Biostatistic-2023

‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬
‫‪Dr. Omar Aldossary‬‬

Statistics books cannot be read like English,
history, psychology, and sociology books, or like
magazine articles. You must be prepared to read
slowly and carefully and with great
concentration and thought.
2 Dr. Omar Aldossary
Read slowly and carefully and with great concentration :
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4M4Z1NG 7H1NG5 !
1N 7H3 B3G1NN1NG 17 WA5 H4RD BU7 N0W, 0N 7H15
L1N3 Y0UR M1ND 15 R34D1NG 17 4U70M471C4LLY W17H0U7
3V3N 7H1NK1NG 4BU7 17,
B3 PR0UD ! 0NLY C3R741N P30PL3 C4N R34D 7H15 !
1F U C4N R34D 7H15 Y0UR M1ND 15 571L Y0UNG.

Contents :
❖ Definition
❖ Importance of Biostatistics
❖ Collection of data
❖ Types of data
❖ Presentation of data

❖ Definition
➢ ‘Statistics’ : Italian word ‘statista’ meaning
‘statesman’,
or the German word ‘statistik’ which means
‘a political state’.
❖ STATISTICS: is a science of
compiling, classifying, and tabulating
numerical data and expressing the results
in a mathematical and/or graphical
form.
❖ BIOSTATISTICS: is that branch of
statistics concerned with the mathematical
facts and data related to biological events.
❑ The essential features of statistics:
✓ The following essential features of statistics are evident
from various definitions of statistics:
a) Principles and methods for the collection of presentation,
analysis and interpretation of numerical data of different
kinds.
1. Observational data, qualitative data.
2. Data that has been obtained by a repetitive operation.
3. Data affected to a marked degree of a multiplicity of causes.
b) The science and art of dealing with variation in such a way as

to obtain reliable results.
c) The science of experimentation which may be regarded as

mathematics applied to observational data.
1) To test whether the difference between two populations or more
are real or by chance occurrence.
2) To study the correlation between attributes or variables in the
same population.
3) To find the statistical difference between means of two groups
or more. Ex: Mean plaque scores of two groups.
4) To indicate the basic factors underlying the state of oral
health by diagnosing the community and solutions .

5) To determine success or failure of specific oral health care
programs or to evaluate the program action.
6) To promote health legislation and create administrative
standards for oral health.
7) To evaluate the efficacy of vaccines.
8) To measure mortality and morbidity.
9) To give the results in a tabular or diagrammatic form.
10) To get a conclusion (or) result.

❖ Collection of data:
✓ The first step in collection of data. Careful planning is essential

before collecting the data.
✓ The collective recording of observations either numerical or
otherwise is called data.
➢ Sources of statistical data:

❖ Collection of data:
Can be obtained using any one of the

following methods:
Direct personal interviews, Oral health
examination, or Questionnaire method.
10
Dr. Omar Aldossary
❖ Types of data:
✓ Data may be either categorical or numerical.
I. Categorical or Qualitative Data:

May consist of two or multiple categories.
➢ Two categories:
• Often described as dichotomous, binary, attribute, yes-no or
0-1 data or variables.
• Examples from dentistry:
▪ caries: yes/no
▪ dentist: male/female

❖ Types of data:
➢ Multiple categories:
• Nominal measurement level – (nominal variable) :

i.e., the categories have no ordering, represents the simplest
type of data, in which the values are in unordered categories.
Examples from dentistry:
▪Deciduous dentition/ mixed /permanent dentition
▪Angle class I/II/III
▪Cavity class I, II, III, IV, V
▪Type of filling: amalgam, composite, gold, etc.

❖ Types of data:
➢ Multiple categories:
• Ordinal measurement level (ordinal variable):

i.e., the categories have a natural or defined order, the categories can
be ordered or ranked (sometimes the data are reduced to two
categories).
Examples from dentistry:
▪Caries: enamel (1), dentoenamel border (2), outer 1/2 of dentin (3),
inner 1/2 dentin (4).
▪Pain: small, moderate, severe, unbearable
▪Tooth mobility or tooth fracture O-I-II-III-IV
▪Wear teeth: none, in enamel, dentin, secondary dentin, pulp
▪Plaque index and Gingival index (Silness & Løe)
▪Tooth prognosis: good, fair, bad
❖ Types of data:
II. Numerical or Quantitative Data:

May be on an interval measurement scale or on a ratio
measurement scale.
➢ In the interval measurement scale: observations can be ordered,

and precise differences between units of measure exist. However,
there is no meaningful absolute zero.
▪ Temperature is an example of the interval scale.
➢ The ratio measurement scale possesses the same properties of

the interval scale, and there exists a true zero.
▪ The test score 0 indicates that there are zero correct answers; a true
absolute zero exists.
▪ Treatment cost, Saliva flow rate, Length of root canal.
❖ Types of data:
III. Other Types Of Data:
• Percentages often the ratio of two quantities:

Cautiousness is needed when presenting and analyzing such data.
Examples in dentistry:
▪ Carious lesions / number of remaining teeth.
▪ Number of amalgam fillings / number of total fillings.
• Odds: Are defined as the number of events / number of non-events.

▪ E.g. when the distribution of new-born boys and girls are 51% &
49% respectively, the odds of having a boy becomes 51/49 =
1.04.
✓ Odds are always used in case-control studies where the disease
15
prevalence is unknown.
Dr. Omar Aldossary
❖ Presentation of data:
❑ There are two methods of presenting the data:-

(i) Tabulation, (ii) Graphic representation (Charts and diagrams).
(i) Tabulation:
✓ Tables are simple device used for the presentation of statistical data.
❖PRINCIPLES:
➢ Tables should be as simple as possible (2-3 small tables).
➢ Each row and column should be labeled concisely and clearly.
➢ Specific unit of measure for the data should be given.
➢ Every table should contain a title as to what is depicted in the
table.
➢ If the data are not original, their source should be given in a
footnote.

Cases controls
(No.=104) (No.=108 )
C. species OR CI χ2 PV
No. % No. %
0.99-
C. albicans 64 61.5 52 48.1 1.7
2.9
5.1 0.02
2.4-
C. krusei 32 30.7 8 7.4 5.5 18.8 <0.001
Total
12.7
Contains all the 1.5-
data obtained from C. tropicalis 16 15.4 4 3.7 4.7
14.6
8.4 0.003
a survey C. glabrata 2 1.9 2 1.85 1.03

0.14-
0.96 0.6
7.5
1.7-
C. albicans + C. krusi 22 21.1 6 5.5 4.56 22 <0.001
11.7
Co-infection
C. albicans + C.
8 7.7 4 3.7 2.16 0.6-7.4 1.9 0.16
tropicalis
C. albicans + C.
krusei + C. 6 5.7 0 0.0 Undefined 6.5 0.012
Tropicalis
18
Dr. Omar Aldossary
Two column frequent table:

One way tables which supply the • First column list the classes into
answer to questions about one which the data are grouped.
characteristic of data only. • Second column lists the
frequency for each classification
19
Dr. Omar Aldossary
(ii) Graphic representation (Charts and diagrams):
✓ Most convincing and appealing ways of depicting statistical results.
❖PRINCIPLES:
➢ They simplify the complexity.

➢ They facilitate visual comparison of data.
➢ They arouse the interest of reader.
➢ They save time and labor.
➢ They draw some conclusion directly or indirectly.
➢ The values of the variable are presented on the horizontal or
X-axis and frequency on the vertical line Y-axis.

❑ Charts and diagrams for:

i. Discrete data: 1. Bar charts, 2. Pie charts, 3. Pictogram.
ii. Continuous data: 1.Histogram, 2.Line charts, 3.Frequency curve.
▪ Bar charts :
• These are the way of presenting a set of numbers by length of a
bar; the length of the bar is proportional to the magnitude
to be represented.
• Bar charts are easy to prepare,
easy to understand and enable
visual comparison.
• Represents qualitative data.
• Bars can be either vertical or horizontal.
➢They are of three types:

I. Simple bar chart: represents only one variable.

II. Multiple bar chart: each category of a variable there are set of bars.
23
Dr. Omar Aldossary
III. Component /Proportional bar chart: individual bar is divided into

2 or more parts Bar chart.
24
Dr. Omar Aldossary
▪ Pie charts :
✓ In these diagrams the areas of segments of a circle are compared.

✓ The area of each segment depends upon the percentage.
25
Dr. Omar Aldossary
▪ Histogram:
• No space between the cells on a histogram.

• Class interval given on vertical axis.
• Area of rectangle is proportional to the frequency.
26
Dr. Omar Aldossary
▪ Line charts :
✓ Line diagram Useful to study changes of values in the variable
over time and is the simplest type of diagram.
✓ Time such as hours, days , weeks , months or years.
✓ It shows trends or changes in data varying with a constant, at
even intervals.
✓ A line chart emphasizes the flow of a constant and rate of change,
rather than amount of change.
27
Dr. Omar Aldossary

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‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬

‫‪Dr. Omar Aldossary‬‬

7H15 M3554G3 53RV35 7O PR0V3 H0W 0UR M1ND5 C4N D0

1N 7H3 B3G1NN1NG 17 WA5 H4RD BU7 N0W, 0N 7H15

L1N3 Y0UR M1ND 15 R34D1NG 17 4U70M471C4LLY W17H0U7

3V3N 7H1NK1NG 4BU7 17,

B3 PR0UD ! 0NLY C3R741N P30PL3 C4N R34D 7H15 !

1F U C4N R34D 7H15 Y0UR M1ND 15 571L Y0UNG.

3 Dr. Omar Aldossary

4 Dr. Omar Aldossary

b) The science and art of dealing with variation in such a way as

c) The science of experimentation which may be regarded as

7 Dr. Omar Aldossary

8 Dr. Omar Aldossary

✓ The first step in collection of data. Careful planning is essential

➢ Sources of statistical data:

9 Dr. Omar Aldossary

Can be obtained using any one of the

✓ Data may be either categorical or numerical.

I. Categorical or Qualitative Data:

11 Dr. Omar Aldossary

• Nominal measurement level – (nominal variable) :

12 Dr. Omar Aldossary

• Ordinal measurement level (ordinal variable):

II. Numerical or Quantitative Data:

➢ In the interval measurement scale: observations can be ordered,

➢ The ratio measurement scale possesses the same properties of

III. Other Types Of Data:

• Percentages often the ratio of two quantities:

• Odds: Are defined as the number of events / number of non-events.

❑ There are two methods of presenting the data:-

17 Dr. Omar Aldossary

a survey C. glabrata 2 1.9 2 1.85 1.03

Two column frequent table:

(ii) Graphic representation (Charts and diagrams):

✓ Most convincing and appealing ways of depicting statistical results.

➢ They simplify the complexity.

20 Dr. Omar Aldossary

❑ Charts and diagrams for:

➢They are of three types:

22 Dr. Omar Aldossary

III. Component /Proportional bar chart: individual bar is divided into

✓ In these diagrams the areas of segments of a circle are compared.

• No space between the cells on a histogram.

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