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Computer Memory

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Computer Memory

Uploaded by

farooqabubakar2000
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Assignment 1

Computer Memory
Submitted to:
Sir Umair Ali
Submitted by:
Abubakar Ali
Roll No:61

Al-SHIFA INSTITUTE OF HEALTH SCIENCES


NAROWAL
What is computer memory?
Computer Memory: It is a device that is used to store data or programs on a
temporary or permanent basis for use in an electronic digital computer.It enables
the computer to store or receive the data for execution of programs ,processing of
information and overall functionality of computer.
❖ Types of memory
computer memory is classified into six main types
➢ Primary memory
➢ Secondary memory
➢ Cache memory
1.Primary memory: It is the main memory of a computer system and
is used to store data and programs or instructions during computer
operations. It uses semiconductor technology and is commonly called
semiconductor memory.

Primary memory is further of two types


➢ RAM
➢ ROM

o RAM:RAM stands for random access memory.It is a type of computer


memory that is used to store data that is being actively used or processed by a
computer or other digital device.Ram is volatile and losses its all contents
when the power is turned off.It provides faster access to data than storage
,allowing the computer to quicky read and write temporary information during
operations.

o ROM:ROM refers to a type of non-volatile memory that is used primarily in


the startup process of a computer. It contains firmware or software that is
permanently written during the manufacturing process and cannot be easily
modified or written over by normal computer processes. It retains its content
even when the power is turned off.

2.Secondary memory: Secondary memory refers to storage devices that


retain data even when the power is turned off. when the computer is powered
down, secondary memory provides persistent storage for data, programs, and
files. Secondary memory is used for long-term storage and retrieval of
information. It allows users to store data permanently and access it even after a
system reboot.

Secondary memory is further of two types


➢ Hard drive disk
➢ Solid state disk

o Hard drive disk: HDDs are non-volatile storage devices used for long-
term data storage. They use magnetic storage to store and retrieve
digital information. Although slower than SSDs, HDDs are still widely
used for large-capacity storage.

o Solid state disk: SSDs are non-volatile storage devices that use NAND-
based flash memory to store data. They are faster and more durable than
traditional HDDs and are commonly used as primary storage in modern
computers.

3.Cache memory: Cache memory is a small-sized type of volatile computer


memory that provides high-speed data access to a processor and stores frequently
used computer programs, applications, and data. It helps improve overall system
speed and performance.

4.Flash memory: Flash memory is a type of non-volatile memory that can be


electrically erased and reprogrammed. It is used in USB drives, memory cards,
solid-state drives (SSDs), and other storage devices.

5.virtual memory : Virtual memory is a memory management technique that


provides an "idealized abstraction of the storage resources that are actually
available on a given machine, which creates the illusion to users of a very large
(main) memory.
6.Registers: Registers are small, high-speed storage locations within the CPU.
They store data that the CPU is currently using or processing. Registers provide
the fastest access to data but have limited capacity.
❖ Types of RAM
➢ Dram(Dynamic RAM): Dynamic Random Access Memory, is a
type of volatile memory stores data in cells made up of a
capacitor and a transistor. DRAM requires constant refreshing to
retain its stored data, as the electrical charge in the capacitors
gradually leaks away.
➢ SRAM(Static RAM ):
Static RAM (SRAM) is a type of volatile semiconductor memory that
stores data using bistable flip-flop circuits. It retains information as long as
power is applied, providing fast access times without the need for constant
refreshing. SRAM is often used in applications requiring quick and
frequent data access, such as cache memory in computer systems. While it
offers speed advantages, it consumes more power and is less dense than
dynamic RAM.
➢ SDRAM: is a type of dynamic random-access memory that synchronizes
its operations with the system clock. It requires periodic refreshing to
maintain data integrity. SDRAM provides higher data transfer rates
compared to traditional DRAM, making it suitable for various applications,
including computer memory modules.

➢ Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic RAM (DDR


SDRAM): is a type of synchronous dynamic random-access memory that
transfers data on both the rising and falling edges of the clock signal. This
double data rate (DDR) technology effectively doubles the data transfer
rate compared to traditional SDRAM.
➢ GDDR:
Graphics Double Data Rate (GDDR) is a type of memory commonly used
in graphics processing units (GPUs) and video cards to handle the high
demands of graphical tasks. It is a variant of DDR SDRAM (Double Data
Rate Synchronous Dynamic RAM) optimized for graphics processing
❖ TYPES OF ROM
➢ Mask ROM (MROM): Data is permanently encoded during the
manufacturing process, and it cannot be modified or erased. This type is
cost-effective for large production runs of devices with fixed software.

➢ Programmable ROM (PROM): Users can program data onto the


chip after manufacturing using a PROM programmer. Once
programmed, the data is permanent and cannot be changed.

➢ Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM): Data can be erased


and reprogrammed using ultraviolet (UV) light. EPROMs are reusable
for a limited number of erase/write cycles.

➢ Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM or


E2PROM): Data can be modified using electrical signals without the
need for UV light. EEPROMs are electrically erasable and can be
rewritten multiple times.

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