Lecture 9

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Lecture 9

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21f1001463

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Performance Metrics

• Delay
• Loss
• Throughput
Delay
• How long does it take to send a packet from its
source to destination?
Loss
• What fraction of the packets sent to a destination
are dropped?
Throughput
• At what rate is the destination receiving data from
the source
Delay
• Consists of four components
- transmission delay
due to link properties
- propagation delay
- queuing delay due to traffic mix and
- processing delay switch internals
A network link

bandwidth delay x bandwidth

Propagation delay

• Link bandwidth
• number of bits sent/received per unit time (bits/sec or bps)
• Propagation delay
• time for one bit to move through the link (seconds)
• Bandwidth-Delay Product (BDP)
• number of bits “in flight” at any time
• BDP = bandwidth × propagation delay
Examples
• Same city over a slow link:
• bandwidth: ~100Mbps
• propagation delay: ~0.1msec
• BDP: 10,000bits (1.25KBytes)

• Cross-country over fast link:

• bandwidth: ~10Gbps
• propagation delay: ~10msec
• BDP: 108bits (12.5MBytes)
1. Transmission delay
• How long does it take to push all the bits of
a packet into a link?
• Packet size / Transmission rate of the link
- e.g. 1000 bits / 100 Mbits per sec = 10 -5 sec
2. Propagation delay
• How long does it take to move one bit to move
from one end of a link to the other?
• Link length / Propagation speed of link
- E.g. 30 kilometers / 3 108 meters per sec = 10-4 sec
Packet Delay
Sending 100B packets from A to B?

A B
1Mbps, 1ms

time=0
Time to transmit Time when that
one bit = 1/106s bit reaches B
Time to transmit 100Byte packet
800 bits=800x1/106s = 1/106+1/103s

The last bit

reaches B at
Time (800x1/106)+1/103s
= 1.8ms
Packet Delay
1GB file in 100B packets
Sending 100B packets from A to B?
1Gbps, 1ms?
A B
1Mbps, 1ms

100Byte packet
107 x 100B packets

The last bit in the file The last bit The last bit
reaches B at reaches B at
Time reaches B at
(107x800x1/109)+1/103s (800x1/109)+1/103s (800x1/106)+1/103s
= 8001ms = 1.0008ms = 1.8ms
Packet Delay: The “pipe” view
Sending 100B packets from A to B?

A B
1Mbps, 10ms
pkt tx
time
100Byte packet

BW → time →
100Byte packet

Time
100Byte packet
Packet Delay: The “pipe” view
Sending 100B packets from A to B?

1Mbps, 10ms (BDP=10,000)

BW →

time →

1Mbps, 5ms (BDP=5,000) 10Mbps, 1ms (BDP=10,000)

BW →

time →

time →
Packet200B?
Delay: The “pipe” view
Sending 100B packets from A to B?

1Mbps, 10ms (BDP=10,000)

BW →

time →

1Mbps, 10ms (BDP=10,000)

BW →

time →
3. Queuing delay
• How long does a packet have to sit in a buffer before
it is processed?
Queuing delay: “pipe” view
Queuing delay: “pipe” view

No overload!
Queuing delay: “pipe” view

Queue