 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

1
20  + d 2  + 5 / 2 and q = probability of failure in a trial
=
4 
-  1 = 1- p= 1- =
3 1
 
30  4 4 4
15 Here, n = number of trials = 16.
+ 20d 2
2 1 1 2d 2 1 2 2 Clearly, X follows binomial distribution with
= - = + - = d
30 4 4 3 4 3 3
parameter n = 16 and p = .
2 2 4 4
∴ d =
3 3 3
∴Mean of X = np, = 16. = 12
⇒ d 2 = 2 ⇒ |d| = 2 4
3 1
and variance of X = npq = 16 ⋅ ⋅ = 3
25. Two integers are selected at random from 4 4
the set { 1, 2, …… , 11}. Given that the sum of mean of X 12
Now, = =4 3
selected numbers is even, the conditional standard deviation of X 3
probability that both the numbers are even [! SD = variance ]
is [JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-I]
(a)
2
(b)
1
(c)
7
(d)
3 27. Let S = {1, 2 ," , 20}. A subset B of S is said to
5 2 10 5 be “nice”, if the sum of the elements of B is
203. Then, the probability that a randomly
Exp. (a) chosen subset of S is ‘‘nice’’, is
In {1, 2, 3, ...., 11} there are 5 even numbers and 6 [JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-II]
odd numbers. The sum even is possible only 6 4
(a) (b)
when both are odd or both are even. 2 20 2 20
Let A be the event that denotes both numbers are 7 5
(c) (d)
even and B be the event that denotes sum of 2 20 2 20
numbers is even.
Then, n( A) = 5C 2 and n(B) = 5C 2 + 6C 2 Exp. (d)
Number of subset of S = 2 20
Required probability
P( A ∩ B) 5
C / 11C Sum of elements in S is
P( A / B) = = 6 2 5 2 20(21)
P(B) ( C2 + C2 ) 1 + 2 + .....+20 = = 210
11 2
C2 !1 + 2 + ...... + n = n(n + 1)
5
C2 10 2  2 
= 6 = =
C 2 + 5C 2 15 + 10 5 Clearly, the sum of elements of a subset would be
203, if we consider it as follows
26. A bag contains 30 white balls and 10 red S - {7}, S - {1, 6} S - {2, 5}, S - {3, 4}
balls. 16 balls are drawn one by one
S - {1, 2, 4}
randomly from the bag with replacement. If
X be the number of white balls drawn, ∴Number of favourables cases = 5
5
 mean of X  Hence, required probability = 20
then   is equal to 2
 standard deviation of X 
[JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-II] 28. If the sum of the deviations of 50
4 3 observations from 30 is 50, then the mean of
(a) (b) 4 (c) 3 2 (d) 4 3
3 these observations is
[JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-I]
Exp. (d)
(a) 50 (b) 30 (c) 51 (d) 31
Number of white balls = 30
and number of red balls = 10 Exp. (d)
Let p = probability of success in a trial = probability Let the 50 observations are x1, x2 , x3 , ..., x50 .
30 3 Now, deviations of these observations from 30 are
of getting a white ball in a trial = = .
40 4 ( x1 - 30), ( x2 - 30), ( x3 - 30), ... , ( x50 - 30)
Statistics and Probability 327

50
Now, n(C ∪ S ) = n(C ∪ S )
! ∑ ( xi - 30) = 50 (given)
i =1 = n(∪) - n(C ∪ S )
50 = 60 - [n(C ) + n(S ) - n(C ∩ S )]
⇒ ∑ xi - (30 × 50) = 50 = 60 - [40 + 30 - 20] = 10
i =1
So, required probability
50
10 1
⇒ ∑ xi = 50(30 + 1) = 50 × 31 = =
60 6
i =1 50
∑ xi
∴ Mean of 50 observations = ( x ) = i =1
= 31 31. In a game, a man wins ` 100 if he gets 5 or 6
50 on a throw of a fair die and loses ` 50 for
getting any other number on the die. If he
29. In a random experiment, a fair die is decides to throw the die either till he gets a
rolled until two fours are obtained in five or a six or to a maximum of three throws,
succession. The probability that the then his expected gain/loss (in rupees) is
experiment will end in the fifth throw of the [JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-II]
die is equal to [JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-I] 400 400
(a) loss (b) loss
175 225 200 150 3 9
(a) (b) (c) (d)
65 65 65 65 (c) 0 (d)
400
gain
3
Exp. (a)
Exp. (c)
Since, the experiment should be end in the
fifth throw of the die, so total number of outcomes Let p and q represents the probability of success
are 65 and failure in a trial respectively. Then,
2 1 4 2
Now, as the last two throws should be result in two p = P(5 or 6) = = and q = 1 - p = = .
4 4 6 3 6 3
fours
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) Now, as the man decides to throw the die either till
he gets a five or a six or to a maximum of three
So, the third throw can be 1, 2, 3, 5 or 6 (not 4).
throws, so he can get the success in first, second
Also, throw number (i) and (ii) can not take two
and third throw or not get the success in any of the
fours in succession, therefore number of
three throws.
possibililites for throw (i) and (ii) = 62 - 1 = 35
So, the expected gain/loss (in `)
[!when a pair of dice is thrown
= ( p × 100) + qp(- 50 + 100)
then (4, 4) occur only once]
5 × 35 175 + q 2 p(- 50 - 50 + 100) + q 3 (- 50 - 50 - 50)
Hence, the required probability = = 5 2
65 6 1 2 1 2 1
=  × 100 +  ×  (50) +     (0)
3   3 3  3  3
30. In a class of 60 students, 40 opted for NCC, 2
3
+   (- 150)
30 opted for NSS and 20 opted for both NCC  3
and NSS. If one of these students is selected 100 100 1200
at random, then the probability that the = + + 0-
3 9 27
student selected has opted neither for NCC 900 + 300 - 1200 1200 - 1200
nor for NSS is [JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-II] = = =0
27 27
1 1 2 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 3 3 6 32. The mean and the variance of five
observations are 4 and 5.20, respectively. If
Exp. (a) three of the observations are 3, 4 and 4, then
Let C and S represent the set of students who the absolute value of the difference of the
opted for NCC and NSS respectively. other two observations, is
[JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-II]
Then, n(C ) = 40, n(S ) = 30, n(C ∩ S ) = 20
and n(# ) = 60 (a) 1 (b) 7
(c) 5 (d) 3
328 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Exp. (b) A = Event that second ball drawn is red

4  A 6
Given mean x = 4 P(E1 ) = , P  =
10  E1  12
variance σ 2 = 5.20
and numbers of observation n = 5 6  A 4
⇒ P(E2 ) = , P  =
Let x1 = 3, x2 = 4, x3 = 4 and x4 , x5 be the five 10  E2  12
observations By law of total probability
5  A  A
So, ∑ xi = 5 ⋅ x = 5 × 4 = 20 P( A) = P(E1 ) × P  + P(E2 ) × P 
i =1  E1   E2 
⇒ x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 = 20 4 6 6 4 24 + 24 48 2
= × + × = = =
⇒ 3 + 4 + 4 + x4 + x5 = 20 10 12 10 12 120 120 5
⇒ x4 + x5 = 9 …(i) 9 9

∑
5
xi2
34. If ∑(xi - 5) = 9 and ∑(xi - 5)2 = 45, then the
i =1 i =1
i =1
Now, variance σ 2 = - ( x )2
5 standard deviation of the 9 items x1 , x 2 ,… , x 9
x12 + x22 + x32 + x42 + x52 is [JEE Main 2018]
⇒ - (4)2 = 520
.
5 (a) 9 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 3
9 + 16 + 16 + x42 + x52 Exp. (c)
⇒ = 16 + 520
.
5
Key idea Standard deviation is remain
⇒ 41 + x42 + x52 = 5 × 21. 20
unchanged, if observations are added or
⇒ x42 + x52 = 106 - 41 subtracted by a fixed number.
⇒ x42 + x52 = 65 …(ii) We have,
2
! ( x4 + x5 ) = x42 + x52 + 2 x4 x5 9 9
2
∑ (x1 - 5) = 9 and ∑ (x1 - 5) = 45
∴ 81 = 65 + 2 x4 x5 i =1 i =1
[from Eqs. (i) and (ii)] 9
2
2  9 
⇒ 16 = 2 x4 x5 ∑ (x1 - 5)  ∑ ( x1 - 5)
 
i =1
⇒ x4 x5 = 8 …(iii) SD = -  i =1 
9  9 
Now, (| x4 - x5|)2 = x42 + x52 - 2 x4 x5
 
 
= 65 - 16 [from Eqs. (ii) and (iii)]
2
= 49 45  9 
⇒ SD = - 
⇒ | x4 - x5| = 7 9  9
⇒ SD = 5-1= 4 =2
33. A bag contains 4 red and 6 black balls. A ball
is drawn at random from the bag, its colour 35. For three events A , B andC , if P (exactly one
is observed and this ball along with two
additional balls of the same colour are of A or B occurs) = P(exactly one of B or C
1
returned to the bag. If now a ball is drawn at occurs) = P (exactly one ofC or A occurs) =
random from the bag, then the probability 4
that this drawn ball is red, is [JEE Main 2018] and P (all the three events occur
3 2 1 3 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) simultaneously) = , then the probability
10 5 5 4 16
that atleast one of the events occurs, is
Exp. (b) [JEE Main 2017]
7 7
Key idea Use the theorem of total probability (a) (b)
32 16
Let E1 = Event that first ball drawn is red 7 3
(c) (d)
E2 = Event that first ball drawn is black 64 16
Statistics and Probability 329

Exp. (b) 37. A box contains 15 green and 10 yellow balls.

We have, P (exactly one of A or B occurs) If 10 balls are randomly drawn one-by-one
= P( A ∪ B) - P( A ∩ B) with replacement, then the variance of the
= P( A) + P(B) - 2 P( A ∩ B) number of green balls drawn is
[JEE Main 2017 (offline)]
According to the question,
12
1 (a) (b) 6
P( A) + P(B) - 2 P( A ∩ B) = …(i) 5
4 6
1 (c) 4 (d)
P(B) + P(C ) - 2 P(B ∩ C ) = …(ii) 25
4
1
and P(C ) + P( A) - 2 P(C ∩ A) = …(iii) Exp. (a)
4
On adding Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get Given box contains 15 green and 10 yellow balls.
2 [P( A) + P(B) + P(C ) - P( A ∩ B) - P(B ∩ C ) ∴Total number of balls = 15 + 10 = 25
3
- P(C ∩ A)] = 15 3
4 P(green balls) = = = p = Probability of
25 5
⇒ P( A) + P(B) + P(C ) - P( A ∩ B) - P(B ∩ C )
3 success
- P(C ∩ A) =
8 10 2
P(yellow balls) = = = q = Probability of
∴P (atleast one event occurs) = P( A ∪ B ∪ C ) 25 5
= P( A) + P(B) + P(C ) - P( A ∩ B) - P(B ∩ C ) unsuccess and n = 10 = Number of trials.
- P(C ∩ A) + P( A ∩ B ∩ C ) 3 2 12
∴Variance = npq = 10 × × =
3 1 7 ! P( A ∩ B ∩ C ) = 1  5 5 5
= + =
8 16 16  16  38. If the standard deviation of the numbers 2,
3, a and 11 is 3.5, then which of the following
36. If two different numbers are taken from the is true? [JEE Main 2016 (offline)]
set {0, 1, 2, 3, …, 10}, then the probability that
(a) 3a 2 - 26a + 55 = 0
their sum as well as absolute difference are
both multiple of 4, is [JEE Main 2017 (offline)] (b) 3a 2 - 32a + 84 = 0

(a)
6
(b)
12
(c)
14
(d)
7 (c) 3a 2 - 34a + 91 = 0
55 55 45 55 (d) 3a 2 - 23a + 44 = 0
Exp. (a) Exp. (b)
Total number of ways of selecting 2 different We know that, if x1, x2 , ..., xn are n observations,
numbers from {0, 1, 2, ..., 10} = 11C 2 = 55 then their standard deviation is given by
Let two numbers selected be x and y. 2
1 2  Σxi 
Then, x + y = 4m …(i) Σxi -  
and x - y = 4n …(ii) n  n 
⇒ 2 x = 4(m + n) and 2 y = 4(m - n) (2 2 + 32 + a2 + 112 )
We have, (3.5)2 =
⇒ x = 2(m + n) and y = 2(m - n) 4
2
2 + 3 + a + 11
∴ x and y both are even numbers. -  
 4 
x y 2
49 4 + 9 + a2 + 121  16 + a 
0 4, 8 ⇒ = - 
4 4  4 
2 6, 10
49 134 + a2 256 + a2 + 32 a
4 0, 8 ⇒ = -
4 4 16
6 2, 10
49 4a2 + 536 - 256 - a2 - 32 a
8 0, 4 ⇒ =
4 16
10 2, 6
⇒ 49 × 4 = 3a2 - 32 a + 280
6
∴Required probability = ⇒ 3a2 - 32 a + 84 = 0
55
330 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

39. Let two fair six-faced dice A and B be thrown Exp. (a)
simultaneously. If E 1 is the event that die A There seems to be ambiguity in this question. It
shows up four, E 2 is the event that die B should be mentioned that boxes are different
shows up two and E 3 is the event that the and one particular box has 3 balls.
12 11
sum of numbers on both dice is odd, then C3 × 2 9 55  2 
Then, number of ways = 12
=  
which of the following statements is not 3 3  3
true? [JEE Main 2016 (offline)] According to the question,
(a) E 1 and E 2 are independent 12 ! × 3!
3
C1 × C 3 2 9 - 3C 212C 3 9C 3 +
12
(b) E 2 and E 3 are independent 3! 3! 6! 3!
(c) E 1 and E 3 are independent 312
(d) E 1 , E 2 and E 3 are not independent
41. The mean of the data set comprising of 16
Exp. (d) observations is 16. If one of the observation
Clearly, E1 = {(4, 1),(4, 2 ),(4, 3),(4, 4),(4, 5),(4, 6)}
valued 16 is deleted and three new
observations valued 3, 4 and 5 are added to
E2 = {(1, 2 ),(2, 2 ),(3, 2 ),(4, 2 ),(5, 2 ),(6, 2 )}
the data, then the mean of the resultant data
and E3 = {(1, 2), (1, 4), (1, 6), (2, 1), (2, 3),
is [JEE Main 2015]
(2, 5), (3, 2), (3, 4), (3, 6), (4, 1), (4, 3), (4, 5),
(a) 16.8 (b) 16.0 (c) 15.8 (d) 14.0
(5, 2), (5, 4), (5, 6), (6, 1), (6, 3), (6, 5)}
6 1 6 1 Exp. (d)
⇒ P(E1 ) = = , P(E2 ) = =
36 6 36 6 x1 + x2 + x3 + ... + x16
18 1 Given, = 16
and P(E3 ) = = 16
36 2 16

Now, P(E1 ∩ E2 ) = P
⇒ ∑ xi = 16 × 16
i=1
(Probability of getting 4 on die A and 2 on die B) Sum of new observations
1
= = P(E1 ) ⋅ P(E2 )
36 18

P(E2 ∩ E3 ) = P
= ∑ yi = (16 × 16 - 16) + (3 + 4 + 5) = 252
i =1
(Probability of getting 2 on die B and sum of Number of observations = 18
numbers on both dice is odd) 18
3 ∑ yi
= = P(E2 ) ⋅ P(E3 ) 252
36 ∴ New mean = i =1 = = 14
P(E1 ∩ E3 ) = P 18 18
(getting 4 on die A and sum of numbers 42. Let A and B be two events such that
on both dice is odd) 1 1 1
3 P (A ∪ B ) = , P (A ∩ B ) = and P ( A ) = ,
= = P(E1 ) ⋅ P(E3 ) 6 4 4
36 where A stands for the complement of the
and P(E1 ∩ E2 ∩ E3 ) = P event A. Then, the events A and B are
(getting 4 on die A, 2 on die B (a) independent but not equally likely
and sum of numbers is odd)
(b) independent and equally likely
= P (impossible event) = 0
(c) mutually exclusive and independent
Hence, E1, E2 and E3 are not independent. (d) equally likely but not independent
[JEE Main 2014]
40. If 12 identical balls are to be placed in 3 Exp. (a)
identical boxes, then the probability that
1 1 1
one of the boxes contains exactly 3 balls, is P ( A ∪ B) =, P ( A ∩ B) = , P ( A ) =
6 4 4
[JEE Main 2015]
1 5
55  2 
11
2
10
1
12
1
11 ∴ P ( A ∪ B) = 1 - P ( A ∪ B) = 1 - =
(a)   (b) 55  (c) 220  (d) 22   6 6
3  3  3  3  3 1 3
and P ( A) = 1 - P ( A ) = 1 - =
4 4
Statistics and Probability 331

P ( A ∪ B) = P ( A) + P (B) - P ( A ∩ B) Exp. (d)

5 3 1 1
⇒ = + P (B) - ⇒ P (B) = If initially all marks were xi, then
6 4 4 3
Σ ( xi - x )2
⇒ A and B are not equally likely. σ 2i =
1 N
Also, P ( A ∩ B) = P ( A) ⋅ P(B) =
4 Now, each is increased by 10.
So, events are independent. Σ [ xi + 10) - ( x + 10)]2
∴New σ i2 = = σ 2i
N
43. The variance of first 50 even natural So, variance will not change whereas mean,
numbers is [JEE Main 2014]
median and mode will increase by 10.
833 437
(a) (b) 833 (c) 437 (d)
4 4 46. Let x1 , x 2 ,..., xn be n observations x be their
Exp. (b) arithmetic mean and σ 2 be the variance.
1
Variance, σ 2 = Σ xi2 - ( x )2 Statement I Variance of 2 x1 , 2 x 2 ,..., 2 xn
n
Σx 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + ... + 100 is 4σ 2.
X= i=
n 50 Statement II Arithmetic mean of
50 × 51 2 x1 , 2 x 2 ,..., 2 xn is 4x. [AIEEE 2012]
= = 51
50
(a) Statement I is false, Statement II is true
[!Σ 2 n = n (n + 1), here n = 50]
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
2 1 2
σ = (2 + 42 + ... + 1002 ) - (51)2 Statement II is a correct explanation for
50 Statement I
= 833 (c) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
Statement II is not a correct explanation for
44. A multiple choice examination has Statement I
5 questions. Each question has three (d) Statement I is true, Statement II is false
alternative answers of which exactly one is
correct. The probability that a student will Exp. (d)
get 4 or more correct answers just by Given, x is the AM and σ 2 is the variance of
guessing is [JEE Main 2013] n observations x1, x2 , x3 , ..., xn . AM of
17 13 11 10 2 x1, 2 x2 , 2 x3 , ..., 2 xn
(a) (b) (c) (d)
35 35 35 35 2 x + 2 x2 + 2 x3 + " + 2 xn
= 1
Exp. (c) n
1  x1 + x2 + x3 + " + xn 
Probability of guessing a correct answer, p = =2   = 2x
3  n 
2
and probability of guessing a wrong answer, q = Hence, it is obvious that Statement II is false.
3
Variance of 2 x1, 2 x2 , 2 x3 , ..., 2 xn = Variance
So, the probability of guessing 4 or more correct
answers (2 xi ) = 2 2 Variance ( xi ) = 4σ 2
4 5
1 2 1 2 1 11
= 5C 4   ⋅ + 5C 5   = 5 ⋅ 5 + 5 = 5 Hence, Statement I is correct.
 3 3  3 3 3 3 Finally, Statement I is true and Statement II is false.
45. All the students of a class performed poorly 47. Three numbers are chosen at random
in Mathematics. The teacher decided to give without replacement from numbers
grace marks of 10 to each of the students. {1, 2, 3,..., 8}. The probability that their
Which of the following statistical measure minimum is 3, given that their maximum is
will not change even after the grace marks 6, is [AIEEE 2012]
were given? [JEE Main 2013] 3 1 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(a) Mean (b) Median 8 5 4 5
(c) Mode (d) Variance
332 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Exp. (b) Exp. (b)

Given 3 numbers are drawn without replacement Here, n = 5 and r ≥ 1
from the set {1, 2 , 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}. ∴ P( X = r ) = nC r pn - r q r
To find The probability that their minimum is P ( X ≥ 1) = 1 - P ( x = 0)
3 given that their maximum is 6. 31
= 1 - 5C 0 ⋅ p5 ⋅ q 0 ≥ [given]
Let A denotes the event that the minimum of the 32
31 1
3 selected numbers is 3 and B denotes the event ⇒ p5 ≤ 1 - =
32 32
that the maximum of the 3 selected numbers is 6,
1 1
then ∴ p≤ and p ≥ 0 ⇒ p ∈  0, 
2  2 
A
The required probability is P   ⋅
 B
49. If C and D are two events such that C ⊂ D
A P ( A ∩ B)
Now, P   = and P ( D ) ≠ 0, then the correct statement
 B P(B)
among the following is [AIEEE 2011]
P(B) = The probability that the maximum number
(a) P (C / D ) ≥ P (C ) (b) P (C / D ) < P (C )
selected is 6
P(D )
If the maximum number is 6, then (c) P (C / D ) = (d) P (C / D ) = P(C )
P(C )
(i) 6 should be one of the 3 selected numbers
(1 way) and
Exp. (a)
(ii) the remaining two numbers should be less
C P (C ∩ D) !C ⊂ D 
than 6 i.e., any 2 from 1 to 5 ( 5 C 2 ways). As, P   = ∴ P (C ∩ D) = P(C )
 D P (D)  
1 × 5C 2 10
⇒ P(B) = 8
= 8 P (C )
C3 C3 = …(i)
P (D)
Similarly, P( A ∩ B) = The probability that the
Also, as P (D) ≤ 1
minimum number is 3 and the maximum number
is 6. 1 P(C )
∴ ≥ 1 and ≥ P(C ) …(ii)
If the minimum number is 3 and the maximum P (D) P(D)
number is 6, then From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
(i) 6 should be one of the 3 selected numbers
C P (C )
(1 way). P   = ≥ P (C )
(ii) 3 should be one of the 3 selected numbers  D  P (D)
(1 way) and
(iii) the remaining 1 number should lie between 3 50. If the mean deviations about the median of
and 6 i.e., any one of 4 and 5 (2 ways). the numbers a , 2a ,... , 5a is 50, then |a | equal
1 × 1 × 2C1 2 to [AIEEE 2011]
⇒ P( A ∩ B) = = 8
8
C3 C3 (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 2
A P( A ∩ B) 2 1
∴ P   = = = Exp. (b)
 B P(B) 10 5
Median of a, 2 a, 3a, 4a, ", 50a is
1
Hence, the required probability is . 25a + 26a
5 = (25.5) a
2
48. Consider 5 independent Bernoulli’s trials 
! if total term is even, then
each with probability of success p. If the 
probability of atleast one failure is greater 1  n  n  
Median =   th term +  + 1 th term 
31 2   2  2  
than or equal to , thenp lies in the interval
32 50

3 11 1 11 1 3 Σ | xi - Median|
(a)  ,  (b) 0,  (c)  ,1 (d)  ,  MD (about median) = i =1
 4 12   2   12   2 4  N
[AIEEE 2011]
Statistics and Probability 333

1
⇒ 50 =
{2|a| ⋅ (0.5 + 15
. + 2 .5 + " + 24.5)} Exp. (b)
50
25 ! σ x2 = 4 and σ y2 = 5
⇒ 2500 = 2|a| ⋅ (25) ⇒ |a| = 4
2 Also, x = 2 and y = 4
51. Let A , B and C be pairwise independent Σ xi
events with P (C )> 0 and P ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) = 0. Now, =2 ⇒ Σ xi = 10; Σ yi = 20
5
Then, P ( A C ∩ B C /C ) is equal to [AIEEE 2011] 1
(a) P( AC ) - P( B ) (b) P( A ) - P ( BC ) and σ x2 = 
5
Σ xi 2  - ( x)2 , σ y2 = 1 (Σ yi 2 ) - 16
5
(c) P( AC ) + P( BC ) (d) P( AC ) - P ( BC )
⇒ Σ xi 2
= 40 and Σ yi 2
= 105
Exp. (a) ∴Variance of the combined data set is
C C C C 2
 A ∩ B  P ( A ∩ B ∩ C) 1 x + y
P   = σ z2 = (Σ xi 2 + Σ yi 2 ) -  
 C  P (C ) 10  2 
P(C ) - P( A ∩ C ) - P(B ∩ C ) + P( A ∩ B ∩ C ) 1 145 - 90 55 11
= …(i) = (40 + 105) - 9 = = =
P(C ) 10 10 10 2

Given, P( A ∩ B ∩ C ) = 0 and A, B, C are pairwise 54. An urn contains nine balls of which three
independent. are red, four are blue and two are green.
∴ P( A ∩ C ) = P( A) ⋅ P(C ) Three balls are drawn at random
and P(B ∩ C ) = P(B) ⋅ P(C ) without replacement from the urn. The
 AC ∩ B C  probability that the three balls have
∴ P  
 C  different colours, is [AIEEE 2010]
P(C ) - P( A) ⋅ P(C ) - P(B) ⋅ P(C ) + 0 1 2 1 2
= (a) (b) (c) (d)
P(C ) 3 7 21 23
= 1 - P( A) - P(B) = P( AC ) - P(B) Exp. (b)
52. A scientist is weighing each of 30 fishes. Total number of cases = 9C 3 = 84
Their mean weight worked out is 30 g and a Number of favourable cases = 3C1 ⋅ 4C1 ⋅ 2C1 = 24
standard deviation of 2 g. Later, it was found 24 2
that the measuring scale was misaligned ∴ P= =
84 7
and always under reported every fish weight
by 2 g. The correct mean and standard 55. Four numbers are chosen at random
deviation (in gram) of fishes are respectively (without replacement) from the set
(a) 28, 4 (b) 32, 2 [AIEEE 2011] {1, 2, 3, ..., 20}.
(c) 32, 4 (d) 28, 2 Statement I The probability that the
chosen numbers when arranged in some
Exp. (b) 1
order will form an AP, is .
Correct mean = Old mean + 2 = 30 + 2 = 32 85
As standard deviation is independent of change Statement II If the four chosen numbers
of origin. form an AP, then the set of all possible
∴ It remains same. values of common difference is
⇒ Standard deviation = 2 { ±1 , ± 2 , ± 3 , ± 4 , ± 5}. [AIEEE 2010]
(a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
53. For two data sets, each of size 5, the Statement II is a correct explanation for
variances are given to be 4 and 5 and the Statement I
corresponding means are given to be 2 and (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
4, respectively. The variance of the Statement II is not a correct explanation for
combined data set is [AIEEE 2010]
Statement I
5 11 13 (c) Statement I is true, Statement II is false
(a) (b) (c) 6 (d) (d) Statement I is false, Statement II is true
2 2 2
334 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Exp. (c) Exp. (a)

20
n(S ) = C 4 According to the given condition,
n
Statement I 3 9
1 -   ≥
Common difference is 1;  4 10
Total number of cases = 17 n
⇒  3 ≤ 1 - 9 = 1
Common difference is 2;  
 4 10 10
Total number of cases = 14 n
⇒  4  ≥ 10
Common difference is 3;  
 3
Total number of cases = 11 Taking log on both sides, we get
Common difference is 4; n [log 4 - log 3] ≥ log10 10 = 1
Total number of cases = 8 1
⇒ n≥
Common difference is 5; log10 4 - log10 3
Total number of cases = 5
Common difference is 6; 58. One ticket is selected at random from
Total number of cases = 2 50 tickets numbered 00, 01, 02, …, 49.
Hence, required probability Then, the probability that the sum of
17 + 14 + 11 + 8 + 5 + 2 1 the digits on the selected ticket is 8,
= =
20
C4 85 given that the product of these digits is zero
equal to [AIEEE 2009]
Hence, Statement I is true and Statement II is false.
1 1 5 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
56. If the mean deviation of number 14 7 14 50
1, 1 + d , 1 + 2d ,… , 1 + 100d from their mean is Exp. (a)
255, then d is equal to [AIEEE 2009]
(a) 10.0 (b) 20.0 (c) 10.1 (d) 20.2 S = {00, 01, 02 , … , 49}
Let A be the event that sum of the digits on the
Exp. (c) n selected ticket is 8, then
(a + l )
Sum of quantities 2 A = {08, 17, 26, 35, 44}
( x) = =
n n Let B be the event that the product of the digits is
1
= [1 + 1 + 100 d ] = 1 + 50 d zero.
2 B = {00, 01, 02 , 03, … , 09, 10, 20, 30, 40}
1
∴ MD = Σ| xi - x | ⇒ 255 ∴ A ∩ B = {8}
n A
1 ∴ Required probability = P  
= [50d + 49d + 48d + … + d + 0 + d  B
101
+ … + 50d ] 1
2d  50 × 51 P ( A ∩ B) 50 1
=   = = =
101  2  P (B) 14 14
255 × 101 50
∴ d= = 101
.
50 × 51
59. Statement I The variance of first n even
 1
57. In a binomial distribution B n , p =  , if the n2 - 1
 4 natural numbers is .
4
probability of atleast one success is greater
9 Statement II The sum of first n natural
than or equal to , then n is greater than n (n + 1)
10 [AIEEE 2009] numbers is and the sum of squares of
2
1 1 n (n + 1)(2n + 1)
(a) (b)
log10 4 - log10 3 log10 4 + log10 3 first n natural numbers is .
6
9 4 [AIEEE 2009]
(c) (d)
log10 4 - log10 3 log10 4 - log10 3
Statistics and Probability 335

(a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;

Statement II is a correct explanation for
61. A die is thrown. Let A be the event that the
Statement I number obtained is greater than 3. Let B be
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; the event that the number obtained is less
Statement II is not a correct explanation for than 5. Then, P ( A ∪ B ) is [AIEEE 2008]
Statement I 2 3
(a) (b) (c) 0 (d) 1
(c) Statement I is true, Statement II is false 5 5
(d) Statement I is false, Statement II is true Exp. (d)
Exp. (d) ! A = {4, 5, 6} and B = {1, 2 , 3, 4}
Statement II is true because they are standard ∴ A ∩ B = {4}
formulae. [by addition theorem of probability]
Statement I Sum of n even natural numbers ∴ P( A ∪ B) = P( A) + P(B) - P( A ∩ B)
= n (n + 1) 3 4 1
⇒ P( A ∪ B) = + - = 1
n(n + 1) 6 6 6
⇒ Mean ( x ) = =n+1
n 62. The mean of the numbers a ,b , 8, 5, 10 is 6
1 and the variance is 6.80. Then, which one of
∴ Variance =  Σ ( xi )2  - ( x )2
 n  the following gives possible values of
1 2 a and b ? [AIEEE 2008]
= [2 + 42 + … + (2 n)2 ] - (n + 1)2
n (a) a = 3 and b = 4 (b) a = 0 and b = 7
1 (c) a = 5 and b = 2 (d) a =1 and b = 6
= 2 2 [12 + 2 2 + … + n2 ] - (n + 1)2
n
4 n (n + 1) (2 n + 1)
Exp. (a)
= - (n + 1)2
n 6 According to the given condition,
(n + 1) [2 (2 n + 1) - 3 (n + 1)] (6 - a)2 + (6 - b)2 + (6 - 8)2 
=
3  
 + (6 - 5)2 + (6 - 10)2 
(n + 1) (n - 1) n2 - 1 6.80 = 
= = 5
3 3
⇒ 34 = (6 - a)2 + (6 - b )2 + 4 + 1 + 16
Hence, Statement I is false.
⇒ (6 - a)2 + (6 - b)2 = 13 = 9 + 4
60. It is given that the events A and B are such ⇒ (6 - a)2 + (6 - b)2 = 32 + 2 2
1 1 2 ⇒ a = 3, b = 4
that P ( A ) = , P ( A / B ) = and P (B / A ) = .
4 2 3 63. A pair of fair dice is thrown independently
Then, P (B ) is equal to [AIEEE 2008] three times. The probability of getting a
1 1 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d) score of exactly 9 twice is [AIEEE 2007]
2 6 3 3
(a) 1/729 (b) 8/9
Exp. (c) (c) 8/729 (d) 8/243
1 A 1 B 2
Given that, P( A) = , P   = and P   = Exp. (d)
4  B  2  A  3
 A  P( A ∩ B) Probability of getting score 9 in a single throw
We know that, P   = … (i) 4 1
 B P(B) = =
36 9
B P(B ∩ A)
and P   = … (ii) Probability of getting score 9 exactly in double
 A P( A)
throw
B 2 1
P   ⋅ P( A)     1
2
8 8
 A  3  4 1 = 3C 2 ×   × =
∴ P(B) = = =  9 9 243
A
P   1 3
 
 B 2
336 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

64. Two aeroplanes I and II bomb a target in Exp. (d)

succession. The probabilities of I and II
Since, variance is independent of change of
scoring a hit correctly are 0.3 and 0.2,
origin. Therefore, variance of observations 101,
respectively. The second plane will bomb 102, ... , 200 is same as variance of 151, 152, ...,
only if the first misses the target. The 250.
probability that the target is hit by the V
second plane, is [AIEEE 2007] ∴ VA = VB ⇒ A = 1
VB
(a) 0.06 (b) 0.14 (c) 0.32 (d) 0.7
Exp. (c) 67. At a telephone enquiry system, the number
Let the events, A = Ist aeroplane hit the target
of phone calls regarding relevant enquiry
B = IInd aeroplane hit the target follow. Poisson distribution with an average
And their corresponding probabilities are of 5 phone calls during 10 min time
P( A) = 0.3 and P(B) = 0.2 intervals. The probability that there is
atmost one phone call during a 10 min time
⇒ P( A ) = 07
. and P(B ) = 0. 8
period, is [AIEEE 2006]
∴ Required probability
5 6 6 6
= P( A ) P(B) + P( A ) P(B ) P( A ) P(B) + . . . (a) (b) (c) (d)
6 55 e 5
5e
= (07
. )(0.2 ) + (07
. )(0.8)(07 . )(0.2 )
Exp. (c)
+ (07
. )(0.8)(07
. )(0.8)(07
. )(02
. )+ ...
Required probability = P( X = 0) + P( X = 1)
. [1 + (0.56) + (0.56)2 + . . .]
= 014
e -5 0 e -5 1
 1  014 . 7 = ⋅5 + ⋅5
= 014
.  = = = 0.32 0! 1!
 1 - 0.56  0.44 22 6
= e -5 + 5e -5 = 5
65. The average marks of boys in a class is e
52 and that of girls is 42. The average marks
of boys and girls combined is 50. The 68. Let x1 , x 2 ,... , xn be n observations such that
percentage of boys in the class is [AIEEE 2007] Σxi2 = 400 and Σxi = 80. Then, a possible
(a) 40% (b) 20% (c) 80% (d) 60% value of n among the following is
[AIEEE 2005]
Exp. (c)
(a) 12 (b) 9 (c) 18 (d) 15
Let the number of boys and girls be x and y,
respectively. Exp. (c)
∴ 52 x + 42 y = 50( x + y) Given that, Σ xi2 = 400 and Σ xi = 80
⇒ 52 x + 42 y = 50 x + 50 y ! σ2 ≥ 0
⇒ 2 x = 8y ⇒ x = 4y 2
Σ xi2 Σx 400 6400
∴Total number of students in the class ∴ -  i  ≥ 0 ⇒ - 2 ≥0
n  n  n n
= x + y = 4y + y = 5y
∴ n ≥ 16
∴ Required percentage of boys
4y
= × 100% = 80% 69. If in a frequency distribution, the mean and
5y
median are 21 and 22 respectively, then its
66. Suppose a population A has mode is approximately [AIEEE 2005]
100 observations 101, 102, …, 200 and (a) 24.0 (b) 25.5 (c) 20.5 (d) 22.0
another population B has 100 observations
151, 152, … , 250. IfV A and V B represent the Exp. (a)
variances of the two populations Given that, mean = 21and median = 22
V
respectively, then A is Using the Emperical relation,
VB [AIEEE 2006] Mode = 3 Median - 2 Mean
9 4 2
(a) (b) (c) (d) 1 ∴ Mode = 3(22 ) - 2 (21) = 66 - 42 = 24
4 9 3
Statistics and Probability 337

70. Let A and B be two events such that 72. A random variable X has Poisson
1 1 1 distribution with mean 2. Then, P ( X > 1.5)
P ( A ∪ B ) = , P ( A ∩ B ) = and P ( A ) = , equal to [AIEEE 2005]
6 4 4
3 3 2
where A stands for complement of event A. (a) (b) 1 - (c) 0 (d)
Then, events A and B are [AIEEE 2005] e2 e2 e2
(a) mutually exclusive and independent Exp. (b)
(b) independent but not equally likely
(c) equally likely but not independent ∴ P( X > 15
. ) = P(2 ) + P(3) + . . . ∞
(d) equally likely and mutually exclusive = 1 - [P(0) + P(1)]
 e -2 × 2  3
= 1 -  e -2 +  = 1 - 2
Exp. (b)  1  e
1 1
Given that, P( A ∩ B) = , P( A ) =
4 4 73. Consider the following statements
1 I. Mode can be computed from histogram
and P( A ∪ B) =
6 II. Median is not independent of change of
1 scale
⇒ 1 - P( A ∪ B) = [! P( A) + P( A ) = 1]
6 III. Variance is independent of change of
1 origin and scale
⇒ 1 - P( A) - P(B) + P( A ∩ B) =
6 Which of these is/are correct? [AIEEE 2004]
[! P( A ∪ B) = P( A) + P(B) - P( A ∩ B)] (a) Only I (b) Only II
1 1 (c) I and II (d) I, II and III
⇒ P( A ) - P(B) + =
4 6
⇒
1 1 1
P(B) = + -
Exp. (c)
4 4 6 It is true that mode can be computed from
1 3 histogram and median is not independent of
⇒ P(B) = and P( A) =
3 4 change of scale.
1 3 1 But variance is independent of change of origin
Now, P( A ∩ B) = = × = P( A) P(B)
4 4 3 and not of scale.
Hence, the events A and B are independent Hence, option (c) is correct.
events but not equally likely.
74. In a series of 2 n observations, half of them
71. Three houses are available in a locality. equal a and remaining half equal -a . If the
Three persons apply for the houses. Each standard deviation of the observations is 2,
applies for one house without consulting then |a | equal to [AIEEE 2004]
others. The probability that all the three 1 2
(a) (b) 2 (c) 2 (d)
apply for the same house, is [AIEEE 2005] n n
7 8 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d) Exp. (c)
9 9 9 9
In the 2 n observations, half of them equal to a and
Exp. (c) remaining half equal to - a. Then, the mean of total
2 n observations is equal to zero.
All the three persons has three options to apply a
house. Σ( x - x )2 Σ x2
∴ SD = ⇒ 2=
∴Total number of cases = 33 N 2n
Now, favourable cases = 3 (as either all has Σ x2 2 na2
⇒ 4= ⇒ 4=
applied for house 1 or 2 or 3) 2n 2n
3 1
∴ Required probability = 3 = ⇒ a2 = 4 ∴ |a|= 2
3 9
338 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

75. The probability that A speaks truth is 4/5 77. The mean and the variance of a binomial
while this probability for B is 3/4. The distribution are 4 and 2, respectively. Then,
probability that they contradict each other the probability of 2 successes is [AIEEE 2004]
when asked to speak on a fact, is [AIEEE 2004] 37 219 128 28
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 1 7 4 256 256 256 256
(a) (b) (c) (d)
20 5 20 5
Exp. (d)
Exp. (c) Given that, mean = 4 ⇒ np = 4 and variance = 2
Given, probabilities of speaking truth are ⇒ npq = 2 ⇒ 4q = 2
4 3 1
P( A) = and P(B) = ⇒ q=
5 4 2
1 1
And their corresponding probabilities of not ∴ p= 1- q = 1- =
speaking truth are 2 2
1 Also, n=8
P( A ) =
5 Probability of 2 successes = P( X = 2 ) = 8C 2 p2q 6
1 8!
2 6
and P(B ) = = ×  1  ×  1  = 28 × 1 = 28
4    
2 ! × 6! 2 2 2 8 256
The probability that they contradict each other
= P( A) × P(B ) + P( A ) × P(B) 78. The median of a set of 9 distinct
4 1 1 3 1 3 7 observations is 20.5. If each of the largest
= × + × = + =
5 4 5 4 5 20 20 4 observations of the set is increased by 2,
then the median of the new set [AIEEE 2003]
76. A random variable X has the probability (a) is increased by 2
distribution (b) is decreased by 2
(c) is two times the original median
X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
(d) remains the same as that of the original set
P( X ) 0.15 0.23 0.12 0.10 0.20 0.08 0.07 0.05
Exp. (d)
For the events, E = {X is a prime number}
Median of new set remains the same as that of the
and F = { X < 4}, the probability P ( E ∪ F ) is
original set.
(a) 0.87 (b) 0.77 [AIEEE 2004]
(c) 0.35 (d) 0.50 79. In an experiment with 15 observations on x ,
Exp. (b) the following results were available
Σ x 2 = 2830, Σ x = 170
Given, E = { X is a prime number} = {2 , 3, 5, 7}
One observation that was 20, was found to
P(E ) = P( X = 2 ) + P( X = 3) + P( X = 5) + P( X = 7 )
be wrong and was replaced by the correct
= 0.23 + 012
. + 0.20 + 0.07 = 0.62 value 30. Then, the corrected variance is
and F = { X < 4} = {1, 2 , 3}
(a) 78.00 (b) 188.66 [AIEEE 2003]
⇒ P(F ) = P( X = 1) + P( X = 2 ) + P( X = 3) (c) 177.33 (d) 8.33
= 015
. + 0.23 + 012 . = 0.5
and E ∩ F = {X is prime number as well as < 4} Exp. (a)
= {2 , 3} Given, N = 15, Σ x2 = 2830, Σ x = 170
P(E ∩ F ) = P( X = 2 ) + P( X = 3) Since, one observation 20 was replaced by 30,
= 0.23 + 012
. = 0.35 then
Σ x2 = 2830 - 400 + 900 = 3330
∴ Required probability,
and Σ x = 170 - 20 + 30 = 180
P(E ∪ F ) = P(E ) + P(F ) - P(E ∩ F ) 2
Σ x2  Σ x 
= 0.62 + 0.5 - 0.35 = 077
. Variance, σ 2 = - 
N  N
Statistics and Probability 339

2
=
3330  180 
-
3330 - 12 × 180 82. The mean and variance of a random variable
 =
15  15  15 X having a binomial distribution are 4 and
3330 - 2160 1170 2 respectively, then P ( X = 1) is [2003]
= = = 78.0 1 1 1 1
15 15 (a) (b) (c) (d)
32 16 8 4
80. Five horses are in a race. Mr A selects two of Exp. (a)
the horses at random and bets on them. The
Given that, for binomial distribution mean, np = 4
probability that Mr A selected the winning
and variance, npq = 2.
horse, is [AIEEE 2003]
1 1
4 3 ∴ q = , but p + q = 1 ⇒ p =
(a) (b) 2 2
5 5 1
and n× =4 ⇒ n=8
1 2 2
(c) (d)
5 5 We know that, P( X = r ) = nC r pr q n - r
7 1
1 1 1 1 1
Exp. (d) ∴ P( X = 1) = 8C1     = 8 × 8 = 5 =
2 2 2 2 32
The probability that Mr A selected the loosing
4 3 3 83. A problem in Mathematics is given to three
horse = × =
5 4 5 students A , B ,C and their respective
The probability that Mr A selected the winning probability of solving the problem is
3 2 1 1 1
horse = 1 - = , and . Probability that the problem is
5 5 2 3 4
81. Events A , B andC are mutually exclusive solved, is [AIEEE 2002]
3x + 1 1- x (a) 3/4 (b) 1/2 (c) 2/3 (d) 1/3
events such that P ( A ) = , P (B ) =
3 4 Exp. (a)
1 - 2x
and P (C ) = . The set of possible values Since, the probabilities of solving the problem by
2 1 1 1
A, B and C are , and , respectively.
of x are in the interval [AIEEE 2003] 2 3 4
1 1 1 2 1 13
(a)  ,  (b)  ,  (c)  ,  (d) [0, 1] ∴ Probability that the problem is not solved
 3 2   3 3   3 3 
= P( A ) P(B ) P(C )
Exp. (a) 1 1 1
=  1 -   1 -   1 - 
 2  3  4
Since, 0 ≤ P( A) ≤ 1, 0 ≤ P(B) ≤ 1, 0 ≤ P(C ) ≤ 1
1 2 3 1
and 0 ≤ P( A) + P(B) + P(C ) ≤ 1 = × × =
2 3 4 4
3x + 1 1 2
∴ 0≤ ≤1 ⇒ - ≤ x≤ …(i) Hence, the probability that the problem is solved
3 3 3 1 3
1- x = 1- =
0≤ ≤ 1 ⇒ -3 ≤ x ≤ 1 …(ii) 4 4
4
0≤
1- 2x 1
≤1 ⇒ - ≤ x≤
1
…(iii)
84. In a class of 100 students, there are 70 boys
2 2 2 whose average marks in a subject are 75. If
3x + 1 1 - x 1 - 2 x the average marks of the complete class is
and 0 ≤ + + ≤1
3 4 2 72, then what is the average of the girls?
(a) 73 (b) 65 [AIEEE 2002]
⇒ 0 ≤ 13 - 3 x ≤ 12
(c) 68 (d) 74
1 13
⇒ ≤ x≤ …(iv)
3 3 Exp. (b)
From Eqs. (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv), we get Since, total number of students = 100
1 1 and number of boys = 70
≤ x≤
3 2 ∴ Number of girls = (100 - 70) = 30
340 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Now, the total marks of 100 students 1

P( A1 ) = P( A 2 ) = P( A 3 ) =
= 100 × 72 = 7200 2
And total marks of 70 boys = 70 × 75 = 5250 ∴ Required probability
Total marks of 30 girls = 7200 - 5250 = 1950 = P( A 1 A′2 A 3 ) + P( A′1 A 2 A 3 )
1950
∴ Average marks of 30 girls = = 65 = P( A 1 ) P( A′2 ) P( A 3 ) + P( A′1 ) P( A 2 ) P( A 3 )
30
3 3
1 1 1 1 1
85. A and B play a game, where each is asked to =   +   = + =
2 2 8 8 4
select a number from 1 to 25. If the two
numbers match, both of them win a prize. 88. A biased coin with probability p , 0 < p < 1, of
The probability that they will not win a prize heads is tossed until a head appears for the
in a single trial, is [AIEEE 2002] first time. If the probability that the number
1 24 of tosses required is even, is 2/5, then p
(a) (b)
25 25 equal to [AIEEE 2002]
2 1 2 2 3
(c) (d) None of these (a) (b) (c) (d)
25 3 3 5 5
Exp. (b)
Exp. (a)
The total number of ways in which numbers can
be choosed = 25 × 25 = 625 Let the probability of getting a head be p and not
getting a head be q.
The number of ways in which either players can
choose same numbers = 25 Since, head appears first time in an even throw
25 1 2 or 4 or 6. . .
∴ Probability that they win a prize = = 2
625 25 ∴ = qp + q 3 p + q 5 p + . . .
5
Thus, the probability that they will not win a prize 2 qp
1 24 ⇒ =
in a single trial = 1 - = 5 1 - q2
25 25
2 (1 - p)p
⇒ = [!q = 1 - p]
86. If A and B are two mutually exclusive events, 5 1 - (1 - p)2
then [AIEEE 2002] 2 1- p
⇒ =
(a) P( A ) < P( B ) (b) P( A ) > P( B ) 5 2- p
(c) P( A ) < P( B ) (d) None of these 1
⇒ 4 - 2 p = 5 - 5p ⇒ p =
3
Exp. (d)
Since, A and B are two mutually exclusive events. 89. A fair die is tossed eight times. The
∴ A ∩ B = φ ⇒ Either A Õ B or B Õ A probability that a third six is observed on the
eight throw, is [AIEEE 2002]
⇒ P( A) ≤ P(B ) or P(B) ≤ P( A ) 7
C 2 × 55 7
C 2 × 55
(a) (b)
87. The probability of India winning a test 67 68
7
match against the West Indies is C 2 × 55
(c) (d) None of these
1/2 assuming independence from 66
match-to-match. The probability that in a
match series India’s second win occurs at Exp. (b)
the third test, is [AIEEE 2002] 1
Probability of getting success, p =
1 1 1 2 2
(a) (b) (c) (d) 1
8 4 2 3 and probability of failure, q =
2
Exp. (b) ∴ Required probability
Let A1, A2 and A3 be the events of match winning 2 5
1 5 1 7C 2 × 55
in first, second and third matches respectively and = 7C 2     × =
whose probabilities are
 6  6 6 68
15
Trigonometry
3 5 Now, tan(2α ) = tan[(α + β ) + (α - β )]
1. If cos(α + β ) = , sin(α - β) = and
5 13 tan(α + β ) + tan(α - β )
π =
0 < α ,β < , then tan(2α ) is equal to 1 - tan(α + β )tan(α - β )
4 4 5
[JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-I] +
63 63 21 33 = 3 12
(a) (b) (c) (d) 4 5
52 16 16 52 1- ×
3 12
Exp. (b) [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
5 48 + 15 63
Given, sin(α - β ) = = =
13 36 - 20 16
3 π
and cos(α + β ) = , where α, β ∈  0,   3  1
5  4 2. If α = cos -1   , β = tan -1   , where
 5  3
π π
Since, 0 < α < and 0 < β < π
4 4 0 < α ,β < , then α - β is equal to
π π π 2
∴ 0< α + β < + = [JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-I]
4 4 2
9  9 
⇒ 0< α + β <
π (a) tan -1   (b) cos-1  
 5 10   5 10 
2
9 9 
π
Also, - < -β < 0 (c) tan -1   (d) sin -1  
4  14   5 10 
π π
∴ 0- < α -β < + 0 Exp. (d)
4 4
π π 3 1
⇒ - < α -β < Given, α = cos -1   and β = tan-1  
4 4  5  3
π π π
∴ α + β ∈  0,  and α - β ∈  - , 

where 0 < α, β <
π
 2  4 4 2
π
But sin(α - β ) > 0, therefore α - β ∈  0,  .
 4 5
5 52 – 3 2 = 4
Now, sin(α - β ) =
13
5 α
⇒ tan(α - β ) = …(i)
12 3
3 4
and cos(α + β ) = Clearly, α = tan-1
5 3
4 4 1
⇒ tan(α + β ) = …(ii) So, α - β = tan-1 - tan-1
3 3 3
342 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

 4 1  h 20
 -  and tanβ = =
-1  3 3  y x+ y
= tan
 1 +  4 × 1  [in ∆MNQ and ∆ABQ] …(ii)
  
  3 3   From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
 -1 x - y
y
-1 -1 = 4 ⇒ y = 4x …(iii)
! tan x - tan y = tan 1 + xy, if xy > - 1] x

From Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get
1 9
= tan-1 = tan-1 h 80 80
4 13 = ⇒ h= = 16m
1+ x x + 4x 5
9
250
2 = 4. Let S = {θ ∈[ -2 π , 2 π]: 2 cos 2 θ + 3 sin θ = 0},
3
2 1
9+ 9 then the sum of the elements of S is
α –β [JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-I]
13 5π 13 π
(a) 2 π (b) π (c) (d)
-1 9 -1 9 3 6
= sin = sin
92 + 132 250 Exp. (a)
9  We have, θ ∈ [-2 π, 2 π ]
= sin-1  
 5 10  and 2 cos 2 θ + 3sinθ = 0
⇒ 2 (1 - sin2 θ) + 3sinθ = 0
3. Two vertical poles of heights, 20 m and ⇒ 2 - 2 sin2 θ + 3 sin θ = 0
80 m stand apart on a horizontal plane. The
height (in m) of the point of intersection of ⇒ 2 sin2 θ - 3sinθ - 2 = 0
2
the lines joining the top of each pole to the ⇒ 2 sin θ - 4sinθ + sinθ - 2 = 0
foot of the other, from this horizontal plane ⇒2 sinθ (sinθ - 2 ) + 1(sinθ - 2 ) = 0
is [JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-II] ⇒ (sinθ - 2 ) (2 sinθ + 1) = 0
(a) 15 (b) 16 -1
⇒ sinθ = [!(sinθ - 2 ) ≠ 0]
(c) 12 (d) 18 2
π π π π
⇒ θ = 2π – , - π + , - , π +
Exp. (b) 6 6 6 6
Let a first pole AB having height 20 m and second [!θ ∈ [-2 π, 2 π ]]
pole PQ having height 80 m Now, sum of all solutions
and ∠PBQ = α, ∠AQB = β π π π π
P = 2π - - π + - + π + = 2π
6 6 6 6

5. The value of
cos 2 10°- cos 10°cos 50°+ cos 2 50°is
80 m [JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-I]
3 3
A (a) (1 + cos 20°) (b) + cos 20°
M 2 4
20 m (c) 3 / 2 (d) 3 / 4
h
α β Exp. (d)
B N Q
x y We have, cos 2 10º - cos 10º cos 50º + cos 2 50º
1
and MN = hm is the height of intersection point = [2 cos 2 10º -2 cos 10º cos 50º +2 cos 2 50º ]
from the horizontal plane 2
h 80 1
! tanα = = = [1 + cos 20º -(cos 60º + cos 40º ) + 1 + cos 100º ]
x x+ y 2
[! 2 cos 2 A = 1 + cos 2 A and
[in ∆MNB and ∆PQB] …(i)
2cos A cos B = cos( A + B) + cos( A - B)]
Trigonometry 343

1 2 + cos 20º + cos 100º - 1 - cos 40º  Exp. (d)

=
2  2 
Given heights of two poles are 5 m and 10 m.
!cos 60º = 1 
 2  A

1 3
= + (cos 20º - cos 40º ) + cos 100º  5m
2  2  15° E
B
1 3 20º + 40º 20°- 40° 10 m d
=  - 2 sin sin + cos 100°
2  2 2 2  5m
!cos C - cos D = -2 sin C + D sin C - D 
 15°
2 2  C D
F
d
1 3
= - 2 sin 30º sin(-10º ) + cos(90º +10º ) i.e. from figure AC = 10 m, DE = 5 m
2  2  ∴ AB = AC - DE = 10 - 5 = 5 m
1 3 Let d be the distance between two poles.
= + sin10º - sin 10º 
2  2  Clearly, ∆ABE ~ ∆ACF
[!cos (90º + θ) = - sinθ] [by AA-similarity criterion]
1 3 3 ∴ ∠AEB = 15°
= × =
2 2 4 In ∆ABE, we have
AB 3 -1 5
6. The value of sin 10º sin 30º sin 50º sin 70º is tan15°= ⇒ =
BE 3+1 d
[JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-II]
1 1  3 - 1
(a) (b) ! tan15°= 3 + 1
36 32 
1 1 5( 3 + 1)
(c) (d) ⇒ d=
16 18 ( 3 - 1)
Exp. (c) 3+1 3+1
⇒ d=5 ×
We have, sin10°sin 30°sin 50°sin70° 3 -1 3+1

= sin(30°)[sin(10°)sin(50°)sin(70°)] 5(3 + 2 3 + 1 5(2 3 + 4)

= =
1 3-1 2
= [sin(10°)sin(60°- 10°)sin(60°+ 10°)]
2 2 × 5( 3 + 2 )
= = 5(2 + 3) m
1 1 2
=  sin(3(10°))
2  4 
[!sinθsin(60°- θ)sin(60°+ θ) =
1
sin 3θ]
8. ABC is a triangular park with AB = AC = 100
4 m. A vertical tower is situated at the
1 1 1 1 mid-point of BC . If the angles of elevation of
= sin 30°= × =
8 8 2 16 the top of the tower at A and B are
cot -1 ( 3 2 ) and cosec-1(2 2 ) respectively,
7. Two poles standing on a horizontal ground then the height of the tower (in m) is
are of heights 5 m and 10 m, respectively. [JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-I]
The line joining their tops makes an angle of 100
(a) 25 (b) 20 (c) 10 5 (d)
15º with the ground. Then, the distance (in 3 3
m) between the poles, is
[JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-II] Exp. (b)
5 Given ABC is a triangular park with AB = AC = 100
(a) 5( 3 + 1) (b) (2 + 3) m. A vertical tower is situated at the mid-point of
2
BC.
(c) 10( 3 - 1) (d) 5( 2 + 3 )
Let the height of the tower is h m.
344 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Now, according to given information, we have the Exp. (c)

following figure. Q Given equation is
y
cos - 1 x - cos - 1 = α, where - 1 ≤ x ≤ 1,
C 2
y
- 2 ≤ y ≤ 2 and x ≤
2
h y
∴ cos - 1  x + 1 - x2 1 - ( y / 2 )2  = α
 2 

100 [!cos - 1 x - cos - 1 y = cos - 1( xy + 1 - x2 1 - y2 ),

P
| x|,| y| ≤ 1and x + y ≥ 0]
l α xy
⇒ + 1 - x2 1 - ( y / 2 )2 = cosα
β 2
B
xy
100 ⇒ 1 - x2 1 - ( y / 2 )2 = cosα -
A 2
On squaring both sides, we get
From the figure and given information, we have  y2  x 2 y2 xy
(1 - x2 )  1 -  = cos 2 α + - 2 cos α
β = cot -1(3 2 )  4 4 2
and α = cosec -1 (2 2 ) y2 x 2 y2 x 2 y2
⇒1 - x2 - + = cos 2 α + - xycos α
Now, in ∆QPA, 4 4 4
l y2
cotβ = ⇒ x2 + - xycos α = 1 - cos 2 α
h 4
⇒ l = (3 2 )h …(i) ⇒ 4 x2 - 4 xycos α + y2 = 4sin2 α
and in ∆BPQ,
h 10. The equation y = sin x sin( x + 2 ) - sin 2( x + 1)
tanα =
BP represents a straight line lying in
(100) - l 2 2 [JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-I]
BP
⇒ cot α = = (a) second and third quadrants only
h h
(b) first, second and fourth quadrants
[! p is mid-point of isosceles ∆ABC, AP ⊥ BC] (c) first, third and fourth quadrants
⇒ h2 cot 2 α = (100)2 - l 2 (d) third and fourth quadrants only
⇒ h2 (cosec2α - 1) = (100)2 - (3 2 h)2 Exp. (d)
[from Eq. (i)]
Key Idea Use formulae :
⇒ h2 (8 - 1) = (100)2 - 18h2
2sin A sin B = cos(A - B ) - cos(A + B )
⇒ 25h2 = (100)2 and cos 2 θ = 1 - 2 sin2 θ

100 
2
Given equation is y = sin x sin( x + 2 ) - sin2 ( x + 1)
⇒ h2 =   ⇒ h = 20m
 5  1 1
= [cos 2 - cos(2 x + 2 )] - [1 - cos(2 x + 2 )]
2 2
y
9. If cos - 1 x - cos - 1 = α, where - 1 ≤ x ≤ 1, [!2sin A sin B = cos( A - B) - cos( A + B) and
2
y cos 2 θ = 1 - 2 sin2 θ
- 2 ≤ y ≤ 2, x ≤ , then for all x , y ,
2 ⇒2 sin2 θ = 1 - cos 2 θ]
4x 2 - 4xy cosα + y 2 is equal to 1 1 1 1
= cos 2 - cos(2 x + 2 ) - + cos(2 x + 2 )
[JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-II] 2 2 2 2
1 1
(a) 2 sin 2 α = (cos(2 ) - 1) = - (2 sin2 (1))
2 2
(b) 4cos2 α + 2 x 2 y 2
= - sin2 (1) < 0 ⇒ y < 0
(c) 4 sin 2 α
and as we know that y < 0, is in third and fourth
(d) 4 sin 2 α - 2 x 2 y 2 quadrants only.
Trigonometry 345

12 4 3 5
11. The number of solutions of the equation = sin- 1  × - × 
 13 5 5 13 
 5π 5π  48 - 15 
1 + sin 4 x = cos 2 3x , x ∈ - , is = sin- 1  
 2 2   65 
[JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-I] 2
33  33 
(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 7 (d) 4 = sin- 1   = cos - 1 1 -  
 65   65 
Exp. (b) 3136
= cos - 1 [!sin- 1 x = cos - 1 1 - x2 ]
Given equation is 4225
1 + sin4 x = cos 2 (3 x) 56 π 56
= cos - 1  = - sin- 1  
 65  2  65 
Since, range of (1 + sin4 x) = [1, 2 ]
!sin- 1 θ + cot - 1 θ = π 
and range of cos 2 (3 x) = [0, 1]  2 
So, the given equation holds if
1 + sin4 x = 1 = cos 2 (3 x) 13. A 2 m ladder leans against a vertical wall. If
⇒ sin4 x = 0and cos 2 3 x = 1 the top of the ladder begins to slide down the
5π 5π  wall at the rate 25 cm/s, then the rate (in
Since, x ∈  - , cm/s) at which the bottom of the ladder
 2 2 
slides away from the wall on the horizontal
∴ x = - 2 π, - π, 0, π, 2 π. ground when the top of the ladder is 1 m
Thus, there are five different values of x is above the ground is
possible. [JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-I]
25 25
 12   3 (a) 25 3 (b) (c) (d) 25
12. The value of sin -1   - sin -1   is equal to 3 3
 13   5
[JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-I] Exp. (b)
-1  63  π 56
(a) π - sin   (b) - sin -1   Given a ladder of length l = 2 m leans against a
 65  2  65 
vertical wall. Now, the top of ladder begins to slide
π -1  9  33
(c) - cos   (d) π - cos-1   down the wall at the rate
2  65   65  25 cm/s.
Let the rate at which bottom of the ladder slides
Exp. (b) away from the wall on the horizontal ground is
Key Idea Use formulae dx
cm/s.
(i) sin- 1 x - sin- 1 y dt
Wall
= sin- 1( x 1 - y2 - y 1 - x 2 ) if x 2 + y 2 ≤ 1
or if xy > 0 and x 2 + y 2 > 1 ∀x, y ∈ [- 1, 1] l
y Ladder
-1 -1 2
(ii) sin x = cos 1 - x and
π
(iii) sin- 1 θ + cos - 1 θ = x
2 Ground
We have, ! x 2 + y2 = l 2
12 3
sin- 1   - sin- 1   [by Pythagoras theorem]
 13   5
⇒ x 2 + y2 = 4 [!l = 2m]… (i)
 12 2 2
= sin- 1  1-  3 -
3
1-  12   On differentiating both sides of Eq. (i) w.r.t. ‘t’,
 13     
 5 5  13  we get
 
dx dy
2x + 2y = 0
[!sin- 1 x - sin- 1 y = sin- 1( x 1 - y2 - y 1 - x2 ), dt dt
if x2 + y2 ≤ 1 or ⇒
dx y dy
= -   … (ii)
dt  x  dt
if xy > 0 and x2 + y2 > 1 ∀x, y ∈ [- 1, 1]]
346 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

From Eq. (i), when y = 1 m, then On the elimination of quantity x from

x2 + 12 = 4 ⇒ x2 = 3 ⇒ x = 3 m [! x > 0] Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
1
On substituting x = 3 mand y = 1min Eq. (ii), we y= y + 30
3
get
1 
dx 1  25  ⇒ y  1 -  = 30
=- -  m/s  3
dt 3  100 
30 3 30 3 ( 3 + 1)
given dy = - 25 cm / sec  ⇒ y= =
3 -1 3-1
 dt 
30
25 = 3 ( 3 + 1) = 15 (3 + 3 )
= cm / s 2
3
Hence, option (b) is correct. 15. Let S be the set of all α ∈R such that the
equation, cos 2 x + α sin x = 2α - 7 has a
14. The angle of elevation of the top of a vertical solution. Then, S is equal to
tower standing on a horizontal plane is
[JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-II]
observed to be 45° from a point A on the
plane. Let B be the point 30 m vertically (a) R (b) [1, 4] (c) [3, 7] (d) [2, 6]
above the point A. If the angle of elevation of Exp. (d)
the top of the tower from B be 30°, then the
distance (in m) of the foot of the tower from The given trigonometric equation is
cos 2 x + α sin x = 2α - 7
the point A is [JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-II]
⇒ 1 - 2 sin2 x + α sin x = 2α - 7
(a) 15 ( 3 + 3) (b)15( 5 - 3 )
[!cos 2 x = 1 - 2 sin2 x]
(c)15( 3 - 3 ) (d)15 (1 + 3)
⇒ 2 sin2 x - α sin x + 2α - 8 = 0
Exp. (a) ⇒ 2(sin2 x - 4) - α (sin x - 2 ) = 0
According to the question, we have the following ⇒ 2 (sin2 x - 2 ) (sin x + 2 ) - α (sin x - 2 ) = 0
figure.
T ⇒ (sin x -2 ) (2 sin x + 4 - α ) = 0
⇒ 2 sin x + 4 - α = 0 [!sin x + 2 ≠ 0]
α-4
xm ⇒ sin x = …(i)
2
B Now, as we know -1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1
30°
α-4
P ∴ - 1≤ ≤1 [from Eq. (i)]
2
30 m
⇒ - 2 ≤ α - 4≤ 2
45° ⇒ 2 ≤ α ≤ 6 ⇒ α ∈[2, 6]
S ym A
Now, let distance of foot of the tower from the 16. If [ x ] denotes the greatest integer ≤ x , then
point A is y m. the system of liner equations
Draw BP ⊥ ST such that PT = x m. [sin θ]x + [ - cos θ]y = 0,[cot θ]x + y = 0
Then, in ∆TPB, we have [JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-II]
x
tan30°= (a) have infinitely many solutions if
y
π 2π
1 θ ∈  ,  and has a unique solution if
⇒ x= y …(i) 2 3 
3 7π 
θ ∈  π , .
and in ∆TSA, we have  6 
x + 30
tan45°= (b) has a unique solution if
y π 2 π   7π 
θ ∈  ,  ∪  π, 
⇒ y = x + 30 …(ii) 2 3   6 
Trigonometry 347

π 2π
(c) has a unique solution if θ ∈  ,  and Exp. (c)
2 3 
7π 
have infinitely many solutions if θ ∈  π , 
Key Idea Use the formula,
 6  cos -1 x + cos -1 y = cos -1( xy - 1 - x2 1 - y2 )
(d) have infinitely many solutions if
π 2 π   7π  2 3 π
θ ∈  ,  ∪  π,  We have, cos -1   + cos -1   =
2 3   6   3x  4x 2
2 3 4 9  π
Exp. (a) ⇒cos -1  ⋅ - 1- 2 1- =
 3x 4x 9x 16 x2  2
Given system of linear equations is
[sin θ] x + [- cos θ] y = 0 …(i) [!cos -1 x + cos -1 y
and [cot θ] x + y = 0 …(ii) = cos -1( xy - 1 - x2 1 - y2 )]
where, [ x] denotes the greatest integer ≤ x.  1 9 x2 - 4 16 x2 - 9  π
[sin θ] [- cos θ] ⇒ cos -1  2 - =
Here, ∆ = 2 x
 12 x2  2

[cot θ] 1
⇒ ∆ = [sin θ] - [- cos θ] [cot θ] 6- 9 x2 - 4 16 x2 - 9 π
⇒ = cos =0
π 2π 2
When θ ∈  ,  12 x 2
2 3 
⇒ 9 x2 - 4 16 x2 - 9 = 6
 3 
sinθ ∈  , 1 On squaring both sides, we get
 2 
(9 x2 - 4)(16 x2 - 9) = 36
⇒ [sin θ] = 0 …(iii)
1 ⇒ 144 x4 - 81x2 - 64 x2 + 36 = 36
- cos θ ∈  0, 
 2 ⇒ 144 x4 - 145 x2 = 0
⇒ [- cos θ] = 0 …(iv) ⇒ x2 (144 x2 - 145) = 0
1
and cot θ ∈  - , 0 145 145
 3  ⇒ x = 0 or x = ± =±
144 12
⇒ [cot θ] = - 1 …(v) 3
So, ∆ = [sin θ] - [- cos θ] [cot θ] But x>
4
- (0 × (- 1)) = 0[from Eqs.(iii), (iv) and (v)] 145
π 2π ∴ x=
Thus, for θ ∈  ,  , the given system have 12
2 3 
 π π
infinitely many solutions. 18. For any θ∈  ,  , the expression
 4 2
7π  1 
When θ ∈  π,  , sinθ ∈  - , 0 3(sin θ - cos θ )4 + 6(sin θ + cos θ)2 + 4 sin 6 θ
 6   2 
⇒ [sin θ] = - 1 equals [JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-I]
 3  (a) 13 - 4cos4 θ + 2 sin 2 θcos2 θ
- cos θ ∈  , 1 ⇒ [cos θ] = 0 (b) 13 - 4cos2 θ + 6cos4 θ
 2 
and cot θ ∈ ( 3, ∞ ) ⇒ [cot θ] = n , n ∈ N. (c) 13 - 4cos2 θ + 6 sin 2 θcos2 θ
So, ∆ = - 1 - (0 × n) = - 1 (d) 13 - 4cos6 θ
7π
Thus, for θ ∈  π,  , the given system has a Exp. (d)
 6 
Given expression
unique solution.
= 3(sinθ - cos θ)4 + 6(sinθ + cos θ)2 + 4sin6 θ
2  -1  3  π 3
17. If cos -1   + cos   =  x >  , then x = 3((sinθ - cos θ)2 )2 + 6(sinθ + cos θ)2 + 4(sin2 θ)3
 3x   4x  2  4
= 3(1 - sin2 θ)2 + 6(1 + sin2 θ) + 4(1 - cos 2 θ)3
is equal to [JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-I]
[!1 + sin2 θ = (cos θ + sinθ)2
145 146 145 145
(a) (b) (c) (d) and 1 - sin2 θ = (cos θ - sinθ)2 ]
10 12 12 11
348 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

= 3(12 + sin2 2 θ - 2 sin2 θ) + 6(1 + sin2 θ) ⇒ 2 sin 

x + 3x  x - 3 x  - sin 2 x = 0
 cos  
6 2 4  2   2 
+ 4(1 - cos θ - 3cos θ + 3cos θ)
  C + D  C - D 
[!(a - b )2 = a2 + b 2 - 2 ab  !sinC + sin D = 2 sin  2  cos  2  
 
and (a - b )3 = a3 - b 3 - 3a2 b + 3ab 2 ]
2
⇒2 sin 2 x cos x - sin2 x = 0 [!cos(- θ) = cos θ]
= 3 + 3sin 2 θ - 6sin2 θ + 6 + 6sin2 θ + 4
⇒ sin2 x(2 cos x - 1) = 0
- 4cos 6 θ - 12 cos 2 θ + 12 cos 4 θ ⇒ sin 2 x = 0or 2 cos x - 1 = 0
= 13 + 3sin 2 θ - 4cos 6 θ - 12 cos 2 θ + 12 cos 4 θ
2 1
⇒ 2 x = 0, π, ... or cos x =
2
= 13 + 3(2 sinθcos θ)2 - 4cos 6 θ π π
⇒ x = 0, ... or x =
- 12 cos 2 θ(1 - cos 2 θ) 2 3
= 13 + 12 sin θcos θ - 4cos 6 θ - 12 cos 2 θsin2 θ
2 2  π
In the interval 0,  only two values satisfy,
 2 
= 13 - 4cos 6 θ π
namely x = 0 and x = .
3
19. If x = sin -1(sin 10) and y = cos -1(cos 10), then
y - x is equal to [JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-II] 21. Consider a triangular plot ABC with sides
(a) 0 (b) 10 AB = 7 m, BC = 5 m and CA = 6 m. A vertical
(c) 7π (d) π lamp-post at the mid-point D of AC
subtends an angle 30° at B. The height (in m)
Exp. (d) of the lamp-post is
The graph of y = sin- 1(sin x) is [JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-I]
y 2
(a) 21 (b) 2 21
3
y=π–x y=–2π+x 3
y=–x+3π (c) 7 3 (d) 21
x
y=

–π/2 3π/2 2
x
π/2 π 2π 5π/2 3π
Exp. (a)
∴ x = sin- 1(sin 10) = - 10 + 3π ...(i) According to given information, we have the
following figure.
-1
and the graph of y = cos (cos x) is E
Y A
x

y=
y=

π+
x

–x
y=

2π

–2

+
–x

y=

4π

c=7

X b=6
O π 2π 3π 10 4π D

∴ y = cos - 1(cos 10) = - 10 + 4π ...(ii)

30°
Now, from Eqs. (i) and (ii),
y - x = (- 10 + 4 π) - (- 10 + 3 π) = π B a=5 C
π 1
20. If0 ≤ x < , then the number of values of x for Clearly, length of BD = 2 a2 + 2c 2 - b 2 ,
2 2
which sin x - sin 2 x + sin 3x = 0, is (using Appollonius theorem)
[JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-II] where, c = AB = 7, a = BC = 5
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 1 (d) 4 and b = CA = 6
1
∴ BD = 2 × 25 + 2 × 49 - 36
Exp. (a) 2
We have, sin x - sin 2 x + sin 3 x = 0 1 1
= 112 = 4 7 = 2 7
⇒ (sin x + sin 3 x) - sin2 x = 0 2 2
Trigonometry 349

Now, let ED = h be the height of the lamp post.  -1 - 5   -1 + 5 

⇒ r ∈  - ∞,  ∪ , ∞ …(ii)
E  2   2 
and c + a> b
h ⇒ 5r 2 + 5 > 5r
⇒ r2 - r + 1 > 0
30°
B D 2 2
1 1 1
⇒ r 2 - 2 ⋅ r +   + 1 -   > 0
h 2 2 2
Then, in ∆BDE, tan30°=
BD 2
⇒  r - 1 + 3 > 0
1 h 2 7 2  
⇒ = ⇒h = = 21  2 4
3 2 7 3 3
⇒ r ∈R … (iii)
2
22. If 5, 5r , 5r are the lengths of the sides of a From (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
 -1 + 5 1 + 5 
triangle, then r cannot be equal to r ∈ , 
[JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-I]  2 2 
5 7 3 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 4 2 4
–∞ –1– √ 5 1– √ 5 –1+ √ 5 1+ √ 5 ∞
Exp. (b)
2 2 2 2
Let a = 5, b = 5r and c = 5r 2
7
We know that, in a triangle sum of 2 sides is and is the only value that does not satisfy.
4
always greater than the third side.
π
∴a + b > c; b + c > a and c + a > b 23. The sum of all values of θ ∈ 0,  satisfying
 2
Now, a+ b>c
3
⇒ 5 + 5r > 5r 2 sin 2 2θ + cos 4 2θ = is
4
⇒ 5r 2 - 5r - 5 < 0 [JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-I]
⇒ r2 - r - 1 < 0 3π 5π π
(a) (b) (c) (d) π
8 4 2
 1 - 5  1 + 5
⇒ r -    r -   < 0 Exp. (c)
  2    2 
3
Given, sin2 2 θ + cos 4 2 θ =
[!roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are given by 4
3
- b ± b 2 - 4ac ⇒ (1 - cos 2 2 θ) + cos 4 2 θ =
x= and r 2 - r - 1 = 0 4
2a
(!sin2 x = 1 - cos 2 x)
1± 1+ 4 1± 5
⇒ r= = ] ⇒ 4cos 4 2 θ - 4cos 2 2 θ + 1 = 0
2 2
1 - 5 1 + 5 ⇒ (2 cos 2 2 θ - 1)2 = 0 ⇒2 cos 2 2 θ - 1 = 0
⇒ r ∈ ,  ...(i) 1 1
 2 2  ⇒ cos 2 2 θ = ⇒cos2 θ = ±
2 2
Similarly, b+ c> a
 π
⇒ 5r + 5r 2 > 5 If θ ∈  0,  , then 2 θ ∈(0, π )
 2
⇒ r2 + r - 1 > 0 1
∴ cos2 θ = ±
2
 - 1- 5   -1 + 5  
r -   r -   > 0 π 3π
 2   2  ⇒ 2θ = , ,
  4 4
 2 -1± 1 + 4 - 1 ± 5  3π  π π 1 
! r + r - 1 = 0 ⇒ r = =  !cos  
 = cos  π -  = - cos = -
  4   4  4 2 
 2 2 
350 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

π 3π π π π π
⇒ , θ= ∴ cos ⋅ cos …cos 10 ⋅ sin 10
8 8 22 23 2 2
π 3π π
Sum of values of θ = + = sin π 2 9  
8 8 2   210   π
=  sin 10
9  π  2
24. With the usual notation, in ∆ABC , if 2 sin 
  210  
∠A + ∠B = 120°, a = 3 + 1 and b = 3 - 1,
π
then the ratio ∠A : ∠B , is [!here, α = and n = 9 ]
[JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-II]
210
1 π 1 1
(a) 7 :1 (b) 3 :1 = 9
sin  = 9 =
2  2  2 512
(c) 9 : 7 (d) 5 : 3
 19  n 
Exp. (a) 26. The value of cot  ∑cot -1 1 + ∑2p   is
For a ∆ABC, it is given that a = 3 + 1, n = 1  p = 1 
b = 3 - 1and ∠A + ∠B = 120º [JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-II]
A 23 21 19 22
(a) (b) (c) (d)
22 19 21 23
c b
Exp. (b)
B C  19  n 
a Consider, cot  Σ cot -1  1 + Σ 2 p 
n =1  p =1
Clearly, ∠C = 60º [! ∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180º ]   
Now, by tangent law, we have  19   n n(n + 1)
A-B a-b C = cot  Σ cot -1(1 + n(n + 1)) ! Σ p = 
tan = cot n =1   p = 1 2 
 
2 a+ b 2
 19 
( 3 + 1) - ( 3 - 1)  60º  = cot  Σ cot -1(1 + n + n2 )
= cot   n =1 
( 3 + 1) + ( 3 - 1)  2   
2 1  19 1 
= cot (30º ) = × 3 =1 = cot  Σ tan-1 
2 3 3 n =1 1 + n(n + 1)

A - B
⇒ tan  = 1= tan 45º 1
 2  [!cot -1 x = tan-1 ,if x > 0 ]
x
A-B
⇒ = 45º ⇒ ∠A - ∠B = 90º  19   
( n + 1) - n
2 = cot  Σ tan-1    [put1 = (n + 1) - n]
n =1  1 + n (n + 1) 
On solving ∠A - ∠B = 90º and ∠A + ∠B = 120º , 
we get 19
∠A = 105º and ∠B = 15º = cot Σ (tan-1(n + 1) - tan-1 n)
n =1
So, ∠A : ∠B = 7 : 1
 -1 x - y -1 -1 
25. The value of ! tan 1 + xy = tan x - tan y
 
π π π π
cos ⋅ cos 3 .......cos 10 ⋅ sin 10 is = cot [(tan-1 2 - tan-1 1) + (tan-1 3 - tan-1 2 ) +
22 2 2 2
[JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-II] ......+ (tan-1 20 - tan- 1 19)]
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) = cot(tan-1 20 - tan-1 1)
1024 2 512 256
 π π 
= cot  - cot -1 20 -  - cot - 1 1
Exp. (c)   2  2  
We know that, [! tan-1 x + cot -1 x = π / 2 ]
n
sin (2 α ) = cot(cot -1 1 - cot -1 20)
cos α ⋅ cos (2α ) cos(2 2 α )…cos (2 n-1α ) =
2 n sinα
Trigonometry 351

cot(cot -1 1)cot (cot -1 20) + 1 ⇒ 6 = 25 + 36 - c

=
cot (cot -1 20) - cot (cot -1 1) [!in the given equation of circle 2 g = 10
cot A cot B + 1 and 2 f = 12 ⇒ g = 5 and f = 6]
[! cot ( A - B)] = ⇒ 36 = 25 + 36 - c
cot B - cot A 
(1 × 20) + 1 ⇒ c = 25
= [!cot (cot -1 x) = x]
20 - 1
21
28. In a triangle, the sum of lengths of two sides
= is x and the product of the lengths of the
19
same two sides is y. If x 2 - c 2 = y , where c is
27. If the area of an equilateral triangle the length of the third side of the triangle,
inscribed in the circle, then the circumradius of the triangle is
x 2 + y 2 + 10x + 12 y + c = 0 [JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-I]
c c 3 y
(a) (b) (c) y (d)
is 27 3 sq units, then c is equal to 3 3 2 3
[JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-II]
Exp. (b)
(a) 20 (b) -25 (c)13 (d) 25
a b c
We know that, = = = 2R
Exp. (d) sin A sin B sinC
Clearly, centre of the circumscribed circle is the and given that, a + b = x, ab = y and x2 - c 2 = y
centroid (G) of the equilateral ∆ABC.
A
[!in an equilateral triangle
circumcentre and centroid coincide]
C
c b
60° O

R
(–5,–6)
G B C
r r a
120°
A B
∴ (a + b )2 - c 2 = ab
⇒ a2 + b 2 - c 2 = - 2 ab + ab
Also, we know that ⇒ a2 + b 2 - c 2 = - ab
∆AGB ≅ ∆BGC ≅ ∆CGA
a2 + b 2 - c 2 - ab 1
[by SAS congruence rule] ⇒ = =-
2 ab 2 ab 2
∴ ar(∆ABC ) = 3 ar(∆AGB) 1
1 ∴ cosC = - ⇒ C = 120°
= 3  r 2 sin 120° 2
2 
a2 + b 2 - c 2
1 [using cosine rule, cosC = ]
[!area of triangle ∆ = ab sin (∠C )] 2 ab
2 c
Now, = 2R
! ar(∆ABC ) = 27 3 [given] sinC
3 2 3 1 c c 2
∴ r = 27 3 ⇒ R= =
2 2 2 sin(120°) 2 3
c
3 ∴ R=
[sin 120°= sin (180°- 60°) = sin 60°= ] 3
2
⇒ r2 = 4 × 9 ⇒ r = 6 29. All x satisfying the inequality
Now, radius of circle, (cot - 1 x )2 - 7(cot - 1 x ) + 10 > 0, lie in the
r= g2 + f2 - c interval [JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-II]
352 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

(a) ( - ∞ ,cot 5) ∪ (cot 2 , ∞ ) a2 + b 2 - c 2 λ2 [49 + 36 - 25]

and cos C = =
(b) (cot 5, cot 4) 2 ab 84λ2
(c) (cot 2 , ∞ ) 60 5
= =
(d) ( - ∞ ,cot 5) ∪ (cot 4,cot 2 ) 84 7
1 7 19 25
Exp. (c) Thus, cos A = = , cos B = , cosC =
5 35 35 35
Given, cos A cos B cos C 1
= = =
(cot -1 x)2 - 7(cot -1 x) + 10 > 0 7 19 25 35
⇒(cot -1 x - 2 )(cot -1 x - 5) > 0 (by factorisation) ⇒ (α, β, γ ) = (7, 19, 25)
⇒cot -1 x < 2 or cot -1 x > 5
31. Let y = y ( x )be the solution of the differential
By wavy curve method, dy
cot -1 x ∈ (-∞, 2 ) ∪ (5, ∞ ) equation, + y = x log e x ,( x > 1).
x If
dx
cot -1 x ∈ (0, 2 ) 2 y (2 ) = log e 4 - 1, then y (e ) is equal to
[!range of cot -1 x is (0, π )] [JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-I]
∴ x ∈ (cot 2, ∞ ) e e2 e e2
(a) - (b) - (c) (d)
2 2 4 4
b + c c + a a +b
30. Given, = = for a ∆ABC with Exp. (c)
11 12 13
cos A cos B cosC Given differential equation is
usual notation. If = = , then
α β γ dy
x + y = xloge x, ( x > 1)
the ordered triad (α , β , γ ) has a value dx
[JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-II] dy 1
⇒ + y = loge x …(i)
(a) (19, 7, 25) (b) (3, 4, 5) dx x
(c) (5, 12, 13) (d) (7, 19, 25) Which is a linear differential equation.
1
∫ dx
Exp. (d) So, if = e x = elog e x
= x
b+c c+ a a+ b Now, solution of differential Eq. (i), is
Given, = = = λ (say)
11 12 13 y × x = ∫ (loge x) x dx + C
A
x2 x2 1
⇒ yx =loge x - ∫ × dx + C
2 2 x
c b
[using integration by parts]
x2 x2
⇒ yx = loge x - +C … (ii)
2 4
B a C
Given that, 2 y(2 ) = loge 4 - 1 … (iii)
b + c = 11λ,c + a = 12λ and a + b = 13λ ...(i) On substituting, x = 2, in Eq. (ii), we get
⇒ 2(a + b + c ) = 36λ 4 4
2 y(2 ) = loge 2 - + C,
⇒ a + b + c = 18λ ...(ii) 2 4
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get [where, y(2 ) represents value of y at x = 2]
a = 7λ, b = 6λ, c = 5λ ⇒ 2 y(2 ) = loge 4 - 1 + C … (iv)
b 2 + c 2 - a2 [! mlog a = log am ]
Now, cos A =
2 bc From Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get
λ2 [36 + 25 - 49] 12 1 C=0
= = =
60λ2 60 5 So, required solution is
a2 + c 2 - b 2 λ2 [49 + 25 - 36] 19
cos B = = = x2 x2
2 ac 70λ2 35 yx = loge x -
2 4
Trigonometry 353

e2 e2 1
Now, at x = e, ey(e ) = loge e - ⇒ 6 x2 + 5 x - 1 = 0, 0 ≤ x < [! x ≥ 0]
2 4 6
1
[where, y(e ) represents value of y at x = e] ⇒ 6 x2 + 6 x - x - 1 = 0, 0≤ x<
e 6
⇒ y(e ) = [!loge e = 1.] 1
4 ⇒ 6 x ( x + 1) - 1 ( x + 1) = 0, 0≤ x<
6
 π 1
32. The maximum value of 3 cos θ + 5 sin θ -  ⇒ (6 x - 1)( x + 1) = 0, 0≤ x<
 6 6
for any real value of θ is 1 1
[JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-I] ⇒ x= , - 1, 0 ≤ x <
6 6
79 1 1
(a) (b) 34 (c) 31 (d) 19 ⇒ x= , [! 0 ≤ x < ]
2 6 6
Exp. (d) So ‘A’ is a singleton set.
π
Given expression 3cos θ + 5sin θ -  34. If sin 4 α + 4cos 4 β + 2 = 4 2 sin α cosβ;
 6
π π α, β ∈[0, π], then cos(α + β ) - cos(α - β ) is

= 3cos θ + 5  sinθcos - sin cos θ
 6 6  equal to [JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-II]
 3 1  (a) -1 (b) 2 (c) - 2 (d) 0
= 3cos θ + 5  sinθ - cos θ
 2 2  Exp. (c)
5 5 3
= 3cos θ - cos θ + sinθ By applying AM ≥ GM inequality, on the numbers
2 2 sin4 α, 4cos 4β , 1 and 1, we get
1 5 3
= cos θ + sinθ sin4 α + 4cos 4 β + 2
2 2 ≥ ((sin4 α ) (4cos 4 β ) ⋅ 1⋅ 1)1/ 4
4
!The maximum value of acos θ + b sinθ is a2 + b 2 ⇒sin4 α + 4cos 4 β + 2 ≥ 4 2 sinα cos β
1 5 3 But, it is given that
So, maximum value of cos θ + sinθ is
2 2 sin4 α + 4cos 4 β + 2 = 4 2 sinα cos β
2 2
 1 +  5 3  = 1 75 76 So, sin4 α = 4cos 4 β = 1
=     + = = 19.
2  2  4 4 4 [!in AM ≥ GM , equality holds when all given
positive quantities are equal.]
33. Considering only the principal values of 1
⇒ sinα = 1 and sinβ = …(i)
inverse functions, the set 2
 π
A = x ≥ 0 : tan -1 ( 2 x ) + tan -1 ( 3 x ) =  [!α, β ∈ [0, π ]]
 4 Now, cos (α + β ) - cos (α - β )
[JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-I]
(a) is an empty set = -2sinα sinβ
(b) is a singleton !cos C - cos D = 2 sin C + D sin D - C 
(c) contains more than two elements  2 2 
1
(d) contains two elements = -2 × 1 × [from Eq. (i)]
2
Exp. (b) =- 2
Given equation is
π
tan- 1 (2 x) + tan-1 (3 x) = , x ≥ 0 35. If the angle of elevation of a cloud from a
4 pointP which is 25 m above a lake be 30º and
-1 5x π
⇒ tan = , 6 x2 < 1 the angle of depression of reflection of the
1 - 6 x2 4 cloud in the lake from P be 60º, then the
 x + y height of the cloud (in meters) from the
[! tan- 1 x + tan- 1 y = tan-1   , xy < 1]
 1 - xy  surface of the lake is
5x 1 [JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-II]
⇒ = 1, x2 <
1 - 6x 2
6 (a) 50 (b) 60 (c) 45 (d) 42
354 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Exp. (a)  -3 + 4cos 2 x

⇒ 8cos x  = 1
According to given information, we have the  4 
following figure, ⇒ 2(4cos 3 x - 3cos x) = 1
Q Cloud
1
⇒ 2 cos 3 x = 1 ⇒ cos 3 x =
xm 2
30° M π 5π 7 π
P 60° ⇒ 3x = , , [0 ≤ 3 x ≤ 3 π]
25 m 25 m 3 3 3
Surface π 5 π 7π
y ⇒ x= , ,
9 9 9
(25 +x)m π 5 π 7 π 13 π 13 π
Sum = + + = ⇒ kπ =
9 9 9 9 9
13
R Image of cloud Hence, k =
9
x
In ∆PQM, tan 30°= …(i)
y 37. PQR is a triangular park with PQ = PR = 200
25 + (25 + x) m. A TV tower stands at the mid-point ofQR.
In ∆PRM, tan 60°= …(ii)
y If the angles of elevation of the top of the
On eliminating ‘y’ from Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get tower at P ,Q and R are respectively 45°, 30°
25 + (25 + x) and 30°, then the height of the tower (in m) is
3=
3x [JEE Main 2018]
⇒ 3 x = 50 + x (a) 100 (b) 50
⇒ 2 x = 50 ⇒ x = 25 m. (c)100 3 (d) 50 2
∴ Height of cloud from surface
Exp. (a)
= x + 25 = 50 m
P
36. If sum of all the solutions of the equation
 π  π  1
8 cos x ⋅  cos + x ⋅ cos - x -  45°
 6  6  2 200 m 200 m
= 1 in [ 0, π ] is kπ, then k is equal to T
[JEE Main 2018]
2 13
(a) (b) 30° 90° 30°
3 9 Q R
M
8 20
(c) (d)
9 9 Let height of tower TM be h.
Exp. (b) TM
In ∆PMT, tan45°=
PM
Key Idea Apply the identity h
cos( x + y)cos( x - y) = cos 2 x - sin2 y ⇒ 1=
PM
and cos 3 x = 4cos 3 x - 3cos x ⇒ PM = h
h
We have, In ∆TQM, tan30°= ;
 π π 1 QM
8cos x cos + x cos - x -  = 1
 6  6  2 QM = 3h
π 1 In ∆PMQ, PM 2 + QM 2 = PQ 2
⇒ 8cos x cos 2 - sin2 x -  = 1
 6 2 h2 + ( 3h)2 = (200)2
 3 2 1 ⇒ 4h2 = (200)2
⇒ 8cos x - sin x -  = 1
4 2
⇒ h = 100 m
3 1
⇒ 8cos x - - 1 + cos 2 x = 1

4 2 
Trigonometry 355

dy 1 3
38. If 5 (tan 2 x - cos 2 x ) = 2 cos 2 x + 9, then the ∴ = 2⋅ 3/ 2 2
⋅ 3 × ( x)1/ 2
dx 1 + (3 x ) 2
value of cos 4x is [JEE Main 2017 (offline)]
3 1 2 7 9
(a) - (b) (c) (d) - = ⋅ x
5 3 9 9 1 + 9 x3
9
∴ g ( x) =
Exp. (d) 1 + 9 x3
2 2
Given, 5 (tan x - cos x) = 2 cos 2 x + 9

⇒ 5
 1 - cos 2 x 1 + cos 2 x 
-  = 2 cos 2 x + 9
40. Let a vertical tower AB have its end A on the
 1 + cos 2 x 2  level ground. Let C be the mid-point of AB
Put cos2 x = y, we have and P be a point on the ground such that
 1 - y 1 + y AP = 2 AB . If ∠BPC = β, then tanβ is equal to
5 -  = 2y + 9
1 + y 2  [JEE Main 2017 (offline)]
2 6 1 2 4
⇒ 5 (2 - 2 y - 1 - y - 2 y) = 2(1 + y)(2 y + 9) (a) (b) (c) (d)
7 4 9 9
⇒ 5(1 - 4 y - y2 ) = 2(2 y + 9 + 2 y2 + 9 y)
⇒ 5 - 20 y - 5 y2 = 22 y + 18 + 4 y2 Exp. (c)
h
⇒ 9 y2 + 42 y + 13 = 0 Let AB = h, then AD = 2 h and AC = BC =
2
⇒ 9 y2 + 3 y + 39 y + 13 = 0 Again, let ∠CPA = α
⇒ 3 y(3 y + 1) + 13(3 y + 1) = 0 B
⇒ (3 y + 1)(3 y + 13) = 0 h/2
1 13
⇒ y=- ,-
3 3 h C
1 13
∴ cos 2 x = - , - h/2 β
3 3 α
1 !cos2 x ≠ - 13 
⇒ cos2 x = - A P
3  3  2h
2
1
Now, cos 4 x = 2 cos 2 2 x - 1 = 2  -  - 1 AB
Now, in ∆ABP, tan (α + β ) = =
h
=
1
 3 AP 2 h 2
2 7 h
= - 1= -
9 9 AC 2 1
Also, in ∆ACP, tanα = = =
1 AP 2 h 4
39. For x ∈ 0,  , if the derivative of
 4
Now, tanβ = tan[(α + β ) - α ]
-1  6x x  1 1 1
tan   is x ⋅ g ( x ), then g ( x )equals tan(α + β ) - tanα
-
2
 1 - 9x 3  = = 2 4 = 4 =
[JEE Main 2017 (offline)] 1 + tan(α + β )tanα 1 + 1 × 1 9 9
2 4 8
9 3x x
(a) (b)
1 + 9x 3 1 - 9x 3 41. If0 ≤ x < 2 π, then the number of real values of
3x 3 x, which satisfy the equation
(c) (d)
1 - 9x 3 1 + 9x 3 cos x + cos 2 x + cos 3x + cos 4x = 0, is
[JEE Main 2016 (offline)]
Exp. (a)
3/ 2 
(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 7 (d) 9
 6x x  - 1  2 ⋅ (3 x )
Let y = tan- 1   = tan  3/ 2 2 
 1 - 9 x 3 
  1 - ( 3 x ) 
Exp. (c)
 Given equation is
2x 
= 2 tan- 1(3 x3 / 2 ) !2 tan- 1 x = tan- 1  cos x + cos 2 x + cos 3 x + cos 4 x = 0
 1 - x2 
⇒ (cos x + cos 3 x) + (cos 2 x + cos 4 x) = 0
356 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

⇒ 2 cos 2 x cos x + 2 cos 3 x cos x = 0 and h= 3 y ...(ii)

⇒ 2 cos x (cos 2 x + cos 3 x) = 0 From Eqs. (i) and (ii),
5x x x+ y
⇒ 2 cos x  2 cos cos  = 0 = 3 y
 2 2 3
5x x ⇒ x + y = 3y
⇒ cos x ⋅ cos ⋅ cos = 0
2 2 ⇒ x - 2y = 0
5x x x
⇒ cos x = 0 or cos = 0 or cos = 0 ⇒ y=
2 2 2
π 3π ! Speed is uniform.
Now, cos x = 0 ⇒ x = , [! 0 ≤ x < 2 π]
2 2 ∴ Distance y will be cover in 5 min.
5x 5 x π 3 π 5 π 7 π 9 π 11π
cos = 0⇒ = , , , , ! Distance x covered in 10 min.
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 x
∴Distance will be cover in 5 min.
..., 2
π 3π 7 π 9π
⇒ x= , , π, , [! 0 ≤ x < 2 π]
5 5 5 5 43. If the angles of elevation of the top of a tower
x x π 3π 5π from three collinear points A, B and C on a
and cos = 0 ⇒ = , , , ...
2 2 2 2 2 line leading to the foot of the tower are 30°,
⇒ x= π [! 0 ≤ x < 2 π] 45° and 60° respectively, then the ratio
π 3π π 3π 7 π 9π AB : BC is [JEE Main 2015]
Hence, x= , , π, , , ,
2 2 5 5 5 5 (a) 3 :1 (b) 3 : 2
(c)1 : 3 (d) 2 : 3
42. A man is walking towards a vertical pillar in a
straight path, at a uniform speed. At a Exp. (a)
certain point A on the path, he observes that According to the given information, the figure
should be as follows.
the angle of elevation of the top of the pillar
Let the height of tower = h
is 30°. After walking for 10 min from A in the
E
same direction, at a pointB, he observes that
the angle of elevation of the top of the pillar
is 60°. Then, the time taken (in minutes) by
him, from B to reach the pillar, is h
[JEE Main 2016 (offline)]
(a) 6 (b) 10 (c) 20 (d) 5
30° 45° 60°
Exp. (d) A B C D
According to given information, we have the In ∆EDA,
following figure ED
D tan30°=
AD
1 ED h
= =
3 AD AD
Pillar h ⇒ AD = h 3
In ∆EDB,
30º 60º h
tan45°= ⇒ BD = h
A x B y C BD
In ∆EDC,
Now, from Right ∆ACD and Right ∆BCD, we have h h
h tan60°= ⇒ CD =
tan 30°= CD 3
x+ y
AB AD - BD AB h 3 - h
h x+ y Now , = ⇒ =
and tan 60°= ⇒ h = ...(i) BC BD - CD BC h
y 3 h-
3
Trigonometry 357

AB AD - BD ∴ tan-1 y = θ + tan-1(tan2θ)
⇒ =
BC BD - CD
= θ + 2θ = 3θ
AB 3 -1 ⇒ y = tan3θ
⇒ = × 3
BC ( 3 - 1) 3 tanθ- tan3 θ
⇒ y=
AB 3 1 - 3 tan2 θ
⇒ =
BC 1
3 x - x3
∴ AB : BC = 3 : 1 ⇒ y=
1 - 3 x2
 2x 
44. Let tan -1 y = tan -1 x + tan -1   , where 1
1 - x2 45. If fk ( x ) = (sink x + cosk x ), where x ∈R ,
k
1 k ≥ 1, then f 4 ( x ) - f 6 ( x ) is equal to
|x |< . Then, a value of y is
3 [JEE Main 2015] (a)
1
(b)
1 [JEE Main 2014]
3x - x 3 3x + x 3 6 3
(a) (b) 1 1
1 - 3x 2 1 - 3x 2 (c) (d)
3
4 12
3x - x 3x + x 3
(c) (d)
1 + 3x 2
1 + 3x 2 Exp. (d)
1
fk ( x) = (sink x + cos k x), where x ∈ R and k ≥ 1
Exp. (a) k
Given, Now, f4 ( x) - f6 ( x)
 2x 
tan-1 y = tan-1 x + tan-1  2
,
1 1
1 - x  = (sin4 x + cos 4 x) - (sin6 x + cos 6 x)
1 4 6
where| x| <
3 1 1
  = (1 - 2 sin2 x ⋅ cos 2 x) - (1 - 3sin2 x ⋅ cos 2 x)
2x 4 6
 x+ 2 
 1- x  1 1 1
⇒ tan-1 y = tan-1   = - =
4 6 12
1 - x 2 x  

  1 - x2  
  
46. A bird is sitting on the top of a vertical pole
 x + y 20 m high and its elevation from a pointO on
[!tan-1 x + tan-1 y = tan-1  ,
 1 - xy  the ground is 45°. It flies off horizontally
x > 0, y > 0, xy < 1] straight away from the pointO. After 1s, the
 x - x 3
+ 2x 
elevation of the bird fromO is reduced to 30°.
= tan-1  2 2
 Then, the speed (in m/s) of the bird is
1 - x - 2 x 
(a) 40( 2 - 1) (b) 40( 3 - 2 )
-1 3 x - x3 
-1  (c) 20 2 (d) 20( 3 - 1)
tan y = tan  
2 
 1 - 3x  [JEE Main 2014]

3 x - x3 Exp. (d)
⇒ y=
1 - 3 x2 In ∆OA1 B1,
AB1 20
Aliter tan45°= ⇒ =1
OB1 OB1
1 1 1
| x| < ⇒ - < x< ⇒ OB = 20
3 3 3
20
Let x = tanθ In ∆OA2 B2 , tan 30°=
OB2
π π
⇒ - < θ<
6 6 ⇒ OB2 = 20 3
⇒ B1B2 + OB1 = 20 3
358 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

⇒ B1B2 = 20 3 - 20 q 2 sin θ + pq cos θ - pq cos θ + p2 sin θ

⇒ x=
p cos θ + q sin θ
A1 A2
( p2 + q 2 ) sin θ
⇒ AB =
p cos θ + q sin θ
20 m 20 m
45° Alternate Solution
30° a b c 
O 20 B1 B2 Applying sine rule in ∆ABD,  = = 
 sin A sin B sinC 
⇒ B1B2 = 20 ( 3 - 1) m q C
D α
Distance 20( 3 - 1) θ
∴ Speed = =
Time 1 p2
+q p
= 20( 3 - 1) m/s 2

π–(θ+α)
47. ABCD is a trapezium such that AB and CD A
B
are parallel and BC ⊥ CD. If ∠ADB = θ,
BC = p andCD = q , then AB is equal to AB p2 + q 2 AB p2 + q 2
= ⇒ =
[JEE Main 2013] sin θ sin { π - (θ + α )} sin θ sin (θ + α )
2 2
(p + q ) sin θ p + q 2 cos θ
2
p2 + q 2 sin θ
(a) (b) ⇒ AB =
p cos θ + q sin θ p cos θ + q sin θ sin θ cos α + cos θ sin α
p2 + q2 (p 2 + q 2 ) sin θ
(c) (d) ( p2 + q 2 ) sin θ
p 2 cos θ + q 2 sin θ (p cos θ + q sin θ)2 =
q sin θ + p cos θ
 q p 
Exp. (a) !cos α = and sin α = 
 p2 + q 2 2
p + q  2
Let AB = x
D q C ( p2 + q 2 ) sin θ
α =
θ p cos θ + q sin θ
p2
p +q p
2 tan A cot A
48. The expression + can be
π–(θ+α) 1 - cot A 1 - tan A
A x–q written as [JEE Main 2013]
q B
M x (a) sin A cos A + 1 (b) sec A cosec A + 1
p (c) tan A + cot A (d) sec A + cosec A
In ∆DAM, tan ( π - θ - α ) =
x-q
p Exp. (b)
⇒ tan (θ + α ) =
q- x Given expression is
tan A cot A sin A sin A
⇒ q - x = p cot (θ + α ) + = ×
1 - cot A 1 - tan A cos A sin A - cos A
⇒ x = q - p cot (θ + α ) cos A cos A
+ ×
 cot θ cot α - 1  q sin A cos A - sin A
=q - p  !in ∆BDC, cotα = 
 cot α + cot θ   p 1 sin3 A - cos 3 A 
=  
 q cot θ - 1 sin A - cos A  cos A sin A 
   
=q - p p  = q - p  q cot θ - p  sin2 A + sin A cos A + cos 2 A
 q + cot θ   q + p cot θ  =
  sin A cos A
 p 
1 + sin A cos A
 q cos θ - p sin θ  =
=q - p  sin A cos A
 q sin θ + p cos θ 
= 1 + sec A cosec A
Trigonometry 359

⇒ A = 1 - cos 2 x + cos 4 x
49. In a ∆PQR , if 3 sin P + 4 cos Q = 6 and
1 3
4 sin Q + 3 cos P = 1, then the angle R is equal = cos 4 x - cos 2 x + +
4 4
to [AIEEE 2012] 2
1 3
(a)
5π
(b)
π =  cos 2 x -  + …(i)
6 6  2 4
π 3π 2
1 1
(c) (d) where, 0 ≤  cos 2 x -  ≤ …(ii)
4 4  2 4
3
Exp. (b) ∴ ≤ A≤1
4
Given A ∆PQR such that
3 sin P + 4 cos Q = 6 …(i) 51. The possible values of θ ∈(0, π ) such that
4 sin Q + 3 cos P = 1 …(ii) sin (θ ) + sin ( 4θ ) + sin ( 7θ ) = 0 are [AIEEE 2011]
On squaring and adding the Eqs. (i) and (ii), we 2 π π 4π π 3π 8π
(a) , , , , ,
get 9 4 9 2 4 9
(3 sin P + 4 cos Q )2 + (4 sin Q + 3 cos P)2 = 36 + 1 π 5π π 2 π 3π 8π
(b) , , , , ,
4 12 2 3 4 9
⇒ 9 (sin2 P + cos 2 P) + 16(sin2 Q + cos 2 Q ) 2 π π π 2 π 3 π 35 π
(c) , , , , ,
+ 2 × 3 × 4 (sin P cos Q + sin Q cos P) = 37 9 4 2 3 4 36
2 π π π 2 π 3π 8π
⇒ 24[sin (P + Q )] = 37 - 25 (d) , , , , ,
1 9 4 2 3 4 9
⇒ sin (P + Q ) =
2 Exp. (a)
Since, P and Q are angles of ∆PQR, hence
sin θ + sin 4θ + sin 7 θ = 0
0°< P, Q < 180°.
⇒ P + Q = 30° or 150° ⇒ sin 4θ + (sin θ + sin 7 θ) = 0
⇒ R = 150° or 30° ⇒ sin 4θ + 2 sin 4θ ⋅ cos 3θ = 0
Hence, two cases arise here. ⇒ sin 4θ {1 + 2 cos 3θ} = 0
Case I R = 150° 1
⇒ sin 4 θ = 0, cos 3 θ = -
R = 150° 2
⇒ P + Q = 30° As , 0< θ< π
⇒ 0 < P, Q < 30° ∴ 0 < 4θ < 4 π
1 ∴ 4 θ = π, 2 π, 3 π
⇒ sin P < , cos Q < 1
2 1
cos 3 θ = -
3 2
⇒ 3 sin P + 4 cos Q < + 4
2 0 < 3 θ < 3π
11 2 π 4π 8π
⇒ 3 sin P + 4 cos Q < <6 ⇒ 3θ = , ,
2 3 3 3
⇒ 3 sin P + 4 cos Q ⇒ 6 is not possible. π π 3 π 2 π 4π 8 π
⇒ θ= , , , , ,
4 2 4 9 9 9
Case II R = 30°
Hence, R = 30°is the only possibility. 4 5
52. Let cos(α + β ) = and sin(α - β ) = , where
5 13
50. If A = sin 2 x + cos 4 x, then for all real x π
0≤ α ,β ≤ . Then, tan2 α is equal to
13 4
(a) ≤ A ≤ 1 (b)1 ≤ A ≤ 2
16 [AIEEE 2011] 25 56
(a) (b)
3 13 3 16 33 [AIEEE 2010]
(c) ≤ A ≤ (d) ≤ A ≤ 1
4 16 4 19 20
(c) (d)
12 7
Exp. (d)
A = sin2 x + cos 4 x
360 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Exp. (b) 54. Let A and B denote the statements

4
cos(α + β ) = ⇒ α + β ∈ Ist quadrant A :cos α + cos β + cos γ = 0
5
5 B : sin α + sin β + sin γ = 0
and sin(α - β ) = ⇒ α - β ∈ Ist quadrant
13 3
Now, 2α = (α + β ) + (α - β ) If cos (β - γ ) + cos ( γ - α ) + cos (α - β ) = - ,
2
tan(α + β ) + tan(α - β ) then
∴ tan2 α =
1 - tan(α + β )tan(α - β ) (a) A is true and B is false [AIEEE 2009]
3 5 (b) A is false and B is true
+
56
= 4 12 = (c) Both A and B are true
3 5 33 (d) Both A and B are false
1- ⋅
4 12
Exp. (c)
53. For a regular polygon, let r and R be the radii 3
cos (β - γ ) + cos (γ - α ) + cos (α - β ) = -
of the inscribed and the circumscribed 2
circles. A false statement among the ⇒ 2 [cos (β - γ ) + cos (γ - α ) + cos (α - β )]
following is [AIEEE 2010]
r 1 + 3=0
(a) there is a regular polygon with =
R 2 ⇒ 2 [cos (β - γ ) + cos (γ - α ) + cos (α - β )]
r 1
(b) there is a regular polygon with = + sin2 α + cos 2 α + sin2 β + cos 2 β + sin2 γ
R 2
r 2 + cos 2 γ = 0
(c) there is a regular polygon with =
R 3 ⇒(sin α + sin β + sin γ )2
r 3 + (cos α + cos β + cos γ )2 = 0
(d) there is a regular polygon with =
R 2
It is possible when,
Exp. (c) sinα + sinβ + sin γ = 0
and cos α + cos β + cos γ = 0
Hence, both statements A and B are true.
5 2
55. The value of cot cosec -1 + tan -1  is
2π π r
 3 3
R
n n 5 6
(a) (b)
17 17 [AIEEE 2008]
By formula of regular polygon, 3 4
(c) (d)
a π 17 17
= sin
2R n Exp. (b)
a 5 3
and = tan
π Since, cosec -1   = tan-1  
2r n  3  4
∴
3 2 5
∴
r
= cos
π cot  tan-1 + tan-1  3
 4 3
R n
r 1 3
 +  2
n = 3 gives =   4
R 2 = cot tan-1  4 3 
1
r 1  1- 
n = 4 gives =  2 
R 2
  17  
r 3    
n = 6 gives =  -1  17   6
R 2 = cot tan-1  12  = cot tan   =
  6   17
  1  
  2  
Trigonometry 361

x π 4
56. AB is a vertical pole with B at the ground ⇒ sin-1   = - sin-1  
 5 2  5
level and A at the top. A man finds that the x 4
angle of elevation of the point A from a ⇒ sin-1   = cos -1  
 5  5
certain point C on the ground is 60°. He
x 3
moves away from the pole along the line BC ⇒ sin-1   = sin-1  
 5  5
to a point D such thatCD = 7 m. From D, the
angle of elevation of the point A is 45°. Then, ∴ x=3
the height of the pole is [AIEEE 2008]
58. A tower stands at the centre of a circular
7 3 1  7 3 1  park. A and B are two points on the
(a)  m (b)  m
2  3 + 1 2  3 -1 boundary of the park such that AB ( = a )
(c)
7 3
( 3 + 1) m (d)
7 3
( 3 -1) m
subtends an angle of 60° at the foot of the
2 2 tower and the angle of elevation of the top of
the tower from A orB is 30°. The height of the
Exp. (c) tower is [AIEEE 2007]
In ∆ABC, BC = hcot 60° 2a
(a) (b) 2 a 3
A 3
a
(c) (d) 3
3

h Exp. (c)
Let h be the height of a tower.
45° 60° Since, ∠ AOB = 60°
D B
7m C
C
and in ∆ABD, BD = hcot 45° h
! BD - BC = DC
⇒ h cot 45°- h cot 60°= 7 O 90°
a 30°
7 a 60°
h=
cot 45°- cot 60° A
a
7 B
=
1 - 1  Also, OB = OA = radii
 
 3 ∴ ∠OBA = ∠OAB
7 3 3+1 = 60°
= ×
3 -1 3+1 So, ∆OAB is an equilateral.
7 3 ∴ OA = OB = AB = a.
= ( 3 + 1) m In ∆OAC,
2
h
x 5 π tan 30°=
57. If sin -1   + cosec -1   = , then the value a
 5  4 2 1 h
⇒ =
of x is 3 a
(a) 1 (b) 3 [AIEEE 2007] a
⇒ h=
(c) 4 (d) 5 3

Exp. (b) 59. The number of values of x in the interval

x 5 π [0, 3π] satisfying the equation
! sin-1   + cosec -1   =
 5  4 2 2 sin 2 x + 5 sin x - 3 = 0 is
x 4 π (a) 6 (b) 1 [AIEEE 2006]
⇒ sin-1   + sin-1   =
 5  5 2 (c) 2 (d) 4
362 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Exp. (d) Exp. (b)

2
Given equation is 2 sin x + 5sin x - 3 = 0. 1
Given, cos x + sin x =
⇒ (2 sin x - 1)(sin x + 3) = 0 2
x x
1 1 - tan2 2 tan
⇒ sin x = [!sin x ≠ - 3] 2 2 1
2 ∴ + =
2 x 2 x 2
Y 1 + tan 1 + tan
2 2
x
Let tan = t
y = sin x 2
y = 1/2 1- t 2 2t 1
π ⇒ + =
2π 3π
X 1+ t2 1+ t2 2
O π/6
⇒ 2(1 - t 2 + 2t ) = 1 + t 2
It is clear from figure that the curve intersect the ⇒ 3t 2 - 4t - 1 = 0
line at four points in the given interval. 2± 7
⇒ t =
Hence, number of solutions are 4. 3
x π
As 0< x< π ⇒ 0< <
60. A triangular park is enclosed on two sides by 2 2
a fence and on the third side by a straight x
So, tan is positive.
river bank. The two sides having fence are of 2
same length x. The maximum area enclosed ∴ t = tan =
x 2+ 7
by the park is [AIEEE 2006] 2 3
x
x3 1 2 3 2 2 tan
(a) (b) x (c) πx 2 (d) x 2 = 2t
8 2 2 Now, tan x =
x 1- t2
1 - tan2
Exp. (b) 2
2 + 7 
1 2 
Area = × Base × Altitude
2  3 
⇒ tan x = 2
1 2 + 7 
= × (2 x cos θ) × ( x sin θ) 1-  
2  3 
1
= x2 sin 2 θ -3 (2 + 7 ) 1 - 2 7
2 ⇒ tan x = ×
[(since, maximum value of sin 2θ is 1)] 1+ 2 7 1- 2 7
1
∴ Maximum area = x2 ⇒
4+ 7
tan x = - 
2 
 3 

π P Q
62. In a ∆PQR , ∠R = . If tan   and tan  
2 2 2
x sin θ

x x 2
are the roots of ax + bx + c = 0,a ≠ 0, then
(a) b = a + c (b) b = c [AIEEE 2005]
θ (c) c = a + b (d) a = b + c
x cos θ x cos θ
1 Exp. (c)
61. If 0 < x < π and cos x + sin x = , then tan x is P Q
2 Since, tan and tan are the roots of equation
(4 - 7) (4 + 7) 2 2
(a) (b) -
3 3 ax2 + bx + c = 0.
(1 + 7 ) (1 - 7 ) P Q b
(c) (d) ∴ tan + tan = -
4 4 [AIEEE 2006] 2 2 a
…(i)
Trigonometry 363

P Q c
and tan tan = Exp. (c)
2 2 a c
P Q R π We know that, = 2R
Also, + + = [! P + Q + R = π ] sin C
2 2 2 2
P+Q π R ⇒ c = 2R …(i)
⇒ = - [!C = 90°]
2 2 2 C r
P+Q π π and tan =
⇒ = [! ∠R = (given)] 2 s-c
2 4 2
π r
P Q ⇒ tan =
⇒ tan  +  = 1 4 s-c
2 2
∴ r = s-c
P Q a+ b+c
tan + tan ⇒ r= -c
⇒ 2 2 =1 2
P Q
1 - tan tan ⇒ a + b - c = 2r …(ii)
2 2
b On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
- 2(r + R ) = a + b
⇒ a =1
c y
1- 64. If cos -1 x - cos -1 = α , then
a 2
b c
⇒ - = 1- [from Eq. (i)] 4x 2 - 4xy cos α + y 2 is equal to [AIEEE 2005]
a a
⇒ -b = a - c (a) - 4 sin 2 α (b) 4 sin 2 α
⇒ c=a+ b (c) 4 (d) 2 sin 2 α
Alternate Solution Exp. (b)
π
Since, ∠R = y
2 Given that, cos -1 x - cos -1 =α
π 2
⇒ ∠P + ∠Q =
2  xy y2 
∠P π ∠Q ⇒ cos -1  + 1 - x2 1- =α
⇒ = - 2 4 

2 4 2
P  π Q xy y2
∴ tan = tan  -  ⇒ + 1 - x2 1- = cos α
2 4 2 2 4
π Q
tan - tan y2
= 4 2 ⇒ 2 1 - x2 1- = 2 cos α - xy
π Q 4
1 + tan tan
4 2 On squaring both sides, we get
P P Q Q 4(1 - x2 )(4 - y2 )
⇒ tan + tan tan = 1 - tan = 4cos 2 α + x2 y2 - 4xy cos α
2 2 2 2 4
P Q P Q
⇒ tan + tan = 1 - tan tan ⇒ 4 - 4 x2 - y2 + x2 y2 = 4cos 2 α + x2 y2
2 2 2 2
b c - 4xy cos α
⇒ - = 1- ⇒ -b = a - c 2 2 2
a a ∴ 4 x - 4 xy cos α + y = 4sin α
⇒ c=a+ b
π 65. If in a ∆ABC , the altitudes from the vertices
63. In a ∆ABC , let ∠C = ,if r is the inradius and A , B andC on opposite sides are in HP, then
2
R is the circumradius of the ∆ABC , then sin A , sin B and sinC are in [AIEEE 2005]
2 (r + R ) equal to [AIEEE 2005] (a) HP (b) AGP
(a) c + a (b) a + b + c (c) AP (d) GP
(c) a + b (d) b + c Exp. (c)
364 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

AD sin2 α + sin2 β + 2 sin α sin β

In ∆ BAD, cos (90°- B) =
c + cos 2 α + cos 2 β + 2 cos α cos β
A 2 2
21 27 
=  -  +  - 
E  65   65 
°–B

c b
⇒ 2 + 2 (cos α cos β + sin α sin β )
90

F
90°–A 441 729
= +
90°–C 4225 4225
B C 1170
D a ⇒ 2 [1 + cos (α - β )] =
4225
⇒ AD = c sin B α - β 1170
⇒ cos 2   =
Similarly, BE = asin C  2  4 × 4225
and CF = b sin A α - β 9
⇒ cos 2   =
Since, AD, BE and CF are in HP.  2  130
α - β 3
So, c sin B, asin C and b sin A are in HP. ∴ cos   =-
1 1 1  2  130
⇒ , and ! π < α - β < 3 π ⇒ π < α - β < 3 π 
sin C sin B sin A sin C sin B sin A
 2 2 2 
are in AP. Hence, sin A, sin B and sin C are in AP.
Alternate Solution 67. The sides of a triangle are sin α ,cos α and
1 π
ar (∆ABC ) =
× BC × AD 1 + sin α cos α for some 0 < α < . Then, the
2
2
1
⇒ ∆ = × a × AD greatest angle of the triangle is [AIEEE 2004]
2
2∆ (a) 60° (b) 90°
⇒ AD = (c) 120° (d) 150°
a
2∆ 2∆
Similarly, BE = and CF = Exp. (c)
b c
Let a = sin α, b = cos α
Since, AD, BE and CF are in HP.
1 1 1 and c = 1 + sin α cos α
So, , and are in HP.
a b c Here, we see that the greatest side is c.
Hence, a, b and c are in AP. a2 + b 2 - c 2
∴ cos C =
∴ sin A, sin B and sin C are in AP. 2 ab
sin2 α + cos 2 α - 1 - sin α cos α
⇒ cos C =
66. Let α and β be such that π < α - β < 3π. If 2 sin α cos α
21 27 ⇒ cos C = -
sin α cos α
sin α + sin β = - and cos α + cos β = - ,
65 65 2 sin α cos α
α - β 1
then the value of cos   is ⇒ cos C = - = cos 120°
 2  2
[AIEEE 2004]
3 3 6 6 ⇒ ∠C = 120°
(a) - (b) (c) (d) -
130 130 65 65 68. A person standing on the bank of a river,
observes that the angle of elevation of the
Exp. (a) top of a tree on the opposite bank of the river
21 is 60° and when he retires 40 m away from
Given that, sin α + sin β = - …(i)
65 the tree the angle of elevation becomes 30°.
27 The breadth of the river is
and cos α + cos β = - …(ii)
65 (a) 20 m (b) 30 m [AIEEE 2004]
On squaring and adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get (c) 40 m (d) 60 m
Trigonometry 365

Exp. (a) Exp. (b)

Let CD(= h) be the height of the tree Let AB = a, ON ⊥ AB
and BC (= x) be the width of the river. O
and AN = BN
D In ∆AON, π/n
π AN A a/2 N a/2 B
tan =
n ON
h π a π
⇒ ON = AN cot = cot …(i)
n 2 n
60° π AN
30° and sin =
A B C n OA
40 x π a π
⇒ OA = AN cosec = cosec …(ii)
CD n 2 n
In ∆CBD, tan 60°= Now, sum of the radii = ON + OA
BC
h a π a π
⇒ 3= ⇒ h= x 3 …(i) = cot + cosec [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
x 2 n 2 n
and in ∆CAD,  cos π 
CD a n 1 
tan 30°= =  +
AC 2  sin π π
sin 
1 h  n n
⇒ =
3 40 + x  1 + cos π   2 cos 2 π 
a  a  2n 
⇒ h 3 = 40 + x =  n =  
⇒ 3 x = 40 + x [from Eq. (i)] 2  sin π  2  2 sin π cos π 
 n   2n 2 n 
⇒ 2 x = 40
a π
∴ x = 20 m = cot
2 2n
69. If f : R Æ S , defined by C A 3b
71. If in a ∆ABC , a cos 2   + c cos 2   = ,
f ( x ) = sin x - 3 cos x + 1, is onto, then the 2 2 2
interval of S is [AIEEE 2004] then the sides a ,b and c [AIEEE 2003]
(a) [0, 3] (b) [–1, 1] (c) [0, 1] (d) [–1, 3]
(a) are in AP (b) are in GP
Exp. (d) (c) are in HP (d) satisfy a + b = c
Given that, f( x) = sin x - 3 cos x + 1 Exp. (a)
! -2 ≤ sin x - 3 cos x ≤ 2 C A 3b
Given, acos 2 + c cos 2 =
[! a2 + b 2 ≤ a sin x + b cos x ≤ a2 + b 2 ] 2 2 2
⇒ -1 ≤ sin x - 3 cos x + 1 ≤ 3  s(s - c )  s(s - a) 3 b
⇒ a +c =
 ab   bc  2
∴ Range of f( x) = [-1, 3 ]
s(s - c + s - a) 3 b
⇒ =
70. The sum of the radii of inscribed and b 2
circumscribed circles for an n sided regular ⇒ 2 s (2 s - c - a) = 3b 2
polygon of side a , is [AIEEE 2003] ⇒ 2 s (a + b + c - c - a) = 3b 2
π a  π 
(a) a cot   (b) cot   ⇒ (a + b + c )b = 3b 2
n 2  2n 
⇒ a + b + c = 3b
 π  a  π  ⇒ 2b = a + c
(c) a cot   (d) cot  
 2n  4  2n  Hence, a, b and c are in AP.
366 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

3
72. In a ∆ABC ,medians AD and BE are drawn. If 74. The upper   th portion of a vertical pole
 4
π π
AD = 4, ∠DAB = and ∠ABE = , then the  3
6 3 subtends an angle tan -1   at a point in the
area of the ∆ABC is [AIEEE 2003]
 5
8 16 horizontal plane through its foot and at a
(a) sq units (b) sq units
3 3 distance 40 m from the foot. A possible
(c)
32
sq units (d)
64
sq units
height of the vertical pole is [AIEEE 2003]
3 3 3 (a) 20 m (b) 40 m (c) 60 m (d) 80 m

Exp. (c) Exp. (b)

A Here, from the figure we see that,
Given,
AD = 4 3
π/6 8/3 θ2 = tan-1
and BD = DC E 5
G 3
Since, the centroid G π/3 ⇒ tan θ2 = …(i)
divides the line AD 4/3 5
B C B
in the ratio 2 :1. D
8 4
∴ AG = and DG =
3 3 3h
π AG π 4
In ∆ ABG, tan = ⇒ BG = AG cot
3 BG 3 C h
8 1 8
⇒ BG = × = 1h
3 3 3 3 θ2
4
1 θ1
Area of ∆ADB = × AD × BG
2 O 40 m A
1 8 16
= ×4× = AC
2 3 3 3 3 In ∆ AOC, tan θ1 =
AO
Since, median divides a triangle into two 1
triangles of equal area. h
h
⇒ tan θ1 = 4 = …(ii)
∴ Area of ∆ABC = 2 × Area of ∆ ADB 40 160
16 32 and in ∆ AOB,
=2 × = sq units
3 3 3 3 AB h
tan (θ1 + θ2 ) =
=
AO 40
73. The trigonometric equation tan θ1 + tan θ2 h
⇒ =
sin -1 x = 2 sin -1 a , has a solution for 1 - tan θ1 tan θ2 40
1 1 h 3
(a) < |a | < (b) all real values of a +
2 2 ⇒ 160 5 = h [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
1 1 h 3 40
(c) | a | ≤ (d) | a | ≥ 1- ×
2 2 [AIEEE 2003] 160 5
5[h + 96] h
⇒ =
Exp. (c) 800 - 3h 40
Given that, sin-1 x = 2 sin-1 a ⇒ 200[h + 96] = 800h - 3h2

! -
π
≤ sin-1 x ≤
π π
⇒ - ≤ 2 sin-1 a ≤
π ⇒ 3h2 - 600h + 19200 = 0
2 2 2 2 ⇒ h2 - 200h + 6400 = 0
π π π π
⇒ - ≤ sin-1 a ≤ ⇒ sin  -  ≤ a ≤ sin ⇒ (h - 160)(h - 40) = 0
4 4  4 4 ⇒ h = 160 or h = 40
1 1 1
⇒ - ≤ a≤ ⇒ |a| ≤ Hence, height of the vertical pole is 40 m.
2 2 2
Trigonometry 367

75. cot -1 ( cos α ) - tan -1 ( cos α ) = x , then sin x Exp. (b)

is equal to [AIEEE 2002] Since, A+ B+ C = π
α α ⇒ A+C= π-B
(a) tan 2   (b) cot 2  
 2  2 A- B+ C π B
⇒ = - B adding - both sides
(c) tan α
α
(d) cot   2 2  2 
 2 A - B + C π
∴ 2 ca sin  
 = 2 ca sin  - B
Exp. (a)  2  2 
2 2
a + c - b  2
Given that, = 2 ac cos B = 2 ac  
cot -1 ( cos α ) - tan-1 ( cos α ) = x …(i)  2 ac 
= a2 + c 2 - b 2
We know that,
cot -1 ( cos α ) + tan-1 ( cos α ) =
π 4xy
2
…(ii) 77. sin 2 θ = is true, if and only if
( x + y )2
!cot -1 x + tan-1 x = π 
 (a) x - y ≠ 0 (b) x = - y [AIEEE 2002]
2 
(c) x + y ≠ 0 (d) x ≠ 0, y ≠ 0
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
π Exp. (c)
2 cot -1 ( cos α ) = + x
2 ! sin2 θ ≤ 1
π x 4 xy  4 xy 
⇒ cos α = cot  +  ⇒ ≤ 1 !sin2 θ = , given
 4 2 ( x + y)2  ( x + y )2

x
cot - 1 ⇒ x2 + y2 + 2 xy - 4 xy ≥ 0
⇒ cos α = 2
1 + cot
x ⇒ ( x - y)2 ≥ 0
2 which is true for all real values of x and y
x x 4 xy
cos - sin provided x + y ≠ 0, otherwise will be
⇒ cos α = 2 2 ( x + y)2
x x
cos + sin meaningless.
2 2
On squaring both sides, we get 1 - tan 2 15°
78. The value of is
x x x
cos 2 + sin2 - 2 sin cos
x 1 + tan 2 15° [AIEEE 2002]
⇒ cos α = 2 2 2 2 3
x x x x (a) 1 (b) 3 (c) (d) 2
cos 2 + sin2 + 2 sin cos 2
2 2 2 2 Exp. (c)
1 - sin x
⇒ cos α = 1 - tan2 15°
1 + sin x We know that, = cos 30°
1 + tan2 15°
α
1 - tan2
2 = 1 - sin x 3
⇒ =
2 α 1 + sin x 2
1 + tan
2 4
Applying componendo and dividendo rule, we get 79. If tan θ = - , then sin θ is [AIEEE 2002]
3
α
sin x = tan2   4 4
2 (a) - but not
5 5
A - B +C  4 4
76. In a ∆ABC ,2 ca sin   is equal to (b) - or
5 5
 2 
4 4
(a) a 2 + b 2 - c 2 (b) c 2 + a 2 - b 2 (c) but not -
2 2 2 5 5
(c) b - c - a (d) c 2 - a 2 - b 2
(d) None of the above
[AIEEE 2002]
368 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Exp. (b) 82. In a ∆ABC , a = 4,b = 3 and ∠ A = 60°, thenc is

4 C
! tan θ = - the root of the equation [AIEEE 2002]
3
BC 4 5 (a) c 2 - 3c - 7 = 0 (b) c 2 + 3c + 7 = 0
∴ sin θ = = 4
AC 5 (c) c 2 - 3c + 7 = 0 (d) c 2 + 3c - 7 = 0
θ
But tan θ is negative which is A B
3
possible only, if θ lies in IInd Exp. (a)
and IVth quadrants. Given that,a = 4, b = 3 and ∠ A = 60°
4 4 c 2 + 9 - 16
So, sin θ may be or - . Now, cos 60°=
5 5 2 × 3×c
1 1 c2 - 7
80. If sin (α + β ) = 1 and sin (α - β ) = , then ⇒ =
2 2 2 × 3c
tan (α + 2 β )tan (2 α + β ) is equal to
⇒ c 2 - 3c - 7 = 0
(a) 1 [AIEEE 2002]
(b) –1 A 5 C 2
83. In a ∆ABC , tan = , tan = , then
(c) zero 2 6 2 5
(d) None of the above (a) a , c and b are in AP [AIEEE 2002]
(b) a , b and c are in AP
Exp. (a) (c) b , a and c are in AP
! sin (α + β ) = 1 (d) a , b and c are in GP
π
⇒ α+β= … (i)
2 Exp. (b)
1 Given that,
and sin (α - β ) =
2 A 5 C 2
π tan = and tan =
⇒ α -β = … (ii) 2 6 2 5
6 A C 5 2
Now, tan tan = ×
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 2 2 6 5
π π (s - b )(s - c ) (s - a)(s - b ) 1
α= and β = ⇒ ⋅ =
3 6 s(s - a) s(s - c ) 3
∴ tan (α + 2 β ) tan (2 α + β )
s-b 1
2 π  5π ⇒ =
= tan   tan   s 3
 3   6 
⇒ 2 s = 3b
π π
= tan  π -  tan  π -  ⇒ a + c = 2b [!2 s = a + b + c]
 3  6
So, a, b and c are in AP.
 π  π
=  - cot   - cot 
 3  6 84. The equation a sin x + b cos x = c, where
1
= × 3 =1
3 |c | > a 2 + b 2 has [AIEEE 2002]
(a) a unique solution
81. If y = sin 2 θ + cosec2 θ, θ ≠ 0, then [AIEEE 2002] (b) infinite number of solutions
(a) y = 0 (b) y ≤ 2 (c) no solution
(c) y ≥ - 2 (d) y ≥ 2 (d) None of the above

Exp. (d) Exp. (c)

Given that, y = sin2 θ + cosec 2 θ Since, |c| > a2 + b 2
∴ y = (sin θ - cosec θ)2 + 2 ⇒ c< - a2 + b 2
⇒ y ≥ 2, θ ≠ 0
Trigonometry 369

and c> a2 + b 2 π
But < α < π i.e., in second quadrant.
2
But - a2 + b 2 ≤ a sin x + b cos x 4
∴ cos α = -
5
≤ a2 + b 2 …(i)
3
⇒ sin α =
and a sin x + b cos x = c …(ii) 5
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we see that no solution Now, sin 2 α = 2 sin α cos α
exists. 3 4 24
= 2 × ×  -  = -
5  5 25
85. If α is a root of 25cos 2 θ + 5cos θ - 12 = 0,
1 2
π
< α < π , then sin 2 α is equal to 86. tan -1   + tan -1   is equal to
2  4  9 [AIEEE 2002]
24 24 1 3 1 3
(a) (b) - (a) cos-1   (b) sin -1  
25 25 [AIEEE 2002] 2  5 2  5
13 13 1 3 1
(c) (d) - (c) tan -1   (d) tan -1  
18 18 2  5  2

Exp. (b) Exp. (d)

Since, α is a root of  1+ 2 
25 cos 2 θ + 5 cos θ - 12 = 0
Now, tan -1  1  + tan-1  2  = tan-1  4 9 
     
∴ 25 cos 2 α + 5 cos α - 12 = 0  4  9 1 - 1 × 2 
 4 9
⇒ (5 cos α - 3)(5 cos α + 4) = 0
4 3 17 1
⇒ cos α = - and = tan-1   = tan-1  
5 5  34  2
16
Mathematical Reasoning
≡ (~( p ∧ q )) ∨ ((~ p) ∨ q )
1. The contrapositive of the statement ‘‘If you
are born in India, then you are a citizen of ≡ ((~ p) ∨ (~ q )) ∨ ((~ p) ∨ q )
India’’, is [JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-I] ≡ (~ p) ∨ (~ q ) ∨ q [!(~ p) ∨ (~ p) ≡ ~ p]
(a) If you are not a citizen of India, then you are ≡ (~ p) ∨ T [!~ q ∨ q ≡ T]
not born in India. ≡T
(b) If you are a citizen of India, then you are So, it is a tautology
born in India.
[! ((~ q ) ∨ q ) is tautology]
(c) If you are born in India, then you are not a
(b) ( p ∧ q ) Æ p ≡ ( p ∧ q ) ∨ p
citizen of India.
(d) If you are not born in India, then you are ≡ ((~ p) ∨ (~ q )) ∨ p
not a citizen of India. [!~( p ∧ q ) ≡ (~ p) ∨ (~ q )]
≡ (~ p ∨ p) ∨ (~ q ) is tautology.
Exp. (a) [!~ p ∨ p is a tautology and (~ q ) ∨ T ≡ T]
Given statement is ‘‘If you are born in India, then (c)! p Æ ( p ∨ q ) ≡ (~ p) ∨ ( p ∨ q )
you are a citizen of India’’. [! p Æ q is equivalent to (~ p ∨ q )]
Now, let statement p : you are born in India
≡ (~ p ∨ p) ∨ q is tautology.
and q : you are citizen of India.
[!(~ p ∨ p) is tautology and q ∨ T ≡ T]
Then, given statement, ‘‘If you are born in India
then you are a citizen of India’’ is equivalent to (d) ( p ∨ q ) Æ ( p ∨ (~ q ))
p ⇒q. ≡ (~( p ∨ q )) ∨ ( p ∨ (~ q ))
!The contrapositive of statement p ⇒ q is ≡ ((~ p) ∧ (~ q )) ∨ ( p ∨ (~ q ))
~ q ⇒ ~ p.
≡ ( p ∨ (~ q ) ∨ ((~ p) ∧ (~ q ))
∴ The contrapositive of the given statement is ‘‘If
you are not a citizen of India, then you are not born ≡ ( p ∨ (~ q ) ∨ (~ p)) ∧ ( p ∨ (~ q ) ∨ (~ q ))
in India. ≡ (T ∨ (~ q )) ∧ ( p ∧ (~ q ))
≡ T ∧ ( p ∧ (~ q ))
2. Which one of the following statements is not
a tautology? [JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-II] ≡ p ∧ (~ q ), which is not a tautology.
(a) (p ∧ q ) Æ (~ p ) ∨ q (b) (p ∧ q ) Æ p 3. For any two statements p and q, the
(c) p Æ (p ∨ q ) (d) (p ∨ q ) Æ (p ∨ (~ q )) negation of the expression p ∨ (~ p ∧ q ) is
[JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-I]
Exp. (d)
(a) ~ p ∧ ~ q (b) ~ p ∨ ~ q
(a) ( p ∧ q ) Æ (~ p) ∨ q (c) p ∧ q (d) p ´ q
Mathematical Reasoning 371

Exp. (a) 6. The negation of the boolean expression

! p ∨ ( (~ p) ∧ q ) ~ s ∨ (~ r ∧ s ) is equivalent to
= ( p ∨ (~ p)) ∧ ( p ∨ q ) [by Distributive law] [JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-II]
= p∨q [!p ∨(~ p) is tautology] (a) s ∧ r (b) ~ s ∧ ~ r (c) s ∨ r (d) r
So negation of p ∨ ((~ p) ∧ q ) Exp. (a)
= ~ [ p ∨ (~ p) ∧ q ] = ~( p ∨ q )
Key Idea Use De-morgan’s law, Distributive law
= (~ p) ∧ (~ q ) [by Demorgan’s law]
and Identity law as p ∨ F ≡ p
4. If p ⇒ (q ∨ r ) is false, then the truth values of The given boolean expression is ~ s ∨ ((~ r ) ∧ s )
Now, the negation of given boolean expression is
p , q , r are respectively
[JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-II]
~(~ s ∨ ((~ r ) ∧ s ))
= s ∧ (~((~ r ) ∧ s )) [!~( p ∧ q ) = ~ p∨ ~ q ]
(a) T, T, F (b) T, F, F
= s ∧ (r ∨ (~ s )) [!~( p ∨ q ) = ~ p∧ ~ q ]
(c) F, F, F (d) F, T, T
= (s ∧ r ) ∨ (s ∧ (~ s ))
Exp. (b) [! p ∧ (q ∨ r ) ≡ ( p ∧ q ) ∨ ( p ∧ r )]
= (s ∧ r ) [! p∧ ~ p ≡ F ]
Given statement p ⇒(q ∨ r ) is false.
! p Æ (q ∨ r ) = (~ p) ∨ (q ∨ r ) 7. If the truth value of the statement
Now, by trial and error method, if truth value of pis p Æ (~ q ∨ r ) is false (F), then the truth values
T, q is F and r is F, of the statements p , q and r are respectively
then truth value of (q ∨ r ) is F. [JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-I]
So, truth value of [(~ p) ∨ (q ∨ r )] is false. (a) T, T and F (b) T, F and F
Thus, if truth value of p, q , r are T, F, F, then the (c) T, F and T (d) F, T and T
statement p Æ (q ∨ r ) is false.
Exp. (a)
5. Which one of the following Boolean Key Idea Use formula :
expressions is a tautology ? p Æ q = ~p ∨ q
[JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-I]
Given statement is
(a) (p ∨ q ) ∨ (p ∨ ~ q )
p Æ (~ q ∨ r ) = ~ p ∨ (~ q ∨ r )
(b) (p ∧ q ) ∨ (p ∧ ~ q ) Now, from the options
(c) (p ∨ q ) ∧ (p ∨ ~ q )
(a) When p = T, q = T and r = F
(d) (p ∨ q ) ∧ (~ p ∨ ~ q ) then ~ p ∨ (~ q ∨ r ) = F ∨ (F ∨ F ) = F
Exp. (a) (b) When p = T, q = F and r = F
then ~ p ∨ (~ q ∨ r ) = F ∨ (T ∨ F ) = T
Option (a) ( p ∨ q ) ∨ ( p ∨ (~ q ))
(c) When p = T, q = F and r = T
≡ p ∨ (q ∨ ~ q ) is tautology, then ~ p ∨ (~ q ∨ r ) = F ∨ (T ∨ T) = T
[!q ∨ (~ q ) ≡ T and p ∨ T ≡ T] (d) When p = F, q = T and r = T
Option (b) then ~ p ∨ (~ q ∨ r ) = T ∨ (F ∨ T) = T
( p ∧ q ) ∨ ( p ∧ (~ q )) ≡ p ∧ (q ∨ ~ q )
not a tautology, 8. The boolean expression ~ (p ⇒ (~ q )) is
[!q ∨ ~ q ≡ T and p ∧ T ≡ p] equivalent to [JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-II]
Option (c) (a) p ∧ q (b) q ⇒~ p (c) p ∨ q (d) (~ p ) ⇒ q
( p ∨ q ) ∧ ( p ∨ (~ q )) ≡ p ∨ (q ∧ ~ q )
not a tautology Exp. (a)
[!q ∧ ~ q ≡ F and p ∨ F ≡ p] Given boolean expression is
Option (d) ~( p ⇒ (~ q ))
( p ∨ q ) ∧ ((~ p) ∨ (~ q )) ≡ ( p ∨ q ) ∧ (~( p ∧ q )) ≡ ~((~ p) ∨ (~ q )) [! p ⇒ q ≡ ~ p ∨ q ]
not a tautology. ≡ p∧q
372 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

≡ [p ∧ (~ q ∨ r )] ∧ (~q ∧ r )] (distributive law)

9. If the Boolean expression (p ⊕ q ) ∧(~ p ⋅ q ) is
≡ p ∧ [(~ q ∨ r ) ∧ (~ q ∧ r )] (associative law)
equivalent to p ∧ q , where ⊕, ⋅∈{ ∧,∨}, then
≡ p ∧ [(~ q ∧ r ) ∧ (~q ∨ r )] (commutative law)
the ordered pair(⊕, ⋅) is
[JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-I] ≡ p ∧ [{(~ q ∧ r ) ∧ (~ q )} ∧ {(~ q ∧ r ) ∧ r ]
(a) (∧, ∨) (b) (∧, ∧) (c) (∨, ∧) (d) (∨, ∨) (distributive law)
≡ p ∧ [(~ q ∧ r ) ∨ (~ q ∧ r )] (idempotent law)
Exp. (a)
≡ p ∧ [~ q ∧ r ] (idempotent law)
Let us check all the options
≡ p ∧ ~q ∧ r ≡ ( p ∧ r ) ∧ (~ q ) (associative law)
(a) Consider, ⊕ = ∧ and ⋅ = ∨.
In that case, we get 11. Consider the following three statements:
(p∧q) ∧ (∼ p ∨ q ) ≡ (p∧q) P : 5 is a prime number.
Q : 7 is a factor of 192.
R : LCM of 5 and 7 is 35.
and
Then, the truth value of which one of the
following statements is true ?
[take ∨ ≈ ∪and ∧ ≈ ∩] [JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-II]
(a) ( P ∧ Q ) ∨ (~ R ) (b) P ∨ (~ Q ∧ R )
(b) Consider, ⊕ = ∧ and ⋅ = ∨.
In that case, we get (c) (~ P ) ∨ (Q ∧ R ) (d) (~ P ) ∧ (~ Q ∧ R )
(p∧q) ∧ (∼ p ∧ q ) ≡ null set Exp. (b)
Since, the statements
and
P : 5 is a prime number, is true statement.
Q : 7 is a factor of 192, is false statement
(c) Consider, ⊕ = ∨ and ⋅ = ∧. and R : LCM of 5 and 7 is 35, is true statement.
In that case, we get So, truth value of
(p∨q) ∧ (∼ p ∧ q ) ≡ (∼ p ∧ q ) P is T, Q is F, R is T
Now let us check all the options.
and
P Q R ~ P ~Q ~ R P ∧ Q Q ∧ R ~Q ∧ R
T F T F T F F F T
(d) Consider, ⊕ = ∨ and ! = ∨.
In that case, we get ( P ∧ Q ) ∨ (~ R) P ∨ (~Q ∧ R) (~ P) ∨ (Q ∧ R) (~ P) ∧ (~Q ∧ R)

(p∨q) ∧ (∼ p ∨ q ) ≡ q F T F F
Clearly, the truth value of P ∨ (~ Q ∧ R ) is T.
and
12. Ifq is false andp ∧q ←Æ r is true, then which
one of the following statements is a
10. The logical statement tautology? [JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-I]
[~(~ p ∨ q) ∨ ( p ∧ r)] ∧ (~ q ∧ r) (a) p ∨r (b) (p ∧r )Æ (p ∨r )
is equivalent to
[JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-II]
(c) (p ∨r )Æ (p ∧r ) (d) p ∧r
(a) ~ p ∨ r (b) (p ∧ ~ q ) ∨ r Exp. (b)
(c) (p ∧ r ) ∧ ~ q (d) (~ p ∧ ~ q ) ∧ r
Given, ( p ∧ q ) ´ r is true. This is possible under
Exp. (c) two cases
Clearly, [~(~ p ∨ q ) ∨ ( p ∧ r )] ∧ (~ q ∧ r ) Case I When both p ∧ q and r are true,
≡ [( p ∧ ~q ) ∨ ( p ∧ r )] ∧ (~ q ∧ r ) which is not possible because q is false.
(!~(~ p ∨ q ) ≡ ~(~ p) ∧ ~ q ≡ p ∧ ~ q Case II When both ( p ∧ q ) and r are false.
by De Morgan’s law) ⇒ p ≡ T or F; q ≡ F, r ≡ F
Mathematical Reasoning 373

In this case, Exp. (d)

(a) p ∨ r is T or F Since, the expression, p Æ q ≡ ~ p ∨ q
(b) ( p ∧ r ) Æ ( p ∨ r ) is FÆ (T or F ) , So, ~ pÆ q ≡ p ∨ q
which always result in T. and therefore ~(~ p Æ q ) ≡ ~( p ∨ q )
(c) ( p ∨ r ) Æ ( p ∧ r ) is (T or F) Æ F, ≡ (~ p) ∧ (~ q )
which may be T or F. [by DeMorgan’s law]
(d) p ∧ r is F.
16. The boolean expression~ (p ∨ q ) ∨ (~ p ∧ q ) is
13. Contrapositive of the statement “If two equivalent to [JEE Main 2018]
numbers are not equal, then their squares
(a) ~ p (b) p (c) q (d) ~ q
are not equal” is [JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-II]
(a) If the squares of two numbers are not equal, Exp. (a)
then the numbers are not equal.
Key Idea Use DeMorgan’s and distributive law.
(b) If the squares of two numbers are equal,
then the numbers are equal. We have, ~( p ∨ q ) ∨ (~ p ∧ q )
(c) If the squares of two numbers are not equal, ≡ (~ p ∧ ~ q ) ∨ (~ p ∧ q )
then the numbers are equal. [! By DeMorgan’s law ~( p ∨ q ) = (~ p ∧ ~ q )]
(d) If the squares of two numbers are equal, ≡~ p ∧ (~ q ∨ q )[By distributive law]
then the numbers are not equal. ≡ ~p∧t [~q ∨ q = t ]
Exp. (b) ≡~ p

We know that, contrapositive of 17. The statement (p Æ q ) Æ [(~ p Æ q ) Æ q ] is

p Æ q is ~q Æ ~p [JEE Main 2017 (offline)]
Therefore, the contrapositive of the given (a) a tautology (b) equivalent to ~ p Æ q
statement is (c) equivalent to p Æ ~ q (d) a fallacy
‘‘If the squares of two numbers are equal, then the
numbers are equal’’. Exp. (a)
The truth table of the given expression is given
14. The Boolean expression below
((p ∧ q ) ∨ (p ∨ ~ q )) ∧ (~ p ∧ ~ q ) is equivalent
p q x ≡ p Æ q ~ p ~p Æ q y ≡ (~ p Æ q) Æ q x Æ y
to [JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-I]
(a) p ∧ q (b) p ∨ (~ q ) T T T F T T T
(c) p ∧ (~ q ) (d) (~ p ) ∧ (~ q ) T F F F T F T
F T T T T T T
Exp. (d) F F T T F T T
Let the given Boolean expression Hence, it is a tautology.
(( p ∧ q ) ∨ ( p∨ ~ q )) ∧ (~ p∧ ~ q ) ≡ r
Now, let us construct the following truth table
18. The Boolean expression
(p ∧ ~ q ) ∨ q ∨ (~ p ∧ q ) is equivalent to
p q ~ p ~q p ∧q p ∨ ~q ~ p ∧ ~q (p ∧ q ) ∨ r [JEE Main 2016 (offline)]
( p ∨ ~q ) (a) ~ p ∧ q (b) p ∧ q (c) p ∨ q (d) p ∨ ~ q
T T F F T T F T F
T F F T F T F T F
Exp. (c)
F T T F F F F F F Consider, ( p ∧ ~ q ) ∨ q ∨ (~ p ∧ q )
F F T T F T T T T ≡ [( p ∧ ~ q ) ∨ q ] ∨ (~ p ∧q )
≡ [( p ∨ q ) ∧ (~ q ∨ q )] ∨ (~ p ∧ q )
Clearly, r ≡ ~ p∧ ~ q
≡ [( p ∨ q ) ∧ t ] ∨ (~ p ∧ q )
15. The expression ~ (~ p Æ q ) is logically ≡ ( p ∨ q ) ∨ (~ p ∧ q )
equivalent to [JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-II] ≡ ( p ∨ q ∨ ~ p) ∧ ( p ∨ q ∨ q )
(a) p ∧ ~ q (b) p ∧ q (c) ~ p ∧ q (d) ~ p ∧ ~ q ≡ (q ∨ t ) ∧ ( p ∨ q ) ≡ t ∧ ( p ∨ q ) ≡ p ∨ q
374 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

19. The negation of ~ s ∨ (~ r ∧ s ) is equivalent to [JEE Main 2015]

(a) s ∧ ~ r (b) s ∧ (r ∧ ~ s ) (c) s ∨ (r ∨ ~ s ) (d) s ∧ r
Exp. (d)
~(~ s ∨ (~ r ∧ s ))
≡ s ∧ (~(~ r ∧ s )) ≡ s ∧ (r ∨ ~ s ) ≡ (s ∧ r ) ∨ (s ∧ ~ s )
≡(s ∧ r ) ∨ F (! s ∧ ~ s is false)
≡s∧r

20. The statement ~ (p ´ ~ q ) is [JEE Main 2014]

(a) equivalent to p ´ q (b) equivalent to ~ p ´ q (c) a tautology (d) a fallacy

Exp. (a)
p q ~p ~q q´q p ´ ~q ~p ´ q ~ (p ´ ~ q )
T F F T F T T F
F T T F F T T F
T T F F T F F T
F F T T T F F T
~( p ´~ q ) is equivalent to ( p ´ q ).

21. Consider
Statement I (p ∧ ~ q ) ∧ (~ p ∧ q ) is a fallacy.
Statement II (p Æ q ) ´ (~ q Æ ~ p ) is a tautology. [JEE Main 2013]
(a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is a correct explanation for Statement I
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is not a correct explanation for Statement I
(c) Statement I is true, Statement II is false
(d) Statement I is false, Statement II is true
Exp. (b)
Statement II ( p Æ q ) ´ (~ q Æ ~ p) ≡ ( p Æ q ) ´ ( p Æ q )
which is always true, so Statement II is true.
Statement I ( p ∧ ~ q ) ∧ (~ p ∧ q ) ≡ p ∧ ~ q ∧ ~ p ∧ q ≡ p ∧ ~ p ∧ ~ q ∧ q ≡ f ∧ f ≡ f
Hence, it is a fallacy statement.
So, Statement I is true and statement II is not a correct explanation for statement I.
Alternate Solution
Statement II ( p Æ q ) ´ (~ q Æ ~ p) ~ q Æ ~ p is contrapositive of p Æ q
Hence, ( p Æ q ) ´ ( p Æ q ) will be a tautology.
Statement I ( p ∧ ~ q ) ∧ (~ p ∧ q )

p q ~p ~q p ∧~q ~p ∧ q (p ∧ ~ q ) ∧ (~ p ∧ q )
T T F F F F F
T F F T T F F
F T T F F T F
F F T T F F F

Hence, it is a fallacy.
Mathematical Reasoning 375

22. The negation of the statement

“If I become a teacher, then I will open a school”, is [AIEEE 2012]
(a) I will become a teacher and I will not open a school
(b) Either I will not become a teacher or I will not open a school
(c) Neither I will become a teacher nor I will open a school
(d) I will not become a teacher or I will open a school

Exp. (a)
Let us assume that p : ‘I become a teacher’ and
q : I will open a school.
Then, we can easily as certain that
Negation of ( p Æ q ) is ~( p Æ q ) = p ∧ ~ q
which means that ‘I will become a teacher and I will not open a school’.

23. Consider the following statements

P : Suman is brilliant. Q : Suman is rich.
R : Suman is honest.
The negation of the statement. ‘‘Suman is brilliant and dishonest, if and only if Suman is rich’’ can
be expressed as [AIEEE 2011]
(a) ~ [Q ´ ( P ∧ ~ R )] (b) ~ Q ´ P ∧ R (c) ~ ( P ∧ ~ R ) ´ Q (d) ~ P ∧ (Q ´ ~ R )

Exp. (a)
Suman is brilliant and dishonest if and only if Suman is rich, is expressed as,
Q ´ (P ∧ ~ R )
So, negation of it will be, ~ [Q ´ (P ∧ ~ R )].

24. The only statement among the followings that is a tautology is [AIEEE 2011]
(a) B Æ [A ∧ ( A Æ B )] (b) A ∧ ( A ∨ B ) (c) A ∨ ( A ∧ B ) (d) [A ∧ ( A Æ B )]Æ B

Exp. (d)
A B A∨B A∧B A ∧ ( A ∨ B) A ∨ ( A ∧ B) AÆ B A ∧ ( A Æ B) A ∧ ( A Æ B )Æ B B Æ [ A ∧ ( A Æ B )]
T T T T T T T T T T
T F T F T T F F T T
F T T F F F T F T F
F F F F F F T F T T
Hence the truth value of all the elements of the column [ A ∧ ( A Æ B)] Æ B is T.
∴ A ∧ ( A Æ B) Æ B is tautology.

25. Let S be a non-empty subset of R. Consider the following statement

P : There is a rational number x ∈S such that x > 0.
Which of the following statements is the negation of the statement P ? [AIEEE 2010]
(a) There is a rational number x ∈S such that x ≤ 0
(b) There is no rational number x ∈S such that x ≤ 0
(c) Every rational number x ∈S satisfies x ≤ 0
(d) x ∈S and x ≤ 0 ⇒ x is not rational
376 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Exp. (c) (a) Statement I is false, Statement II is true

(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
P : There is rational number x ∈ S such that x > 0. Statement II is a correct explanation for
~ P : Every rational number x ∈ S satisfies x ≤ 0. Statement I
(c) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
26. Statement I ~ (p ´ ~ q ) is equivalent to Statement II is not a correct explanation for
p ´ q. Statement I
(d) Statement I is true, Statement II is false
Statement II ~ (p ´ ~ q ) is a tautology.
(a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
Exp. (∗)
Statement II is a correct explanation for Here, p : x is an irrational number
Statement I q : y is a transcendental number
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; r : x is a rational number, iff y is a transcendental
Statement II is not a correct explanation for number
Statement I ⇒ r :~ p ´q
(c) Statement I is true, Statement II is false But S1 : r ≡ q ∨ p, so statement I is not correct.
And S 2 : r ≡ ~( p ´~ q )
(d) Statement I is false, Statement II is true
[AIEEE 2009]
Statement I Statement II
Exp. (c) p q~p~q r~p ´ q
q ∨ p (p ´~ q ) ~ (p ´~ q )
p q p´q ~q p ´ ~q ~ (p ´ ~ q )
T T F F F T F T
T T T F F T T F F T T T T F
T F F T T F F T T F T T T F
F T F F T F
F F T T F F F T
F F T T F T
It is clear from the table that r is not equivalent to
From the table we see that, truth values of either of the statements. Hence, none of the given
column p ´ q and ~( p ´ ~ q ) are identical. options is correct.
So, ~( p ´ ~ q ) s equivalent to p ´ q .
The values of the column ~( p ´ ~ q ) are not all 28. The statement p Æ (q Æ p ) is equivalent to
‘T’. So, ~( p ´ ~ q ) is not a tautology. [AIEEE 2008]
Hence, Statement I is true but Statement II is false. (a) p Æ (p ´ q ) (b) p Æ (p Æ q )
(c) p Æ (p ∨ q ) (d) p Æ (p ∧ q )
27. Let p be the statement “x is an irrational
Exp. (c)
number”, q be the statement “y is a
transcendental number” and r be the q p qÆ p p Æ (q Æ p ) p ∨q p Æ (p ∨ q )
statement “x is a rational number, iff y is a T T T T T T
transcendental number”. T F F T T T
F T T T T T
Statement I r is equivalent to either q or p.
F F T T F T
Statement II r is equivalent to ~ (p ´ ~ q ). So, statement p Æ (q Æ p) is equivalent to
[AIEEE 2008] p Æ ( p ∨ q ).
 Practice Set 1
Instructions
This test consists of 30 questions to be completed in 3 hrs.
Each question is allotted 4 marks for correct response.
1 marks will be deducted for indicating incorrect response of each question. No deduction from the total
score will be made if no response is indicated for an item in the answer sheet.
There is only one correct response for each question. Filling up more than one response in any question

1. The domain of the function  xx - x-x 

6. If f ( x ) = cot -1   , then f ′(1) is equal
 2 x - 1  2 
f ( x ) = 3 1 - 3x + 3 cos -1   +e
3 tan x
is
 3  to
(a) (–1, 2) (b) [–1, 2] (a) –1 (b) 1 (c) log 2 (d) – log 2
(c) ( - ∞ , ∞ ) (d) None of these
7. The mean and variance of a binomial
2. If α and β are the roots of ax 2 + bx + c = 0, variable X are 2 and 1, respectively. The
2 1/( x - α ) probability that X takes values greater than
then lim (1 + ax + bx + c ) is
xÆa 1, is
(a) log| a (α - β )| (b) e a( β - α ) 9 5
(a) (b)
a( α - β ) 16 16
(c) e (d) None of these
11
3 5 (c) (d) None of these
3. If y = f ( x ), z = g ( x ), f ′ ( x ) = tan x and 16
dy
g ′ ( x ) = sec x , then the value of is 8. If the line ax + by + c = 0 is a tangent to the
dz
curve xy = 4, then
3 tan x 3 5x 2 sec x 5
(a) ⋅ (b) ⋅ (a) a > 0 and b > 0 (b) a > 0 and b < 0
5x 2 sec x 5 3 tan x 3
(c) a < 0 and b > 0 (d) None of these
3x 2 tan x 3
(c) ⋅ (d) None of these 9. In a statistical investigation of 1003 families
5 sec x 5
of Kolkata, it was found that 63 families had
4. If z = - 2 + 2 3 i , then z 2n + 2 2n zn + 2 4n may neither a radio nor a TV, 794 families had a
be equal to radio and 187 had a TV. The number of
(a) 2 2n families in that group having both a radio
(b) 0 and a TV is
(c) 3 ⋅ 42n , where n is multiple of 3 (a) 36 (b) 32
(d) None of the above (c) 41 (d) None of these
5. The planes 3x - y + z + 1 = 0 and 10. Three boys and three girls are to be seated
5x + y + 3z = 0 intersect in the line PQ. The around a table in a circle. Among them, the
equation of the plane through the point boy X does not want any girl neighbour and
(2 , 1, 4) and perpendicular to PQ is the girlY does not want any boy neighbour.
(a) x + y - 2 z = 5 (b) x + y - 2 z = - 5 The number of such arrangements po ssible is
(c) x + y + 2 z = 5 (d) x + y + 2 z = - 5
(a) 6 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 9
Note All the Practice Sets (1-10) available for free online practice see detailed instructions back side of the title.
380 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

11. If the system of linear equations cos x x 1

f ′ (x )
x + 2 ay + az = 0, x + 3by + bz = 0 15. If f ( x ) = 2 sin x x 2 2 x , then lim is
and x + 4cy + cz = 0 xÆ 0 x
tan x x 1
has a non-zero solution, then a ,b and c
(a) - 2 (b) –1
(a) are in AP
(c) 2 (d) 1
(b) are in GP
(c) are in HP 16. AB is a vertical pole andC is the middle point.
(d) satisfy a + 2 b + 3c = 0 The end A is on the level ground and P is any
point on the level ground other than A. The
Directions (Q. Nos. 12-14) Each of portion CB subtends an angle β at P. If
these questions contains two statements : AP : AB = 2 : 1, then β is equal to
1
Statement I (Assertion) and Statement II (a) tan -1  
 9
(Reason). Each of these questions also
4
has four alternative choices, only one of (b) tan -1  
 9
which is the correct answer. You have to
5
select one of the codes (a), (b), (c), and (d) (c) tan -1  
 9
given below.
2
(a) Statement I is false, Statement II is true (d) tan -1  
 9
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
Statement II is a correct explanation for 17. a , b and c are three non-coplanar vectors and
Statement I
r is any arbitrary vector, then
(c) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
[ b c r ]a + [ c a r ] b + [a b r ] c is always equal to
Statement II is not a correct explanation
for Statement I (a) [a b c]r (b) 2[a b c]r
(c) 3[a b c]r (d) None of these
(d) Statement I is true, Statement II is false
1 π π
12. Statement I f ( x ) = is decreasing in 18. In the interval - ,  , the equation
x -5  2 2
x ∈( - ∞ , 5) ∪ (5, ∞ ). log sin θ (cos 2 θ ) = 2 has
(a) no solution
Statement II f ′ ( x ) < 0, ∀ x ≠ 5.
(b) a unique solution
13. Statement I The degree of the (c) two solutions
differential equation (d) infinitely many solutions
d 2y dy  d 2y 
2
+ = log  2  is 2. 19. A parallelogram is constructed on 3a + b and
dx dx  dx 
a - 4b, where |a| = 6 | b| = 8 and a and b are
Statement II The degree of the anti-parallel, then the length of the longer
differential equation which can be written diagonal is
as polynomial in the derivatives is the (a) 40 (b) 64 (c) 32 (d) 48
degree of the derivative of the highest
order occuring in it. 20. The image of the point (– 8, 12) with respect to
the line mirror 4x + 7y + 13 = 0 is
14. Statement I Circles x 2 + y 2 = 144 and (a) (–16, 2) (b) (16, – 2)
2 2 (c) (16, 2) (d) (–16, – 2)
x + y - 6x - 8y = 0 do not have any
common tangent. 6π 4π π
21. tan - 33 tan + 27 tan 2 is equal to
Statement II If one circle lies completely 9 9 9
inside the other circle, then both have no (a) 0 (b) 3 (c) 3 (d) 9
common tangent..
Practice Set 1 381

22. If the angle between the straight lines 26. If n C 0 , nC 1 , nC 2 ,... , nC n are the coefficients of
joining foci and the ends of minor axis of the the expansion of (1 + x )n , then the value of
x2 y 2 k n
ellipse + = 1 is 90°, then the C
a2 b2 ∑ k +k1 is
0
eccentricity is
1 3 2n - 1
(a) (b) (a) 0 (b)
2 2 n
1 2n + 1 - 1
(c) (d) None of these (c) (d) None of these
2 n +1

23. The portion of a tangent to a parabola 27. The value of k for which the number 3 lies
y 2 = 4ax cut off between the directrix and between the roots of the equation
the curve subtends an angle θ at the focus, x 2 + (1 - 2 k )x + (k 2 - k - 2 ) = 0 is given by
where θ is equal to (a) k < 2 (b) 2 < k < 5
π π
(a) (b) (c) 2 < k < 3 (d) k > 5
3 4
π 3
(c) (d) None of these sin x dx
2
28. ∫ (1 + cos2 x ) is equal to
1 + cos 2 x + cos 4 x
24. Equation of the smallest circle whose (a) sec -1 (sec x + cos x ) + c
diameter is AB , where A and B are (b) sec -1 (cos x - tan x ) + c
intersection points of circles (c) sec -1 ( sec x - cos x ) + c
(d) None of the above
x 2 + y 2 - 4x - 4y + 4 = 0
1 29. The area of one of the curvilinear triangles
and x 2 + y 2 - x - y + = 0 is
4 formed by the curves y = sin x , y = cos x and
3
2
3
2
7 X-axis is
(a)  x -  +  y -  = (a) ( 2 + 2 ) sq unit
 8  8 32
(b) ( 2 - 2 ) sq unit
(b) ( x - 1 )2 + ( y - 1 )2 = 72 (c) ( 2 + 2 2 ) sq unit
(c) ( x - 2 )2 + ( y - 2 )2 = 1 (d) None of these
2 2
5 5 7
(d)  x -  +  y -  = 30. If f and g are continuous functions on [0, π]
 8  8 32 satisfying
f ( x ) + f ( π - x ) = g ( x ) + g ( π - x ) = 1,
25. If p , q , r are simple propositions, with truth π
values T , F and T, then the truth value of then ∫ [ f ( x ) + g ( x )] dx is equal to
0
(~ p ∨ q ) ∧ ~ r ⇒ p is
(a) π (b) 2 π
(a) true (b) false
π 3π
(c) true, if r is false (d) true, if q is true (c) (d)
2 2

Answers
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (b)
11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (a) 16. (d) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (d) 20. (d)
21. (c) 22. (c) 23. (c) 24. (d) 25. (a) 26. (c) 27. (b) 28. (a) 29. (b) 30. (a)
 Solutions
1. Given that, The plane perpendicular to PQ is
2 x - 1 x + y - 2 z = λ.
f( x) = 3 1 - 3 x + 3cos -1   +e
3 tan x
 3  Since, it passes through (2, 1, 4).
2x - 1 ∴ 2 + 1- 2 ⋅ 4 = λ
is defined, if -1 ≤ ≤1
3 ⇒ λ = -5
⇒ - 3 ≤ 2 x - 1≤ 3 Hence, the required plane is
x + y - 2 z = - 5.
⇒ -1 ≤ x ≤ 2
 x -x 
Domain of f( x) = [-1, 2 ] 6. Given that, f( x) = cot -1  x - x 
 2 
2. lim (1 + ax2 + bx + c )1/( x - α )
xÆ α  x2 x - 1
1
⇒ f( x) = cot -1  x 

lim [( 1 + ax 2 + bx + c ) - 1]  2 x 
xÆ α ( x - α)
=e
a ( x - α )( x - β ) On putting x x = tan θ,
lim
( x - α)
= exÆ α = e a( α - β )  tan2 θ - 1
∴ y = f( x) = cot -1  
dy  2 tan θ 
3. Given that, y = f( x 3 ) ⇒ = f ′( x3 ) ⋅ 3 x2
dx = cot -1 (- cot 2θ)
dy
⇒ = 3 x2 tan x3 [given, f ′( x) = tan x]
dx = π - cot -1 (cot 2 θ)
Also, z = g ( x5 ) ⇒ y = π - 2 θ = π - 2 tan-1 ( x x )
dz
⇒ = g ′( x5 ) ⋅ 5 x4 = 5 x4 sec x5 ⇒
dy
=-
2
x x (1 + log x)
dx
[given, g ′( x) = sec x] dx 1 + x2 x
/
dy dydx 3 x2 tan x3 ⇒  dy  =-
2
(1 + 0) = - 1
∴ = = 4  
/
dz dzdx 5 x sec x5  dx  ( x = 1) 1+ 1
3 tan x3
= 2
⋅ 7. Given, mean, np = 2 …(i)
5x sec x5
and variance, npq = 1
1
4. z = - 2 + 2 3 i = 4ω ⇒ q=
2
z2 n + 2 2 n ⋅ zn + 2 4 n = 42 n ⋅ ω2 n + 2 2 n ⋅ 4n ⋅ ωn + 2 4 n 1
∴ p= 1- q =
= 42 n [ω2 n + ωn + 1] 2
 0, if n is not a multiple of 3. 1
= From Eq. (i), n× =2
2n 2
3 ⋅ 4 , if n is a multiple of 3.
⇒ n=4
5. Let (l , m, n) be the direction cosines of PQ, then the Now, P( X > 1) = P( X = 2 ) + P( X = 3) + P( X = 4)
line is perpendicular to the given planes. 1
2
1
2
1
1
1
3
1
4

∴ 3l - m + n = 0 = 4C 2     + 4 C 3     + 4 C 4  
2 2 2 2 2
and 5l + m + 3n = 0 6+ 4+1
l m n =
⇒ = = 16
-3 - 1 5 - 9 3 + 5 11
l m n =
⇒ = = 16
1 1 -2
Practice Set 1 383

8. Given that, xy = 4 11. Given system of linear equations has a non-zero

dy solution, then
⇒ x⋅ + y⋅1= 0 1 2a a
dx
dy y 1 3b b = 0
⇒ =-
dx x 1 4c c
dy 4 Applying R 2 Æ R 2 - R1, R 3 Æ R 3 - R1, we get
⇒ =- 2 [! xy = 4]
dx x 1 2a a
a
Slope of the line ax + by + c = 0 is - . 0 3b - 2 a b - a = 0
b
0 4c - 2 a c - a
Since, the given line is a tangent to the curve.
4 a a ⇒ (3 b - 2 a)(c - a) - (4c - 2 a)(b - a) = 0
∴ - 2 =- ⇒ >0
x b b ⇒ 3 bc - 3 ba - 2 ac + 2 a2
which is possible only when a > 0, b > 0 or = 4 bc - 2 ab - 4 ac + 2 a2
a < 0, b < 0. ⇒ 2 ac = bc + ab
2 1 1
9. Let R be the set of families having a radio and ⇒ = +
b a c
T be the set of families having a TV. Hence, a, b and c are in HP.
∴ n(R ∪ T ) = 1003 - 63 = 940,
12. Statement I Since, f( x) = 1
n(R ) = 794 x-5
and n(T ) = 187 1
∴ f ′ ( x) = - < 0, ∀ x ∈ R - {5}
Let n(R ∩ T ) = x ( x - 5)2
U ⇒ f( x) is decreasing, ∀ x ∈ R - {5}.
R T Hence, option (b) is correct.

794 – x x 187 – x 13. Since, the given equation cannot be written as a

polynomial in all the differential coefficients.
So, degree of equation is not defined.
Hence, Statement I is false and Statement II is true.
From Venn-diagram,
794 - x + x + 187 - x = 940 14. For circle x2 + y2 = 144,
⇒ 981 - x = 940 centre, c1 = (0, 0) and radius, r1 = 12
∴ x = 41 For circle x2 + y2 - 6 x - 8 y = 0,
centre, c 2 = (3, 4) and radius, r2 = 5
10. As shown in the figure, 1, 2 and X are the three boys
and 3, 4 and Y are the three girls. Boy X will have Now, c1 c 2 = 5 and r1 - r2 = 7, thus c1 c 2 < r1 - r2 ,
neighbour as boys 1 and 2 and the girl Y will have hence one circle is completely lying inside other
neighbour as girls 3 and 4. Boys 1 and 2 can be without touching it. Hence, there is no common
arranged in P(2 , 2 ) ways. tangent, therefore Statement I is true.
= 2 ! = 2 ways Hence, both the Statements are true and Statement II
X
is a correct explanation of Statement I.
cos x x 1
1 2 15. Given that, f( x) = 2 sin x x2 2 x
tan x x 1
3 4 Applying R1 Æ R1 - R 3 , we get
Y cos x - tan x 0 0
= 2 sin x x2 2 x
Also, girls 3 and 4 can be arranged in P(2 , 2 ) ways
= 2 ! = 2 ways tan x x 1
Hence, required number of permutations = (cos x - tan x)( x2 - 2 x2 )
=2 ×2= 4
⇒ f( x) = - x2 (cos x - tan x)
384 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get 18. ! θ ∈  - π , π 

f ′( x) = - 2 x(cos x - tan x) - x2 (- sin x - sec 2 x)  2 2 
f ′ ( x) ∴ -1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1
∴ lim = lim [- 2 (cos x - tan x)
xÆ 0 x xÆ 0 Now, we take
+ x (sin x + sec 2 x)]
logsin θ cos 2 θ = 2
= -2 × 1= -2
⇒ cos 2 θ = sin2 θ
16. Let AC = CB = h m and ∠ APC = α
AP 2 ⇒ 1 - 2 sin2 θ = sin2 θ
Given that, =
AB 1 ⇒ 3 sin2 θ = 1
⇒ AP = 2 AB = 4 h 1
h 1 ⇒ sin θ = ±
In ∆APC, tan α = ⇒ tan α = 3
4h 4 1
B ∴ sin θ =
3
h
[since, base of any log cannot be negative]
C
Hence, given equation has a unique solution.
β h
19. Consider (3a + b) ⋅ (a - 4b) = 3|a|2 - 11a ⋅ b - 4|b|2
α
P A = 3 ⋅ 36 - 11⋅ 6 ⋅ 8cos π - 4 ⋅ 64 > 0
4h
2h 1 So, angle between a and b is acute.
In ∆APB, tan (α + β ) = =
4h 2 ∴The longer diagonal is given by
Æ
tan α + tan β 1 α = (3a + b) + (a - 4b) = 4a - 3b
⇒ =
1 - tan α ⋅ tan β 2 Now, |α|2 = |4a - 3b|2 = 16|a|2 + 9| b|2 - 24a ⋅ b
1
+ tan β = 16 ⋅ 36 + 9 ⋅ 64 - 24 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 8cos πmn
4 1
⇒ = = 16 × 144
1
1 - tan β 2 ∴|4a - 3b| = 48
4
1 + 4 tan β 1 20. Given equation of line is
⇒ =
4 - tan β 2
4 x + 7 y + 13 = 0 …(i)
⇒ 2 + 8 tan β = 4 - tan β
Let Q(α, β ) be the image of the point P(- 8, 12 ) w.r.t.
⇒ 9 tan β = 2 Eq.(i).
2
∴ β = tan-1   P (– 8, 12)
 9

17. Let r = x1 a + x2 b + x3 c
⇒ r ⋅ (b × c ) = x1 a ⋅ (b × c )
[r b c ] C 4x + 7y + 13 = 0
⇒ x1 =
[a b c ]
Also, r ⋅ (c × a ) = x2 b ⋅ (c × a )
[r c a ] Q (α, β)
⇒ x2 = and r ⋅ (a × b) = x3 c ⋅ (a × b)
[a b c ]
Then, PQ perpendicular to Eq. (i) and PC = CQ
[r a b] Equation of the line PC is
⇒ x3 =
[a b c ] 7
y - 12 = ( x + 8)
4
[r b c ] [r c a ] [r a b]
⇒ r= a + b+ c ⇒ 7 x - 4 y + 104 = 0 …(ii)
[a b c ] [a b c ] [a b c ]
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
⇒ [b c r ]a + [c a r ]b + [a b r ]c = [a b c ]r x = - 12 and y = 5
Practice Set 1 385

So, coordinates of C is (–12, 5). 23. The equation of the tangent at P(at 2 , 2 at ) to y2 = 4ax
Since, C is mid-point of PQ.
is
α-8 β + 12 ty = x + at 2 …(i)
∴ -12 = and 5 =
2 2
It meets the directrix x = - a.
∴ α = - 16 and β = - 2
∴ ty = - a + at 2
Hence, coordinates of Q is (–16, -2). a(t 2 - 1)
3 ⇒ y=
21. Since, tan 3 θ = 3 tanθ - tan θ
Y t
2
1 - 3 tan θ P (at2, 2at)
π Q
On putting θ = , we get
9 X′ X
π π O

x+a=0
3 tan - tan3 S (a, 0)
π 9 9
⇒ tan =
3 π
1 - 3 tan2
9 Y′
π
2
π π
2  a( t 2 - 1)
⇒ 3  1 - 3 tan2  =  3 tan - tan3  Thus, Eq. (i) meets the directrix at Q  - a, .
 9  9 9  t 
π π π Now, slope of PS is
⇒ tan6 - 33 tan4 + 27 tan2 = 3
9 9 9 2 at - 0 2t
m1 = 2 = .
b-0 b at - a t 2 - 1
22. Slope of line BS is m1 = =-
0 - ae ae and slope of QS is
b-0 b a( t 2 - 1)
and slope of line BS is m2 = = -0
0 + ae ae t (t 2 - 1)
m2 = =-
Y -a - a 2t
2t  t 2 - 1
B (0, b) Now, m1m2 = × -  = -1
t 2 - 1  2 t 
90° π
C ∴ θ=
X′ X 2
S′ (– ae, 0) (ae, 0)S
24. Let the equations of circle be
B (0, – b)
S1 ≡ x2 + y2 - 4 x - 4 y + 4 = 0
1
and S 2 ≡ x 2 + y2 - x - y + = 0
Y′ 4
A
! ∠SBS ′ = 90°
∴ m1m2 = - 1
b b C1 C2
M
⇒ - × = -1 (2, 2) (1/2, 1/2)
ae ae
⇒ b 2 = a2e 2 B
⇒ a2 (1 - e 2 ) = a2e 2 4x + 4y = 5
⇒ 1 - e2 = e2 Equation of common chord AB is
⇒ 2e2 = 1 S1 - S 2 = 0
1 ⇒ 4x + 4y = 5 …(i)
⇒ e=
2 4(2 ) + 4(2 ) - 5 11
Now, C1M = =
[since, e cannot be negative] 2
4 + 4 2 4 2

and r1 = 4+ 4- 4 =2
386 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Also, equation of line C1C 2 is sin3 x

28. Let I = ∫ dx
y= x …(ii) (1 + cos x) 1 + cos 2 x + cos 4 x
2

On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get sin3 x

5 5 = ∫ dx
x= and y =  cos x (sec x + cos x) cos x 
8 8  
∴ Radius of required circle,  sec 2 x + 1 + cos 2 x 
AM = AC12 - C1M 2 sin3 x
= ∫ dx
cos 2 x(sec x + cos x) 
121  
= 4-
32  (sec x + cos x)2 - 1
7 7 Put sec x + cos x = z
= =
32 4 2 sin3 x
⇒ dx = dz
Hence, required equation of circle is cos 2 x
2 2
 x - 5 +  y - 5 = 7 dz
    ∴ I= ∫ = sec -1 z + c
 8  8 32 z z2 - 1

25. ~ p ∨ q means F ∨ F = F and ~ r means F. = sec -1 (sec x + cos x) + c

Now, (~ p ∨ q ) ∧ ~ r means F. 29. The point of intersection of two curves y = sin x and
∴ [(~ p ∨ q )∧ ~ r ] ⇒ p means T. π 1 
n y = cos x is  , .
Cr 1 n+1  4 2
26. Let Tr +1 = = ⋅ Cr +1
r+1 n+1 Y
 n+1 n + 1n 
! C r + 1 = r + 1 C r  x = π/4
 
y = cos x
On putting r = 0, 1, 2 , . . . , n and then adding, we get y = sin x
n n
Ck 1 n+1 n+1
∑ = ( C1 + C2 + . . . X′ X
k+1 n+1 O
0 n+1
+ Cn + 1)
1
= (2 n + 1 - n+1
C0 ) Y′
n+1
π/4 π/2
∴ Required area = ∫0 sin x dx + ∫π/4 cos x dx
2n + 1 - 1
=
n+1 = - [cos x]π0 / 4 + [sin x]ππ // 24
1 
27. Let f( x) = x2 + (1 - 2 k )x + k 2 - k - 2 = 2  1 -  = (2 - 2 ) sq unit
 2
Since, the number 3 lies between the roots of the
π π
given equation, if f(3) < 0. 30. Now, ∫ f ( x) g ( x) = f( π - x) g ( π - x) dx
0 ∫0
Now, f(3) = 9 + (1 - 2 k ) 3 + k 2 - k - 2 π
= ∫0 [1 - f( x)] ⋅ [1 - g ( x)] dx
= 10 - 7 k + k 2
π
! f(3) < 0 = [1 - f( x) - g ( x) + f( x) ⋅ g ( x)] dx
∫0
∴ k 2 - 7 k + 10 < 0
π π π
⇒ (k - 2 )(k - 5) < 0 = ∫0 1dx - ∫0 [f( x) + g ( x)] dx + ∫0 f( x) ⋅ g ( x) dx
⇒ 2< k< 5 π π
⇒ ∫0 [f( x) + g ( x)] dx = ∫0 1dx = π
 Practice Set 2
Instructions
For instructions refer to Practice Set 1.

1. A survey shows that 63% of the Americans 7. The longest distance of the point (a , 0) from
like cheese whereas 76% like apples. If x % of the curve 2 x 2 + y 2 - 2 x = 0 is given by
the Americans like both cheese and apples, (a) 1 - 2a + a 2 (b) 1 + 2a + 2a 2
then (c) 1 + 2a - a 2 (d) 1 - 2a + 2a 2
(a) x = 39 (b) x = 63
(c) 39 ≤ x ≤ 63 (d) None of these 8. A box contains 15 transistors, 5 of which are
defective. An inspector takes out one
2. The value of a for which the equation transistor at random, examines it for defects
2 (log 3 x )2 - |log 3 x | + a = 0 possess four real and replace it. After it has been replaced
solutions, is another inspector does the same thing and
(a) -2 < a < 0
1
(b) 0 < a <
then so does a third inspector. The
8 probability that atleast one of the inspectors
(c) 0 < a < 5 (d) None of these finds a defective transistor, is equal to
1 8 19 26
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3. The values of constants a andb, so that 27 27 27 27
 x2 + 1  9. The locus of the centre of a circle of radius 2,
lim  - ax - b  = 0 is which rolls on the outside of the circle
xÆ ∞  x +1 
x 2 + y 2 + 3x - 6y - 9 = 0 is
(a) a = 0 and b = 0 (b) a = 2 and b = - 1 (a) x 2 + y 2 + 3x - 6y + 5 = 0
(c) a = - 1 and b = 1 (d) a = 1 and b = - 1 29
(b) x 2 + y 2 + 3x - 6y + =0
4
4. Let f ( x ) = ( x + | x |)| x |. Then, for all x (c) x 2 + y 2 + 3x - 6y - 31 = 0
(a) f is not continuous
(d) x 2 + y 2 + 3x - 6y - 45 = 0
(b) f ′ is differentiable for all x
(c) f ′ is continuous 10. The function f ( x ) = x ax - x 2 , a > 0
(d) None of the above 3a
(a) increases on the interval  0, 
 4
5. If a n andbn are two sequences given by
3a 
1 1 1 1 (b) decreases on the interval  , 0
n n n n  4 
an = ( x )2 + ( y )2
and bn = ( x )2 - ( y )2 for 3a
(c) decreases on the interval  0, 
all n ∈ N . Then, a1 a 2 a 3 ... an is equal to  4
x+y x-y xy 3a 
(a) x - y (b) (c) (d) (d) increases on the interval  ,a 
bn bn bn  4 
11. If a , b and c are unit vectors such that
6. If the tangent to the curve xy + ax + by = 0 at a + b + c = , then the value ofa ⋅ b + b ⋅ c + c ⋅ a
(1, 1) is inclined at an angle tan -1 2 with is
X-axis, then (a) 1 (b) 3
(a) a = 1 and b = 2 (b) a = 1 and b = - 2 3
(c) - (d) None of these
(c) a = - 1 and b = - 2 (d) a = - 1 and b = 2 2
388 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

12. Letα and β be any two positive values of x for 18. The angle between the lines whose direction
which 2 cos x ,|cos x |and 1 - 3 cos x are in 2 cosines are given by 2l - m + 2n = 0,
lm + mn + nl = 0 is
GP. The minimum value of |α - β | is π π
π π (a) (b)
(a) (b) 6 4
3 4 π π
π (c) (d)
(c) (d) None of these 3 2
2
1 x A 
13. If an + 1 = (1 + an ), then 19. If x > 0 and ∫0 [ x] dx = [ x]  2 + B  , where [ ⋅]
2 
 denotes the greatest integer function, then
(1 - a 02 ) 
cos  is equal to (a) A = [x ] - 1 (b) B = - x - [x ]
 a1 a 2 a 3! to ∞ 
  (c) A = [x ] + 1 (d) B = x + [x ]
1
(a) 1 (b) -1 (c) a 0 (d)
a0 20. The area above X-axis, bounded by the line
x = 4 and the curve y = f ( x ), where
14. The number of real solutions of
f ( x ) = x 2 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 and f ( x ) = x , x ≥ 1, is
p
tan -1 { x ( x + 1)} + sin -1 x 2 + x + 1 = is (a) 2 sq units (b) 5 sq units
2 (c) 4 sq units (d) 9 sq units
(a) zero (b) one (c) two (d) infinite
21. The differential equation of family of
15. Axis of a parabola is y = x and vertex and parabolas with foci at the origin and axis
focus are at a distance 2 and 2 2 , along the X-axis, is
2
dy dy
respectively from the origin. Then, equation (a) y   + 2 x   - y = 0
of the parabola is  dx   dx 
2
(a) ( x - y )2 = 8( x + y - 2 ) dy dy
(b) y   + 2 x   + y = 0
(b) ( x + y )2 = 4( x + y - 2 )  dx   dx 
2
(c) ( x - y )2 = 4( x - y - 2 ) dy dy
(c) x   + 2 y   - x = 0
(d) ( x - y )2 = 2 ( x - y + 2 )  dx   dx 
(d) None of the above
16. If a > 2b > 0, then positive value of m for
Directions (Q. Nos. 22-24) Each of these
which y = mx - b 1 + m 2 is a common
questions contains two statements :
tangent to x 2 + y 2 = b 2 and ( x - a )2 + y 2 = b 2 ,
Statement I (Assertion) and Statement II
is (Reason). Each of these questions also has
2b b
(a) (b) four alternative choices, only one of which
a 2 - 4b 2 a - 2b
is the correct answer. You have to select one
2b a 2 - 4b 2 of the codes (a), (b), (c), and (d) given
(c) (d)
a - 2b 2b below.

17. If the axes are rectangular, the distance from (a) Statement I is false, Statement II is true
the point (3, 4, 5) to the point, where the line (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
x - 3 y - 4 z -5 Statement II is a correct explanation for
= = meets the plane Statement I
1 2 2
(c) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
x + y + z = 17, is
Statement II is not a correct explanation for
(a) 1 (b) 2 Statement I
(c) 3 (d) None of these (d) Statement I is true, Statement II is false
Practice Set 2 389

22. Statement I For n ∈ N ,2n > 1 + n 2n - 1 . 27. The minimum number of terms from the
2 1
Statement II GM > HM beginning of the series 20 + 22 + 25 + ...,
3 3
and (AM)(HM) = (GM)2 so that the sum may exceed 1568, is
(a) 25 (b) 27 (c) 29 (d) 28
23. Statement I The sum of the digits in the
tens place of all numbers with the help of 2, 28. If p and q are simple propositions, then
3, 4, 5 taken all at a time is 84. p ⇔~ q is true, when
Statement II The sum of the digits in the (a) p is true and q is true
units place of all numbers formed with the (b) p is false and q is true
help of a1 , a 2 ,... , an taken all at a time is
(c) both p and q are false
(n - 1)!(a 1 + a 2 + ... + an ) (repetition of digits
not allowed). (d) None of the above

24. Let (1 + x )n = C 0 + C 1x + C 2x 2 + ... + C n x n xn n! 2

nπ
Statement I 29. If f ( x ) = cos x cos 4 , then the value of
S = C 0 + (C 0 + C 1 ) + (C 0 + C 1 + C 2 ) 2
nπ
+ ... + (C 0 + C 1 + ... + C n ) = n 2n -1 sin x sin 8
2
n
dn
Statement II ∑ ∑ (C i + C j ) = (n + 1)2n [ f ( x )]x = 0 is equal to
j = 1i < j dx n
(a) 0 (b) 1
x 2 + sin 2 x
25. If f ( x ) = ∫ sec 2x dx f (0) = 0, then (c) –1 (d) 2
1 + x2
f (1) is equal to 30. The image of the pointP( 3 , 5) with respect to
π π the line y = x is the pointQ and the image of
(a) -1 (b) 1 -
4 4 Q with respect to the line y = 0 is the point
π
(c) tan1 - (d) None of these R (a ,b ), then (a ,b ) is equal to
4
(a) (5, 3)
 12 x  (b) (5, – 3)
26. For all real values of x , 2 is
4x + 9 (c) (– 5, 3)
(a) ≤1 (b) ≤ 2 (d) None of the above
(c) >1 (d) > 2

Answers
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (a)
11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (a) 16. (a) 17. (c) 18. (d) 19. (a) 20. (b)
21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (b) 24. (d) 25. (c) 26. (a) 27. (c) 28. (b) 29. (a) 30. (b)
 Solutions
1. Let A and B denote the set of Americans who like  x2 + 1 
3. Given that, lim  - ax - b  = 0
cheese and apple, respectively. xÆ ∞  x+1 
∴ n( A) = 63, n(B) = 76 ( x2 + 1) - (ax + b )( x + 1)
⇒ lim =0
We know that, n( A ∪ B) = n( A) + n(B) - n( A ∩ B) xÆ ∞ x+1
⇒ n( A ∪ B) = 63 + 76 - n( A ∩ B) x2 (1 - a) - (a + b )x - b + 1
⇒ n( A ∩ B) = 139 - n( A ∪ B) ⇒ lim =0
xÆ ∞ x+1
But n( A ∪ B) ≤ 100 (b - 1)
⇒ - n( A ∪ B) ≥ - 100 x(1 - a) - (a + b ) -
⇒ lim x =0
⇒ 139 - n( A ∪ B) ≥ 139 - 100 = 39 xÆ ∞ 1
1+
⇒ 39 ≤ n( A ∩ B) …(i) x
Again, A ∩ B Õ A and A ∩ B Õ B which is possible, if
∴ n( A ∩ B) ≤ n( A) = 63 1 - a = 0 and a + b = 0
and n( A ∩ B) ≤ n(B) = 76 ⇒ a = 1 and b = -1
∴ n( A ∩ B) ≤ 63 …(ii)
Then, 39 ≤ n( A ∩ B) ≤ 63
4. Given that, f( x) = ( x + | x|)| x|
[from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]  ( x + x)x, if x ≥ 0
=
∴ 39 ≤ x ≤ 63 ( x - x)(- x), if x < 0
2. Case I If log 3 x ≥ 0 ⇒ x ≥ 1 2 x2 , if x ≥ 0
=
From given equation
 0, if x < 0
2(log 3 x)2 - log 3 x + a = 0 Y
For real solution y = 2x2 , ∀ x ≥ 0
(-1)2 - 4 ⋅ 2 ⋅ a > 0
1
∴ a< …(i) y = 0, ∀ x < 0
8
X′ X
Case II If log 3 x < 0 O
∴ x<1
From given equation
2(log 3 x)2 + log 3 x + a = 0 Y′
For real solution It is clear from the figure that f( x) is continuous
everywhere.
(1)2 - 4 ⋅ 2 ⋅ a > 0
4 x, if x ≥ 0
1 Now, f ′ ( x) = 
∴ a< …(ii)  0, if x < 0
8
Y
From equation y = 4x
-1 ± 1 - 8a
log 3 x = [here, log 3 x < 0]
4
-1 ± 1 - 8a X′ X
⇒ <0 ⇒ -1 ± 1 - 8a < 0 O
4
⇒ 1 - 8a < 1 [taking, + ve sign]
∴ a> 0 …(iii) Y′
1 It is clear from the figure that f ′( x) is continuous
Hence, from Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get 0 < a < .
8 everywhere but not differentiable at x = 0.
Practice Set 2 391

n n
5. Given that, an = x1/ 2 + y1/ 2 On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
n n dS
and bn = x1/ 2 - y1/ 2 2S = - 2 x + 2 (1 - a)
dx
n n n n
Now, an bn = ( x1/ 2 + y1/ 2 )( x1/ 2 - y1/ 2 ) For S to be maximum,
dS
=0
n n dx
⇒ an bn = ( x1/ 2 )2 - ( y1/ 2 )2
⇒ -2 x + 2 (1 - a) = 0
1 1
n-1 n-1 ⇒ x = 1- a
⇒ an bn = x 2 - y2
d 2S
⇒ an bn = bn - 1 …(i) It can be easily checked that 2 < 0
dx
(a1a2 . . . an ) for x = 1 - a.
∴ a1a2 . . . an = bn
bn Hence, S is maximum for x = 1 - a.
(a a . . . an - 1 )(an bn )
= 1 2 On putting x = 1 - a in Eq. (i), we get
bn
a1a2 . . . an - 1bn - 1 S = 1 - 2 a + 2 a2
= [from Eq. (i)]
bn 8. Probability of defective transistors = 5 = 1
a a . . . bn - 2 15 3
= 1 2 and probability of non-defective transistors
bn
1 2
… … … … … … = 1- =
3 3
… … … … … …
ab b ∴ Required probability
x- y
⇒ a1a2 . . . an = 1 1 = 0 = = 1 - P (none of the defective transistors)
bn bn bn
2 2 2
= 1- × ×
6. The point (1, 1) lies on the curve 3 3 3
xy + ax + by = 0 …(i) 8 19
= 1- =
∴ a + b = -1 …(ii) 27 27
On differentiating Eq. (i) w.r.t. x, we get 9. Let C 2 (h, k ) be the coordinates of the centre of the
dy dy circle which rolls on the outside of the circle.
x + y+ a+ b =0
dx dx Then, C1C 2 = r1 + r2
 dy   a + 1 2
⇒   =-  …(iii)  h + 3  + (k - 3)2 = 9 + 2
 dx  ( 1, 1)  b + 1 ∴  
 2 2
Since, the tangent makes an angle tan-1 2 with
X-axis, therefore slope of the tangent is 2. r2
 a + 1 C2 (h, k)
∴ 2=- 
 b + 1
⇒ a + 2b = - 3 …(iv) r1
On solving Eqs. (ii) and (iv), we get
C1 (–3/2, 3)
a=1
and b = -2 x2 + y2 + 3x _ 6y _ 9 = 0
7. Let ( x, y) be the point on the curve
2
2 x2 + y2 - 2 x = 0. Then, its distance from (a, 0) is 9 13
⇒ h2 + k 2 + 3h - 6k + + 9 =  
given by S = ( x - a)2 + y2 4 2
⇒ S = x2 - 2 ax + a2 + 2 x - 2 x2
2 ⇒ h2 + k 2 + 3h - 6k - 31 = 0
2 2
[using, 2 x + y - 2 x = 0] Hence, locus of (h, k ) is
⇒ 2 2
S = - x + 2 x(1 - a) + a 2
…(i) x2 + y2 + 3 x - 6 y - 31 = 0
392 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

sin θ  
10. Given, f( x) = x ax - x2 , a > 0 n   2 r - 1  
1 = lim Π  
∴ f ′ ( x) = x ⋅ ⋅ ( a - 2 x) + ax - x2 ⋅ 1
2
nÆ ∞ r =1
 2 sin θ  
2 ax - x   2 r  
(3a - 4 x2 ) - 4 x( x - 3a/4)  θ
sin 
θ
sin 2 
θ
sin n -1  
= =  sinθ 2 2  2  
2 ax - x2 2 ax - x2 = lim  ⋅ ⋅ ... 
nÆ ∞
2 sin θ  2 sin θ  2 sin θ  2 sin θ  
For f ′ ( x) > 0 [increasing] 2 3 n
 2 2  2   2  
Then, x ∈(0, 3a/4) and for f ′( x) < 0 [decreasing]  
Then, x ∈ (- ∞, 0) ∪ (3a/4, ∞ )  
 
11. Given that, a +b+ c = 0  
 sinθ  sinθ sinθ
= lim  = =
∴ (a + b + c )2 = 0 θ
nÆ ∞ n 
 2 sin    θ(1) θ
⇒ |a| +|b| +|c |2 + 2 (a ⋅ b + b⋅ c + c ⋅ a ) = 0
2 2   2n  θ 
⋅ n
  θ 2 
⇒2 (a ⋅ b + b⋅ c + c ⋅ a ) = - [(1)2 + (1)2 + (1)2 ]   2 
  2  
3
⇒ a ⋅b + b⋅c + c ⋅a = -  
2  (1 - a0 ) 
2  sinθ 
∴ cos  = cos  = cosθ = a0
12. Since, 2cos x,|cos x| and 1 - 3cos 2 x are in GP.  a a a !∞ 
 1 2 3   sinθ 
 θ 
∴ cos 2 x = 2 cos x(1 - 3cos 2 x)
π
⇒ cos x (6cos 2 x + cos x - 2 ) = 0 14. " tan-1 { x( x + 1)} + sin-1 x2 + x + 1 =
2
⇒ cos x = 0 1 π
⇒ cos -1 = - sin-1 x2 + x + 1
and (2 cos x - 1)(3cos x + 2 ) = 0 ( x2 + x)2 + 1 2
1 2
⇒ cos x = 0, and - 1
2 3 ⇒ cos -1 = cos -1 x2 + x + 1
π ( x2 + x)2 + 1
Hence, the two smallest positive values of x are
3 1
π ⇒ = x2 + x + 1
and . ( x2 + x)2 + 1
2
π π π ⇒ 1 = ( x2 + x + 1){( x2 + x)2 + 1}
∴ |α - β| = - =
2 3 6
⇒ ( x2 + x)3 + ( x2 + x)2 + ( x2 + x) + 1 = 1
1 + a0
13. " a1 = ⇒ ( x2 + x)[( x2 + x)2 + ( x2 + x) + 1] = 0
2
⇒ x2 + x = 0
Put a0 = cosθ
θ ∴ x = 0 and - 1
∴ a1 = cos 
2
15. Since, distance of vertex from origin is 2 and focus
1 + a1 θ
a2 = = cos 2  is 2 2, here a = 2.
2 2 
Y
∴ a1 a2 a3 ! to ∞ = lim a1 a2 a3 ! an
nÆ ∞ y=x
n
P
= lim Π ar F (2, 2)
nÆ ∞ r =1
n
M
a
= lim Π cos n  N
nÆ ∞ r =1 2  V (1, 1) x+y–2=0
2 sin θ  ⋅ cos θ  X′ X
n   r  r  O
 2  2 
= lim Π  
nÆ ∞ r =1
  θ  
2 sin r 
 2   Y′
∴ V(1, 1) and F(2 , 2 ) i.e., axis lies on y = x.
Practice Set 2 393

Length of latusrectum = 4a = 4 2 16. Given, y = mx - b 1 + m2 touches both the circles,

By definition of parabola, PM 2 = (4 a)(PN)
so its distance from centre = Radius of circle.
where, PN is length of perpendicular upon line NV. |ma - 0 - b 1 + m2|
x+ y-2 = 0 ∴ =b
m2 + 1
( x - y)2 x + y - 2
⇒ = 4 2  
2  2  |- b 1 + m2|
and =b
∴ ( x - y)2 = 8( x + y - 2 ) 1 + m2
Alternate Solution ⇒ |ma - b 1 + m2| = | - b 1 + m2|
Given that the axis of parabola is y = x and vertex
and focus are at distance 2 and 2, respectively ⇒ m2 a2 - 2 abm 1 + m2 + b 2 (1 + m2 )
form the origin. = b 2 (1 + m2 )
Y
y)

y=x ma - 2 b 1 + m2 = 0
,

⇒
P(x

F ⇒ m2 a2 = 4b 2 (1 + m2 )
√2 2b
⇒ m=
2
2√

V a - 4b 2
2

M √2
17. Given line is
X′ O X x-3 y-4 z-5
= = =r [say]
C 1 2 2
Any point on the line is (r + 3, 2 r + 4, 2 r + 5), it lies
Y′
on the plane x + y + z = 17.
Now draw VC ⊥ OX, then since V is the vertex of ∴ (r + 3) + (2 r + 4) + (2 r + 5) = 17
parabola whose axis is y = x.
⇒ r =1
∴Let the coordinates of V be (a, a) . Then, in right
angled ∆OVC, by applying Pythagoras theorem, we Thus, the point of intersection of the plane and the
get vertex of parabola is (1, 1.) line is (4, 6, 7).
Similarly, coordinates of focus are F (2, 2 ). ∴ Required distance
= Distance between (3, 4, 5) and (4, 6, 7)
Since, directrix is perpendicular to the axis of
parabola. = (4 - 3)2 + (6 - 4)2 + (7 - 5)2
∴Equation of directrix is x + y + k = 0 = 1+ 4 + 4 = 3
Also, this equation will pass through the origin
18. The given equations are
(since, V is the mid-point of the focus and foot of the
directrix) 2 l - m + 2 n = 01 and lm + mn + nl = 0
"Equation of directrix will become On eliminating m from the given equation, we get
x+ y=0 2 (l + n)2 + nl = 0 [" m = 2 l + 2 n]
Let P ( x, y) be any point on the parabola ⇒ (2 l + n) (l + 2 n) = 0
Now, by the definition of parabola, ⇒ n = - 2l
|PM| = |PF| ⇒ m = - 2l
x+ y or l = - 2n
⇒ = ( x - 2 )2 + ( y - 2 )2
2 ⇒ m = - 2n
⇒ ( x + y)2 = 2 ( x - 2 )2 + 2 ( y - 2 )2 ∴The direction ratios are(1, - 2, - 2 ) and (- 2, - 2, 1.)
⇒ x + y + 2 xy = 2 x2 + 8 - 8 x + 2 y2 + 8 - 8 y
2 2 Also, 1 (- 2 ) + (- 2 ) (- 2 ) + (- 2 ) × 1
= -2+ 4-2 = 0
⇒ 8 x + 8 y - 16 = x2 + y2 - 2 xy
∴Lines are perpendicular.
⇒ ( x - y)2 = 8 ( x + y - 2 ) π
So, angle between them is .
which is the required equation of parabola. 2
394 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

AM GM
19. Let [ x] = l , then x = l + k, 0≤ k < 1 22. " = >1
x l + k
GM HM
∴ ∫0 [ x] dx = ∫0 [ x] dx ∴ AM > GM
2 n -1
1 2 l 1 + 2 + 2 + ... + 2
[ x] dx + [ x] dx + . . . + ⇒ > (1⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 2 ... 2 n - 1 )1/ n
= ∫0 ∫1 ∫ l - 1 [ x] dx n
l + k
+ [ x] dx 1⋅ (2 n - 1)
∫l 2 -1
= 0 + 1 + 2 + . . . + (l - 1) + l ⋅ k ⇒ > {21 + 2 + 3 + . . . + ( n - 1) }1/ n
1 n
= (l - 1) l + lk 1/ n
2  ( n - 1) n 
1 = 2 2 
= [ x]([ x] - 1) + [ x]( x - [ x])  
2
1
= [ x]  ([ x] - 1) + ( x - [ x]) ⇒ (2 n - 1) > n ⋅ 2( n - 1)/ 2
2 
⇒ 2n > 1 + n 2n - 1
∴ A = [ x] - 1 and B = x - [ x]
1 4 23. Sum of the digits in the tens place
20. The required area = ∫ x2 dx + ∫1 x dx
0 = Sum of the digits in the units place
Y = (4 - 1)! (2 + 3 + 4 + 5)
y = √x
= 6 ⋅ 14 = 84
(1, 1) Hence, both the statements are true and Statement
y = x2 II is the correct explanation for Statement I.
X′ X
O 24. S can be written as
x=1 x=4 S = nC 0 + (n - 1) C1 + (n - 2 ) C 2
+ ... + 1⋅ C n -1 + 0C n …(i)
Y′ Using C r = C n - r , Eq. (i) can be written as
1 4
 x3   2 x3 / 2 
=  +  S = 0C1 + 1⋅ C1 + 2C 2

 3  0  3 1 + ... + (n - 1)C n -1 + nC n …(ii)
1 2 On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
= + (8 - 1) = 5 sq units
3 3 2S = n [C 0 + C1 + C 2 + ... + C n ] = n ⋅ 2 n
21. Let the directrix be x = - 2 a and latusrectum be 4a.  n n n

" ∑ C r = 2 
Then, the equation of the parabola is distance from  r = 0 
focus = Distance from directrix
⇒ S = n ⋅ 2 n -1
∴ x2 + y2 = (2 a + x)2
⇒ Statement I is true.
⇒ y2 = 4a (a + x) … (i)
n
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get Also, in the expression ∑ ∑ (C i + C j ), each
dy 1 dy j =1 i < j
y = 2a ⇒ a = y
dx 2 dx C i ⋅ (0 ≤ i ≤ n) occurs exactly n times.
On putting the value of a in Eq. (i), we get n n
Thus, ∑ ∑ (C i + C j ) = n ∑ C k
dy  y dy
y2 = 2 y  + x j =1 i < j k =0
dx  2 dx 
n
2 = n⋅2
dy dy
⇒ y   + 2 x   - y = 0 ⇒ Statement II is false.
 dx   dx 
Practice Set 2 395

2 2
25. Given that, f( x) = ∫ ( x + sin2 x)sec 2 x dx 28. p ⇔ ~ q is true, iff p, ~ q are both true or both false.
1+ x
i.e., iff either pis true and q is false or p is false and q
x2 + (1 - cos 2 x) 2 is true.
= ∫ ⋅ sec x dx
1 + x2
n! n! 2
 1 
= ∫  sec 2 x -  dx nπ  nπ
 1 + x2  dn cos  x +  cos 4
29. [ f ( x )] =  2  2
= tan x - tan-1 x + c dxn
nπ  nπ
sin  x +  sin 8
" f(0) = 0 ⇒ c = 0  2  2
∴ f( x) = tan x - tan-1 x
n! n! 2
π
⇒ f(1) = tan 1 - tan-1 1 = tan 1 - n nπ nπ
4 d
⇒ [f( x)]x = 0 = cos 2 cos 2 4
12 x dxn
26. Let = y
sin
nπ
sin
nπ
8
4 x2 + 9 2 2
∴ 4 yx2 - 12 x + 9 y = 0
=0 [since, C1 and C 2 are identical]
For real values of x, D≥ 0
∴ (12 )2 - 4 ⋅ 4 y ⋅ 9 y ≥ 0 30. Let Q( x1, y1 ) be the image of the point P(3, 5) with
respect to the line y = x.
⇒ 1 - y2 ≥ 0 ⇒ y2 < 1
Y
 12 x  P (3, 5) y = x
⇒ | y| ≤ 1 ⇒  2 ≤ 1
4 x + 9

27. Given, series 20 + 22 2 + 25 1 + . . . is an AP. Q (5, 3)

3 3
2 68 8 X′ X
Here, a = 20, d = 22 - 20 = - 20 = O
3 3 3
R (a, b)
Since, S n > 1568
n 8 Y′
⇒ 40 + (n - 1)  > 1568
2  3  Then, x1 = 5
n 112 + 8n and y1 = 3
⇒ ⋅ > 1568
2 3 ∴ Q = (5, 3)
6 Since, the image of the point Q(5, 3) w.r.t. the line
⇒ n2 + 14n > × 1568 = 1176 y = 0 is (a, b ).
8
∴ a=5
⇒ n2 + 14n - 1176 > 0
and b= -3
⇒ (n + 42 )(n - 28) > 0 ∴ (a, b ) = (5, - 3)
As n is positive, so we take n - 28 > 0 i.e., n > 28.
Hence, minimum value of n is 29.
 Practice Set 3
Instructions
For instructions refer to Practice Set 1.

1 1
1. The range of the function f ( x ) = x 2 + (c)
2
x +1 a 2 cos2 x - b 2 sin 2 x
1
is (d)
(a) [1, ∞ ) (b) [2 , ∞ ) a 2 cos2 x + b 2 sin 2 x
3
(c)  , ∞  (d) None of these 2 2
 2  6. An ellipse of eccentricity is inscribed in
3
 2
2. If f ( x ) =  a2 x + b ,b ≠ 0, x ≤ 1
, then f ( x )
a circle and a point within the circle is
chosen at random. The probability that this
bx + ax + c , x>1
point lies outside the ellipse, is
is continuous and differentiable at x = 1, if 1 2 1 2
(a) c = 0, a = 2 b (b) a = b , c ∈ R (a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 9 9
(c) a = b , c = 0 (d) a = b , c ≠ 0
7. The points representing complex number z
3. There is a point P (a , a , a )on the line passing for which| z - 3| = | z - 5| lie on the locus given
through the origin and equally inclined with by
axes. The equation of the plane (a) an ellipse (b) a circle
perpendicular to OP and passing through P (c) a straight line (d) None of these
cuts the intercepts on axes, the sum of
whose reciprocals is 8. The value of α, for which the equation
2a 4
(a) (b) a x 2 - (sin α - 2 ) x - (1 + sin α ) = 0 has roots
3 3
1 1
whose sum of square is least, is
(c) (d) π π π π
a 3a (a) (b) (c) (d)
3 4 2 6
4. If a circle passes through the point (1, 2) and
cuts the circle x 2 + y 2 = 4 orthogonally, then
9. For n ∈ N , 10n - 2 ≥ 81n, if
(a) n > 5 (b) n ≥ 5
the equation of the locus of its centre is (c) n < 5 (d) n > 8
(a) x 2 + y 2 - 3x - 8y + 1 = 0
(b) x 2 + y 2 - 2 x - 6y - 7 = 0 10. The two consecutive terms in the expansion
(c) 2 x + 4y - 9 = 0 of ( 3 + 2 x ) 74 whose coefficients are equal,
(d) 2 x + 4y - 1 = 0 are
1 (a) 11, 12 (b) 7, 8
5. If ∫ f ( x ) sin x cos x dx = 2 2 (c) 30, 31 (d) None of these
2 (b - a )
1 1+2 1 + 2 + ... + n
log [ f ( x )] + C , then f ( x ) is equal to 11. Let Sn = 3
+ 3 3
+ ...+ ;
(a)
1 1 1 +2 1 + 2 3 + ... + n 3
3

a 2 sin 2 x + b 2 cos2 x n = 1, 2 , 3 ,... . Then, Sn is not greater than

1 1
(b) (a) (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4
a 2 sin 2 x - b 2 cos2 x 2
Practice Set 3 397

12. The number of ways of choosing 10 balls 3 3

18. If cos θ = - and sin α = - , where θ does
from infinite white, red, blue and green balls 2 5
is not lie in the third quadrant, then
(a) 84 (b) 90 (c) 100 (d) 286 2 tan α + 3 tan θ
is equal to
 2 cot 2 θ + cos α
cos θ sin θ
13. If E (θ) =  cos θ  and θ and φ (a)
7
(b)
5
cos θ sin θ sin 2 θ  22 22
π 9 22
differ by an odd multiple of ,then E (θ ) E ( φ ) (c) (d)
2 22 5
is a
(a) unit matrix (b) null matrix 19. The smallest positive x satisfying the
(c) diagonal matrix (d) None of these equation log cos x sin x + log sin x cos x = 2 is
π π
(a) (b)
14. A parabola is drawn with its focus at ( 3, 4) 2 3
π π
and vertex at the focus of the parabola (c) (d)
4 6
y 2 - 12 x - 4y + 4 = 0. The equation of the
parabola is 20. A parallelogram is constructed on the
Æ Æ Æ Æ Æ Æ
(a) y 2 - 8x - 6y + 25 = 0 (b) y 2 - 6x + 8y - 25 = 0 vectors a = 3α - β , b = α + 3 β , if | α | = | β | = 2
2 2
(c) x - 6x - 8y + 25 = 0 (d) x + 6x - 8y - 25 = 0 Æ Æ π
and angle between α and β is , then length
3
15. If p , p ′ denote the lengths of the of a diagonal of the parallelogram is
perpendiculars from the focus and the (a) 4 5 (b) 4 3
centre of an ellipse with semi-major axis of (c) 4 17 (d) None of these
length a, respectively on a tangent to the
ellipse and r denotes the focal distance of Directions (Q. Nos. 21-23) Each of these
the point, then questions contains two statements :
(a) ap ′ = rp + 1 (b) rp = ap ′ Statement I (Assertion) and Statement II
(c) ap = rp ′ + 1 (d) ap = rp ′ (Reason). Each of these questions also has
four alternative choices, only one of which
16. Area of a triangle with vertices (a ,b ),( x1 , y1 ) is the correct answer. You have to select one
and( x 2 , y 2 ), wherea , x1 and x 2 are in GP with of the codes (a), (b), (c), (d) given below.
common ratio r and b , y1 and y 2 are in GP
with common ratio s, is given by (a) Statement I is false, Statement II is true
1 (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
(a) ab(r - 1 )( s - 1 )( s - r ) Statement II is a correct explanation of
2
1 Statement I
(b) ab(r + 1 )( s + 1 )( s - r )
2 (c) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
(c) ab(r - 1 )( s - 1 )( s - r ) Statement II is not a correct explanation of
(d) None of the above Statement I
(d) Statement I is true, Statement II is false
17. The equation of perpendicular bisectors of 21. Statement I If both roots of the equation
sides AB and AC of a ∆ABC are x - y + 5 = 0 4x 2 - 2 x + a = 0, a ∈R lie in the interval
and x + 2 y = 0, respectively. If the 1
coordinates of vertex A are (1, –2), the (–1, 1), then -2 < a ≤ .
4
equation of BC is
(a) 14x + 23y - 40 = 0 (b) 14x - 23y + 40 = 0 Statement II If f ( x ) = 4x 2 - 2 x + a , then
1
(c) 23x + 14y - 40 = 0 (d) 23x - 14y + 40 = 0 D ≥ 0, f ( -1) > 0 and f (1) > 0 ⇒ -2 < a ≤ .
4
398 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

22. Statement I The equation 27. If f ( x ) = x 3 + bx 2 + cx + d and 0 < b 2 < C , then

sin (cos x ) = cos (sin x ) does not possess real in ( - ∞ , ∞ )
roots. (a) f ( x ) is strictly increasing function
Statement II If sin x > 0, then (b) f ( x ) has a local maxima
2nπ < x < (2n + 1),n ∈I . (c) f ( x ) is strictly decreasing function
(d) f ( x ) is bounded
23. Statement I If a ,b , c are distinct and x , y , z
are not all zero and ax + by + cz = 0, d
28. sin -1 ( x 1 - x + x 1 - x 2 ) is equal to
bx + cy + az = 0 and cx + ay + bz = 0, then dx
a + b + c = 0. 1 1
(a) - -
2x 1 - x 1 - x2
Statement II a 2 + b 2 + c 2 > ab + bc + ca , if
1 1
a ,b , c are distinct. (b) -
2 x 1- x 1 - x2
24. The value of c, so that for all real x , the (c)
1
+
1
vectors c x i - 6 j + 3 k , x i + 2 j + 2 cx k make 2 x 1- x 1 - x2
an obtuse angle, is 1 1
4 (d) - +
(a) c < 0 (b) 0 < c < 2 x 1- x 1 - x2
3
4
(c) - <c <0 (d) c > 0  1 sin θ 1 
3
29. 
Let A = - sin θ 1 sin θ ,
 
25. The solution of the equation  -1 - sin θ 1 
where 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2 π. Then, the range of | A | is
dy  2 dy 
y -x =a  y +  is (a) 0 (b) {2, 4}
dx  dx 
(c) [2, 4] (d) None of these
(a) y = c ( x + a )(1 - ay ) (b) y = c ( x + a )(1 + ay )
(c) y = c ( x - a )(1 + ay ) (d) None of these 30. The negation of the compound proposition
p ∨ (~ p ∨ q ) is
26. The area common to the circle (a) (p ∧ ~ q )∨ ~ p
x 2 + y 2 = 16a 2 and the parabola y 2 = 6ax is (b) (p ∧ ~ q )∧ ~ p
4a 2 4a 2 (c) (p ∧ ~ q )∨ ~ p
(a) (4π - 3) (b) (4π + 3)
3 3 (d) None of the above
2
4a
(c) (8 π - 3) (d) None of these
3

Answers
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (c)
11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (d) 16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (c) 20. (b)
21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (c) 25. (a) 26. (b) 27. (a) 28. (c) 29. (c) 30. (b)
 Solutions
1
1. ! f( x) = x2 + 4. Let the equation of circle be
x2 + 1
x2 + y2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0
2  1 
∴ f( x) = x +  2 - 1 + 1 Since, this passes through (1, 2).
x +1 
∴ 12 + 2 2 + 2 g (1) + 2 f(2 ) + c = 0
 x2 
= ( x2 + 1) -  2  ⇒ 5 + 2g + 4f + c = 0 …(i)
x + 1 2 2
Also, the circle x + y = 4 intersects the circle
2 1  x2 + y2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 orthogonally.
= 1 + x  1 - 2 
 x + 1 ∴ 2 ( g ⋅ 0 + f ⋅ 0) = c - 4 ⇒ c = 4
≥ 1, ∀x ∈ R On putting the value of c in Eq. (i), we get
Hence, range of f( x) is [1, ∞ ). 2 g + 4f + 9 = 0

2. Given that, Hence, the locus of centre (- g , - f ) is

2 -2 x - 4y + 9 = 0
 ax + b, b ≠ 0, x ≤ 1
f ( x) =  2 or 2 x + 4y - 9 = 0
bx + ax + c, x>1
5. Given that,
 2 ax, b ≠ 0, x ≤ 1
⇒ f ′ ( x) =  1
2 bx + a, x>1 ∫ f( x) sin x cos x dx = 2 (b2 - a2 ) log [f( x)] + C
Since, f( x) is continuous at x = 1.
On differentiating both sides, we get
∴ lim f( x) = lim f( x)
x Æ 1- x Æ 1+ d  log [f( x)] 
f( x) sin x cos x =  2 2
+ C 
⇒ a+ b=b+ a+c dx  2 (b - a ) 
⇒ 5c = 0 1 1
⇒ f( x) sin x cos x = ⋅ f ′ ( x)
Also, f( x) is differentiable at x = 1 2 ( b 2 - a 2 ) f ( x)
∴ LHD at x = 1 = RHD at x = 1 f ′ ( x)
⇒ 2 (b 2 - a2 ) sin x cos x =
⇒ 2 a = 2 b (1) + a [f( x)]2
⇒ a = 2b
On integrating both sides, we get
2 2
3. Now, distance of P from origin, ∫ (2 b sin xcos x - 2 a sin x cos x) dx
OP = a2 + a2 + a2 = a 3 f ′ ( x)
= ∫ [f( x)]2 dx
a a a 1 1 1
DC’s of OP = , , = , , 1
a 3 a 3 a 3 3 3 3 ⇒ - b 2 cos 2 x - a2 sin2 x = -
f ( x)
Let equation of plane be
1
lx + my + nz = p ∴ f ( x) =
a2 sin2 x + b 2 cos 2 x
1 1 1
⇒ x+ y+ z=a 3 2 2
3 3 3 6. Let ellipse be x2 + y 2 = 1. [a > b ]
x y z a b
⇒ + + =1
3a 3a 3a
Intercepts on axes are 3a, 3a, 3a.
So, sum of their reciprocals is
A′ A
1 1 1 1 a c a
S= + + =
3a 3a 3a a
400 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

74
∴Area of ellipse = π ab Cr
+1 3
2 2
⇒ 74
=
= πa 1- e Cr 2
74 - r 3
8 π a2  2 2 ⇒ =
= π a2 1 - = !e = 3  r+1 2
9 3  
⇒ 148 - 2 r = 3 r + 3
Area of circle = π a2 ∴ r = 29
π a2 Hence, two consecutive terms are 30 and 31.
π a2 -
∴Required probability = 3 =2 11. Given that, S n = 13 + 31 + 2 3
2
πa 3 1 1 +2
1+ 2 + 3 + ... + n
7. Given that, | z - 3| = | z - 5| + ... + 3
1 + 2 3 + 33 + . . . + n3
On squaring both sides, we get
1+ 2 + 3 + ... + n Σn
( z - 3)( z - 3) = ( z - 5)( z - 5) Now, Tn = 3 =
1 + 2 3 + 33 + . . . + n3 Σn3
⇒ zz - 3 z - 3 z + 9 = zz - 5 z - 5 z + 25
⇒ 2 z + 2 z = 16 ⇒ z + z = 8 n(n + 1)/2 2 1 1 
= = =2  - 
⇒ 2 x = 8 ⇒ x = 4 [putting z = x + iy] {n(n + 1)/2}2 n(n + 1)  n n + 1
Hence, locus of z is a straight line parallel to Y-axis. ∴ S n = T1 + T2 + . . . + Tn
8. Let the roots of the equation be p and q. 1 1 1 1 1 1 
= 2  -  + 2  -  + . . .+ 2  - 
1 2  2 3  n n + 1
Let S = p2 + q 2
= ( p + q )2 - 2 pq …(i)  1  2  2 
= 2 1 -  =2 - ≤2 ! n + 1 ≤ 1
 n + 1 n+1  
Given equation is
x2 - (sin α - 2 ) x - (1 + sin α ) = 0 12. Required number of ways
∴ p + q = (sin α - 2 ), pq = - (1 + sin α ) = Coefficient of x10 in(1 + x + x2 + . . .)4
From Eq. (i), we get  1 
4
S = (sin α - 2 )2 + 2 (1 + sin α ) = Coefficient of x10 in  
1 - x
= sin2 α - 4 sin α + 4 + 2 + 2 sin α
= sin2 α - 2 sin α + 6 =Coefficient of x10 in (1 - x)- 4
= (sin α - 1)2 + 5 = Coefficient of x10 in
This is least when sin α - 1 = 0 (1 + 4C1 x + 5C 2 x2 + . . . + 13
C10 x10 + . . .)
π
∴ α= 13 ⋅ 12 ⋅ 11
2 = 13C10 = = 286
3⋅2 ⋅ 1
9. Let P (n) : 10n - 2 ≥ 81n Alternate Solution
For n = 4,102 ≥/ 81 × 4 The required number of solution = Number of
For n = 5,103 ≥ 81 × 5 non-negative integral solution of the equation
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 10
Hence, by mathematical induction for n ≥ 5, the
proposition is true. where, x1 = number of white balls
x2 = number of red balls
10. General term of (3 + 2 x)74 is x3 = number of blue balls
74
Tr +1 = C r (3)74 - r 2 r xr x4 = number of green balls
Let two consecutive terms be Tr + 1th and Tr + 2 th
Now, the number of non-negative integral solution
terms. of x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 10 =10 + 4 - 1 C 4 - 1
According to the given condition, 13 ⋅ 12 ⋅ 11
=13 C 3 =
Coefficient of Tr + 1 = Coefficient of Tr + 2 3⋅2 ⋅1
74
⇒ C r 374 - r 2 r = 74
Cr + 13
74 - ( r + 1) r + 1
2 = 286
Practice Set 3 401

 2
cos θ sin θ Again, r = SP = a(1 - e cos θ)
13. Given that, E(θ) =  cos θ 
cos θ sin θ sin2 θ  ∴ ap =
a - ae cos θ
= rp′
 cos θ 2
cos θ sin θ cos 2 θ sin2 θ
∴ E(θ) E(φ) =  +
sin2 θ 
 a2 b2
cos θ sin θ
 cos 2 φ cos φ sin φ
16. Since, a, x1, x2 are in GP with common ratio r.
×
sin2 φ 
 ∴ x1 = ar, x2 = ar 2
cos φsin φ
cos 2 θcos 2 φ + cos θ sin θ cos φ sin φ Also, b, y1, y2 are in GP with common ratio s.
= 2 2 ∴ y1 = bs, y2 = bs 2
 cos θ sin θcos φ + sin θ cos φ sin φ
cos 2 θ cos φ sin φ + cos θ sin θ sin2 φ The area of triangle is given by
 a b 1 a b 1
cos θ sin θ cos φ sin φ + sin2 θ sin2 φ  1 1
∆= x1 y1 1 = ar bs 1
2 2
cos θcos φ cos (θ - φ) cos θ sin φcos(θ - φ) x2 y2 1 ar 2 bs 2 1
= 
 cos φ sin θcos (θ - φ) sin θsin φ cos (θ - φ) 1 1 1
1
cos θ cos φ cos (2 n + 1) π cos θ sin φ cos(2 n + 1) π  = ab r s 1
2
= 2 2 r2 s2 1
 π π
 cos φ sin θ cos (2 n + 1) sin θ sin φ cos (2 n + 1) 
Applying C1 Æ C1 - C 3 and C 2 Æ C2 - C3 ,
2 2
 0 0 we get
= !cos (2 n + 1) π = 0
   0 0 1
 0 0 2
1
∆ = ab r - 1 s - 1 1
14. Given equation can be rewritten as 2
r 2 - 1 s2 - 1 1
( y - 2 )2 = 12 x
0 0 1
Here, vertex and foci are (0, 2) and (3, 2). 1
⇒ ∆= ab(r - 1)(s - 1) 1 1 1
So, vertex of the required parabola is (3, 2) and focus 2
is (3, 4). The axis of symmetry is x = 3 and latusrectum r+1 s+1 1
= 4 ⋅ 2 = 8. 1
∴ ∆= ab (r - 1)(s - 1)(s - r )
Hence, required equation is 2
( x - 3)2 = 8( y - 2 )
⇒ x2 - 6 x - 8 y + 25 = 0 17. Let B( x1, y1 ) and C( x2 , y2 ) be two vertices and
x1 + 1 y1 - 2 
2 2 P  ,  lies on perpendicular bisector
15. Tangent to the ellipse x2 + y 2 = 1 at (a cos θ, b sin θ)  2 2 
a b
is x- y+ 5=0
x y x1 + 1 y1 - 2
cos θ + sin θ = 1 …(i) ∴ - = -5
a b 2 2
∴ p = Perpendicular distance from focus ⇒ x1 - y1 = - 13 …(i)
(ae, 0) to the Eq. (i)
A (1, –2)
ae cos θ + 0 - 1
 
1 - e cos θ
= a = …(ii)
cos 2 θ sin2 θ cos 2 θ sin2 θ Q
+ + P
a2 b2 a2 b2
Also, p′ = Perpendicular distance from centre N
(0, 0) to the Eq. (i)
1 B C
= …(iii) M
(x1, y1) (x2, y2)
cos 2 θ sin2 θ
+
a2 b2
402 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Also, PN is perpendicular to AB. ⇒ logcos x sin x = 1

y1 + 2 ⇒ sin x = cos x
∴ × 1= -1
x1 - 1 ⇒ tan x = 1
⇒ y1 + 2 = - x1 + 1 π
⇒ x=
⇒ x1 + y1 = - 1 …(ii) 4
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 20. ! AC = a + b
x1 = - 7, y1 = 6 ∴ |AC| = |a + b|
So, the coordinates of B are (–7, 6). Similarly, the
D C
11 2
coordinates of C are  ,  .
 5 5 a+b
b b
Hence, equation of BC is
2
-6
y-6= 5 ( x + 7) A B
11 a
+7
5 ⇒|AC|2 = |a|2 + |b|2 + 2 a ⋅ b
14 Æ Æ Æ Æ
⇒ y-6=- ( x + 7) ⇒|AC|2 = {|3 α - β|2 +|α + 3 β|2
23
Æ Æ Æ Æ
⇒ 14 x + 23 y - 40 = 0 + 2 (3 α - β ) ⋅ ( α + 3 β )}
Æ Æ Æ Æ Æ Æ Æ Æ
18. Since, cos θ = - 3 < 0 and θ does not lie in third = 9 α 2 + β 2 - 6 α⋅ β + α 2 + 9 β 2 + 6 α⋅ β
2 Æ Æ Æ Æ
+ 6 α 2 - 6 β 2 + 16 α⋅ β
quadrant.
Æ Æ 2 Æ Æ
So, θ must be lying in 2nd quadrant. ⇒ |AC|2 = 16 α 2 + 4 β + 16 α⋅ β
1 Æ Æ π
⇒ tan θ = - ⇒ |AC|2 = 64 + 16 + 16|α ||β | cos
3 3
1
and cot θ = - 3 ⇒ |AC|2 = 64 + 16 + 16 × 2 × 2 ×
3 2
Also, α lies in 3rd quadrant andsin α = -
5 ⇒ |AC|2 = 112
3
∴ tan α = ∴ |AC|= 4 7
4
Similarly, |BD| = |a - b| = 4 3
4
and cos α = -
5 21. Let f( x) = 4 x2 - 2 x + a
3 1
2⋅ - 3⋅ Since, both roots of f( x) = 0 are lie in the interval
2 tan α + 3 tan θ 4 3
∴ = (-1, 1,) we can take
cot 2 θ + cos α 4
3- D ≥ 0, f(-1) > 0 and f(1) > 0
5
3 Consider D ≥ 0,
-1 1
5 (-2 )2 - 4 ⋅ 4 ⋅ a ≥ 0 ⇒ a ≤ …(i)
= 2 =
4 22 4
3-
5 Consider f(-1) > 0,
4(-1)2 - 2 (-1) + a > 0 ⇒ a > - 6 …(ii)
19. Given that, logcos x sin x + logsin x cos x = 2
Consider f(1) > 0,
Let logcos x sin x = y 4(1)2 - 2 (1) + a > 0 ⇒ a > - 2 …(iii)
1
∴ y+ =2 From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
y
1
⇒ ( y - 1)2 = 0 -2 < a ≤
4
⇒ y=1 Hence, option (b) is correct.
Practice Set 3 403

22. Statement I Then, b 2 - 4ac < 0

Since, cos (sin x) = sin (cos x) ∴ (6c )2 - 4c (-12 ) < 0
π
Consider cos (sin x) = cos  - cos x ⇒ 3c 2 + 4c < 0
2 
π 4
⇒ 
sin x = 2 nπ ±  - cos x , n ∈ I ⇒ 3c  c +  < 0
2   3
 1 4
⇒ sin x ± cos x =  2 n ±  π ⇒ - <c< 0
 2 3
On squaring both sides, we get dy dy
2
25. Given that, y- x = a  y2 + 
1 dx  dx 
1 ± sin 2 x =  2 n ±  π2
 2 dy
⇒ (a + x) = y - ay2
1
2 dx
⇒ |sin 2 x| =  2 n ±  π2 - 1 dy dx
 2 ⇒ ∫ y(1 - ay) = ∫ a + x
2
But 2 n ± 1  π 2 > 2 for all n ∈ I
  1 a  dx
 2 ⇒ ∫  y + 1 - ay  dy = ∫ a + x
So,|sin 2 x| > 1 which is not possible.
⇒ log y - log (1 - ay) = log (a + x) + log c
Hence, the given equation does not possess real ⇒ log y = log (1 - ay)(a + x)c
roots. ⇒ y = c (1 - ay)(a + x)
Statement II Since, sin x > 0
26. The point of intersection of circle
⇒ 2 nπ < x < (2 n + 1) π, n ∈ I x2 + y2 = 16 a2
Hence, option (c) is correct.
a b c Y

23. Let ∆= b c a
P
c a b

= - (a3 + b 3 + c 3 - 3abc ) X′
O M
X
A (4a, 0)
2 2 2
= - (a + b + c )(a + b + c - ab - bc - ca)
Q
=0 [! a + b + c = 0]
and a2 + b 2 + c 2 - ab - bc - ca Y′
1
= {(a - b )2 + (b - c )2 + (c - a)2 } > 0 and parabola, y2 = 6ax is
2
Hence, option (b) is correct. x2 + 6 ax - 16 a2 = 0
⇒ ( x + 8 a)( x - 2 a) = 0
24. For obtuse angle,
⇒ x = 2 a, y = ± 2 3 a
(cxi - 6 j + 3k ) ⋅ ( xi + 2 j + 2c xk ) < 0
The required common area, A = 2[ APOA]
⇒ c x2 - 12 + 6c x < 0 2a 4a
= 2∫ y dx + 2 ∫ y dx
⇒ c x2 + 6c x - 12 < 0 0 2a
2a 4a
We know that, if = 2∫ 6a x dx + 2 ∫ (4a)2 - x2 dx
0 2a
ax2 + bx + c > 0 or < 0, ∀x
404 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

2a
2
= 2 6a  x3 / 2  28. d {sin-1 ( x 1 - x + x 1 - x2 )}
 3  0 dx
4a d
x 1 x = sin-1 {( x 1 - ( x )2 + x 1 - x2 )}
+2 (4a)2 - x2 + (4a)2 sin-1 dx
 2 2 4a  2 a
!sin-1 A + sin-1 B 
2  
= 2 ⋅ 6a (2 a)3 / 2
3  = sin-1 ( A 1 - B2 + B 1 - A 2 )
 1 
+ 2 (0 - 2 a 3a) + 8a2  sin-1 1 - sin-1  d
  2   ∴ {sin-1 ( x 1 - ( x )2 + x 1 - x2 )}
dx
4  π π 
= 2 ⋅ 2 3 ⋅ a2 + 2 -2 3a2 + 8a2  -  =
d
(sin-1 x + sin-1 x )
3  2 6   dx
16 π 1 1
= 3a2 - 4 3a2 + 16a2 = +
3 3 1- x 2 2 x 1- x
4 3 2 16 πa2 4a2
= a + = ( 3 + 4π)
3 3 3 1 sin θ 1
29. Since, | A| = - sin θ 1 sin θ
27. Given, f( x) = x3 + bx2 + cx + d
-1 - sin θ 1
⇒ f ′( x) = 3 x2 + 2 bx + c 2
⇒ | A| = 2 (1 + sin θ)
[As we know that, if ax2 + bx + c > 0 for all
Now, 0 ≤ sin2 θ ≤ 1 for all θ ∈[0, 2 π )
x ⇒ a > 0 and D < 0 and in above equation]
Now, D = 4b 2 - 12 c = 4(b 2 - c ) - 8c ⇒ 2 ≤ 2 + 2 sin2 θ ≤ 4 for all θ ∈[0, 2 π )

where, b 2 - c < 0 and c > 0 Hence, the range of| A| is [2, 4].
∴ D = (- ve ) or D < 0 30. ~[ p ∨ (~ p ∨ q )] = ~ p∧ ~(~ p ∨ q )
⇒ f ′( x) = 3 x2 + 2 bx + c > 0 for all x ∈ (- ∞, ∞ )
≡ ~ p ∧ [~(~ p)∧ ~ q ]
[as D < 0 and a > 0] ≡ ~ p ∧ ( p ∧ ~q )
Hence, f( x) is strictly increasing function.
 Practice Set 4
Instructions
For instructions refer to Practice Set 1.

dy 2π
1. If y = |cos x | + |sin x |, then at x = is 7. The shortest distance between the lines
dx 3 r = a + b and r =a +s c is b, c are
1- 3 3 -1 non-collinear)
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) (d)
2 2 (a) 0 (b) b ⋅ c
b⋅c
 100
k
 (c) (d) None of these
 ∑ x  - 100 |a |
k = 1 
2. The value of lim  is 8. Locus of the point which divides double
xÆ1 x -1 x2 y2
(a) - 5050 (b) 0 ordinate of the ellipse 2
+ = 1 in the ratio
a b2
(c) 5050 (d) None of these
1 : 2 internally, is
 sin x , x ≠ nπ
3. Let f ( x ) =  , where n ∈I and x2 9y 2 1 x2 9y 2
(a) - = (b) + =1
 2, x = nπ
a 2
b2
9 a 2
b2
 x 2 + 1, x ≠ 2 9x 2 9y 2
g (x ) =  , (c) + =1 (d) None of these
 3, x =2 a2 b2
then lim g [ f ( x )] is
xÆ 0 9. From any point on the hyperbola
(a) 1 (b) 0 x2 y2
(c) 3 (d) Does not exist - = 1, tangents are drawn to the
a2 b2
4. The intercept made by the tangent to the x2 y2
x hyperbola = 2 . The area cut off by
2
-
curve y = ∫
0
|t | dt , which is parallel to the a b2
the chord of contact on the asymptotes is
line y = 2 x , on X-axis is equal to
equal to
(a) 1 (b) - 2 ab
(c) 2 (d) None of these (a) (b) ab (c) 2ab (d) 4ab
2
1 1
5. If P = x 3 - 3 and Q = x - , x ∈(0, x ), then 10. If A is a skew-symmetric matrix, then trace
x x
P of A is
minimum value of 2 is (a) 1 (b) –1
Q (c) 0 (d) None of these
(a) 2 3 (b) - 2 3
(c) Does not exist (d) None of these 11. The arbitrary constant on which the value of
6. Lines OA and OB are drawn from O with the determinant
direction cosines proportional to 1 α α2
< 1, - 2 , - 1 > and < 3, - 2 , 3 >, respectively. cos (p - d )a cos pa cos (p - d )a
The direction ratios of the normal to the
sin (p - d )a sin pa sin (p - d )a
plane AOB are
(a) < 4, 3 , 2 > (b) < 4, - 3 , - 2 > does not depend, is
(c) < - 4, 3 , - 2 > (d) < 4, 3 , - 2 > (a) α (b) p (c) d (d) a
406 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

12. The total number of permutations of n 18. The value of x in the given equation
1 1
different things taken not more than r at a x- x+
time, where each thing may be repeated any 4x - 3 2 =3 2 - 2 2x - 1 is
number of time, is 4 3
(a) (b)
nr - 1 n(nn - 1 ) 3 2
(a) (b) 2 5
n -1 n -1 (c) (d)
1 3
n(nr - 1 ) n(nr - 1 )
(c) (d)
n -1 r -1 19. The solution set of the inequation
log 1/3 ( x 2 + x + 1) + 1 < 0 is
13. The sum of the first n terms of the series
(a) ( - ∞ , - 2 ) ∪ (1, ∞ ) (b) [-1, 2 ]
1 3 7 15
+ + + + ... is equal to (c) (– 2, 1) (d) ( - ∞ , ∞ )
2 4 8 16
(a) 2n - n + 1 (b) 1 - 2 -n Directions (Q. Nos. 20-22) Each of these
(c) n + 2 - n - 1 (d) 2n - 1 questions contains two statements :
Statement I (Assertion) and Statement II
14. The base of a cliff is circular. From the (Reason). Each of these questions also has
extremities of a diameter of the base, angles four alternative choices, only one of which
of elevation of the top of the cliff are 30° and is the correct answer. You have to select one
60°. If the height of the cliff is 500 m, then the of the codes (a), (b), (c), (d) given below.
diameter of the base of the cliff is
2000 1000 (a) Statement I is false, Statement II is true
(a) m (b) m (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
3 3
Statement II is a correct explanation of
2000
(c) m (d) 1000 3 m Statement I
2
(c) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
Statement II is not a correct explanation of
15. If sin (θ + α ) = a and sin (θ + β ) =b, then Statement I
cos 2 (α - β ) - 4ab cos (α - β ) is equal to (d) Statement I is true, Statement II is false
(a) 1 - a 2 - b 2 (b) 1 - 2a 2 - 2 b 2
2 4( 2 - 1)
(c) 2 + a 2 - b 2 (d) 2 - a 2 - b 2 20. Statement I ∫ 0 f (x )dx = 3
16. The maximum value of  x2, for 0 ≤ x < 1
where, f (x ) = 
 π  π  π  x , for 1 ≤ x < 2
sin  x +  + cos  x +  in the interval 0, 
 6  6  2
Statement II f ( x ) is continuous in [0, 2].
is attained at
π π
(a) x = (b) x = 21. Statement I Remainder when 34562222 is
12 6
π π divided by 7 is 4.
(c) x = (d) x =
3 2 Statement II Remainder when 52222 is
n divided by 7 is 4.
17. If sin 3 x sin 3x = ∑C m cos mx, where
m =0 22. Statement I If f ( x ) = max{| 6 - x 2 |,| x |} the
C 0 ,C 1 ,C 2 ,... ,C n are constants and C n ≠ 0, minimum value of f ( x ), in the interval
then the value of n is [ - 3, 3] is 2.
(a) 1 (b) 0 Statement II The minimum value of f ( x )
(c) 6 (d) 15 attains only at x = 2.
Practice Set 4 407

rα rα
23. If zr = cos + i sin , where r = 1, 2 , 3,... , n, 27. The area enclosed between the curves y = x 3
n2 n2
and y = x is
then lim z1 z2 ... zn is equal to (a)
5
sq units (b)
5
sq units
nÆ∞
3 4
α α
(a) cos α + i sin α (b) cos   - i sin   (c)
5
sq unit (d)
12
sq units
 2  2
12 5
3
(c) e iα/2 (d) e iα
28. Find the equation of the bisector of the
24. The mean of the values 0, 1, 2, . . . . n with the obtuse angle between the lines
corresponding weights n C 0 , nC 1 , nC 2 ,... , nC n 3x - 4y + 7 = 0 and -12 x - 5y + 2 = 0.
respectively is (a) 21x + 77y - 101 = 0
2n + 1 2n (b) 99x - 27y + 81 = 0
(a) (b)
n(n + 1 ) (n + 1 ) (c) 21x - 77y + 101 = 0
n +1 n (d) None of the above
(c) (d)
2 2
29. The equation of curve passing through the
25. Given that X is discrete random variable  π
point 1,  and having slope of tangent at
which takes the values 0, 1, 2 and  4
144 1 y
P ( X = 0) = , P ( X = 1) = , then the value y
169 169 any point ( x , y ) as - cos 2   , is
x  x
of P ( X = 2 ) is y y
24 145 1 + tan   1 - tan  
(a) (b) x x
(a) x = e (b) x = e
169 169
x x
2 143 1 + tan   1 - tan  
(c) (d) (c) x = e  y
(d) x = e  y
169 169

26. Negation of “Paris is in France and London 30. If P (n ): 2 + 4 + 6 + ... + ( 2 n ), n ∈ N , then

is in England” is P (k ) = k (k + 1) + 2 implies
(a) Paris is in England and London is in France P (k + 1) = (k + 1)(k + 2 ) + 2 is true for all
(b) Paris is not in France or London is not in k ∈ N . So, statementP (n ) = n(n + 1) + 2 is true
England for
(c) Paris is in England or London is in France (a) n ≥1 (b) n ≥ 2
(d) None of the above
(c) n ≥ 3 (d) None of these

Answers
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (c)
11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (b) 16. (a) 17. (c) 18. (b) 19. (c) 20. (a)
21. (b) 22. (d) 23. (c) 24. (d) 25. (a) 26. (b) 27. (c) 28. (a) 29. (b) 30. (d)
 Solutions
1. In the neighbourhood for x = 2 π , we have
x
4. Given that, y = ∫ |t| dt
3 0

cos x < 0 and sin x > 0 On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

∴ y = - cos x + sin x dy
=| x|
dy dx
⇒ = sin x + cos x Since, the tangent is parallel to the line y = 2 x.
dx
∴ | x|= 2 ⇒ x = ± 2
 dy  2π 2π 3 -1 2 2
⇒   2 π = sin + cos = When x = 2, then y =
 dx  x =
3
3 3 2 ∫ 0 |t| dt = ∫ 0 t dt
2
 100 k  t 2 
=   =2
 ∑ x  - 100  2 0
 
2. lim  k = 1  When x = - 2, then
xÆ 1 ( x - 1) 0
-2 0 t 2 
( x + x2 + x3 + ! + x100 ) - 100 |t| dt =
= lim y= ∫0 ∫ - 2 t dt =  2  = - 2
xÆ 1 ( x - 1) -2

( x - 1) + ( x2 - 1) + ( x3 - 1) + ! + ( x100 - 1) Then, tangent at (2, 2) is

= lim
xÆ 1 ( x - 1) y - 2 = 2( x - 2)
 x - 1  x2 - 1  x3 - 1 ⇒ 2x - y - 2 = 0
= lim   +   +  
x Æ 1  x - 1  x-1   x-1  For x-intercept, put y = 0 i.e., x = 1.

Also, tangent at (– 2, – 2) is
 x100 - 1 
+ !+    y + 2 = 2( x + 2)
 x - 1  ⇒ 2x - y + 2 = 0
 x - 1  x2 - 1  x3 - 1 For x-intercept, put y = 0 i.e., x = - 1.
= lim   + lim   + lim  
x Æ 1 x - 1 x Æ 1 x - 1  x Æ 1 x - 1   5. Given that,
 x100 - 1 1 1
+ ! + lim   P = x3 - and Q = x -
x Æ 1 x - 1  x3 x
 2
= 1 + 2 + 3 + ! + 100 1
 x -   x2 + 1 + 1   x - 1 + 3
     
100 × 101
P
∴ 2 =
 x  x2  =  x
= Σ100 = = 5050 Q 2
 1
2  x - 1 x- 
   x
[f( x)]2 + 1, f( x) ≠ 2  x 
3. " g [f( x)] = 
1 3
 3, f ( x) = 2 =  x -  +
 x   x - 1
sin2 x + 1, x ≠ nπ 


⇒ g [f( x)] =  x
 3, x = nπ
Clearly, the minimum does not exist.
∴ RHL = lim g [f(0 + h)]
hÆ 0 6. Let < a, b, c > be the direction ratios of a normal to
2 the plane AOB, then
= lim (sin h + 1) = 1
hÆ 0 a - 2b - c = 0
and LHL = lim g [f(0 - h)] and 3 a - 2 b + 3c = 0
hÆ 0
a b c
⇒ = =
= lim (sin2 h + 1) = 1 - 6 - 2 - 3 - 3 -2 + 6
hÆ 0
a b c
⇒ = =
∴ = lim g [f( x)] = 1 4 3 -2
xÆ 0
Practice Set 4 409

2a -2 b
7. The two lines are intersecting as both of these and x2 = , y2 =
x′1 y′1 x′1 y′
contain the point A(a ). + + 1
a b a b
Hence, the SD between these lines is 0.
∴ Area of triangle
8. Let P(acos θ, b sin θ), Q(acos θ, - b sin θ).  
 
Given, PR : RQ = 1 : 2 1 1  4ab × 2 
= ( x1 y2 - x2 y1 ) =  2 2  = 4ab
Y 2 2 x′
 1 - y′1 
 2 
 a b2 
P (a cos q, b sin q) 10. Since, diagonal element of a skew-symmetric matrix
(h, k) R are all zero.
X′ X n
O tr( A) =
∴ ∑ aii = 0
Q (a cos q, –b sin q) i =1

1 α α2
Y′
11. Let ∆ = cos ( p - d ) a cos pa cos ( p - d )a
sin ( p - d ) a sin pa sin ( p - d )a
Let a point R(h, k ) divides the line joining the points
P and Q internally in the ratio 1 : 2. Applying C 3 Æ C 3 - C1, we get
∴ h = acosθ 1 α α2 - 1
h ∆ = cos ( p - d ) a cos pa 0
⇒ cosθ = …(i)
a sin ( p - d ) a sin pa 0
b
and k = sinθ = (α 2 - 1){- cos pa sin ( p - d )a
3
3k + sin pa cos ( p - d ) a}
⇒ sinθ = …(ii)
b = (α 2 - 1)sin {-( p - d )a + pa}
On squaring and adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get ⇒ ∆ = (α 2 - 1) sin da
h2 9k 2 which is independent of p.
2
+ 2 =1
a b
12. One place can be filled in n ways by n things, 1st and
x2 9 y2
Hence, locus of R is 2 + 2 = 1. 2nd places can be filled in n × n = n2 ways.
a b
1st, 2nd and 3rd places can be filled in
9. Let P( x′1 , y′1 ) be a point on the hyperbola n × n × n = n3 ways. Simiarly, 1st, 2nd, . . . . rth
2 2
x2 y2 x′1 y′1 places can be filled in
- = 1, then = 1. Then, chord of
-
a2 b 2 a2 b2 n × n × . . . × n (r times)= nr
contact of tangents from P to the hyperbola ∴ Required number of ways
x2 y2 xx′1 yy′1 n(nr - 1)
- 2 = 2 is - 2 =2 …(i) = n + n2 + n3 + . . . + nr =
2
a b a2 b n-1
The equation of the asymptotes are
x y
13. Let S n be the sum of first n terms of the series
- =0 1 3 7 15
a b + + + + ...
x y 2 4 8 16
and + =0 1 1  1
a b ∴ S n =  1 -  +  1 -
 + 1 -  + . . .
 2  4  8
The point of intersection of Eq. (i) with the two 1
asymptotes are given by +  1 - n 
 2 
1 - 1 
2a 2b  n
x1 = , y1 = 1  
2 = n - 1+ 1
x′1 y′1 x′1 y′1 =n- = n - 1 + 2- n
- - 2 1 - 1  2n
a b a b  
 2
410 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

14. In ∆AEC, tan 60°= 500 ⇒ d1 = 500 m

n
…(i) 17. Given that, sin3 x sin 3 x =
d1 3 ∑ C m cos mx
m=0
C
Now, sin3 x sin 3 x
1
= (3sin x - sin 3 x) sin 3 x
500 m
4
3 1
60° 30° = ⋅ 2 sin x sin 3 x - ⋅ 2 sin2 3 x
A d 1 E d2 B 8 8
3 1
= (cos 2 x - cos 4 x) - (1 - cos 6 x)
8 8
1 3 3
500 = - + cos 2 x - cos 4 x
and in ∆BEC, tan 30°= 8 8 8
d2
1
+ cos 6 x …(i)
⇒ d 2 = 500 3 m …(ii) 8
n
∴ Required diameter, RHS =
500 2000
∑ C m cos mx
AB = d1 + d 2 = + 500 3 = m m=0
3 3 = C 0 + C1 cos x + C 2 cos 2 x
15. Given that, sin (θ + α ) = a, sin (θ + β ) = b + C 3 cos 3 x + . . . + C n cos nx …(ii)

⇒ θ + α = sin-1 a, θ + β = sin-1 b On comparing both sides of Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
n=6
⇒ α - β = sin-1 a - sin-1 b
π π 18. Given equation can be rewritten as
= - cos -1 a - + cos -1 b x+
1
x-
1
2 2 22 x + 22 x - 1 = 3 2 + 3 2
= cos -1 b - cos -1 a x-
1
1
= cos -1 (ab + 1 - b 2 ⋅ 1 - a2 ) ⇒ 2 2 x  1 +  = 3 2 (3 + 1)
 2 
1
⇒ cos (α - β ) = ab + 1 - b 2 ⋅ 1 - a2 3 x-
⇒ 22 x ⋅ = 3 2 ⋅4
⇒ cos 2 (α - β ) = a2 b 2 + (1 - b 2 ) (1 - a2 ) 2
3
x-
+ 2 ab 1 - b 2 ⋅ 1 - a2 ⇒ 22 x - 3 = 3 2

= a 2b 2 + 1 - a 2 - b 2 + a 2 b 2 Taking log on both sides, we get

+ 2 ab 1 - b 2 - a2 + a2 b 2 3
( 2 x - 3 ) log 2 =  x -  log 3
 2
∴ 2 cos (α - β ) - 4ab cos (α - β )
3
= 2 cos 2 (α - β ) - 1 - 4ab cos (α - β ) ⇒ 2 x log 2 - 3 log 2 = x log 3 - log 3
2
= 4a2 b 2 + 2 - 2 a2 - 2 b 2 3
⇒ x log 4 - x log 3 = 3log 2 - log 3
+ 4ab 1 - a2 - b 2 + a2 b 2 - 1 2
4
- 4a2 b 2 - 4ab 1 - a2 - b 2 + a2 b 2 ⇒ x log   = log 8 - log 3 3
 3
= 1 - 2 a2 - 2 b 2 4
x
8
⇒ log   = log
 3 3 3
16. Now, cos  x + π  + sin  x + π  x
  6   6 ⇒  4 = 8
 
 1 π 1 π  3 3 3
= 2 cos  x + + sin  x +  3/ 2
 2  6 2  6   4
=  
π π π  3
= 2 cos  x + - 
 = 2 cos  x - 
 6 4  12  3
⇒ x=
π 2
For maximum value, x =
12
Practice Set 4 411

In the interval [– 3, 3],

19. Given inequality is
-1  | x|, -3 ≤ x < - 2
1 
log1/ 3 ( x2 + x + 1) < - 1 = log1/ 3   2
f( x) = |6 - x |, -2 ≤ x ≤ 2
 3  | x|,
-1  2 < x≤ 3
1
⇒ x2 + x + 1 <   Clearly, minimum value of f( x) obtain at x = - 2, 2
 3
and is equal to 2.
⇒ x2 + x - 2 < 0 Hence, option (d) is correct.
⇒ ( x + 2 )( x - 1) < 0
⇒ x ∈ (- 2 , 1)
23. Given that, zr = cos rα2 + i sin rα2
n n
[where, r = 1, 2 , 3, ..., n]
20. Statement I α α
2 1 2 z1 = cos 2 + i sin 2 ,
∫ 0 f( x) dx = ∫ 0 f( x) dx + ∫ 1 f( x) dx n n
2α 2α
1 2 2 z2 = cos 2 + i sin 2 ,
= ∫0 x dx + ∫1 x dx n n
# # # # # # # # #
1 2 3/ 2 4 2 -1
=+ (2 - 1) = nα nα
3 3 3 zn = cos 2 + i sin 2
n n
Hence, Statement I is false.
α α
Statement II It is clear from the graph that f( x) is

∴ lim ( z1 z2 . . . zn ) = lim  cos 2 + i sin 2 
nÆ ∞ nÆ ∞  n n 
continuous in [0, 2].
2α 2α nα nα
Y ×  cos 2 + i sin 2  . . .  cos 2 + i sin 2 
 n n   n n 
  α 
= lim cos  2 (1 + 2 + 3 + . . . + n)
nÆ ∞  n 
X′ X
α 
O 1 2 + i sin  2 (1 + 2 + 3 + . . . + n)
n 
 αn(n + 1) αn(n + 1)
= lim cos + i sin 
Y′ nÆ ∞ 2n 2
2 n2 

Hence, Statement II is ttrue. iα
α α
21. Consider = cos + i sin = e 2
2 2
(3456)2222 = (7 × 493 + 5)2222
= (7 k + 5)2222 24. Required mean
2222 0 ⋅ nC 0 + 1 ⋅ nC1 + 2 ⋅ nC 2 + . . . + n ⋅ nC n
= 7m + 5 = n
C 0 + nC1 + . . . + nC n
Now, consider 52222 = 52 (53 )740
n ⋅ 2n - 1 n
= 25 (125)740 = =
2n 2
= 25 (126 - 1)740
144
= 25 (7 n + 1)
25. Given that, P( X = 0) =
169
= 175n + 25 1
and P( X = 1) =
Thus, remainder when175 n + 25 is divided by 7 is 4. 169
Hence, both statements are correct and ∴ P( X = 2 ) = 1 - P( X = 1) - P( X = 0)
Statement II is a correct explanation of Statement I.
1 144
= 1- -
22. Let |6 - x2 | = | x| 169 169
⇒ 6 - x2 = ± x 169 - 145 24
= =
⇒ x = ± 2, ± 3 169 169
412 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

26. Let p : Paris is in France Hence, obtuse angle bisector is

3x - 4y + 7 -12 x - 5 y + 2
and q : London is in England =-
∴ We have, p ∧ q 32 + (- 4)2 (-12 )2 + (-5)2
Its negation is ~( p ∧ q ) = ~ p∨ ~ q ⇒ 13(3 x - 4 y + 7 ) = - 5(-12 x - 5 y + 2 )
Hence, Paris is not in France or London is not in ⇒ 21x + 77 y - 101 = 0
England.
29. Given that, dy = y - cos 2 y
27. Solving the given curves dx x x
y= x or y2 = x and y = x3 x dy - y dx  2 y
⇒ = -  cos  dx
x  x
Y
y x dy - y dx  dx
(1, 1) y2 = x ⇒ sec 2     =-
 x  x2  x
y1 = x 3
2 y  y dx
X′ X ⇒ sec ⋅d   = -
x  x x
y
⇒ tan = - log x + c [on integrating]
x
Y′
π
When x = 1, y = ,
We get, the points of intersection (0, 0) and (1, 1.) 4
1 c = 1 = log e
∴ Required area = ∫0 ( x - x3 ) dx
y
∴ tan   = log e - log x
1  x
 x3 / 2 x4 
= - y
 3 /2

4 0 ⇒ log x = 1 - tan  
 x
5 y
= sq unit 1 - tan  
12 ⇒ x=e  x

28. Given, equations of lines are 3 x - 4 y + 7 = 0 and 30. Here, P(1) = 2 and from the equation,
-12 x - 5 y + 2 = 0.
P(k ) = k(k + 1) + 2
Then, a1a2 + b1b2 = 3 × (-12 ) + (-4)(-5)
⇒ P(1) = 4
= - 36 + 20
So, P(1) is not true.
= - 16
Hence, mathematical induction is not applicable.
⇒ a1a2 + b1b2 ≤ 0
 Practice Set 5
Instructions
For instructions refer to Practice Set 1.

1. The value of 5. If the vector - i + j - k bisects the angle

(a + h )2 sin (a + h ) - a 2 sin a between the vector c and the vector 3i + 4 j ,
lim is
hÆ0 h then the unit vector in the direction of c is
(a) 2 a sin a + a 2 cos a 1
(a) - (11 i - 10 j + 2 k )
2 15
(b) 2 a sin a - a cos a
1
(b) (11 i + 10 j + 2 k )
(c) 2 a cos a + a 2 sin a 15
(d) None of these 1
(c) - (11 i + 10 j - 2 k )
15
cos 2 x 1
2. If ∫ dx = - log |cot x + cot 2 x - 1 | (d) - (11 i + 10 j + 2 k )
sin x 15
+ A + C , then A is equal to
6. A circle is drawn to pass through the
1  2 + 1 - tan 2 x extremities of the latusrectum of the
(a) log 
2  
2 - 1 - tan 2 x parabola y 2 = 8x . It is given that, this circle


also touches the directrix of the parabola.
1 2 + 1 - sec 2 x
(b) log
 
 Radius of this circle is equal to
2 2 - 1 - sec 2 x (a) 4 (b) 21 (c) 3 (d) 26

1  2 + 1 - sin 2 x
(c) log
  7. The equation of the ellipse whose axes are
2 2 
 2 - 1 - sin x coincident with the coordinate axes and
which touches the straight lines
(d) None of the above
3x - 2 y - 20 = 0 and x + 6y - 20 = 0, is
e2 log e x x2 y2 x2 y2
3. The value of ∫ e -1  dx is (a) + =1 (b) + = 10
 x  5 8 40 10
3 5 x2 y2 x2 y2
(a) (b) (c) + =1 (d) + =1
2 2 40 10 10 40
(c) 3 (d) 5
8. The locus of the middle point of the chords
4. The area of the figure bounded by the
straight lines x = 0, x = 2 and the curves of the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 which subtend a
y = 2 x , y = 2 x - x 2, is right angle at the centre, is
 4 8  4 8 (a) 2 ( x 2 + y 2 ) - 2 a 2 = 0
(a)  +  sq units (b)  -  sq units
 log 2 3   log 2 3  (b) x 2 + y 2 - a 2 = 0
 8 4  3 4 (c) 2 ( x 2 - y 2 ) + a 2 = 0
(c)  -  sq units (d)  -  sq units
 log 3 3   log 2 3  (d) 2 ( x 2 + y 2 ) - a 2 = 0
414 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

Directions (Q. Nos. 9-11) Each of these 14. Let R = {(3, 3), (6, 6), (9, 9), (12, 12), (6, 12),
questions contains two statements : ( 3, 9), (3, 12), (3, 6)} be a relation on the set
Statement I (Assertion) and Statement II A = {3, 6, 9, 12}. The relation is
(Reason). Each of these questions also has (a) reflexive and symmetric only
four alternative choices, only one of which (b) reflexive only
is the correct answer you have to select one (c) an equivalence relation
of the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) given below. (d) reflexive and transitive only

(a) Statement I is false, Statement II is true 15. A five-digit number is formed by writing the
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 in a random order without
Statement II is a correct explanation for repetition. Then, the probability that the
Statement I number is divisible by 4, is
(c) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; 3 18 1 6
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Statement II is not a correct explanation for 5 5 5 5
Statement I
1 x x +1
(d) Statement I is true, Statement II is false
16. If f ( x ) = 2x x ( x - 1) ( x + 1 )x ,
9. Statement I The number of real solutions 3x ( x - 1) x ( x - 1)( x - 2 ) ( x + 1)x( x - 1)
of the equation sin x = 2 x + 2 - x is zero. then f (100) is equal to
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 100 (d) –100
Statement II Since, | sin x | ≤ 1.
 cos θ sin θ
10. Statement I If r ⋅ a = 0, r ⋅ b = 0 and r ⋅ c = 0 17. If A =   and A ⋅ (adj A ) = λ I ,
- sin θ cos θ
for some non-zero vector r, then a , b and c then the value of λ is
are coplanar vectors. (a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 0
Statement II If a , b and c are coplanar, n
then a + b + c = . 18. If (1 + x )n = ∑ nC r xr , then
r=0
11. Statement I If
dy y  C1   C 2   Cn 
e xy + log ( xy ) + cos ( xy ) + 5 = 0, then
=- 1 +  1 +  ... 1 +  is equal to
dx x  C 0   C1   Cn - 1 
d dy y (n + 1 )n - 1 nn - 1
Statement II ( xy ) = 0 ⇒ =- (a) (b)
dx dx x (n - 1 )! (n - 1 )!
12. The sum of n terms of three AP’s whose first (n + 1 )n (n + 1 )n + 1
(c) (d)
term is 1 and common differences are 1, 2 n! n!
and 3 are S1 , S 2 and S 3 ,respectively. The true
relation is
19. Two events A and B have probabilities
0.25 and 0.50, respectively. The probability
(a) S 1 + S 3 = S 2 (b) S 1 + S 3 = 2 S 2
that both A and B occurs simultaneously is
(c) S 1 + S 2 = 2 S 3 (d) S 1 + S 2 = S 3 0.14. Then, the probability that neither A nor
13. If z1 , z2 , z3 and z4 are four complex numbers B occurs, is
represented by the vertices of a quadrilateral (a) 0.39 (b) 0.25
taken in order such that z1 - z4 = z2 - z3 and (c) 0.11 (d) None of these
 z - z1  π
arg  4  = , then the quadrilateral is 20. If f ( x ) = sgn( x 3 ), then
 z2 - z1  2
(a) f is continuous but not derivable at x = 0
(a) a square (b) f ′(0+ ) = 2
(b) a rectangle (c) f ′(0- ) = 1
(c) a rhombus
(d) f is not derivable at x = 0
(d) a cyclic quadrilateral
Practice Set 5 415

 2 x + 3 1
21. If f ′ ( x ) = sin (log x ) and y = f   , then 26. If 0 < x < π and cos x + sin x = , then tan x is
 3 - 2x 2
dy  4- 7  4+ 7
at x = 1 is equal to (a)   (b) -  
dx  3   3 
(a) 6 sin log ( 5) (b) 5 sin log (6) 1 + 7  1 - 7 
(c)   (d)  
(c) 12 sin log ( 5) (d) 5 sin log (12 )  4   4 
 -2  π 
22. The distance between the line 27. The value of tan cos -1   -  is
  7  2
r = 2 i - 2 j + 3 k + λ( i - j + 4 k ) 2 2
(a) (b)
and the plane r ⋅ ( i + 5 j + k ) = 5 is 3 5 3
10 3 10 10 1 4
(a) (b) (c) (d) (c) (d)
3 10 3 3 9 5 5
α α 
23. If P 1 + ,2+  be any point on a line, 28. A boat is being rowed away from a cliff of
 2 2 150 m height. At the top of the cliff, the angle
then the range of values of t for which the of depression of boat changes from 60° to
point P lies between the parallel line 45° in 2 min. Then, the speed of the boat
x + 2 y - 1 and 2 x + 4y = 15 is (in m/h) is
-4 2 5 2 5 2 4500 4500
(a) <α< (b) 0 < α < (a) (b) ( 3 - 1)
3 6 6 3 3
4300 4500
-4 2 (c) (d) ( 3 + 1)
(c) <α<0 (d) None of these 3 3
3

24. Negation of the preposition, ‘If we control 29. Let f : R Æ R be a function defined by
population growth, we prosper’, is x2 + 2x + 5
f (x ) = is
(a) if we control population growth, we do not x2 + x + 1
prosper (a) one-one and into (b) one-one and onto
(b) if we do not control population growth, we (c) many-one and onto (d) many-one and into
prosper
(c) we control population growth and we do not 30. The equation of a line of intersection of
prosper planes 4x + 4y - 5z = 12 and
(d) we do not control population growth but we 8x + 12 y - 13z = 32 can be written as
prosper x -1 y + 2 z
(a) = =
π 2 -3 4
25. lim sec ⋅ log x is equal to x -1 y - 2 z
xÆ1 2x (b) = =
2 1 2 3 4
(a) (b) x y +1 z - 2
π log 2 π log 2 (c) = =
-2 2 3 4
(c) (d) None of these x y z-2
π log 2 (d) = =
2 3 4

Answers
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (c)
11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (c) 16. (a) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (a) 20. (d)
21. (c) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (c) 25. (a) 26. (b) 27. (a) 28. (b) 29. (d) 30. (b)
 Solutions
2 2 e2
1. lim (a + h) sin (a + h) - a sin a  0 form 3. Let I= loge x
 dx
hÆ 0 h  0  ∫e -1
 x 
(a + h)2 cos (a + h) + 2 (a + h)sin (a + h) 1
loge x
 dx +
e2
loge x
 dx
= lim = ∫e -1 ∫1
hÆ 0 1  x   x 
[using L’Hospital’s rule] e2
1 loge x loge x
= a2 cos a + 2 a sin a =- ∫e -1
dx + ∫1 dx
x x
2. Let I = cos22 x dx Put loge x = z
sin x 1
⇒ dx = dz
2
cos x - sin x 2 x
= ∫ dx 0 2
sin2 x ∴ I= -∫ z dx + ∫0 z dz
-1

= ∫ cot 2 x - 1 dx 0 2
 z2   z2 
= -  +  
On putting cot x = sec θ and  2  -1  2  0
-cosec 2 x dx = sec θ tan θ dθ, we get 1 5
= +2=
sec θ tan θ 2 2
I= ∫ sec 2 θ - 1 ⋅ dθ
- cosec 2 x 2
4. Required area = ∫ ( y1 - y2 ) dx
sec θ tan2 θ sin2 θ 0
=- ∫ dθ = - ∫ cos θ + cos3 θ dθ
1 + sec 2 θ Y
2
1 - cos θ y = 2x
=- ∫ cos θ (1 + cos2 θ) dθ
(1 + cos 2 θ) - 2 cos 2 θ (0, 1)
=- ∫ dθ
cos θ (1 + cos 2 θ) (2, 0)
cos θ X′ X
= - ∫ sec θ dθ + 2 ∫ dθ O
1 + cos 2 θ
y = 2x – x2
d (sin θ)
= - ∫ sec θdθ + 2 ∫
1 + cos 2 θ x=2

= - log|sec θ + sec 2 θ - 1|
Y′
1  2 + 1 - cos 2 θ
2
+ log  + C x
- 2 x + x2 ) dx
2  2 
 2 - 1 - cos θ
= ∫ 0 (2
2
cot 2 x - 1|
 2x x3 
= - log|cot x + = - x2 + 
 2 + 1 - tan2  log 2 3 0
1 x
+ log 
 + C
 4 8 1
2 2 = -4+ -
 2 - 1 - tan x log 2 3 log 2
but I = - log|cot x + cot 2 x - 1| + A + C  3 4
= -  sq units
[given]  log 2 3 
1  2 + 1 - tan2 x 
∴ A= log 
 
 5. Let xi + y j + zk be the unit vector along c. Since,
2 2
 2 - 1 - tan x  - i + j - k bisects the angle between c and 3i + 4 j.
Therefore,
Practice Set 5 417

3i + 4 j is a tangent to the ellipse, therefore on comparing

λ (- i + j - k ) = ( xi + y j + zk ) +
5 with Eq. (i), we get
3 1 100
⇒ x+ = -λ m= - and a2 m2 + b 2 =
5 6 9
4 a2 100
y+ =λ ⇒ 2
+ b =
5 36 9
and z= -λ ⇒ a2 + 36 b 2 = 400 …(iii)
Now, x2 + y2 + z2 = 1
On solving Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
[since, xi + y j + k is a unit vector] a2 = 40 and b 2 = 10
2 2
3 4
⇒  - λ -  +  λ -  + λ2 = 1 Hence, required equation of the ellipse is
 5   5
2 x2 y2
⇒ λ = 0 or λ = + = 1.
15 40 10
But λ≠0 8. Let P(h, k )be the mid-point of a chord ABof the circle
2
∴ λ= x2 + y2 = a2 . Then, the equation of AB is
15
⇒
11
x=- , y=-
10
and z=-
2 hx + ky - a2 = h2 + k 2 - a2 [!T = S ′ ]
15 15 15 ⇒ hx + ky = h2 + k 2
1
∴ xi + y j + zk = - (11i + 10 j + 2 k )
15

6. Extremities of the latusrectum of the parabola are O

(2, 4) and (2, – 4).
π/2
Since, any circle drawn with any focal chord at it’s
diameter touches the directrix, thus equation of A B
P (h , k )
required circle is
( x - 2 )2 + ( y - 4)( y + 4) = 0 The combined equation of OA and OB is
2
⇒ x2 + y2 - 4 x - 12 = 0  hx + ky 
x2 + y2 = a2  2 2

∴ Radius = (2 )2 + 12 = 4 h + k 
⇒ (h2 + k 2 )2 ( x2 + y2 ) - a2 (hx + ky)2 = 0
7. Let the equation of the ellipse be
Since, OA and OB are perpendicular.
x2 y2
+ =1 ∴ Coefficient of x2 + Coefficient of y2 = 0
a2 b2
∴ (h2 + k 2 )2 - a2 h2 + (h2 + k 2 )2 - a2 k 2 = 0
We know that, the general equation of the tangent to
the ellipse is ⇒ 2 (h2 + k 2 ) - a2 = 0
y = mx ± a2 m2 + b 2 …(i) Hence, locus of (h, k ) is
! 3 x - 2 y - 20 = 0 2 ( x 2 + y2 ) - a 2 = 0
3
∴ y = x - 10 is a tangent to the ellipse. 9. Given that,
2
Therefore, on comparing with Eq. (i), we get sin x = 2 x + 2 - x
3 We know that, 2 + 2 - x ≥ 2
x
m= and a2 m2 + b 2 = 100
2 ⇒ sin x ≥ 2
9
⇒ a2 ⋅ + b 2 = 100 [impossible,!| sin x| ≤ 1]
4
Hence, option (b) is correct.
⇒ 9 a2 + 4 b 2 = 400 …(ii)
Similarly, line x + 6 y - 20 = 0 10. We have, r ⋅ a = 0 ⇒ r ⊥ a,
1 10 r ⋅b = 0 ⇒ r ⊥b
⇒ y=- x+
6 3 and r ⋅c = 0 ⇒ r ⊥c
418 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

So, the vectors a , b and c are coplanar vectors. ⇒ Diagonals bisect each other.
Also, a + b+ c =0  z - z1  π
Given that, arg  4  =
∴ a ×b+ b×c + c ×a =0  z2 - z1  2
⇒ a ⋅ (a × b) + a ⋅ (b × c ) + a ⋅ (c × a ) = 0 π
⇒ 0 + [a b c ] + 0 = 0 ⇒ Angle at z1 =
2
⇒ [a b c ] = 0 So, it form a rectangle.
Hence, a b and c are coplanar vectors.
Hence, option (c) is correct. 14. Since, (3, 3), (6, 6), (9, 9), (12, 12) ∈ R
Hence, R is reflexive relation.
11. Since, e xy + log ( x y) + cos ( x y) + 5 = 0 Now, (6, 12) ∈ R but (12, 6)∉R, so it is not a
d 1 d symmetric relation.
Then, e xy ( x y) + ( x y)
dx xy dx 15. The number is divisible by 4, if last two digits are
d divisible by 4 i.e., 12, 24, 32 and 52.
- sin ( x y) ( x y) = 0
dx Remaining three places can be filled by 3! ways.
d  1  ∴ Favourable cases = 3! × 4
⇒ ( x y) e x y + - sin ( x y) = 0
dx  xy  3! × 4 1
Required probability = =
xy 1 5! 5
! e + - sin ( x y) ≠ 0
xy
d 16. Let
∴ ( x y) = 0 1 x x+1
dx
dy f ( x) = 2x x( x - 1) ( x + 1)x
⇒ x + y⋅1= 0
dx 3 x( x - 1) x( x - 1)( x - 2 ) ( x + 1)x( x - 1)
dy y
∴ =- Taking x( x + 1) common from C 2 , C 3 respectively,
dx x we get
Hence, option (b) is correct. 1 1 1
= x( x + 1) 2x ( x - 1) x
12. Let a1, a2 , a3 and d1, d 2 , d 3 are the first term and
common difference of the three AP’s, respectively. 3 x( x - 1) ( x - 1)( x - 2 ) x( x - 1)
Given that, a1 = a2 = a3 = 1 1 1 1
and d1 = 1, d 2 = 2 , d 3 = 3 = x( x + 1)( x - 1) 2 x x-1 x
n 3x x-2 x
∴ S1 = (n + 1) …(i)
2
n Applying C1 Æ C1 - C 3 and C 2 Æ C 2 - C 3
S 2 = (2 n) …(ii)
2 0 0 1
n = x( x + 1)( x - 1) x -1 x
and S 3 = (3 n - 1) …(iii)
2 2 x -2 x
On adding Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get
n = x( x + 1)( x - 1) (-2 x + 2 x) = 0
S1 + S 3 = [(n + 1) + (3 n - 1)] ∴ f ( x) = 0
2
n ⇒ f(100) = 0
= 2  ( 2 n) = 2 S 2
 2 
17. Given that,
13. Given that, z1 - z4 = z2 - z3  cos θ sin θ 
A= 
z1 + z3 z + z4  - sin θ cos θ
⇒ = 2
2 2
Practice Set 5 419

cos θ - sin θ -1, x< 0

∴ adj ( A) =   
 sin θ cos θ  =  0, x=0
Now,  1, x> 0

 cos θ sin θ  cos θ - sin θ
A ⋅ adj ( A) =  Thus, f( x) = sgn x3 = sgn x, which is neither
 
 - sinθ cos θ  sin θ cos θ  continuous nor derivable at 0.
 cos 2 θ + sin2 θ f(0 + h) - f(0)
= Rf ′(0) = lim
 - sin θcos θ + sin θ cos θ
hÆ 0 h
- sin θ cos θ + sin θ cos θ (1 - 0)
= lim Æ∞
sin2 θ + cos 2 θ  hÆ 0 h

f(0 - h) - f(0)
 1 0 and Lf ′(0) = lim
⇒ A ⋅ adj( A) =  =I hÆ 0 -h
 0 1
-1 - 0
∴ λI = I = lim Æ∞
hÆ 0 -h
∴ λ =1 ∴ L f ′(0) ≠ R f ′(0)
 C   C   
18. Now,  1 + 1   1 + 2  . . .  1 + C n  Hence, f is not derivable at x = 0.
 C0   C1   C n - 1   
21. Given that, y = f  2 x + 3 

 n(n - 1)   3 - 2x
 n  
2 !  . . .  1 + 1 
= 1 +  1 + dy  2 x + 3 d  2 x + 3
 
1  n   n ⇒ = f′    
  dx  3 - 2 x  dx  3 - 2 x 
(1 + n) (1 + n) (1 + n) (1 + n)   2 x + 3    (3 - 2 x)(2 ) - (2 x + 3)(-2 )
= ⋅ ⋅ ... = sin log    
1 2 3 n   3 - 2x  (3 - 2 x)2 
(n + 1)n
= 12   2 x + 3 
n! = sin log
2
 
( 3 - 2 x)   3 - 2x
19. Given that,
P( A) = 0.25  dy  12
⇒   = sin log (5)
P(B) = 0.50  dx  ( x = 1) (3 - 2 )2
and P( A ∩ B) = 014
. = 12 sin log (5)
Now, P( A ∪ B) = P( A) + P(B) - P( A ∩ B)
22. Line is parallel to plane as ( i - j + 4k ) ⋅ ( i + 5 j + k ) = 0
= 0.25 + 0.50 - 014
.
General point on the line is (λ + 2 , - λ - 2 , 4λ + 3).
= 0.61
For λ = 0 point on this line is (2, –2, 3) and distance
∴ P( A ∩ B ) = P( A ∪ B) from
= 1 - P( A ∪ B) r ⋅ ( i + 5 j + k ) = 5 or x + 5 y + z = 5, is
= 1 - 0.61 |2 + 5 (-2 ) + 3 - 5|
d=
= 0.39 1 + 25 + 1
20. Here, f( x) = sgn ( x3 ) ⇒ d=
|- 10|
 x 3 3 3
 , for x3 ≠ 0
= | x3 | 10
=
 0 , for x3 = 0 3 3

 x ,
 for x ≠ 0 23. !P  1 + α , 2 + α  lies between the parallel lines
= | x|  2  2
 0 , for x = 0 x + 2 y = 1and 2 x + 4 y = 15, then
420 JEE Main Chapterwise Mathematics

1 + α  + 2 2 + α  - 1 2 ( x - 1) 2
= lim =
    π x Æ 1 2 x -1 - 1 πlog 2
 2  2 <0
α  α 
2  1 + 
 + 4 2 +  - 15 26. Since, cos x + sin x = 1 , 0 < x < π …(i)
 2  2 2
3α 1 1 1
4+ ⇒ cos x + sin x =
⇒ 2 <0 2 2 2 2
6α
-5+ π 1
2 ⇒ cos  x -  =
 4 2 2
 4 2
α +  π 3π
⇒  3 <0 ⇒ < x<
 5 2 2 4
α -  Hence, tan x lies in II quadrant.
 6 
-4 2 5 2 On squaring Eq. (i), we get
⇒ <α< 2
3 6 1
(sin x + cos x)2 =  
2
24. Let p : We control population growth
1
q : We prosper. ⇒ sin2 x + cos 2 x + 2 sin x cos x =
4
We have, p ⇒q 1
⇒ 1 + sin 2 x =
Its negation is ~( p ⇒ q ) i.e., p ∧ ~ q 4
i.e., we control population growth and we do not 3
⇒ sin 2 x = -
prosper. 4
2 tan x 3
25. lim sec πx log x = lim log x ⇒ = -
xÆ 1 2 xÆ 1
cos
π 1 + tan2 x 4
2x ⇒ 3 tan2 x + 8 tan x + 3 = 0
log[1 + ( x - 1)]
= lim -4 ± 7
π π tan x =
sin - x  ⇒
xÆ 1
2 2  3
-4 - 7
log[1 + ( x - 1)] ⇒ tan x =
( x - 1) 3
x-1
= lim [since, tan x is in II quadrant]
π π
sin - x 
xÆ 1
2 2   π π 27. tan cos -1 - 2 - π
⋅ -    
 π - π  2 2x   7 2 
 x 
2 2  2 π
= tan  π - cos -1   - 
( x - 1)   7  2 
= lim
xÆ 1  π π
 - x  π -1  2  
2 2  = tan  - cos   
2 7
 log[1 + ( x - 1)] 2
! xlim = 1 and = tan sin-1   
 Æ1 x-1  7
π x 2 
sin - x  
= tan tan-1  
2 2    3 5
lim = 1 
xÆ 1  π π 2
 - x  =
2 2   3 5
( x - 1)
= lim 28. Let PQ = 150m
xÆ 1  2 x -1 - 1
π  x
 PQ
 2  In ∆APQ, tan 60°=
AP
Practice Set 5 421

150 2
⇒ AP =
3
…(i) 29. Given that, f( x) = x 2 + 2 x + 5
x + x+1
Q
60° Since, x2 + x + 1 > 0
45° 2
and x + 2x + 5> 0
f( x) > 0, then it is into

150 m
( x2 + x + 1)(2 x + 2 ) - ( x2 + 2 x + 5)(2 x + 1)
Now, f ′( x) =
( x2 + x + 1)2

45° 60° f ′( x) = 0 has real values of x, so function is many-one.

B A P
30. Given equation of planes are
and in ∆BPQ, 4 x + 4 y - 5 z = 12 …(i)
PQ
tan 45°= and 8 x + 12 y - 13 z = 32 …(ii)
AB + AP
Let DR’s of required line be (l , m, n).
150
⇒ AB + = 150 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
3
4l + 4 m - 5 n = 0
150
⇒ AB = ( 3 - 1) and 8l + 12 m - 13 n = 0
3
AB l m n l m n
∴ Speed of boat = ⇒ = = ⇒ = =
2 8 12 16 2 3 4
1 150 Now, we take intersection point with z = 0 is given by
= × ( 3 - 1) × 60 m/h
2 3 4 x + 4 y = 12 …(iii)
4500 and 8 x + 12 y = 32 …(iv)
= ( 3 - 1) m/h
3 On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get the point (1, 2, 0).
x-1 y-2 z
Hence, the required line is = = ⋅
2 3 4
 Algebra Cheat Sheet

Basic Properties and Facts

Arithmetic Operations Properties of Inequalities
✓ ◆
b ab If a < b then a + c < b + c and a c<b c
ab + ac = a (b + c) a =
c c
⇣a⌘ a b
If a < b and c > 0 then ac < bc and <
b a a ac c c
= ✓ ◆=
c bc b b a b
c If a < b and c < 0 then ac > bc and >
c c
a c ad + bc a c ad bc
+ = = Properties
b d bd b d bd ( of Absolute Value
a if a 0
a b b a a+b a b |a| =
= = + a if a < 0
c d d c c c c
⇣a⌘ |a| 0 | a| = |a|
ab + ac ad
= b + c, a 6= 0 ⇣ cb ⌘ = a |a|
a bc |ab| = |a| |b| =
d b |b|

|a + b| 6 |a| + |b| Triangle Inequality

Exponent Properties
an am = an+m (ab)n = an bn
Distance Formula
(an )m = anm a0 = 1 , a 6= 0 If P1 = (x1 , y1 ) and P2 = (x2 , y2 ) are two
an 1 ⇣ a ⌘n an points the distance between them is
m
= an m = m n = q
a a b bn
d (P1 , P2 ) = (x2 x1 )2 + (y2 y1 )2
n
⇣ 1
⌘ n 1 1
am = am = (an ) m n
= an
a
Complex Numbers
⇣a⌘ ✓ ◆n p p p
n b bn n 1 i= 1 i2 = 1 a=i a,a 0
= = n a = n
b a a a
(a + bi) + (c + di) = a + c + (b + d) i

Properties of Radicals (a + bi) (c + di) = a c + (b d) i

p 1 pn p p
n
a = an ab = n a n b (a + bi) (c + di) = ac bd + (ad + bc) i
r p
pp
m n
p a n
a (a + bi) (a bi) = a2 + b2
a= nm
a n
= p
b n
b p
p |a + bi| = a 2 + b2 Complex Modulus
a = a if n is odd
n n

(a + bi) = a bi Complex Conjugate

p
a = |a| if n is even
n n
(a + bi) (a + bi) = |a + bi|2

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 Algebra Cheat Sheet

Logarithms and Log Properties

Definition Logarithm Properties
y = logb (x) is equivalent to x = by logb (b) = 1 logb (1) = 0

Example logb (bx ) = x blogb (x) = x

log5 (125) = 3 because 53 = 125
logb (xr ) = r logb (x)
Special Logarithms logb (xy) = logb (x) + logb (y)
ln(x) = loge (x) natural log ✓ ◆
x
log(x) = log10 (x) common log logb = logb (x) logb (y)
y
where e = 2.718281828 . . .
The domain of logb (x) is x > 0
Factoring and Solving
Factoring Formulas Quadratic Formula
x2 a2 = (x + a) (x a) Solve ax2 + bx + c = 0, a 6= 0
p
x2 + 2ax + a2 = (x + a)2 b ± b2 4ac
x=
2a
x2 2ax + a2 = (x a)2 2
If b 4ac > 0 – Two real unequal solns.
x2 + (a + b) x + ab = (x + a) (x + b)
If b2 4ac = 0 – Repeated real solution.
3
x3 + 3ax2 + 3a2 x + a3 = (x + a)
If b2 4ac < 0 – Two complex solutions.
3
x3 3ax2 + 3a2 x a3 = (x a)
Square Root Property
x3 + a3 = (x + a) x2 ax + a2 p
If x2 = p then x = ± p
x3 a3 = (x a) x2 + ax + a2
Absolute Value Equations/Inequalities
x2n a2n = (xn an ) (xn + an )
If b is a positive number
If n is odd then, |p| = b ) p = b or p=b
xn an = (x a) xn 1 + axn 2 + ··· + an 1 |p| < b ) b<p<b
xn+ =an |p| > b ) p< b or p>b
(x + a) xn 1 axn 2 + a2 xn 3 · · · + an 1

Completing the Square

Solve 2x2 6x 10 = 0 (4) Factor the left side
(1) Divide by the coefficient of the x2 ✓ ◆
3 2 29
x2 3x 5 = 0 x =
2 4
(2) Move the constant to the other side. (5) Use Square Root Property
x2 3x = 5 r p
3 29 29
x =± =±
(3) Take half the coefficient of x, square it and 2 4 2
add it to both sides (6) Solve for x p
✓ ◆2 ✓ ◆2 3 29
2 3 3 9 29 x= ±
x 3x + =5+ =5+ = 2 2
2 2 4 4

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 Algebra Cheat Sheet

Functions and Graphs

Constant Function Parabola/Quadratic Function
y=a or f (x) = a x = ay 2 + by + c g (y) = ay 2 + by + c
Graph is a horizontal line passing through the The graph is a parabola that opens right if
point (0, a). a > 0 or left if a < 0 and has a vertex at
✓ ✓ ◆ ◆
b b
Line/Linear Function g , .
2a 2a
y = mx + b or f (x) = mx + b
Graph is a line with point (0, b) and slope m. Circle
(x h)2 + (y k)2 = r2
Slope
Graph is a circle with radius r and center (h, k).
Slope of the line containing the two points
(x1 , y1 ) and (x2 , y2 ) is
Ellipse
y2 y1 rise
m= = (x h)2 (y k)2
x2 x1 run + =1
a2 b2
Slope – intercept form
Graph is an ellipse with center (h, k) with
The equation of the line with slope m and
vertices a units right/left from the center and
y-intercept (0, b) is
vertices b units up/down from the center.
y = mx + b
Point – Slope form Hyperbola
The equation of the line with slope m and (x h)2 (y k)2
=1
passing through the point (x1 , y1 ) is a2 b2
y = y1 + m (x x1 ) Graph is a hyperbola that opens left and right,
has a center at (h, k), vertices a units left/right
Parabola/Quadratic Function of center and asymptotes that pass through
y = a (x h)2 + k f (x) = a(x h)2 + k b
center with slope ± .
a
The graph is a parabola that opens up if a > 0
or down if a < 0 and has a vertex at (h, k). Hyperbola
(y k)2 (x h)2
Parabola/Quadratic Function =1
b2 a2
y = ax2 + bx + c f (x) = ax2 + bx + c Graph is a hyperbola that opens up and down,
The graph is a parabola that opens up if a > 0 has a center at (h, k), vertices b units up/down
or down if a < 0 and has a vertex at from the center and asymptotes that pass
✓ ✓ ◆◆ b
b b through center with slope ± .
,f . a
2a 2a

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 Algebra Cheat Sheet

Common Algebraic Errors

Error Reason/Correct/Justification/Example
2 2
6= 0 and 6= 2 Division by zero is undefined!
0 0

32 6= 9 32 = 9, ( 3)2 = 9 Watch parenthesis!

3 3
x2 6= x5 x2 = x2 x2 x2 = x6
a a a 1 1 1 1
6= + = 6= + = 2
b+c b c 2 1+1 1 1
1 A more complex version of the
6= x 2 + x 3
x + x3
2 previous error.
a + bx a bx bx
a + bx = + =1+
6= 1 + bx a a a a
a Beware of incorrect canceling!
a (x 1) = ax + a
a (x 1) 6= ax a
Make sure you distribute the “-”!

(x + a)2 6= x2 + a2 (x + a)2 = (x + a) (x + a) = x2 + 2ax + a2

p p p p p
x2 + a2 6= x + a 5 = 25 = 32 + 42 6= 32 + 42 = 3 + 4 = 7
p p p
x + a 6= x+ a See previous error.
p p p More general versions of previous
(x + a)n 6= xn + an and n
x + a 6= n
x+ n
a
three errors.
2 (x + 1)2 = 2 x2 + 2x + 1 = 2x2 + 4x + 2
2 (x + 1)2 6= (2x + 2)2 (2x + 2)2 = 4x2 + 8x + 4
Square first then distribute!
See the previous example. You can not
(2x + 2)2 6= 2 (x + 1)2 factor out a constant if there is a power
on the parenthesis!
p 1
p p x2 + a2 = x2 + a2 2
x2 + a2 6= x2 + a2
Now see the previous error.
⇣a⌘
a ab a ⇣ a ⌘ ⇣ c ⌘ ac
✓ ◆ 6= ✓ ◆ = ✓1◆ = =
b c b b 1 b b
c c c
⇣a⌘ ⇣a⌘ ⇣a⌘
ac ⇣ ⌘ ✓1◆
b 6= b = ⇣b⌘ = a =
a
c b c c b c bc
1

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