LESSON 1

COMPUTERS & BASIC TERMINOLOGY

NAMA = IDHAR TIO ATMAJA, CLASS =X-4 11/29/2011

SMAN RSBI 2 DEPOK

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Nov. 29

COMPUTERS
A computer is an electronic device that you can use to store and process information.there are four basic functions of a computer. They are: a. Input: you input data and you provide data set of instuctions. You input data through input devices which are keyboard, mouse, scanner,etc b. Processing: the computer processes it and it manipulates the data which is done by the CPU c. Output: After processing the data the computer displays the result , it gives an output. Output devices are the monitor, in the case of visual output. speakers, in the case of audio output, printers, etc d. Storage: You can save your data for future use in the CPU itself which is stored in the computer's ROM. There are several other storage devices also like removeable disks , CDs, etc A system is a set of interrelated elements which must come together to achieve a common goal or a set of interacting or interdependent components forming an integrated whole. A computer system is a collection of devices that function together to process data. A system of interconnected computers that share a centralstorage system and various peripheral devices such as aprinters, scanners, or routers. Each computer connected to the system can operate independently, but has the abilityto communicate with other xternal devices and computers. Information System. System of hardware, software, data, people, and procedures that allows a person to obtain useful and timely information from a computer and any combination of information technology and people's activities that support operations, management, and decision making. Hardware is the electric, electronic, and mechanical equipment that makes up a computer. The physical components. Software is the series of instructions that tells the hardware how to perform tasks. Without software, hardware is useless hardware needs the instructions provided by software to process data into information. Programs and applications. Data is a collection of raw unprocessed facts, figures and symbols. Peopleware includes the users who communicate with a computer or use the information it generates or developers, who design hardware or write software. Procedure is an instruction, or set of instructions, a user follows to accomplish an activity.

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THE INFORMATION PROCESSING CYCLE

The series of input, process, output, and storage activities is very often called the information processing cycle. Input, processing, and output application

OUTPUT INPUT

the information processing cycle

Application Microsoft word Word processor

Function Input: Typing your words Processing: Formatting the text (such as word wrap and fonts) Output: Storing the text and allowing you to retrieve or print it Input: Typing or providing numbers (such as sales figures) Processing: Applying one or more formulas to the data Output: Displaying the results of the calculation in numeric or graphical form Input: Typing information into a data form Processing: Indexing and storing the data records Output: Producing reports showing selected data records Input: Moving your chess piece Processing: Computer calculating how to respond to your move Output: Computer making a move
input, processing, and output application

Microsoft excel

Spreadsheet

Microsoft office access

Database

Game

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COMPONENTS HARDWARE
a. Input devices : You use input devices to provide information to a computer, such as typing a letter or giving instructions to a computer, to perform a task. Some examples :Mouse, Keyboard, Microphone, Scanner, Webcam, Stylus, Trackball, Output devices : used to convey the information generated by a computer to a user. Some examples :Monitor, Printer, Speaker/Headphone System unit : a box-like case made from metal or plastic that houses the computer electronic circuitry. The circuitry in the system unit usually is part of or is connected to a circuit board called the motherboard. Component on the motherboard are 1) Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the heart and brain of the computer. 2) Main Memory is where information is stored and retrieved by the CPU, Three main types of memory: (i) Random Access Memory ( RAM ): It is the main memory and allows you to temporarily store commands and data (ii) Read Only Memory ( ROM ): It is the memory that retains its contents even after the computer is turned off (iii) Flash Memory: It is nonvolatile memory that retains data even after a computer turned off 3) Data Representation: when a computer performs a task, it stores data in the memory. (i) Bit A bit is the smallest unit of information that a computer handles. (ii) Byte A byte is a combination of eight bits arranged in a particular sequence (iii) Kilobyte One kilobyte is equal to 1,024 bytes. (iv) Megabyte One megabyte is equal to 1,024 KB. (v) Gigabyte One gigabyte is equal to 1,024 MB. (vi) Terabyte One terabyte is equal to 1,024 GB. 4) Motherboard is the central printed circuit board (PCB) in many modern computers and holds many of the crucial components of the system, providing connectors for other peripherals. 5) Expansion cards: a circuit board that can be attached to motherboard to add features such as video display and audio capability to your computer. d. Storage Devices is used to record and retrieve data, instructions, and information to and from a storage medium. 1) Kinds of Storage Devices = (i) Internal storage devices

b.

c.

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(ii) External Storage devices 2) Some examples = (i) Hard disk: A magnetic disk that is usually the main storage device on most computers. It can be an external or an internal device. (ii) Tape drives: This technology consist of use magnetic bandage to store large amounts of data that could be read as well as erased. (iii) External hard drives orders are generally used to transfer large amounts of data, in particular when a network is not available (iv) Floppy disk: A portable storage device that allows you to store a small amount of data. (v) CD-ROM: A portable storage medium that allows you to store 400 times more data than on a floppy disk. (vi) DVD-ROM: A portable storage medium that is similar to a CD-ROM; however, it can store larger amounts of data than a floppy disk or a CDROM. (vii) USB: use a solid state drive technology (no moving parts) that is bot small in form and compatible with any computer that has a USB port. e. Communication Devices enable computer users to communicate and to exchange items such as data, instructions, and information with another computer. A modem is a communications device that enables computer communicate usually via telephone lines or cable.

SOFTWARE CONCEPTS
Software is the series of instructions that tells the hardware how to perform tasks. Without software, hardware is useless hardware needs the instructions provided by software to process data into information. Programs and applications. a. System Software is computer software designed to operate the computer hardware and to provide a platform for running application software. 1) Operating System 2) Utility Programs The eight commonly used office applications are: 1) Word processor 2) Spreadsheet 3) Presentasi Graphics 4) Database 5) Packed Software: is designed to meet the needs of various users 6) Custom Software: is a program developed at a users request to perform specific functions 7) Shareware: is software that is distributed free for a trial period 8) Freeware and Public-Domain Software: Freeware is software that is provided at no cost to auser by an individual or company. Public-Domain Software is free software that has been donated for public use and has no copyright restrictions.

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NETWORK CONCEPTS
A typical network has the following three components: a. Server. The main computer on a network that provides services to other computers on the network. A server decides which computers are allowed to access the hardware and software on the network. b. Workstation. A computer connected to a network. You use a workstation to access the hardware and software on a network. c. Communication channel. A path or link that connects computers or peripheral devices, such as printers and disk drives, to transfer information. Cables are commonly used as communication channels in a network, but networks can also transfer information through wireless connections.

THE INTERNET AND WEB BROWSERS

a. The Internet World Wide Web is one of the more popular segments of the Internet, also called the Web, which contains billions of documents called Web pages. 1) A Web page is a document that contains text, graphics, sound, or video, and has built-in connections, or links, to other Web documents. Web pages are stored on computers throughout the world. 2) A Web site is a collection of related Web pages. You access and view Web pages using a software program called a Web browser. 3) Web Browsers. Programs to access and view Web pages on the Internet. (i) Microsoft Internet Explorer (ii) Netscape Navigator. 4) Search Engines: Software program used to find Web sties, Web pages, and Internet files. (i) Yahoo (ii) Google (iii) MSN Search Web Sites The Web is a network of host sites that can be accessed for information. Most pages provide information to clients using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP this is the http:// seen in the full address line in a browser). b. Browsers A browser is the most common Internet application for the end user. The two most popular are Microsoft Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator.

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c.

Email Electronic mail is a method of exchanging digital messages from an author to one or more recipients. Total Market Share
70.00% 60.00% 50.00% 40.00% 30.00% 20.00% 10.00% 0.00% Other Opera Mini Opera Safari Chrome Firefox Microsoft Internet Explorer

SMAN RSBI 2 DEPOK