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Science Gr8 Q2 Wk3 Module 3 17pages

Reading In Philippine History (University of La Salette)

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GRADE

Science 8
Second Quarter
Module 3 Earthquake

Most Essential Learning Competency:

Explain how earthquake waves provide information about the
interior of the earth.
(S8ES-IIc-17)

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Science – Grade 8

Second Quarter – Module 3: The Different Types of Seismic Waves and Earthquake
Preparedness

First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government
of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is
created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among
other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.)
included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted
to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The
publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Published by the Schools Division Office San Juan City

Schools Division Superintendent: Cecille G. Carandang, CESO VI
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent: Buenafe Sabado

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Angela S. Atisor

Editors: Bradley Goldie K. Loo, RN, EdD

Reviewers: Myrna G. Solis
Illustrator:
Layout Artist:
Management Team: Cecille G. Carandang,CESO VI (SDS)
Dr. Buenafe Sabado (ASDS)
Helen G. Padilla,PhD ( CID Chief)
Bradley Goldie K. Loo,EdD RN (EPS in Science)
Jonas Feliciano C. Domingo,EdD (EPS in LRMDS )

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education – Schools Division Office San Juan City

Office Address: Pinaglabanan St., San Juan City, Philippines 1500
Telefax: (632) 8451-2699; (632) 8251-2383
E-mail Address: [email protected]

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Expectation:

This module will help you to explain how movements along faults generate
earthquakes

Specifically, this module will help you to:

• Define seismic waves.

• Identify the different types of seismic waves.

• Explain how seismic waves provide information about the interior
of the Earth.
• Know the information on what to do before, during and after the
Earthquake.

Let us start your journey in learning more on the Different Types of

Seismic Waves and Earthquake Preparedness.
I am sure you are ready and excited to answer the Pretest.
Smile and cheer up!

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Pre-Test
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. The energy released of an earthquake that penetrates and passes through
the interior in all directions is called _____________.
a. Light waves
b. Sound waves
c. Seismic waves
d. Electromagnetic waves
2. Which travel fastest, and being detected first by seismic stations?
a. Love Waves
b. Primary waves
c. Rayleigh waves
d. Secondary waves
3. Which of the following waves describes the alternately pushing (compress)
and pulling back (expand) of the rock?
a. Love Waves
b. Primary waves
c. Rayleigh waves
d. Secondary waves
4. While an earthquake is taking place you should
a. Stop, Drop and Roll
b. Stop, Cover and Drop
c. Seat, Drop and Cover
d. Drop, Cover and Hold on
5. If you are outside during an earthquake, what are the things that you
need to do?
a. Buy food
b. Stay away from windows
c. Stand away from a doorway

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d. Use matches, candles or any flame to light

Looking back to your Lesson

Directions: Complete the crossword puzzle below. Use the clues

below to fill in the crossword puzzle with the correct words.

Across:
1. areas which do not show sign of having an earthquake for more than
thousands of years
8.the records produced by seismographs and used to calculate the location
and magnitude of an earthquake
9. also known as hypocenter

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10. these areas usually experience a strong earthquake during the last
10, 000 years
Down
2. measures the total amount of energy released at the source of the
earthquake
3. it is a fracture in the surface of the crust where the two blocks of rocks
slip
4. tell us strength of shaking produced by the earthquake at a certain area
5. these are the waves released by an earthquake
6. an instrument used to detect and record earthquake

Brief Introduction

The energy released of an earthquake that penetrates and passes through the
interior in all directions is called seismic waves. It is caused by the sudden
breaking of rock within the earth, explosion, landslide and volcanic eruption.
Seismic waves come from the Greek word “seismo” which means earthquake.
The instrument use in recording the seismic waves are seismograph and the
motion of the ground can tell what type of seismic waves have travelled. There
are two main types of seismic waves, these are body waves and seismic waves.
Body waves travel within the Earth while surface waves travel along its
surface.
Body Waves
Traveling through the interior of the earth, body waves arrive before the
surface waves emitted by earthquake. These waves are of a higher frequency
than surface waves. The two types of body waves are Primary waves and
Secondary waves.

Primary waves (P waves) also called compressional or longitudinal waves. P

waves are the fastest type of seismic waves and the first to arrive at a seismic
station and detected by the seismograph. P waves can move through gases,
solid rocks and liquid. It moves alternately by pushing (compress) and pulling
back (expand) the rock in the direction of their travel. They can travel as fast
as 1.6 to 8 km/sec or 1 to 5 miles per second in Earth’s crust. It can also
travel through Earth’s core.

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Secondary waves (S waves) also known as shear waves or transverse waves.

The S waves follow the P waves and the second to arrive at seismic recording
station. An S wave is slower than the P wave and can only move through solid
rock, not through solid rock, not through any liquid medium. This property
of S waves, led seismologist to conclude that the Earth’s outer core is a liquid.
S waves move rock particles up and down, or side to side perpendicular to the
path wave movement and pushing the rocks outward.

Surface Waves

Surface waves travel only though the crust, surface waves are of a lower
frequency than body waves, and are easily distinguished on a seismogram.
These waves are usually generated when the source of the earthquake is from
shallow focus or near the Earth’s surface. They have lesser velocity than body
waves and cause more destruction because of long duration and larger
amplitude of the waves. It is surface waves that are almost entirely responsible
for the damage and destruction associates with earthquakes. Surface waves
have two basic types.
Love waves or L waves is the first kind of surface wave, it is named after
Augustus Edward Hough Love, a British mathematician who worked out
mathematical model for this kind of wave in 1911. It’s the fastest surface
waves and moves the ground horizontally, causing it to twist from side-to-
side. It is the third wave detected by seismograph.

Rayleigh waves or (R waves) is the other kind of surface wave and named
for John William Strutt, Lord Rayleigh, who mathematically predicted the
existence of this kind of wave in 1885. These waves exist at any free surface
in a continuous body, they may generate by large earthquakes moving the
ground up and down and side to side in the same direction that the wave is
moving in rolling motion. Most of the shaking felt from an earthquake is due
to the Rayleigh wave, which can be much larger than the other waves.

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Figure 1: Body waves and Surface waves

The structure of the Earth

Seismic waves contain vital

information about the internal
structure of the Earth. As seismic
waves pass through the Earth,
they are refracted, or bent. Some
of the waves are also reflected
back to the surface, similar to how
light is reflected by a mirror, when
they encounter a boundary that
separates material of different
density or elasticity. The layers of
the earth have different densities
and elastic properties, the speed
and direction of the body waves
change as they pass through the Figure 2: direction of the body waves as it
different layers. passes through the earth

Once body waves make it through the earth’s interior, they are detected by
seismographs when they reach the surface.
The velocity of the waves is determined by the density of the material that they
pass through. P-waves travel faster in solid than in liquids because solid are
denser. Seismologists notice that when P-waves pass from the crust into the

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mantle, their speed suddenly increases. S-waves behave in the same way from
the crust into the mantle, speeding up with increasing density but it is moving
slower than the P-waves.

Through the mantle, the speed of P-waves continuously increases as they

pass through the rocks. At the depth of about 2900 km, their speed decreases
abruptly, marking the boundary between the solid lower mantle and the liquid
outer core. Since the outer core is liquid, it is less compact than the mantle
even though it is denser. So once they enter the outer core, the P-waves are
refracted to about 140 to 180 distance. This leaves an area where P-waves
are not detected on the surface, known as the P-wave shadow zone. S-waves,
are completely blocked by the outer core. Seismographs at 105 to 180
distance from the epicenter do not detect any S-waves; this is called the S-
wave shadow zone. S-waves cannot travel through liquids. When they reach
the surface they cause horizontal shaking. Liquids don't have any shear
strength and so a shear wave cannot propagate through a liquid.
Earthquake Preparedness

It is better to be prepared in order to protect your family, and your properties.

Know what to do before, during and after an Earthquake.

Figure 3: Earthquake Preparedness

Activities
Activity 1.1

Title of Activity:
Seismic Slinky

Objectives:

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1. To remember the basic facts about types of seismic waves.

2. To compare the properties of p-waves and s-waves

Materials:
Slinky
Pencil
Procedure:
1. Stretch the Slinky across the floor while one of your family member holds
the other end. Do not over stretch the Slinky.
2. Pull the Slinky toward you a bit and then push it away. Do not let go of the
end of the Slinky. Carefully observe what direction the coils move.
3. Draw on the first box (letter A) on how the Slinky moves. Make sure to draw
arrows showing the direction it is traveling.
4. This time, generate the motion by quickly moving one end of the slinky side
to side direction
5. Draw on the second box (letter B) on how it moves. Don’t forget to draw
arrows showing the direction it is traveling.
Note: If you’re having a hard time looking for slinky you can watch the
provided link below.
Seismic Slinky—An analogy for P & S waves [educational]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KZaI4MEWdc4
A B

Critical Thinking Questions

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a. What are the two types of seismic wave does the slinky represent?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
b. What is the difference between the motion of the P-wave and S-waves?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
c. Based on the direction of slinky what are P-waves and S-waves?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Activity 1.2

Title of Activity:

My Earthquake Story

Objectives:

1. To know what to do before, during and after an earthquake

2. To familiarize the damage brought by an Earthquake

Materials:
Pen and Module

Procedure:

Create your own earthquake story using the chart below.

Close your eyes and What is your first

imagine this place. instinct? How do you
It’s an Earthquake! What do you see? List react?
Where are you? down everything that
you can see?
__________________
Who is with you?

________________

What do you do once the

What are the thoughts
earthquake stop?
that are going through
your mind during the
earthquake?
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The shaking
stopped.

What are some What do you do to fix the

problems? problem brought by the
earthquake?
What has been
damaged?

Critical Thinking Questions

1. Why it is important to know the information on what to do before, during
and after an Earthquake?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

2. What do you think will be the potential problem brought by an

earthquake?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

3. What will you do to prevent future earthquake damages?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

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Remember

• Body waves are waves traveling through the interior of the earth.
• The two types of body waves are Primary waves and Secondary
waves.
• P waves are the fastest type of seismic waves and the first to arrive at
a seismic station and detected by the seismograph.
• S waves follow the P waves and the second to arrive at seismic
recording station.
• Surface waves are usually generated when the source of the
earthquake is from shallow focus or near the Earth’s surface.
• Surface waves have two basic types which are Love waves and
Rayleigh waves
• Love waves or L waves is the first kind of surface wave. It’s the fastest
surface waves and moves the ground horizontally, causing it to twist
from side-to-side. It is the third wave detected by seismograph.
• Rayleigh waves or (R waves) are waves exist at any free surface in a
continuous body, they may generate by large earthquakes moving the
ground up and down and side to side in the same direction that the
wave is moving in rolling motion.
• Seismic waves contain vital information about the internal structure of
the Earth. As seismic waves pass through the Earth, they are refracted,
or bent. Some of the waves are also reflected back to the surface, similar
to how light is reflected by a mirror, when they encounter a boundary
that separates material of different density or elasticity. The layers of
the earth have different densities and elastic properties, the speed and
direction of the body waves change as they pass through the different
layers.

Check your understanding

Critical Thinking Questions

1. How do scientist know about the interior of the Earth?

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_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

2. Where do P-waves travel fastest?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. What does the presence of an S wave shadow zone indicate about
the interior of Earth?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Care and concern for others

Complete the sentence below:
4. I will do the following before an earthquake:
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
5. I will do the following during an earthquake:
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
6. I will do the following after an earthquake:
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Post-Test

1. Which type of wave that second to arrive at seismic stations?

a. Love Waves

b. Primary waves

c. Rayleigh waves

d. Secondary waves

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2. Which type of waves cannot travel through the liquid?

a. Love Waves

b. Primary waves

c. Rayleigh waves

d. Secondary waves

3. Which type of waves usually do the most damage in earthquake?

a. Body waves
b. Light waves
d. Sound waves
c. Surface waves
4. Secondary waves can pass through
a. Solids only
b. Liquids only
c. Solids and liquids
d. Solids, liquids and gases
5. What to do if you are inside a building after an earthquake?
a. Stay inside the building
b. Evacuate as soon as the shaking stops
c. Use the elevator of the building to go outside
d. Comb your hair while going outside the building

Reflective Learning Sheet

Directions: Write at least three paragraphs about what you’ve learned from this
module.

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Name: ________________________________________ Gr. and Sec. ____________

The Different Types of Seismic Waves and Earthquake Preparedness

REFLECTIVE LEARNING SHEET No. ____

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Answer Card

5. b 5. b

4. d 4. a

3. b 3. c

2. b 2. d

1. c 1. d
Pre-Test Post-Test

References:

Books:
Estrella A. Madriaga et. al (2017) Science Links Worktext for Scientific and
technology Literacy
Josefina Ma. Ferriols Pavico et. al (2013) Exploring Life Through Science Series

Internet:
https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/340-seismic-waves
https://www.shakeout.org/downloads/ShakeOut_P1_MyShakeOut.pdf
https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/earthquake/earthquake-
preparedness

For questions or comments, write or call:

Department of Education
Schools Division Office – San Juan City
Pinaglabanan St., San Juan City, Philippines 1500
Telefax: (632) 8451-2699; (632) 8251-2383
Email Address: [email protected]

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