Q1) Name the divisions in a COBOL program ?

A1) IDENTIFICATION DIVISION, ENVIRONMENT DIVISION, DATA

DIVISION, PROCEDURE DIVISION.

Q2) What are the different data types available in COBOL ?

A2) Alpha-numeric (X), alphabetic (A) and numeric (9).

Q3) What does the INITIALIZE verb do ?

A3) Alphabetic, Alphanumeric fields & alphanumeric edited items are set to SPACES.
Numeric, Numeric edited items set to ZERO. FILLER , OCCURS DEPENDING ON
items left untouched.

Q4) What is 77 level used for ?

A4) Elementary level item. Cannot be subdivisions of other items (cannot be

qualified), nor can they be subdivided themselves.

Q5) What is 88 level used for ?

A5) For condition names.

Q6) What is level 66 used for ?

A6) For RENAMES clause.

Q7) What does the IS NUMERIC clause establish ?

A7) IS NUMERIC can be used on alphanumeric items, signed numeric & packed
decimal items and unsigned numeric & packed decimal items. IS NUMERIC returns
TRUE if the item only consists of 0-9. However, if the item being tested is a signed item,
then it may contain 0-9, + and - .

Q8) How do you define a table/array in COBOL ?

A8) ARRAYS. 05 ARRAY1 PIC X(9) OCCURS 10 TIMES. 05 ARRAY2

PIC X(6) OCCURS 20 TIMES INDEXED BY WS-INDEX. Q9) Can the
OCCURS clause be at the 01 level ?

A9) No.

Q10) What is the difference between index and subscript ?

- A10) Subscript refers to the array occurrence while index is the displacement (in no of
bytes) from the beginning of the array. An index can only be modified using PERFORM,
SEARCH & SET. Need to have index for a table in order to use SEARCH, SEARCH
ALL.

Q11) What is the difference between SEARCH and SEARCH ALL ?

A11) SEARCH - is a serial search. SEARCH ALL - is a binary search & the table must
be sorted ( ASCENDING/DESCENDING KEY clause to be used & data loaded in this
order) before using SEARCH ALL.

Q12) What should be the sorting order for SEARCH ALL ?

A12) It can be either ASCENDING or DESCENDING. ASCENDING is default. If you

want the search to be done on an array sorted in descending order, then while defining the
array, you should give DESCENDING KEY clause. (You must load the table in the
specified order).

Q13) What is binary search ?

A13) Search on a sorted array. Compare the item to be searched with the item at the
center. If it matches, fine else repeat the process with the left half or the right half
depending on where the item lies.

Q14) My program has an array defined to have 10 items. Due to a bug, I find that even
if the program access the 11th item in this array, the program does not abend. What is
wrong with it ?

A14) Must use compiler option SSRANGE if you want array bounds checking. Default
is NOSSRANGE.

Q15) How do you sort in a COBOL program Give sort file definition, sort statement
syntax and meaning. ?

A15) Syntax: SORT file-1 ON ASCENDING/DESCENDING KEY key.... USING

file-2 GIVING file-3. USING can be substituted by INPUT PROCEDURE IS para-1
THRU para-2 GIVING can be substituted by OUTPUT PROCEDURE IS para-1 THRU
para-2. file-1 is the sort (work) file and must be described using SD entry in FILE
SECTION. file-2 is the input file for the SORT and must be described using an FD entry
in FILE SECTION and SELECT clause in FILE CONTROL. file-3 is the out file from
the SORT and must be described using an FD entry in FILE SECTION and SELECT
clause in FILE CONTROL. file-1, file-2 & file-3 should not be opened explicitly. INPUT
PROCEDURE is executed before the sort and records must be RELEASEd to the sort
work file from the input procedure. OUTPUT PROCEDURE is executed after all records
have been sorted. Records from the sort work file must be RETURNed one at a time to
the output procedure.

Q16) How do you define a sort file in JCL that runs the COBOL program ?

A16) Use the SORTWK01, SORTWK02,..... dd names in the step. Number of sort
datasets depends on the volume of data being sorted, but a minimum of 3 is required.

Q17) What is the difference between performing a SECTION and a PARAGRAPH ?

A17) Performing a SECTION will cause all the paragraphs that are part of the section,
to be performed. Performing a PARAGRAPH will cause only that paragraph to be
performed.

Q18) What is the use of EVALUATE statement ?

A18) Evaluate is like a case statement and can be used to replace nested Ifs. The
difference between EVALUATE and case is that no 'break' is required for EVALUATE
i.e. control comes out of the EVALUATE as soon as one match is made.

Q19) What are the different forms of EVALUATE statement ?

A19) EVALUATE EVALUATE SQLCODE ALSO FILE-STATUS WHEN A=B

AND C=D WHEN 100 ALSO '00' imperative stmt imperative stmt WHEN (D+X)/Y = 4
WHEN -305 ALSO '32' imperative stmt imperative stmt WHEN OTHER WHEN
OTHER imperative stmt imperative stmt END-EVALUATE END-EVALUATE
EVALUATE SQLCODE ALSO A=B EVALUATE SQLCODE ALSO TRUE WHEN
100 ALSO TRUE WHEN 100 ALSO A=B imperative stmt imperative stmt WHEN -305
ALSO FALSE WHEN -305 ALSO (A/C=4) imperative stmt imperative stmt END-
EVALUATE END-EVALUATE

Q20) How do you come out of an EVALUATE statement ?

A20) After the execution of one of the when clauses, the control is automatically passed
on to the next sentence after the EVALUATE statement. There is no need of any extra
code.

Q21) In an EVALUATE statement, can I give a complex condition on a when clause ?

A21) Yes.

Q22) What is a scope terminator ?

Give examples. A22) Scope terminator is used to mark the end of a verb e.g.
EVALUATE, END-EVALUATE; IF, END-IF.
Q23) How do you do in-line PERFORM ?

A23) PERFORM ... ... END-PERFORM

Q24) When would you use in-line perform ?

A24) When the body of the perform will not be used in other paragraphs. If the body of
the perform is a generic type of code (used from various other places in the program), it
would be better to put the code in a separate Para and use PERFORM Para name rather
than in-line perform.

Q25) What is the difference between CONTINUE & NEXT SENTENCE ?

A25) They appear to be similar, that is, the control goes to the next sentence in the
paragraph. But, Next Sentence would take the control to the sentence after it finds a full
stop (.). Check out by writing the following code example, one if sentence followed by 3
display statements (sorry they appear one line here because of formatting restrictions) If 1
> 0 then next sentence end if display 'line 1' display 'line 2'. display 'line 3'. *** Note-
there is a dot (.) only at the end of the last 2 statements, see the effect by replacing Next
Sentence with Continue ***

Q26) What does EXIT do ?

A26) Does nothing ! If used, must be the only sentence within a paragraph.

Q27) Can I redefine an X(100) field with a field of X(200) ?

A27) Yes. Redefines just causes both fields to start at the same location. For example:
01 WS-TOP PIC X(1) 01 WS-TOP-RED REDEFINES WS-TOP PIC X(2). If you
MOVE '12' to WS-TOP-RED, DISPLAY WS-TOP will show 1 while DISPLAY WS-
TOP-RED will show 12.

A28) Can I redefine an X(200) field with a field of X(100) ?

Q31)1 Yes.

Q31)2 What do you do to resolve SOC-7 error ?

Q31) Basically you need to correcting the offending data. Many times the reason for
SOC7 is an un-initialized numeric item. Examine that possibility first. Many installations
provide you a dump for run time abend’s ( it can be generated also by calling some
subroutines or OS services thru assembly language). These dumps provide the offset of
the last instruction at which the abend occurred. Examine the compilation output XREF
listing to get the verb and the line number of the source code at this offset. Then you can
look at the source code to find the bug. To get capture the runtime dumps, you will have
to define some datasets (SYSABOUT etc ) in the JCL. If none of these are helpful, use
judgement and DISPLAY to localize the source of error. Some installation might have
batch program debugging tools. Use them.

Q32) How is sign stored in Packed Decimal fields and Zoned Decimal fields ?

Q32) Packed Decimal fields: Sign is stored as a hex value in the last nibble (4 bits
) of the storage. Zoned Decimal fields: As a default, sign is over punched with the
numeric value stored in the last bite.

Q33) How is sign stored in a comp-3 field ?

Q33) It is stored in the last nibble. For example if your number is +100, it stores hex 0C
in the last byte, hex 1C if your number is 101, hex 2C if your number is 102, hex 1D if
the number is -101, hex 2D if the number is -102 etc...

Q34) How is sign stored in a COMP field ?

Q34) In the most significant bit. Bit is ON if -ve, OFF if +ve.

Q35) What is the difference between COMP & COMP-3 ?

Q35) COMP is a binary storage format while COMP-3 is packed decimal format.

Q36) What is COMP-1 ? COMP-2 ?

Q36) COMP-1 - Single precision floating point. Uses 4 bytes. COMP-2 - Double
precision floating point. Uses 8 bytes.

Q37) How do you define a variable of COMP-1 ? COMP-2 ?

Q37) No picture clause to be given. Example 01 WS-VAR USAGE COMP-1.

Q38) How many bytes does a S9(7) COMP-3 field occupy ?

Q38) Will take 4 bytes. Sign is stored as hex value in the last nibble. General formula is
INT((n/2) + 1)), where n=7 in this example.

Q39) How many bytes does a S9(7) SIGN TRAILING SEPARATE field occupy ?

Q39) Will occupy 8 bytes (one extra byte for sign).

Q40) How many bytes will a S9(8) COMP field occupy ?

Q40) 4 bytes.

Q41) What is the maximum value that can be stored in S9(8) COMP ?
Q41) 99999999

Q42) What is COMP SYNC ?

Q42) Causes the item to be aligned on natural boundaries. Can be SYNCHRONIZED

LEFT or RIGHT. For binary data items, the address resolution is faster if they are located
at word boundaries in the memory. For example, on main frame the memory word size is
4 bytes. This means that each word will start from an address divisible by 4. If my first
variable is x(3) and next one is s9(4) comp, then if you do not specify the SYNC clause,
S9(4) COMP will start from byte 3 ( assuming that it starts from 0 ). If you specify
SYNC, then the binary data item will start from address 4. You might see some wastage
of memory, but the access to this computational field is faster.

Q43) What is the maximum size of a 01 level item in COBOL I ? in COBOL II ?

Q43) In COBOL II: 16777215

Q44) How do you reference the following file formats from COBOL programs: ?

Q44) Fixed Block File - Use ORGANISATION IS SEQUENTIAL. Use RECORDING

MODE IS F, BLOCK CONTAINS 0 . Fixed Unblocked - Use ORGANISATION IS
SEQUENTIAL. Use RECORDING MODE IS F, do not use BLOCK CONTAINS
Variable Block File - Use ORGANISATION IS SEQUENTIAL. Use RECORDING
MODE IS V, BLOCK CONTAINS 0. Do not code the 4 bytes for record length in FD ie
JCL rec length will be max rec length in pgm + 4 Variable Unblocked - Use
ORGANISATION IS SEQUENTIAL. Use RECORDING MODE IS V, do not use
BLOCK CONTAINS. Do not code 4 bytes for record length in FD ie JCL rec length will
be max rec length in pgm + 4. ESDS VSAM file - Use ORGANISATION IS
SEQUENTIAL. KSDS VSAM file - Use ORGANISATION IS INDEXED, RECORD
KEY IS, ALTERNATE RECORD KEY IS RRDS File - Use ORGANISATION IS
RELATIVE, RELATIVE KEY IS Printer File - Use ORGANISATION IS
SEQUENTIAL. Use RECORDING MODE IS F, BLOCK CONTAINS 0. (Use
RECFM=FBA in JCL DCB).

Q45) What are different file OPEN modes available in COBOL ?

Q45) Open for INPUT, OUTPUT, I-O, EXTEND.

Q46) What is the mode in which you will OPEN a file for writing ?

Q46) OUTPUT, EXTEND

Q47) In the JCL, how do you define the files referred to in a subroutine ?

Q47) Supply the DD cards just as you would for files referred to in the main program.
Q48) Can you REWRITE a record in an ESDS file ? Can you DELETE a record from it
?

Q48) Can rewrite (record length must be same), but not delete.

Q49) What is file status 92 ?

Q49) Logic error. e.g., a file is opened for input and an attempt is made to write to it.

Q50) What is file status 39 ?

Q50) Mismatch in LRECL or BLOCKSIZE or RECFM between your COBOL pgm &
the JCL (or the dataset label). You will get file status 39 on an OPEN.

Q51) What is Static and Dynamic linking ?

Q51) In static linking, the called subroutine is link-edited into the calling program ,
while in dynamic linking, the subroutine & the main program will exist as separate load
modules. You choose static/dynamic linking by choosing either the DYNAM or
NODYNAM link edit option. (Even if you choose NODYNAM, a CALL identifier (as
opposed to a CALL literal), will translate to a DYNAMIC call).A statically called
subroutine will not be in its initial state the next time it is called unless you explicitly use
INITIAL or you do a CANCEL. A dynamically called routine will always be in its initial
state.

Q52) What is AMODE(24), AMODE(31), RMODE(24) and RMODE(ANY) ?

(applicable to only MVS/ESA Enterprise Server). Q52) These are compile/link edit
options. Basically AMODE stands for Addressing mode and RMODE for Residency
mode. AMODE(24) - 24 bit addressing; AMODE(31) - 31 bit addressing AMODE(ANY)
- Either 24 bit or 31 bit addressing depending on RMODE. RMODE(24) - Resides in
virtual storage below 16 Meg line. Use this for 31 bit programs that call 24 bit programs.
(OS/VS Cobol pgms use 24 bit addresses only). RMODE(ANY) - Can reside above or
below 16 Meg line.

Q53) What compiler option would you use for dynamic linking ?

Q53) DYNAM.

Q54) What is SSRANGE, NOSSRANGE ?

Q54) These are compiler options with respect to subscript out of range checking.
NOSSRANGE is the default and if chosen, no run time error will be flagged if your index
or subscript goes out of the permissible range.
Q55) How do you set a return code to the JCL from a COBOL program ?

Q55) Move a value to RETURN-CODE register. RETURN-CODE should not be

declared in your program.

Q56) How can you submit a job from COBOL programs ?

Q56) Write JCL cards to a dataset with //xxxxxxx SYSOUT= (A,INTRDR) where 'A' is
output class, and dataset should be opened for output in the program. Define a 80 byte
record layout for the file.

Q57) What are the differences between OS VS COBOL and VS COBOL II ?

Q57) OS/VS Cobol pgms can only run in 24 bit addressing mode, VS Cobol II pgms
can run either in 24 bit or 31 bit addressing modes. I. Report writer is supported
only in OS/VS Cobol. II. USAGE IS POINTER is supported only in VS COBOL II.
III. Reference modification e.g.: WS-VAR(1:2) is supported only in VS COBOL II.
IV. EVALUATE is supported only in VS COBOL II. V. Scope terminators are
supported only in VS COBOL II. VI. OS/VS Cobol follows ANSI 74 stds while VS
COBOL II follows ANSI 85 stds. VII. Under CICS Calls between VS COBOL II
programs are supported.

Q58) What are the steps you go through while creating a COBOL program executable ?

Q58) DB2 precompiler (if embedded SQL used), CICS translator (if CICS pgm), Cobol
compiler, Link editor. If DB2 program, create plan by binding the DBRMs.

Q59) Can you call an OS VS COBOL pgm from a VS COBOL II pgm ?

Q59) In non-CICS environment, it is possible. In CICS, this is not possible.

Q60) What are the differences between COBOL and COBOL II ?

A60) There are at least five differences: COBOL II supports structured programming
by using in line Performs and explicit scope terminators, It introduces new features
(EVALUATE, SET. TO TRUE, CALL. BY CONTEXT, etc) It permits programs to be
loaded and addressed above the 16-megabyte line It does not support many old features
(READY TRACE, REPORT-WRITER, ISAM, Etc.), and It offers enhanced CICS
support.

Q61) What is an explicit scope terminator ?

A61) A scope terminator brackets its preceding verb, e.g. IF .. END-IF, so that all
statements between the verb and its scope terminator are grouped together. Other
common COBOL II verbs are READ, PERFORM, EVALUATE, SEARCH and
STRING.
Q62) What is an in line PERFORM ? When would you use it ? Anything else to say
about it ?

A62) The PERFORM and END-PERFORM statements bracket all COBOL II

statements between them. The COBOL equivalent is to PERFORM or PERFORM THRU
a paragraph. In line PERFORMs work as long as there are no internal GO TOs, not even
to an exit. The in line PERFORM for readability should not exceed a page length - often
it will reference other PERFORM paragraphs.

Q63) What is the difference between NEXT SENTENCE and CONTINUE ?

A63) NEXT SENTENCE gives control to the verb following the next period.
CONTINUE gives control to the next verb after the explicit scope terminator. (This is not
one of COBOL II's finer implementations). It's safest to use CONTINUE rather than
NEXT SENTENCE in COBOL II.

Q64) What COBOL construct is the COBOL II EVALUATE meant to replace ?

A64) EVALUATE can be used in place of the nested IF THEN ELSE statements.

Q65) What is the significance of 'above the line' and 'below the line' ?

A65) Before IBM introduced MVS/XA architecture in the 1980's a program's virtual
storage was limited to 16 megs. Programs compiled with a 24 bit mode can only address
16 Mb of space, as though they were kept under an imaginary storage line. With COBOL
II a program compiled with a 31 bit mode can be 'above the 16 Mb line. (This 'below the
line', 'above the line' imagery confuses most mainframe programmers, who tend to be a
literal minded group.)

Q66) What was removed from COBOL in the COBOL II implementation ?

A66) Partial list: REMARKS, NOMINAL KEY, PAGE-COUNTER, CURRENT-

DAY, TIME-OF-DAY, STATE, FLOW, COUNT, EXAMINE, EXHIBIT, READY
TRACE and RESET TRACE.

Q67) Explain call by context by comparing it to other calls. ?

A67) The parameters passed in a call by context are protected from modification by the
called program. In a normal call they are able to be modified.

Q68) What is the linkage section ?

A68) The linkage section is part of a called program that 'links' or maps to data items in
the calling program's working storage. It is the part of the called program where these
share items are defined.
Q69) What is the difference between a subscript and an index in a table definition ?

A69) A subscript is a working storage data definition item, typically a PIC (999) where
a value must be moved to the subscript and then incremented or decrements by ADD TO
and SUBTRACT FROM statements. An index is a register item that exists outside the
program's working storage. You SET an index to a value and SET it UP BY value and
DOWN BY value.

Q70) If you were passing a table via linkage, which is preferable - a subscript or an
index ?

A70) Wake up - you haven't been paying attention! It's not possible to pass an index via
linkage. The index is not part of the calling programs working storage. Those of us
who've made this mistake, appreciate the lesson more than others.

Q71) Explain the difference between an internal and an external sort, the pros and cons,
internal sort syntax etc. ?

A71) An external sort is not COBOL; it is performed through JCL and PGM=SORT. It
is understandable without any code reference. An internal sort can use two different
syntax’s: 1.) USING, GIVING sorts are comparable to external sorts with no extra file
processing; 2) INPUT PROCEDURE, OUTPUT PROCEDURE sorts allow for data
manipulation before and/or after the sort.

Q72) What is the difference between comp and comp-3 usage ? Explain other COBOL
usage’s. ?

A72) Comp is a binary usage, while comp-3 indicates packed decimal. The other
common usage’s are binary and display. Display is the default.

Q73) When is a scope terminator mandatory ?

A73) Scope terminators are mandatory for in-line PERFORMS and EVALUATE
statements. For readability, it's recommended coding practice to always make scope
terminators explicit.

Q74) In a COBOL II PERFORM statement, when is the conditional tested, before or

after the perform execution ?

A74) In COBOL II the optional clause WITH TEST BEFORE or WITH TEST AFTER
can be added to all perform statements. By default the test is performed before the
perform.

Q75) In an EVALUTE statement is the order of the WHEN clauses significant ?

A75) Absolutely. Evaluation of the WHEN clauses proceeds from top to bottom and
their sequence can determine results.

Q76) What is the default value(s) for an INITIALIZE and what keyword allows for an
override of the default. ?

A76) INITIALIZE moves spaces to alphabetic fields and zeros to alphanumeric fields.
The REPLACING option can be used to override these defaults.

Q77) What is SET TO TRUE all about, anyway ?

A77) In COBOL II the 88 levels can be set rather than moving their associated values
to the related data item. (Web note: This change is not one of COBOL II's better
specifications.)

Q78) What is LENGTH in COBOL II ?

A78) LENGTH acts like a special register to tell the length of a group or elementary
item.

Q79) What is the difference between a binary search and a sequential search ? What are
the pertinent COBOL commands ?

A79) In a binary search the table element key values must be in ascending or
descending sequence. The table is 'halved' to search for equal to, greater than or less than
conditions until the element is found. In a sequential search the table is searched from top
to bottom, so (ironically) the elements do not have to be in a specific sequence. The
binary search is much faster for larger tables, while sequential works well with smaller
ones. SEARCH ALL is used for binary searches; SEARCH for sequential.

Q80) What is the point of the REPLACING option of a copy statement ?

A80) REPLACING allows for the same copy to be used more than once in the same
code by changing the replace value.

Q81) What will happen if you code GO BACK instead of STOP RUN in a stand alone
COBOL program i.e. aprogram which is not calling any other program. ?

A81) The program will go in an infinite loop.

Q82) How can I tell if a module is being called DYNAMICALLY or STATICALLY ?

A82) The ONLY way is to look at the output of the linkage editor (IEWL)or the load
module itself. If the module is being called DYNAMICALLY then it will not exist in the
main module, if it is being called STATICALLY then it will be seen in the load module.
Calling a working storage variable, containing a program name, does not make a
DYNAMIC call. This type of calling is known as IMPLICITE calling as the name of the
module is implied by the contents of the working storage variable. Calling a program
name literal (CALL

Q83) What is the difference between a DYNAMIC and STATIC call in COBOL. ?

A83) To correct an earlier answer: All called modules cannot run standalone if they
require program variables passed to them via the LINKAGE section. DYNAMICally
called modules are those that are not bound with the calling program at link edit time
(IEWL for IBM) and so are loaded from the program library (joblib or steplib) associated
with the job. For DYNAMIC calling of a module the DYNAM compiler option must be
chosen, else the linkage editor will not generate an executable as it will expect u address
resolution of all called modules. A STATICally called module is one that is bound with
the calling module at link edit, and therefore becomes part of the executable load module.

Q84) How may divisions are there in JCL-COBOL ?

A84) SIX

Q85) What is the purpose of Identification Division ?

A85) Documentation.

Q86) What is the difference between PIC 9.99 and 9v99 ?

A86) PIC 9.99 is a FOUR-POSITION field that actually contains a decimal point where
as PIC 9v99 is THREE- POSITION numeric field with implied or assumed decimal
position.

Q87) what is Pic 9v99 Indicates ?

A87) PICTURE 9v99 is a three position Numeric field with an implied or assumed
decimal point after the first position; the v means an implied decimal point.

Q88) What guidelines should be followed to write a structured Cobol prg'm ?

A88) 1) use 'evaluate' stmt for constructing cases. 2) use scope terminators for
nesting. 3) use in line perform stmt for writing 'do ' constructions. 4) use test before
and test after in the perform stmt for writing do-while constructions.

Q89) Read the following code. 01 ws-n pic 9(2) value zero. a-para move 5 to ws-n.
perform b-para ws-n times. b-para. move 10 to ws-n. how many times will b-para be
executed ?

A89) 5 times only. it will not take the value 10 that is initialized in the loop.
Q90) What is the difference between SEARCH and SEARCH ALL ? What is more
efficient ?

A90) SEARCH is a sequential search from the beginning of the table. SEARCH ALL is
a binary search, continually dividing the table in two halves until a match is found.
SEARCH ALL is more efficient for tables larger than 70 items.

Q91) What are some examples of command terminators ?

A91) END-IF, END-EVALUATE

Q92) What care has to be taken to force program to execute above 16 Meg line ?

A92) Make sure that link option is AMODE=31 and RMODE=ANY. Compile option
should never have SIZE(MAX). BUFSIZE can be 2K, efficient enough.

Q93) How do you submit JCL via a Cobol program ?

A93) Use a file //dd1 DD sysout=(*, intrdr)write your JCL to this file. Pl some on try
this out.

Q94) How to execute a set of JCL statements from a COBOL program?

A94) Using EXEC CICS SPOOL WRITE(var-name) END-EXEC command. var-name

is a COBOL host structure containing JCL statements.

Q95) Give some advantages of REDEFINES clause. ?

A95) 1. You can REDEFINE a Variable from one PICTURE class to another
PICTURE class by using the same memory location. 2. By REDEFINES we can
INITIALISE the variable in WORKING-STORAGE Section itself. 3. We can
REDEFINE a Single Variable into so many sub variables. (This facility is very useful in
solving Y2000 Problem.)

Q96) What is the difference between static call & Dynamic call?

A96) In the case of Static call, the called program is a stand-alone program, it is an
executable program. During run time we can call it in our called program. As about
Dynamic call, the called program is not an executable program it can executed through
the called program

Q97) What do you feel makes a good program ?

A97) A program that follows a top down approach. It is also one that other
programmers or users can follow logically and is easy to read and understand.
Q98) How do you code Cobol to access a parameter that has been defined in JCL ? And
do you code the PARM parameter on the EXEC line in JCL ?

A98) 1) using JCL with sysin. //sysin dd *here u code the parameters(value) to
pass in to cobol program /* and in program you use accept variable name(one accept will
read one row)/.another way. 2) in jcl using parm statement ex: in exec statement
parm='john','david' in cobol pgm u have to code linkage section in that for first value you
code length variable and variable name say, abc pic x(4).it will take john inside to read
next value u have to code another variable in the same way above mentioned.

Q99) Why do we code S9(4) comp. Inspite of knowing comp-3 will occupy less
space. ?

A99) Here s9(4)comp is small integer ,so two words equal to 1 byte so totally it will
occupy 2 bytes(4 words).here in s9(4) comp-3 as one word is equal to 1/2 byte.4 words
equal to 2 bytes and sign will occupy 1/2 byte so totally it will occupy 3 bytes.

Q100) The maximum number of dimensions that an array can have in COBOL-85 is
----------- ?

A100) SEVEN in COBOL - 85 and THREE in COBOL - 84

Q101) How do you declare a host variable (in COBOL) for an attribute named Emp-
Name of type VARCHAR(25) ?

A101) 01 EMP-GRP. 49 E-LEN PIC S9(4) COMP. 49 E-NAME PIC X(25).

Q102) What is Comm ?

A102) COMM - HALF WORD BINARY

Q103) Differentiate COBOL and COBOL-II. (Most of our programs are written in
COBOLII, so, it is good to know, how, this is different from COBOL) ?

A103) The following features are available with VS COBOL II: 1. MVS/XA and
MVS/ESA support The compiler and the object programs it produces can be run in either
24- or 31-bit addressing mode. 2. VM/XA and VM/ESA support The compiler and the
object programs it produces can be run in either 24- or 31-bit addressing mode. 3.
VSE/ESA support The compiler and the object programs it produces can be run under
VSE/ESA.

Q104) What is PERFORM ?

What is VARYING ?
(More details about these clauses) A104) The PERFORM statement is a
PROCEDURE DIVISION statement which transfers control to one or more specified
procedures and controls as specified the number of times the procedures are executed.
After execution of the specified procedures is completed (i.e., for the appropriate number
of times or until some specified condition is met), control is transferred to the next
executable statement following the PERFORM statement. There are 5 types of
PERFORM statements: a) Basic PERFORM b) PERFORM TIMES c)PERFORM
UNTIL d) PERFORM VARYING e) IN-LINE PERFORM

Q105) How many sections are there in data division ?

. A105) SIX SECTIONS 1.FILE SECTION 2.WORKING-STORAGE SECTION

3. LOCAL-STORAGE SECTION 4.SCREEN SECTION 5.REPORT SECTION 6.
LINKAGE SECTION

Q106) What is Redefines clause ?

A106) Redefines clause is used to allow the same storage allocation to be referenced by
different data names .

Q107) How many bytes does a s9(4)comp-3 field occupy ?

A107) 3Bytes (formula : n/2 + 1))

Q108) What is the different between index and subscript ?

A108) Subscript refers to the array of occurrence , where as Index represents an

occurrence of a table element. An index can only modified using perform, search & set.
Need to have an index for a table in order to use SEARCH and SEARCH All.

Q109) What is the difference between Structured COBOL Programming and Object
Oriented COBOL programming ?

A109) Structured programming is a Logical way of programming, you divide the

functionalities into modules and code logically. OOP is a Natural way of programming;
you identify the objects first, and then write functions, procedures around the objects.
Sorry, this may not be an adequate answer, but they are two different programming
paradigms, which is difficult to put in a sentence or two.

Q110) What divisions, sections and paragraphs are mandatory for a COBOL program ?

A110) IDENTIFICATION DIVISION and PROGRAM-ID paragraph are mandatory for

a compilation error free COBOL program.

Q111) Can JUSTIFIED be used for all the data types ?

A111) No, it can be used only with alphabetic and alphanumeric data types.

Q112) What happens when we move a comp-3 field to an edited (say z (9). ZZ-) ?

A112) the editing characters r to be used with data items with usage clause as display
which is the default. When u tries displaying a data item with usage as computational it
does not give the desired display format because the data item is stored as packed
decimal. So if u want this particular data item to be edited u have to move it into a data
item whose usage is display and then have that particular data item edited in the format
desired.

Q113) What will happen if you code GO BACK instead of STOP RUN in a stand-alone
COBOL program i.e. a program which is not calling any other program ?

A113) Both give the same results when a program is not calling any other program. GO
BACK will give the control to the system even though it is a single program.

Q114) what is the difference between external and global variables ?

A114) Global variables are accessible only to the batch program whereas external
variables can be referenced from any batch program residing in the same system library.

Q115) You are writing report program with 4 levels of totals: city, state, region and
country. The codes being used can be the same over the different levels, meaning a city
code of 01 can be in any number of states, and the same applies to state and region code
so how do you do your checking for breaks and how do you do add to each level ?

A115) Always compare on the highest-level first, because if you have a break at a
highest level, each level beneath it must also break. Add to the lowest level for each
record but add to the higher level only on a break.

Q116) What is difference between COBOL and VS COBOL II ?

. A116) In using COBOL on PC we have only flat files and the programs can
access only limited storage, whereas in VS COBOL II on M/F the programs can access
up to 16MB or 2GB depending on the addressing and can use VSAM files to make I/O
operations faster.

Q117) Why occurs can not be used in 01 level ?

A117) Because, Occurs clause is there to repeat fields with same format, not the records.

Q118) What is report-item ?

A118) A Report-Item Is A Field To Be Printed That Contains Edit Symbols

Q119) Difference between next and continue clause?

A119) The difference between the next and continue verb is that in the continue verb it is
used for a situation where there in no EOF condition that is the records are to be accessed
again and again in an file, whereas in the next verb the indexed file is accessed
sequentially, read next record command is used.

Q120) What is the Importance of GLOBAL clause According to new standards of

COBOL?

A120) When any data name, file-name, Record-name, condition name or Index defined
in an Including Program can be referenced by a directly or indirectly in an included
program, Provided the said name has been declared to be a global name by GLOBAL
Format of Global Clause is01 data-1 pic 9(5) IS GLOBAL.

Q121) What is the Purpose of POINTER Phrase in STRING command?

A121) The Purpose of POINTER phrase is to specify the leftmost position within
receiving field where the first transferred character will be stored

Q122) How do we get current date from system with century ?

A122) By using Intrinsic function, FUNCTION CURRENT-DATE

Q123) What is the maximum length of a field you can define using COMP-3 ?

A123) 10 Bytes (S9(18) COMP-3).

Q124) Why do we code s9 (4) comp ?

In spite of knowing comp-3 will occupy less space ?

A124) Here s9(4)comp is small integer, so two words equal to 1 byte so totally it will
occupy 2 bytes(4 words).here in s9(4) comp-3 as one word is equal to 1/2 byte.4 words
equal to 2 bytes and sign will occupy 1/2 byte so totally it will occupy 3 bytes.

Q125) What is the LINKAGE SECTION used for ?

A125) The linkage section is used to pass data from one program to another program or
to pass data from a PROC to a program.

Q126) Describe the difference between subscripting and indexing ?

A126) Indexing uses binary displacement. Subscripts use the value of the occurrence.