UNIT I:

THE PHYSICS OF POINT

PARTICLES
MODULE 1: MEASUREMENT

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 OBJECTIVES:
✘ 1. Differentiate the various systems and units of
measurement.
✘ 2. Explain the standards of measurement for length, mass,
and time.
✘ 3. Solve measurement problems involving conversion of
units.
✘ 4. Express measurements in scientific notation.
✘ 5. Differentiate accuracy from precision.
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 OBJECTIVES:
✘ 6. Differentiate random errors from systematic errors.
✘ 7. Use the least count concept to estimate errors associated with
single measurements.
✘ 8. Estimate errors from multiple measurements of a physical
quantity using variance.
✘ 9. Estimate the uncertainty of a derived quantity from the
estimated values and uncertainties of directly measured
quantities.
✘ 10. Estimate intercepts and slopes in data with linear
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dependence.
 MOTIVATION
✘ Are the horizontal lines parallel to each other?

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 SYSTEMS OF
MEASUREMENTS

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 SYSTEMS OF MEASUREMENTS
✘ A measurement is made up of a number and a unit.

✘ To have accurate measurements, you must make sure that both the
number and the unit are correct.

✘ The English or British system comprises units such as pound (for

force), yard (for length), and ounce (for volume).

✘ Meanwhile, the metric system constitutes units based on powers of 10,

which makes it the preferred system to be used in science.
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 SYSTEMS OF MEASUREMENTS
✘ In 1960, the units of the metric system were streamlined by an
international conference held in France.

✘ The conference then created the SI, which stands for Système
international d'unités or the International System of Units.

✘ It is built upon a set of seven metric units, which are called the base
units. In addition to these seven base units, other SI units can be made
from combinations of the base units. A combination of two or more base
units is called a derived unit.
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 THE S.I. BASE UNITS OR
FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES
PHYSICAL QUANTITY UNIT NAME SYMBOL

1. MASS Kilogram Kg

2. ELECTRIC CURRENT Ampere A

3. TIME Second S

4. TEMPERATURE Kelvin K

5. AMOUNT OF SUBSTANCE Mole Mol

6. LENGTH Meter m

7. LUMINOUS INTENSITY Candela cd

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 DERIVED QUANTITIES
PHYSICAL QUANTITY UNIT NAME SYMBOL
1. Area Meters Squared m2
m3
2. Volume Cubic Meter

3. Density Kilogram per Cubic Meter kg/m3

4. Speed / Velocity Meters per Seconds m/s

5. Acceleration / Deceleration Meters per Seconds Squared m/s2

Kilograms by Meter per Seconds Squared kg ⦁ m/s2

6. Force / Weight or Newton N

Newtons by Meters per Squared N ⦁ m/s2

7. Pressure or Pascal Pa

Newtons by Mass N⦁m

8. Work or Joule J
Newtons by Meters per Seconds N ⦁ m/s2
9. Power or Watts W
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 UNIT PREFIXES
AND
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

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 UNIT PREFIXES
✘ A prefix is a letter or a group of letters added at the
beginning of the base word to change its meaning.

✘ In measurement, a unit prefix or metric prefix can be used to

make a new unit larger or smaller than the base unit.

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 UNIT PREFIXES

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 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
✘ Many problems in physics require the conversion of one unit
of measurement to another.

✘ This technique of converting between units is called

dimensional analysis.

✘ The starting point for dimensional analysis is unit equality. A

unit equality or conversion factor is an equation that shows
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the equivalent amounts of different units.
 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

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 SAMPLE
PROBLEM/S

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 SAMPLE PROBLEM/S
1. How many inches are there in 12 m?
GIVEN: 12 m
REQUIRED: in = ?
EQUATION / CONVERSION: 1 m = 100 cm ; 1 in = 2.54 cm
SOLUTION:
100 cm 1 in
12 m ⦁ ⦁ = 472.44 in
1m 2.54 cm

ANSWER: 472.44 in NOTE: ALWAYS ROUND OFF YOUR

ANSWERS UP TO 2 DECIMAL
PLACES.
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 SAMPLE PROBLEM/S
2. Maynilad uses cubic meter (m3) as the unit of a volume of water used in
each household. Determine how many cubic meters are there in a 15-L tank
of water.
GIVEN: 15 L
REQUIRED: m3 = ?
EQUATION / CONVERSION: 1L = 1000mL ; 1mL = 1cm3 ; 1m = 100cm
SOLUTION:
1000 𝑚𝐿 1 𝑐𝑚3 1𝑚 1000 mL 1 cm3 1m 3
15 L ⦁ ⦁ ⦁ ≈ 15 L ⦁ ⦁ ⦁ ( )
1𝐿 1 mL 100 𝑐𝑚 1L 1 mL 100 cm
1000 mL 1 cm3 1 m3
15 L ⦁ ⦁ ⦁ = 0.015 m3
1L 1 mL 1,000,000 cm3

ANSWER: 0.015 m3
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SCIENTIFIC
NOTATION

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 SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
✘ In physics, it is very common to work with very large or very
small numbers.

✘ For example, the mass of the sun is approximately 1 990 000 000
000 000 000 000 000 000 000 kg, and the mass of a proton is
approximately 0.0000000000000000000000000016726231 kg.
To express numbers like these in a simpler way, they are usually
written in scientific notation (also known as standard form).

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 SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
✘ A number written in scientific notation has two parts-a
number from 1 to 9, and a power of 10 in exponential form.

✘ For example, the number 0.000123 can be written in

scientific notation as 1.23 x 104. Notice that the first part
contains only the significant digits of the original number,
and the second part is in the form of 10n, where n is the
exponent.

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 SAMPLE
PROBLEM/S

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 SAMPLE PROBLEM/S
✘ Express 5000cm and 0.0005mL in scientific notation form.
ANSWER:
5000 = 5 X 103 cm 0.005 = 5 X 10-4 Ml

✘ Express and 25 x 105s and 623 x 10-7N in standard form.

ANSWER:
25 x 105 = 2500000 s
623 x 10-7 = 0.0000623 N NOTE:
LEI – RID:
LEft Increase, RIght Decrease
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 EVALUATION – WRITTEN WORK #1
Directions: Answer the following questions with your own insights.
Minimum of 3 sentences and maximum of 5 sentences per question.

1. What are your weaknesses in life? How do you deal with these?
2. What career do you want to pursue in the future? How can the
concept of conversion of units help you in becoming successful in
life?

Deadline: Until the scheduled time.

Note: Write your answers in your “activity notebook”.
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- KKUT -

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UNCERTAINTY OF
MEASUREMENTS

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 UNCERTAINTY
✘ The certain or exact digits are the ones that the measuring
instrument can give you.

✘ The smallest marked division in the measuring instrument is

called the least count. On the other hand, the uncertain
digits are the ones that you estimate.

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PRECISION AND
ACCURACY

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 PRECISION AND ACCURACY
✘ Precision is a measure of how closely individual
measurements agree with one another.

✘ Accuracy refers to how closely individual measurements

agree with the true value.

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 PRECISION AND ACCURACY

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 PRECISION AND ACCURACY
✘ You can numerically describe the consistency (precision) of
measurements using variance.

✘ This measures how far or close the measurements are from

the mean (average).

✘ The variance ( σ2 ) is defined as the average of the squared

difference of the measurements ( x ) from the mean ( x̄ )
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 PRECISION AND ACCURACY
✘ The formula to find the variance is:
Σ x −x̄ 2
VARIANCE: σ2 = N
Σ x −x̄ 2
STANDARD DEVIATION: σ2 = N

✘ where N is the number of measurements done.

✘ The square root of the variance is called the standard
deviation ( σ ).
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 SAMPLE
PROBLEM/S

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 SAMPLE PROBLEM/S
1. Five of your classmates measured the diagonal length of the board:
Classmate A measured it as 2.54 m Σ𝐗
MEAN X̄ =
Classmate B as 2.46 m 𝐍

Classmate C as 2.65 m Σ x −x̄ 2

VARIANCE σ2 =
Classmate D as 2.55 m; and N

Classmate E as 2.39 m. STANDARD

σ2 =
Σ x −x̄ 2

DEVIATION N

Find the variance and standard deviation of the measurements made.

Express the average measurement in a form that includes uncertainty.
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 SAMPLE PROBLEM/S
✘ You can estimate the standard error of the mean (SEM) by
dividing the standard deviation with the square root of the
number of measurements done.
σ
SEM =
𝐍
✘ Then you can write the average measurement in the
following form:
Average measurement = mean ± SEM

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GRAPHING DATA

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 GRAPHING DATA
✘ A graph is a pictorial representation of the relationship
between variables.

✘ A dependent variable responds to the changes in the

independent variable, whereas the independent variable is
the one that you manipulate.

✘ A trend can be used to make predictions using the data.

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 GRAPHING DATA
✘ Graphs make you visualize the relationship between two
variables. Knowing how to construct a graph is a result of
your interpretation on it.

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- KKUT –
(MODULE 1 – DONE)

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 EVALUATION - PT#1

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