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    ECS1141 - Phrases

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    ECS1141 - Phrases

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    12 views22 pages

    ECS1141 - Phrases

    Uploaded by

    unarine959

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    ECS1141

    Mr. Ligege
    ❑A phrase is a group of words that works together in a
    sentence but does not contain a subject or a verb
    ❑A phrase is a small group of words which forms a unit,

    either on its own or within a sentence.


    ❑A phrase has at least two words and functions as one part

    of speech.
    ❑Phrases are groups of words that function together as a

    unit, but do not have a subject and verb combination that


    makes a complete sentence.
    ❑Phrases can be used to add more detail or information to
    Examples of Common Phrases in English
    Here are some examples of common phrases in English:

    ❑ Noun Phrase
    ❑ Verb Phrase
    ❑ Prepositional Phrase
    ❑ Adjectival Phrase
    ❑ Adverbial Phrase
    1. Noun Phrases
    ❑Noun phrases are groups of words that acts as a single unit to refer to a person, place, thing, or idea.
    It can include nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and verbs, as well as other words that modify the noun.
    A noun phrase can also contain a prepositional phrase.
    It is a group of words that starts with a preposition and ends with a pronoun or a noun.

    a. For example, the phrase "a big, red balloon" is a noun phrase because it acts as a single unit to refer to
    something (in this case, a balloon).
    The phrase contains two adjectives ("big" and "red") that modify the noun ("balloon"), as well as an article ("a") that
    precedes the noun.

    Noun phrases are important in English because they allow us to be more descriptive in our sentences. For example,
    instead of saying "the dog," we can say "the big, black dog" to give more information about the dog.

    If you're using a noun phrase with a preposition phrase, the preposition phrase will come after the noun phrase. For
    More Noun Phrase Examples:
    • "a large tree"
    • "a beautiful sunset"
    • "a noisy crowd"
    • "an old friend"
    • "a good book"
    • "a funny joke"
    • "a long journey"
    • "a happy memory"
    How to Identify NP:
    The small dog was at the park.
    Step 1: Identify the nouns.
    There two nouns in this sentence, dog and park.

    Step 2: Identify any modifiers before or after each noun.


    For the noun dog, the article the and the adjective small are its modifiers.
    They come before the noun dog. For the noun park, the article the is its modifier.
    It comes before the noun park. The prepositional phrase at the park comes after the noun dog.

    Step 3: Identify the Noun Phrases.


    There two noun phrases in this sentence, the small dog and at the park.

    Step 4: Determine how the noun phrases are used in the sentence.
    The small dog is the subject. At the park is the prepositional phrase that modifies the subject.
    The verb was links the two noun phrases to form the complete sentence, The small dog was at the park.
    2. Verb Phrases
    • A verb phrase or verbal phrase consists of a verb, or of
    a main verb following a modal or one or more auxiliaries.
    • A verb phrase consists of a main verb alone, or a main verb plus any modal and/or
    auxiliary verbs.

    • A verb phrase is a combination of words that express an action or a state of being.


    It typically consists of a main verb and one or more auxiliary verbs.
    It also may include other words, such as adverbs and nouns. Verb phrases are used to
    express complex ideas, such as opinions, feelings, and wishes.

    • For example, the verb phrase “could have been” expresses the idea of possibility in
    the past. It is composed of the main verb “be,” and the auxiliary verb “have.” The
    L e t ’s n o w i d e n t i f y V P
    a. She can smell the pizza.

    b. He has appeared on screen as an actor.

    c. I will have been studying Italian for three


    years.
    a. She can smell the pizza. (VP = can smell)

    b. He has appeared on screen as an actor. (VP


    = has appeared)

    c. I will have been studying Italian for three


    years. (VP = will have been studying)
    1. She was walking quickly to the mall.
    2. He should wait before going swimming.
    3. Those girls are trying very hard.
    4. Ted might eat the cake.
    5. You must go right now.
    6. You cannot eat that!
    7. My mother is fixing us some dinner.
    8. Words were spoken.
    9. These cards may be worth hundreds of dollars!
    10. The teacher is writing a report.
    11. You have woken up everyone in the neighborhood.
    12. Will you get me a marker?
    13. Rhonda has been asking for help.
    14. My little brother will blow out his candles.
    15. Are they accusing me of a crime?
    16. The team should shake hands with their opponents.
    How to Identify VP:
    The small dog was playing with the other excited dogs.
    Step 1: Identify the verb.
    Playing is the verb, the participle of the infinitive to play. It describes the action the
    small dog is performing.
    Step 2: Identify the auxiliary verbs for the verb.
    Was is the auxiliary verb, the past tense of the infinitive to be. It helps the
    verb playing form the past tense.
    Step 3: Identify the verb phrase.
    The auxiliary verb was and the verb playing form the verb phrase was playing.
    Step 4: Determine how the verb phrase is used in the sentence.
    The verb phrase was playing describes a past action of the small dog (subject). The
    verb phrase links the small dog (subject) to with the other excited dogs (modifier) to
    3. Prepositional Phrases
    ❑A prepositional phrase is a group of words that begins
    with a preposition and ends with a noun, pronoun, or
    noun phrase.
    A prepositional phrase is a group of words consisting of a
    ❑

    preposition, its object, and any words that modify the


    object.
    • according to the weather forecast
    • across many deserts
    • after many tries
    • around the world
    • before we start the meeting
    • between a rock and a hard place
    • by the light of the moon
    • near the ocean
    • of my boss
    • off the top
    • out the door
    • through the looking glass
    ❑The present inside the big box is mine.

    ❑Our boss put out a memo regarding the new rule.

    ❑The clues within the first few chapters will lead to the murderer.

    ❑His is only one voice among many, but it will be heard.

    ❑The extra blanket is in the box under the bed.

    ❑Saul, unlike many others, will remain there.


    ❑The present inside the big box is mine.

    ❑Our boss put out a memo regarding the new rule.

    ❑The clues within the first few chapters will lead to the

    murderer.

    ❑His is only one voice among many, but it will be heard.

    ❑The extra blanket is in the box under the bed.


    How to Identify Prepositional Phrases:
    “The vegetables in the refrigerator were green with mold.”

    1. To identify the prepositional phrase, you should first find the


    preposition. In the above example, the preposition is the word “in.”
    So we now know that the prepositional phrase starts at the word “in.”
    2. Find the noun or pronoun that ends the prepositional phrase.
    So, we start with “in” and keep reading. We know that the word “the” is an adjective, so the prepositional phrase
    does not end there.
    We keep reading and encounter the word “refrigerator,” a noun. We know that prepositional phrases end with a
    noun, so we stop.
    We now have our prepositional phrase:
    C L AU S E S

    • A clause is a group of words that contains a subject


    and a verb that have a relationship.
    • A clause is a combination of words that makes up a
    sentence. It consists of a subject and a predicate.
    • Like a phrase, a clause is a group of related words;
    but unlike a phrase, a clause has a subject and verb.
    Types of Clauses
    Independent or Main Clause
    Dependent or Subordinate Clause
    Relative Clause
    Noun Clause
    Adverbial Clause
    Conditional Clause
    • Independent or Main Clause
    • It is a complete sentence on its own and does not require
    anything else to make it a complete sentence. Its basic
    form is:
    • Subject + Verb = Complete Sentence

    • Independent Clauses are connected to each


    other by Conjunctions.
    Dependent or Subordinate Clause
    A dependent/subordinate clause is the exact opposite of an
    independent clause.

    It is not a complete sentence and thus generally does not make


    any sense.
    But when put together with an independent one, it helps it to form a
    complete sentence.
    Identify the following sentences as either dependent (DC) or independent (IC).

    1) Erica brushed her long, black hair.


    2) I went to the park
    3) Sandra and Lara have been good friends since first grade.
    4) Although Shaina likes Mexican, Iraqi, Somali, and Italian food
    5) After swimming in the ocean
    6) Animal communication is not considered to be a legitimate
    language by some scientists.
    7) When Jim and Ayman eat lunch together in the breakroom.

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