Module 1

BMHA201L • Stress and Strain

• Relevant Problems
Solid Mechanics • Stress-strain diagram
Solid Mechanics
& Course Objective 1

Fluid Mechanics Lecture – 2, Date : 16-07-2024

G. Vinayagamurthy Dr. Engg.

School of Mechanical Engineering
VIT Chennai

Vinayagamurthy, SMEC, VIT CHENNAI

 BMHA201L | Solid Mechanics & Fluid Mechanics

Course Outcomes:-
At the end of the course the student will be able to
1. Evaluate the stress and strain in axially loaded machine elements.
2. Compute the state of stress at a point.
3. Evaluate the stress distribution in the beams.
4. Prediction of stresses and deformation induced in circular shafts due to torsion.
5. Scrutinize various hydraulic systems by applying the fundamental laws of fluid statics.
6. Elucidate the real world boundary value problems with suitable assumptions.
Applications of Solid Mechanics
BMHA201L | Solid Mechanics & Fluid Mechanics | Syllabus
 Introduction to Solid Mechanics - Properties of solids

• Mechanics- Mechanics is the science which describes

and predicts the conditions of rest or motion of bodies
under the action of forces.
Mechanics of Solids / Materials/ Fluids

Compression Tension (stretched) Bending Torsion (twisted) Shearing

 Introduction to Solid Mechanics - Properties of solids

• Space - associated with the notion of the position of a point P given in terms of
three coordinates measured from a reference point or origin.

• Time - definition of an event requires specification of the time and position at

which it occurred.
• Mass - used to characterize and compare bodies, e.g., response to earth’s
gravitational attraction and resistance to changes in translational motion.

• Force - represents the action of one body on another. A force is characterized

by its point of application, magnitude, and direction, i.e., a force is a vector
quantity.

In Newtonian Mechanics, space, time, and mass are absolute concepts,

independent of each other. Force, however, is not independent of the other three.
The force acting on a body is related to the mass of the body and the variation of
its velocity with time.
 Introduction to Solid Mechanics - Properties of solids

• The concept of physical

“strength” means the
ability of an object to
hold its form even when
force is applied.
• To evaluate the properties
of materials, it is
sometimes necessary to
separate out the effects of
design, such as shape and
size.
 Introduction to Solid Mechanics - Properties of solids

• Space - associated with the notion of the position of a point P given in terms of
three coordinates measured from a reference point or origin.

• Time - definition of an event requires specification of the time and position at

which it occurred.
• Mass - used to characterize and compare bodies, e.g., response to earth’s
gravitational attraction and resistance to changes in translational motion.

• Force - represents the action of one body on another. A force is characterized

by its point of application, magnitude, and direction, i.e., a force is a vector
quantity.

In Newtonian Mechanics, space, time, and mass are absolute concepts,

independent of each other. Force, however, is not independent of the other three.
The force acting on a body is related to the mass of the body and the variation of
its velocity with time.
Concepts : Stress and Strain

Stress is a physical quantity that expresses the internal forces that

neighbouring particles of a continuous material exert on each other.
Force One pascal is equal to one newton of force per
Stress  square meter of area (1 N/m2).
Area
Sectional Area

Compression Tension (stretched) Bending Torsion (twisted) Shearing

 Loading - Types

Tension

Compression

• Shear Load : Tangential load

Cargo

Pressure
 Force
Stress 
Area

• A thicker wire can support

more force at the same
stress as a thinner wire
because the cross section
area is increased.
 Tensile strength

• The tensile strength is the stress at which a

material breaks under a tension force.

 The tensile strength

also describes how
materials break in
bending.
Concepts : Stress and Strain
Strain = Measure of deformation

L L
Strain 
L L

• Elasticity measures the ability of a material to

stretch.
• The strain is the amount a material has been
deformed, divided by its original size.
 Problems (Tutorials)
1. Two solid cylindrical rods AB and BC are welded together at B and loaded as
shown. Knowing that d1 5 30 mm and d2 5 50 mm, find the average normal
stress at the midsection of (a) rod AB, (b) rod BC.

2. Two solid cylindrical rods AB and BC are welded together at B and loaded as
shown. Knowing that the average normal stress must not exceed 150 MPa in
either rod, determine the smallest allowable values of the diameters d1 and d2.
Baldwin Hydraulic Machine for Tension & Compression test
 Stress-Strain Diagram
• A plot of Strain vs. Stress for different materials.
•The diagram gives us the behavior of the material and material properties.
• Each material produces a different stress-strain diagram.
 Stress-Strain Diagram
ultimate
tensile
strength 3 necking
 UTS
Strain
yield Hardening Fracture
strength
y 5
2
Elastic region
Plastic slope=Young’s(elastic) modulus
Region
yield strength
Plastic region
ultimate tensile strength
Elastic strain hardening
Region
σ  Eε 4
fracture
σ 1
E
ε E
σy Strain ( 
) (e/Lo)
ε 2  ε1
 Stress-Strain Diagram
• Elastic Region (Point 1 –2)
- The material will return to its original shape
after the material is unloaded( like a rubber band).
- The stress is linearly proportional to the strain in
this region.
σ
σ  Eε or E
ε
σ : Stress (psi)
E : Elastic modulus (Young’s Modulus) (psi)
: Strain (in/in)
ε
- Point
2 : Yield Strength : a point at which permanent
deformation occurs. ( If it is passed, the material will
no longer return to its original length.)
 Stress-Strain Diagram
ultimate
tensile
strength 3 necking
 UTS
Strain
yield Hardening Fracture
strength
y 5
2
Elastic region
Plastic slope=Young’s(elastic) modulus
Region
yield strength
Plastic region
ultimate tensile strength
Elastic strain hardening
Region
σ  Eε 4
fracture
σ 1
E
ε E
σy Strain ( 
) (e/Lo)
ε 2  ε1
 Stress-Strain Diagram

The ELASTIC Range Means:

- The strain, or elongation over a unit length, will behave linearly (as in
y=mx +b) and thus predictable.

-The material will return to its original shape (Point 1) once an applied load
is removed.

- The stress within the material is less than what is required to create a
plastic behavior (deform or stretch significantly without increasing stress).
 Stress-Strain Diagram

Plastic Region (Point 2 –3)

- If the material is loaded beyond the yield strength,
the material will not return to its original shape
after unloading.
- It will have some permanent deformation.
- If the material is unloaded at Point 3, the curve will
proceed from Point 3 to Point 4. The slope will be
the as the slope between Point 1 and 2.
- The distance between Point 1 and 4 indicates the
amount of permanent deformation.
 Stress-Strain Diagram
ultimate
tensile
strength 3 necking
 UTS
Strain
yield Hardening Fracture
strength
y 5
2
Elastic region
Plastic slope=Young’s(elastic) modulus
Region
yield strength
Plastic region
ultimate tensile strength
Elastic strain hardening
Region
σ  Eε 4
fracture
σ 1
E
ε E
σy Strain ( 
) (e/Lo)
ε 2  ε1
 Stress-Strain Diagram

Strain Hardening
- If the material is loaded again from Point 4, the
curve will follow back to Point 3 with the same
Elastic Modulus(slope).
- The material now has a higher yield strength of
Point 4.
- Raising the yield strength by permanently straining
the material is called Strain Hardening.
 Stress-Strain Diagram
ultimate
tensile
strength 3 necking
 UTS
Strain
yield Hardening Fracture
strength
y 5
2
Elastic region
Plastic slope=Young’s(elastic) modulus
Region
yield strength
Plastic region
ultimate tensile strength
Elastic strain hardening
Region
σ  Eε 4
fracture
σ 1
E
ε E
σy Strain ( 
) (e/Lo)
ε 2  ε1
 Stress-Strain Diagram

Tensile Strength (Point 3)

- The largest value of stress on the diagram is called
Tensile Strength(TS) or Ultimate Tensile Strength
(UTS)
- It is the maximum stress which the material can
support without breaking.
Fracture (Point 5)
- If the material is stretched beyond Point 3, the stress
decreases as necking and non-uniform deformation
occur.
- Fracture will finally occur at Point 5.
 Stress-Strain Diagram
ultimate
tensile
strength 3 necking
 UTS
Strain
yield Hardening Fracture
strength
y 5
2
Elastic region
Plastic slope=Young’s(elastic) modulus
Region
yield strength
Plastic region
ultimate tensile strength
Elastic strain hardening
Region
σ  Eε 4
fracture
σ 1
E
ε E
σy Strain ( 
) (e/Lo)
ε 2  ε1
Stress-Strain Diagram
A36 Steel
 Material Properties

Characteristics of Material are described as

• Strength
• Hardness
• Ductility
• Brittleness
• Toughness
 Material Properties

Strength:
- Measure of the material property to resist deformation
and to maintain its shape
- It is quantified in terms of yield stress or
y
ultimate
tensile strength ult.
- High carbon steels and metal alloys have higher strength
than pure metals.
- Ceramic also exhibit high strength characteristics.
 Material Properties

Hardness:
- Measureof the material property to resist indentation,
abrasion and wear.
- It is quantified by hardness scale such as Rockwell and
Brinell hardness scale that measure indentation /
penetration under a load.
- Hardness and Strength correlate well because both
properties are related to inter-molecular bonding. A
high-strength material is typically resistant to wear
and abrasion.
A comparison of hardness of some typical materials:

Material Brinell Hardness

Pure Aluminum 15

Pure Copper 35

Mild Steel 120

304 Stainless Steel 250

Hardened Tool Steel 650/700

Hard Chromium Plate 1000

Chromium Carbide 1200

Tungsten Carbide 1400

Titanium Carbide 2400

Diamond 8000

Sand 1000
 Material Properties

Ductility:
- Measure of the material property to deform before failure.
- It is quantified by reading the value of strain at the
fracture point on the stress strain curve.
- Ductilematerials can be pulled or drawn into pipes, wire,
and other structural shapes
- Examples of ductile material :
low carbon steel
aluminum
copper
brass
 Material Properties

Brittleness:
- Measureof the material’s inability to deform before failure.
- The opposite of ductility.
- Example of ductile material : glass, high carbon steel,
ceramics
Brittle

Ductile

Strain
 Material Properties
Toughness:
- Measure of the material ability to absorb energy.
- It is measured by two methods.
a) Integration of stress strain curve
- Slow absorption of energy
- Absorbed energy per unit volume
unit : (lb/in²) *(in/in) =lb·in/in³
b) Charpy test
- Ability to absorb energy of an impact without
fracturing.
- Impact toughness can be measured.
 End of Lecture 2
Stress, Strain, Stress – Strain relationship,
Hookes Law & Material Properties