HSC Higher Math Second Paper BOU AAP
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eeeianemrulHSC Higher Math Second Paper BOU AAP
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eeeianemrulD”PZi MwYZ
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ISBN 978-984-34-3170-1
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†Kvm©eB AbymiY Kivi wb‡`©kbv
†Kvm© cwiwPwZ (Course Overview)
†Kv‡m©i bvg: D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ (Higher Mathematics 2ndPaper) †Kvm© †KvW :HSC-2874
RvZxq Rxe‡bi Dbœq‡b I MwZkxj RvwZ MV‡b wk¶vi weKí †bB| mywkw¶Z Rbkw³ Qvov `ªæZ cwieZ©bkxj we‡k¦i
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cÖ‡qv‡Mi w`KwU gv_vq †i‡L D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ wkÿvµg cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q, hv‡Z Ab¨vb¨ †ÿ‡Îi gZ MwY‡ZI
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n‡e| cÖwZwU cv‡Vi †k‡l H cv‡Vi mvims‡ÿc †`qv Av‡Q| GQvov wkÿv_©xi ¯^-g~j¨vq‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖwZwU cv‡Vi
†k‡l cv‡VvËi g~j¨vq‡b Ges BDwb‡Ui †k‡l P~ovšÍ g~j¨vq‡b eû wbe©vPwb cÖkœ I wewfbœ mgm¨v †`qv n‡q‡Q|
Aa¨q‡bi †ÿ‡Î wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ wb‡`©kbv
wk¶v_x©iv hv‡Z GB eB c‡o AwaKZi mydj jvf Ki‡Z cv‡ib †mRb¨ wb‡P wKQy wb‡`©kbv Zz‡j aiv nj :
BDwb‡Ui wk‡ivbvg, f‚wgKv I D‡Ïk¨ c‡o m¤¢ve¨ welqe¯‘ Kx n‡Z cv‡i †m m¤ú‡K© aviYv Kiæb|
cv‡Vi me¸‡jv ÔD‡Ïk¨Õ c‡o GB cvV †_‡K Kx Kx wkL‡Z cvi‡eb Zv †R‡b wbb|
Gicig~jcvV fv‡jvfv‡e Aa¨qb Kiæb| Aa¨q‡bi ci wkLbdj¸‡jv AwR©Z nj wK bv Zv fv‡jvfv‡e
hvPvB Kiæb| hw` wkLbdj AwR©Z bv nq Zvn‡j welqe¯‘ cybivq Aa¨qb Kiæb| †Kv_vI wPÎ _vK‡j
wP‡Îi mv‡_ welqe¯‘ wgwj‡q co–b|
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Avcbvi †bvU LvZvq wjwce× Kiæb Ges KwVb welq¸‡jv mgvav‡bi Rb¨ welqe¯‘ cybivq Aa¨qb Kiæb|
cÖwZwU BDwb‡Ui welq¸‡jv fvjfv‡e †evSvi †ÿ‡Î Abykxj‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZwU BDwb‡Ui cÖwZwU cv‡V
wkÿv_x©‡`i Rb¨ wkÿv_©xi KvR (A¨vKwUwfwU) ms‡hvRb Kiv i‡q‡Q| BDwb‡Ui welqe¯‘ fvjfv‡e Aa¨vqb
K‡i A¨vKwUwfwU¸‡jv m¤úbœ Kiæb|
Aa¨q‡bi †k‡l cv‡VvËi g~j¨vq‡bi mgm¨v¸‡jv wb‡R wb‡R mgvavb Kivi †Póv Kiæb| eB-Gi †k‡l †`Iqv
DËigvjvi mv‡_ Avcbvi DËi wgwj‡q †`Lyb| me¸‡jv cÖ‡kœi DËi mwVK bv n‡j GB cvVwU AveviI fvj
K‡i coyb Ges mgm¨vi mwVK mgvav‡bi †Póv Kiæb| P~ovšÍ g~j¨vq‡bi †ÿ‡Î GKB c×wZ AbymiY Kiæb|
cÖ‡qvR‡b mncvwV‡`i mv‡_ mgm¨vi welq¸‡jv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiæb, †`L‡eb mgvav‡bi c_ mnR n‡q
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Avcwb cÖ_‡gB Avcbvi wel‡q KZwU wUD‡Uvwiqvj K¬vm cv‡eb Zv Avcbvi ÷vwW †m›Uvi †_‡K †R‡b wbb
Ges Avcbvi ÷vwW †m›Uv‡ii cÖwZwU wUD‡Uvwiqvj K¬v‡m AskMÖnY Kiæb|
wUD‡Uvwiqvj mvwf©m‡K Kvh©‡cv‡hvMx Ki‡Z Avcbvi cvV¨cy¯ÍKwUi mKj BDwbU‡K KZwU As‡k fvM K‡i
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Avcbvi †bvU LvZvq wjwce× Kiæb Ges KwVb welq¸‡jv mgvav‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvR‡b wUDU‡ii (wkÿ‡Ki)
mvnvh¨ wbb| GKB c×wZ AbymiY K‡i me¸‡jv cvV Aa¨qb †kl Kiæb|
gvwR©b AvBKb (Margin Icons)
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D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ wel‡qi AwWI †cÖvMÖvg eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`k †eZvi Ges wfwWI †cÖvMÖvg
evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfkb (wewUwf) KZ…©K mßv‡ni wbw`©ó w`‡bi wbw`©ó mg‡q cÖPvwiZ n‡q Avm‡Q|
wk¶v_x©e„›`, Avcbviv ÷vwW †m›Uvi †_‡K †cÖvMÖvg wmwWDj msMÖn K‡i wbw`©ó w`‡bi wbw`©ó mg‡qi
cÖPvwiZ †cÖvMÖvgwU †`L‡j DcK…Z n‡eb e‡j Avkv Kiv hvq| Gmgq MwY‡Zi welq¸‡jv †evSvi
myweav‡_© eBwU mvg‡b wb‡q emyb Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq welq¸wj †bvU Kivi Rb¨ KvMR, Kjg mv‡_
AwWI/wfwWI ivLyb| †Kv‡bv welq eyS‡Z Amyweav n‡j cÖ‡qvR‡b Avcbvi wUDU‡ii mnvqZv wbb|
Avcbvi ÷vwW †m›Uv‡ii †Kvm© wUDUi
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mvnvh¨ ev mnvqZvi Rb¨ civgk© wbbÑ B‡gBj: [email protected]
mvnvh¨/ Ges
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BDwbU 1: ev¯Íe msL¨v I AmgZv ........................................................................................ 1-30
cvV 1.1: ev¯Íe msL¨v I ev¯Íe msL¨vi Dc‡mU ................................................................. 2
cvV 1.2: ev¯Íe msL¨vi R¨vwgwZK cÖwZiƒc, e¨ewa I msL¨v‡iLv ............................................. 4
cvV 1.3: ev¯Íe msL¨vi exRMwYZxq ¯^xKvh© ..................................................................... 7
cvV 1.4: ev¯Íe msL¨vi ¯^xKvh© wfwËK eY©bv ................................................................... 12
cvV 1.5: ciggvb ................................................................................................. 16
cvV 1.6: GK PjK m¤^wjZ AmgZv ............................................................................ 20
cvV 1.7: ciggvb m¤^wjZ AmgZv ............................................................................. 24
BDwbU 2: RwUj msL¨v ................................................................................................... 31-60
cvV 2.1: RwUj msL¨v I Gi R¨vwgwZK cÖwZiƒc (AviMu wPÎ)............................................. 32
cvV 2.2: RwUj msL¨vi ciggvb I bwZ...................................................................... 34
cvV 2.3: AbyewÜ RwUj msL¨v ................................................................................. 37
cvV 2.4: RwUj msL¨vi ag© ..................................................................................... 38
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cvV 2.5: RwUj msL¨vi †hvMdj I we‡qvMd‡ji R¨vwgwZK cÖwZiƒc .................................... 42
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cvV 2.6: RwUj msL¨vi ¸Ydj I fvMd‡ji R¨vwgwZK cÖwZiƒc ......................................... 43
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cvV 2.7: RwUj msL¨vi eM©g~j ................................................................................. 44
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cvV 2.8: GK‡Ki Nbg~j........................................................................................ 46
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cvV 2.9: wewea mgm¨v I mgvavb ............................................................................. 48
cvV 2.10:e¨envwiK .............................................................................................. 53
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BDwbU 3: eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY.................................................................................. 61-94
cvV 3.1: eûc`x I Zvi NvZ ................................................................................... 62
cvV 3.2: eûc`x mgxKiY ...................................................................................... 63
cvV 3.3: Drcv`‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb .................................................. 65
cvV 3.4: wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~j I mn‡Mi g‡a¨ m¤úK© .................................................... 67
cvV 3.5: wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~‡ji cÖK…wZ .................................................................... 70
cvV 3.6: wØNvZ mgxKiY MVb ................................................................................. 73
cvV 3.7: wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi mvaviY g~‡ji kZ©.............................................................. 76
cvV 3.8: wÎNvZ mgxKiY....................................................................................... 78
cvV 3.9: wewea mgm¨v I mgvavb ............................................................................. 80
cvV 3.10: e¨envwiK ............................................................................................. 88
BDwbU 4: wØc`x we¯Í…wZ ................................................................................................ 95-110
cvV 4.1: MvwYwZK Av‡ivn wewa ................................................................................ 96
cvV 4.2: c¨vm‡K‡ji wÎfzR m~Î .............................................................................. 98
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cvV 4.3: (a+x) -Gi we¯Í…wZ‡Z mvaviY c` wbY©q ........................................................ 100
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cvV 4.4: (a+x) -Gi we¯Í„wZ‡Z ga¨c` wbY©q .............................................................. 102
cvV 4.5: wØc`x aviv .......................................................................................... 104
BDwbU 5: KwbK ....................................................................................................... 111-154
cvV 5.1: KwbK m¤ú‡K© aviYv ............................................................................... 112
cvV 5.2: wewfbœ ai‡bi KwbK (e„Ë, cive„Ë, Dce„Ë, Awae„Ë) .......................................... 114
cvV 5.3: cive„Ë ............................................................................................... 115
cvV 5.4: cive„Ë (wewfbœ mgxKiY) ......................................................................... 117
cvV 5.5: cive„‡Ëi †jLwPÎ .................................................................................. 122
cvV 5.6: Dce„Ë................................................................................................ 124
cvV 5.7: Dce„Ë (wewfbœ mgxKiY) .......................................................................... 126
cvV 5.8: Dce„‡Ëi †jLwPÎ .................................................................................. 131
cvV 5.9: Dce„‡Ëi Dci¯’ †Kv‡bv we›`yi civwgwZK ¯’vbv¼ .............................................. 133
cvV 5.10: Awae„Ë .............................................................................................. 135
cvV 5.11: Awae„Ë (wewfbœ mgxKiY) ......................................................................... 137
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cvV 5.12: Awae„‡Ëi †jLwPÎ ................................................................................. 141
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cvV 5.13: Awae„‡Ëi AmxgZU I civwgwZK ¯’vbv¼ ....................................................... 143
cvV 5.14: e¨envwiK ........................................................................................... 146
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BDwbU 6: wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvskb I w·KvYwgwZK mgxKiY .......................................... 155-198
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cvV 6.1: wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvskb: msÁv I aviYv ................................................. 156
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cvV 6.2: wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvsk‡bi iƒcvšÍi ....................................................... 160
cvV 6.3: KZK¸‡jv we‡kl m~Î I Zv‡`i cÖgvY .......................................................... 161
cvV 6.4: wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvskb: mgm¨v I mgvavb ............................................. 165
cvV 6.5: w·KvYwgwZK mgxKi‡Yi aviYv I msÁv ....................................................... 173
cvV 6.6: sin= r, cos= r, tan= r mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb ............................................... 175
cvV 6.7: K‡qKwU we‡kl †ÿ‡Î w·KvYwgwZK mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb..................................... 182
cvV 6.8: wbw`©ó e¨ewa‡Z w·KvYwgwZK mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb ............................................ 184
cvV 6.9: e¨envwiK ............................................................................................ 188
BDwbU 7: w¯’wZwe`¨v ................................................................................................. 199-248
cvV 7.1: ejwe`¨vi cÖv_wgK aviYv .......................................................................... 200
cvV 7.2: wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii ej ................................................................................. 201
cvV 7.3: e‡ji wµqvwe›`yi ¯’vbvšÍi wewa ................................................................... 203
cvV 7.4: mgwe›`y `yBwU e‡ji jwä .......................................................................... 206
cvV 7.5: wbw`©ó w`‡K `yBwU e‡ji AskK .................................................................. 213
cvV 7.6: e‡ji j¤^vskK ...................................................................................... 215
cvV 7.7: ej‡Rv‡Ui mvg¨ve¯’v ............................................................................... 220
cvV 7.8: mvg¨ve¯’vi jvwgi Dccv`¨ ........................................................................ 225
cvV 7.9: mgZjxq ej‡Rv‡Ui mvg¨ve¯’vi kZ©............................................................. 232
cvV 7.10: e¨envwiK ........................................................................................... 244
BDwbU 8: mij‡iLvq ev mgZ‡j Pjgvb KYvi MwZ ............................................................ 249-300
cvV 8.1: †eM................................................................................................... 250
cvV 8.2: Av‡cwÿK †eM ...................................................................................... 259
cvV 8.3: Z¡iY.................................................................................................. 262
cvV 8.4: Djø¤^ MwZi †ÿ‡Î Z¡iY m¤úwK©Z m~Îmg~‡ni cÖ‡qvM .......................................... 274
cvV 8.5: Djø¤^ Z‡j cÖwÿß e¯‘KYvi MwZ .................................................................. 282
cvV 8.6: e¨envwiK ............................................................................................ 294
BDwbU 9: †hvMvkÖqx †cÖvMÖvg ......................................................................................... 301-322
cvV 9.1: †hvMvkÖqx †cÖvMÖv‡gi †gŠwjK aviYv ............................................................... 302
cvV 9.2: wewfbœ mgm¨vi †hvMvkÖqx †cÖvMÖvg MVb........................................................... 304
cvV 9.3: †jLwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ wØgvwÎK mgm¨vi mgvavb .................................................. 307
cvV 9.4: e¨envwiK ............................................................................................ 318
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BDwbU 10: we¯Ívi cwigvc I m¤¢vebv .............................................................................. 323-356
cvV 10.1: Dcv‡Ëi we¯Ívi Ges we¯Ívi cwigvc ............................................................. 324
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cvV 10.2: cwiwgZ e¨eavb I †f`v¼ ........................................................................ 328
cvV 10.3: m¤¢vebv Ges m¤¢vebvi cÖ‡qvRbxq aviYv ....................................................... 333
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cvV 10.4:GKB NUbvi cybive„wË NU‡j m¤¢vebv wbY©q ..................................................... 338
AA
cvV 10.5: ci¯úi eR©bkxj I AeR©bkxj NUbvi Rb¨ m¤¢vebvi †hvMm~Î ............................ 340
cvV 10.6: Awbf©ikxj I wbf©ikxj NUbvi Rb¨ m¤¢vebvi ¸Yb m~Î ..................................... 342
cvV 10.7: ev¯Íe RxebwfwËK m¤¢vebv msµvšÍ mgm¨v ..................................................... 345
cvV 10.8: e¨envwiK ........................................................................................... 347
bgybv cÖkœ ............................................................................................................... 357-360
gvb eÈb
c~Y©gvbÑ 100
(ZË¡xq: 75 b¤^i I e¨envwiK: 25 b¤^i)
m„ R b kxj (5wU cÖ ‡ kœ i DËi w` ‡Z n‡e) 50 b¤^ i
ÔKÕ wefvM (exRMwYZ I w·KvYwgwZ) †_‡K 4 (Pvi)wU, ÔLÕ wefvM (R¨vwgwZ, ejwe`¨v I cwimsL¨vb) †_‡K 4
(Pvi)wU K‡i †gvU 8 (AvU)wU m„Rbkxj cÖkœ _vK‡e|
cÖ‡Z¨K wefvM †_‡K Kgc‡ÿ 2 (`yB)wU K‡i †gvU 5 (cuvP)wU cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e|
exRMwYZ I w·KvYwgwZ (ev¯Íe msL¨v I AmgZv, RwUj msL¨v, eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY, wØc`x we¯Í…wZ,
wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvskb I w·KvYwgwZK mgxKiY, †hvMvkÖqx †cÖvMÖvg)
R¨vwgwZ, ejwe`¨v I cwimsL¨vb (KwYK, w¯’wZwe`¨v, mgZ‡j e¯‘KYvi MwZ,we¯Ívi cwigvc I m¤¢vebv)
m„Rbkxj cÖkœc‡Îi mvaviY KvVv‡gv
G‡Z cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi ïiæ‡Z GKwU `„k¨Kí ev DÏxcK (Stem) _vK‡e hv n‡Z cv‡i GKwU mvaviY m~Pbv e³e¨, PvU©,
mgxKiY, wPÎ, MÖvd BZ¨vw`| `„k¨Kí ev DÏxc‡Ki †k‡l 3wU cÖkœ _vK‡e|
cÖkœ 3wUi b¤^i e›Ub n‡e wb¤œiƒc:
(K) mnR : cÖ‡kœi gvb _vK‡e 2
(L) ga¨ggvb : cÖ‡kœi gvb _vK‡e 4 l a
ha
(M) D”P/KwVbgvb : cÖ‡kœi gvb _vK‡e 4
s
cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi GB 3wU As‡ki †gvU b¤^i n‡e 10|
th
Pa
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ: 25b¤^i
†gvU 25 (cuwPk) wU cÖkœ _vK‡e| cÖ‡Z¨K cÖ‡kœi DËi Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖwZ cÖ‡kœi b¤^i 1 (GK)| exRMwYZ I
AA
w·KvYwgwZ †_‡K 10/15 Ges R¨vwgwZ, ejwe`¨v I cwimsL¨vb †_‡K 15/10 wU eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ _vK‡e| mKj
BDwbU †_‡K eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ Ki‡Z n‡e|
eûwbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœi †ÿ‡Î wPšÍb `ÿZvi ¯ÍiwfwËK (cÖ‡qvM ¯Íi) wefvRb wb¤œiƒc:
mnRgvb-8wU, ga¨ggvb-12wU, D”P/KwVbgvb-5wU
e¨envwiK: 25b¤^i
(K) 5wU Kvh©µg _vK‡e, 2wU Kvh©µg m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e| 8.52= 17 b¤^i
cixÿY: hš¿/DcKiY ms‡hvRb I e¨envi/mwVK cÖwµqv AbymiY/ DcvË msMÖn I
cÖwµqvKiY/ch©‡eÿY/A¼b/kbv³KiY/Abykxjb
(cÖ‡Z¨K Kvh©µ‡g cwiKíbv cÖYqb: 2 b¤^i, cwiKíbv ev¯Íevqb/mwVK cÖwµqvq
Dc¯’vcb: 2.5 b¤^i, †jLwPÎ A¼b/ DcvË we‡kølY: 2 b¤^i, e¨vL¨vmn djvdj
Dc¯’vcb/djvdj Dc¯’vcb I ch©v‡jvPbv: 2 b¤^i)
(L) e¨envwiK LvZv (†bvU eyK) Dc¯’vcb 3 b¤^i
(M) †gŠwLK Afxÿv 5 b¤^i
me©‡gvU=25 b¤^i
cÖwZwU Kvh©µg ˆ`ePq‡bi gva¨‡g wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|
ev¯Íe msL¨v I AmgZv
(Real Numbers and Inequalities) 1
f‚wgKv
gvbeRvwZ m„wói ci †_‡K gvby‡li Pvicv‡ki hv wKQz `„k¨gvb Zvi wnmve ivLv Ges MYbvi Rb¨B g~jZ msL¨vi
m„wó| msL¨vi aviYv AwZ cÖvPxb| msL¨vi DrcwË KLb n‡qwQj Zv mwVKfv‡e wbiƒcb Kiv hvqwb| wLªóc~e© 750-
690 Gi g‡a¨ fviZxq Ges wLªóc~e© 500 Gi g‡a¨ wMÖ‡mi MwYZwe`MY Ag~j` msL¨vi aviYv †`b| 1871 wLªóv‡ã
Rvg©vb MwYZwe` RR© K¨v›Ui (George Cantor, 1845-1918) ev¯Íe msL¨v wbY©‡q K…wZZ¡ AR©b K‡ib| wZwb cÖgvY
K‡ib †h, ev¯Íe msL¨v ¯^vfvweK msL¨v n‡Z A‡bK †ewk| wZwb †`Lvb †h, g~j` I Ag~j` msL¨v wb‡q ev¯Íe msL¨v
MwVZ|
Bs‡iR MwYZwe` Rb Iqvwjm (John wallies)Ges †d«Ý MwYZwe` wcqv‡i eMvi (Pierre Bouguer)h_vµ‡g 1670
Ges 1734 wLªóv‡ã me©cÖ_g AmgZvi wPý‡K ( Ges ) e¨envi K‡ib| GB BDwb‡U Avgiv ev¯Íe msL¨v I
AmgZv m¤úwK©Z welqvewj wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kie|
BDwb‡Ui D‡Ïk¨ l a
ha
GB BDwbU †k‡l Avcwb -
s
ev¯Íe msL¨v I ev¯ÍemsL¨vi wewfbœ Dc‡mU eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
th
ev¯Íe msL¨vi ¯^xKvh© wfwËK eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
Pa
ciggvb Kx Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
ciggv‡bi ag©vejx eY©bv, cÖgvY I cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
AA
GK PjK m¤^wjZ AmgZv Kx Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
GK PjK m¤^wjZ AmgZv mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
ciggvb m¤^wjZ AmgZv mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
AmgZv‡K msL¨v‡iLvq cÖKvk Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
AmgZv‡K msL¨v‡iLvi mvnv‡h¨ mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡ev©”P mgq 20 w`b
GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV 1.1: ev¯Íe msL¨v I ev¯Íe msL¨vi Dc‡mU
cvV 1.2: ev¯Íe msL¨vi R¨vwgwZK cÖwZiƒc, e¨ewa I msL¨v‡iLv
cvV 1.3: ev¯Íe msL¨vi exRMwYZxq ¯^xKvh©
cvV 1.4:ev¯Íe msL¨vi ¯^xKvh© wfwËK eY©bv
cvV 1.5: ciggvb
cvV 1.6: GK PjK m¤^wjZ AmgZv
cvV 1.7: ciggvb m¤^wjZ AmgZv
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
l a
ha
s
th
Pa
AA
ev¯Íe msL¨v I AmgZv c„ôv 2
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV 1.1 ev¯Íe msL¨v I ev¯Íe msL¨vi Dc‡mU
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
ev¯Íe msL¨v Kx Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
g~j` I Ag~j` msL¨v eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
g~j` I Ag~j` msL¨vi †mU e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
†gŠwjK msL¨vi †mU eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã ev¯Íe msL¨v, g~j` msL¨v, Ag~j` msL¨v, †gŠwjK msL¨v
g~jcvV-
ev¯Íe msL¨v m¤ú‡K© ¯úó aviYvi Rb¨ cÖ_‡gB c~Y© msL¨v, ¯^vfvweK msL¨v, †gŠwjK msL¨v, A-FYvZ¥K c~Y©msL¨v,
FYvZ¥K msL¨v, FYvZ¥K c~Y©msL¨v Ges g~j` I Ag~j` msL¨v m¤ú‡K© aviYv _vKv Avek¨K| GRb¨ cÖ_‡gB G¸‡jv
a
m¤ú‡K© wb‡¤œ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
l
c~Y©msL¨v (Integer): mKj abvZ¥K c~Y©msL¨v, FYvZ¥K c~Y©msL¨v I k~b¨ wg‡j †h bZzb msL¨v †Mvôx cvIqv hvq
ha
Zv‡K cyY©msL¨vi †mU (set of Integers) ejv nq| c~Y© msL¨vi †mU‡K Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq A_©vr ={..........., 3,
s
2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...................}
th
¯^vfvweK msL¨v (Natural number): mKj abvZ¥K c~Y©msL¨v‡K ¯^vfvweK msL¨v ejv nq| mKj ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi
Pa
†mU‡K Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| A_©vr = {1, 2, 3, ......................}
AA
†gŠwjK msL¨v (Prime Number): 1 e¨wZZ †h mKj ¯^vfvweK msL¨v †KejgvÎ H msL¨v I 1 Øviv wefvR¨ †m
mKj msL¨v‡K †gŠwjK msL¨v ejv nq| mKj †gŠwjKmsL¨vi †mU‡K PØviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| A_©vr P={2, 3, 5, 7,
11, ...}
A-FYvZ¥K c~Y©msL¨v(Non-negative Integer):k~b¨ (0) mn mKj ¯^vfvweK msL¨v‡K A-FYvZ¥K c~Y©msL¨v ejv nq|
mKj A-FYvZ¥K c~Y©msL¨v †mU‡K 0Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| A_©vr 0 = {0, 1, 2, 3, .........}
1
FYvZ¥K msL¨v (Negative number): k~b¨ (0)A‡c¶v †QvU msL¨v¸‡jv‡K FYvZ¥K msL¨v ejv nq|†hgb: 1, 2 ,
3
4 , 0.214, 0.652, ............BZ¨vw`|
FYvZ¥K c~Y© msL¨v (NegativeInteger): k~b¨ (0)A‡c¶v †QvU c~Y© msL¨v‡K FYvZ¥K c~Y©msL¨v ejv nq| FYvZ¥K
c~Y©msL¨vi †mU < 0 Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| A_©vr < 0 = {................, 3, 2, 1}
g~j` msL¨v (Rational number): †h msL¨v‡K `yBwU c~Y©msL¨vi fvMdjiƒ‡c cÖKvk Kiv hvq Zv‡K g~j` msL¨v
p
e‡j| A_©vr †h mKj msL¨v‡K q AvKv‡i cÖKvk Kiv hvq, †hLv‡b p,qGes q≠0|g~j` msL¨vi †mU Øviv cÖKvk
p
Kiv nq| A_©vr ={q : p, qI (p, q) = 1 Ges q≠0}| cÖ‡Z¨K c~Y©msL¨vB g~j` msL¨v wKš‘ me g~j` msL¨v
c~Y©msL¨v bq| AZGe .
BDwbU GK c„ôv 3
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
Ag~j` msL¨v (Irrational Number)
†h mKj msL¨v‡K `yBwU c~Y©msL¨vi fvMdjiƒ‡c cÖKvk Kiv hvq bv, Zv‡K Ag~j` msL¨v e‡j| A_©vr †h mKj
p
msL¨v‡K q AvKv‡i cÖKvk Kiv hvq bv, †hLv‡b p, qI mn‡gŠwjK Ges q≠0, Ag~j` msL¨vi †mU ev cØviv
cÖKvk Kiv nq| A_©vr ={x : xGes x}|myZivs ev¯Íe msL¨vi †m‡U g~j` msL¨v ev‡` Aewkó msL¨v¸‡jv
Ag~j` msL¨v| †hgb: 2 , 3 , 7 , 13 ,,e, ..........BZ¨vw` Ag~j` msL¨v|D‡jøL¨ †h, g~j` msL¨v‡K `kwgK
3 1
fMœvs‡k cÖKvk Ki‡j Zv mmxg `kwgK ev †cŠY:cywbK n‡e| †hgb-4 = 0.75, 3 = 0.33 -------- = 0. 3
Ag~j` msL¨v‡K `kwgK fMœvs‡k cÖKvk Ki‡j Zv mmxg `kwgK ev †cŠb:cywYK †Kv‡bv AvKv‡iB cÖKvk Kiv hvq bv|
†hgb- 2 = 1.4142135.........
ev¯Íe msL¨v (Real number): FYvZ¥K msL¨v, k~b¨ Ges abvZ¥K msL¨v †Mvôx‡K GK‡Î ev¯Íe msL¨v e‡j| †hgb;5,
3
1, 0, 8, , ...........BZ¨vw` ev¯Íe msL¨v| cÖ‡Z¨K g~j` ev Ag~j` msL¨vB GK GKwU ev¯Íe msL¨v, mKj g~j`
7
Ges Ag~j` msL¨v wb‡q MwVZ †mU‡K ev¯Íe msL¨vi †mU (Set of real numbers) ejv nq| ev¯Íe msL¨vi †mU‡K
Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq A_©vr=; Ges †mU¸‡jv cÖ‡Z¨‡KB ev¯Íe msL¨v †m‡Ui Dc‡mU| ev¯Íe msL¨v Gi
mv‡_ Dc‡mU mg~‡ni m¤úK© wb¤œiƒc: PGes =GB cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©¸‡jv wb‡Pi †fbwP‡Î
†`Lv‡bv n‡jv:
l a
ha
s
th
=
P
Pa
AA
wkÿv_x©i 7, 2 , 1 . .
2 , 0, 8, 4 , 0. 2 3 msL¨v¸‡jv‡K AvKv‡i mvRvb|
KvR 3 5
mvims‡ÿc-
mKj abvZ¥K c~Y©msL¨v, FYvZ¥K c~Y©msL¨v I k~b¨ wg‡j †h bZzb msL¨v †Mvôx cvIqv hvq Zv‡K c~Y©msL¨vi
†mU ejv nq|
mKj abvZ¥K c~Y©msL¨v‡K ¯^vfvweK msL¨v ejv nq|
1 e¨ZxZ †h mKj ¯^vfvweK msL¨v †KejgvÎ H msL¨v I 1 Øviv wefvR¨ †m mKj msL¨v‡K †gŠwjK msL¨v
ejv nq|
†h msL¨v‡K `yBwU c~Y© msL¨vi fvMdjiƒ‡c cÖKvk Kiv hvq Zv‡K g~j` msL¨v e‡j| †h msL¨v‡K `yBwU c~Y©
msL¨vi fvMdjiƒ‡c cÖKvk Kiv hvq bv Zv‡K Ag~j` msL¨v e‡j|
mKj g~j` Ges Ag~j` msL¨v wb‡q MwVZ †mU‡K ev¯Íe msL¨vi †mU ejv nq|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 1.1-
ev¯Íe msL¨v I AmgZv c„ôv 4
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b (1-4):
1. ev¯Íe msL¨v m¤^‡Ü me©cÖ_g aviYv cÖ`vb K‡ib †K?
(K) Rb Iqvwjm (L) RR© K¨v›Ui (M) Rb †fb (N) ivgvbyRb
2. wb‡Pi †KvbwU mZ¨?
2
(K)5 (L)3 (M) (N) 2
3. wb‡Pi †KvbwU mZ¨?
(K) P (L) (M) (N)
4. wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) mKj g~j` msL¨v c~Y© msL¨v (L) mKj ¯^vfvweK msL¨v c~Y©msL¨v
(M) mKj c~Y© msL¨v ¯^vfvweK msL¨v (N) mKj ev¯Íe msL¨v g~j` msL¨v
5. ev¯Íe msL¨v Gi †gŠwjK Dc‡mU¸‡jv D`vniY mn e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
cvV 1.2 ev¯Íe msL¨vi R¨vwgwZK cÖwZiƒc, e¨ewa I msL¨v‡iLv
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨ l a
ha
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
s
ev¯Íe msL¨vi R¨vwgwZK cÖwZiƒc e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
th
ev¯Íe msL¨vi e¨ewa Kx Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
Pa
msL¨v‡iLv Kx Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
AA
gyL¨ kã ev¯Íe msL¨v, e¨ewa, msL¨v‡iLv
g~jcvV-
ev¯Íe msL¨vi R¨vwgwZK cÖwZiƒc (Geometrical interpretation of real number)
ev¯Íe msL¨v ej‡Z g~j` I Ag~j` `yB ai‡bi msL¨v‡K †evSvq| GLv‡b g~j` I Ag~j` G `yB cÖKvi msL¨vi
R¨vwgwZK cÖKvk †`Lv‡bv n‡jv| ev¯Íe msL¨vi GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ag© n‡”Q, ev¯Íe msL¨vmg~n GKwU mij‡iLvi
wewfbœ we›`y w`‡q wPwýZ Kiv hvq| P
X X
M3 M2 Q M1 O M1 Q M2 M3
aiæb, Amxg mij‡iLv XOXGi Dci GKwU w¯’i g~jwe›`y O| g~j we›`yi Wvbw`‡K †h‡Kv‡bv `~iZ¡‡K GKK a‡i
mgvb mgvb H `~iZ¡ wb‡q 1, 2, 3, ............m~wPZ Kiv nq| Avevi g~j we›`yi evgw`‡K mgvb mgvb H `~iZ¡ wb‡q 1,
p
2, 3, ............ m~wPZ Kiv nq| GLb g‡b Kiæbq GKwU w¯’i g~j` msL¨v| G mij‡iLvi cÖwZ GKK ˆ`N©¨‡K q
p
msL¨K mgvb As‡k fvM Ki‡j qg~j` msL¨vwU‡K H mij‡iLvi Dci GKwU we›`y PØviv m~wPZ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i hw`
BDwbU GK c„ôv 5
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
1
OP=pq nq Zvn‡j Gfv‡e GKwU mij‡iLvi Dci mKj g~j` GKwU R¨vwgwZK cÖwZiƒc Kíbv Kiv m¤¢e| wKš‘
ˆ`N©¨ gv‡ci Ggb wKQz msL¨v Av‡Q hviv g~j` msL¨v bq| g~j` msL¨v 1, 2, 3, ......... Ges 1, 2, 3, ........
R¨vwgwZK cÖwZiƒc h_vµ‡g M1, M2, M3, ------ Ges M1, M2, M3,------ we›`y¸‡jv wPwýZ Kiæb|PM1=1 GKK
a‡iXOX†iLv M1we›`y‡Z PM1j¤^ A¼b Kiv n‡j OPM1GKwU mgwØevû mg‡KvYx wÎfzR Aw¼Z nq| hvi AwZfzR
OP= 12+12= 2 ; GLb Owe›`y‡K †K›`ª K‡i OP = 2 Gi mgvb e¨vmva© wb‡q M1Gi Wvb cv‡k¦© Ges M1Gi evg
cv‡k¦© `yBwU e„ËPvc AsKb Kiæb hv h_vµ‡g QIQwe›`y‡Z m~wPZ nq| G we›`y `yBwU h_vµ‡g 2 Ges 2 Gi
cÖwZiƒc we›`y|
Zvn‡j ejv hvq, QIQwe›`y `yBwU 2 Ges 2 Gi R¨vwgwZK cÖKvk| wKš‘ Avgiv Rvwb, 2 †Kv‡bv g~j` msL¨v
bq| myZivs QIQwe›`y `yBwU †Kv‡bv g~j` msL¨vi cÖwZiƒc we›`y bq| Giv `yBwU Ag~j` msL¨vi R¨vwgwZK cÖKvk
e‡j we›`y `yBwU‡K Ag~j` we›`y ejv nq| GKBfv‡e 2 1 ev 3 ev Ab¨vb¨ Ag~j` msL¨vi R¨vwgwZK cÖKvk
2
†`Lv‡bv hvq|
myZivs XOX†iLvwUi Dci AmsL¨K g~j` I Ag~j` msL¨vi cÖwZiƒc we›`y A¼b Kiv m¤¢e Ges G mKj we›`y ev¯Íe
msL¨vi R¨vwgwZK cÖKvk|
msL¨v‡iLv (Numberline): mKj ev¯Íe msL¨vB Amxg ˆ`N©¨ wewkó GKwU wbw`©ó mij‡iLvi Dci Aew¯’Z| G wbw`©ó
†iLvwU‡K msL¨v‡iLv ev ev¯Íe †iLv(Realline) ejv nq|
O
a
X l X
0 1
ha
2 1 2
ev¯Íe msL¨vi e¨ewa (Interval): ev¯Íe msL¨vi †m‡Ui we‡kl ai‡bi Dc‡mU‡K e¨ewa ejv nq| e¨ewa cÖavbZ `yB
s
cÖKv‡ii| h_v: (i) mmxg e¨ewa (ii) Amxg e¨ewa
th
mmxg e¨ewa: a<bev¯Íe msL¨v n‡j a I b Gi ga¨eZx© mKj msL¨vi †mU‡K mmxg e¨ewa ejv nq| cÖvšÍwe›`y a,
Pa
bwewkó PviwU mmxg e¨ewa n‡Z cv‡i; h_v-
(i) (a,b) = {x: a<x<b}, Dš§y³ e¨ewa
AA
msL¨v‡iLvq:
a b
(ii) [a, b] = {x : axb}, e× e¨ewa
msL¨v‡iLvq:
a b
(iii) [a, b) = {x : ax<b}, e×-Dš§y³ e¨ewa
msL¨v‡iLvq:
a b
(iv) (a, b] = {x : a<xb}, Dš§y³-e× e¨ewa
msL¨v‡iLvq:
a b
Amxg e¨ewa
a†h †Kv‡bv ev¯Íe msL¨v n‡j a Gi †P‡q eo, wKsev a Gi †P‡q †QvU, mKj ev¯Íe msL¨vi †mU‡K Amxg e¨ewa ejv
nq| a msL¨vwU e¨ewai AšÍf©~³ n‡Z cv‡i, Avevi bvI n‡Z cv‡i| myZivs cÖvšÍwe›`y a wewkó PviwU Amxg e¨ewa
n‡Z cv‡i| h_v:
(i) (a, ) = {x : x>a}, Wv‡b Amxg Dš§y³ e¨ewa
msL¨v‡iLvq:
a
ev¯Íe msL¨v I AmgZv c„ôv 6
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
(ii) [a,) = {x : xa}, Wv‡b Amxg e× e¨ewa
msL¨v‡iLvq:
(iii) (, a) = {x : x<a},a ev‡g Amxg Dš§y³ e¨ewa
msL¨v‡iLvq:
a
(iv)(, a] = {x : xa}, ev‡g Amxg e× e¨ewa
msL¨v‡iLvq:
a
wkÿv_x©i (i) x (3, 5) n‡j xGi gv‡bi †mU wbY©q Kiæb|
KvR (ii) x (2, 8) n‡j xGi gv‡bi †mU wbY©q Kiæb|
mvims‡ÿc-
mKj ev¯Íe msL¨vB Amxg ˆ`N©¨ wewkó GKwU wbw`©ó mj‡iLvi Dci Aew¯’Z| G wbw`©ó †iLvwU‡K msL¨v‡iLv
ejv nq|
ev¯Íe msL¨vi †m‡Ui we‡kl ai‡bi Dc‡mU‡K e¨ewa ejv nq| e¨ewa `yB cÖKvi| h_v (i) mmxg e¨ewa (ii)
Amxg e¨ewa|
a<bev¯Íe msL¨v n‡j aGesbGi ga¨eZ©x mKj msL¨vi †mU‡K mmxg e¨ewa ejv nq|
a
l
a†h †Kv‡bv ev¯Íe msL¨v n‡j aGi †P‡q eo, wKsev aGi †P‡q †QvU, mKj ev¯Íe msL¨vi †mU‡K Amxg
ha
e¨ewa ejv nq|
s
th
Pa
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 1.2-
AA
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b (1-4):
1. msL¨v‡iLvq wPwýZ Kiv hvq-
(i) FYvZ¥K msL¨v
(ii) g~j` msL¨v
(iii) Aev¯Íe msL¨v
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) iI iii (M) iiI iii (N) i, ii I iii
2. (a, b) e¨ewa ej‡Z †evSvq-
(K){x: axb} (L){x: axb} (M) {x: axb} (N) {x: axb}
3. [a, b) e¨ewa ej‡Z †evSvq-
(K) {x: a<xb} (L) {x: axb} (M){x: ax<b} (N){x: axb}
4. e¨ewa m¤úwK©Z D`vniY n‡jv-
(i) xGes x[1, 3]n‡j xGi gv‡bi †mU {1, 2, 3}
(ii) xGes x[1, 3] n‡j xGi gv‡bi †mU {2, 3}
(iii) xGes x[1, 3] n‡j xGi gv‡bi †mU {1, 2}
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii (M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii
BDwbU GK c„ôv 7
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
5. ev¯Íe msL¨vi R¨vwgwZK cÖwZiƒc e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
6. e¨ewa ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? mmxg I Amxg e¨ewa e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
3 2
7. msL¨v‡iLvq 5, 9, , , 5 , 1 msL¨v¸‡jv Øviv wb‡`©wkZ we›`yi Ae¯’vb wbY©q Kiæb|
5 3
8. msL¨v‡iLvq †`Lvb,
(i)[3, 5] [2, 6] (ii) (2, 5) [0, 6] (iii) (, 1] [4, )
cvV 1.3 ev¯Íe msL¨vi exRMwYZxq ¯^xKvh©
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
ev¯Íe msL¨vi exRMwYZxq ¯^xKvh© Kx eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
Ave×Zv ag© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb, l a
ha
A‡f`K Dcv`v‡bi Aw¯ÍZ¡ I wecixZ Dcv`v‡bi Aw¯ÍZ¡ Kx Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
s
ms‡hvM wewa, e›Ub wewa I wewbgq wewa e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
th
¯^xKvh©, Ave×Zv ag©, A‡f`K Dcv`v‡bi Aw¯ÍZ¡, wecixZ Dcv`v‡bi Aw¯ÍZ¡, ms‡hvM wewa, e›Ub
Pa
gyL¨ kã
wewa, wewbgq wewa
AA
g~jcvV-
ev¯Íe msL¨vi ¯^xKvh©‡K g~jZ `yBfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v (i) exRMwYZxq ¯^xKvh© ((ii) ev¯Íe msL¨vi µg ¯^xKvh©|
(i) ev¯Íe msL¨vi exRMwYZxq ¯^xKvh©: ev¯Íe msL¨v Gi exRMwYZxq ag© ev ¯^xKvh© g~jZ †hvM (+) Ges ¸Yb (.) Gi
Dci wbf©ikxj| wb‡¤œ †hvM (Addition) I ¸Yb (Multiplication) ¯^xKvh© eY©bv Kiv n‡jv:
†hvM ¯^xKvh© (Addition axioms):
(a) Ave×Zv ag©: mKj a, bGi Rb¨a + b
(b) ms‡hvM wewa: mKj a, b, cGi Rb¨ (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
(c) A‡f`K Dcv`v‡bi Aw¯ÍZ¡: G GKwU Ges †Kej gvÎ GKwU msL¨v k~b¨ (0)Av‡Q, †hLv‡b mKj aGi Rb¨
a+ 0 = 0+anq| ‘0’‡K †hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î Gi A‡f`K ejv nq|
(d) wecixZ Dcv`v‡bi Aw¯ÍZ¡: mKj aGi Rb¨ GKwU gvÎ acvIqv hv‡e hvi Rb¨ a+(a) = (a)+a =
0n‡e| GLv‡b a†KaGi †hv‡Mi wecixZ (additive inverse) ejv nq|
(e) wewbgq wewa (Commutative law): mKj a, bGi Rb¨ a+b = b+a
(f) Abb¨Zv (Uniqueness): hw` a, b, c, dGes a = b, c =dnq Z‡e a+c=b+d
¸Yb ¯^xKvh© (Multiple axioms):
(a) Ave×Zv ag©: mKj a, bGi Rb¨ a.b
ev¯Íe msL¨v I AmgZv c„ôv 8
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
(b) ms‡hvMwewa: mKj a, b, cGi Rb¨ a(bc) =(ab)c
(c) A‡f`K Dcv`v‡bi Aw¯ÍZ¡: Gi GKwU Ges †KejgvÎ GKwU msL¨v GK (1) Av‡Q, †hLv‡b mKj aGi Rb¨
a.1 = 1.a =anq| ‘1’†K ¸Y‡bi †ÿ‡Î Gi A‡f`K ejv nq|
(d) wecixZ Dcv`v‡bi Aw¯ÍZ¡: mKj aGes a 0 Gi Rb¨ GKwU gvÎ a1cvIqv hv‡e hvi Rb¨ a.a1=a1.a
=1 nq GLv‡b a1 †K aGi ¸Y‡bi wecixZK (multiplicative inverse) ejv nq|
(e) wewbgqwewa: mKj a, bGi Rb¨ ab = ba
(f) Abb¨Zv (Uniqueness): hw` a, b, c, dGes a=b, c=dnq Z‡e ac = bd
(g) eÈbwewa: mKj a,b, cGi Rb¨ (i) a(b+c) = ab+ac, (ii) (b+c)a=ba+ca
ev¯Íe msL¨vi ¸Yvewji ¯^xKvh© wfwËK K‡qKwU cÖgvY
(a) ev¯Íe msL¨vi †mU G †hv‡Mi A‡f`K Abb¨
cÖgvY: g‡b Kiæb, ev¯Íe msL¨vi †mU G 0G 0`yBwU †hv‡Mi A‡f`K Av‡Q †hgb mKj a Gi Rb¨ a+ 0 =
aGes a+ 0=a| 0 A‡f`K n‡j0+ 0 = 0 --------- (i)
Avevi 0A‡f`K n‡j 0+ 0 = 0 ----------- (ii)
GLb (i) I (ii)n‡Z cvIqv hvq0= 0
AZGe ev¯Íe msL¨vi †mU G †hv‡Mi A‡f`K Abb¨|
(b) ev¯Íe msL¨vi †mU G ¸‡Yi A‡f`K Abb¨
cÖgvY: g‡b Kiæb, ev¯Íe msL¨vi †mU GeGes e`yBwU ¸‡Yi A‡f`K Av‡Q, †hb mKj aGi Rb¨ ae =aGes ae
=a| l a
ha
e A‡f`K n‡jee=e----------- (i)
s
Avevi, eA‡f`K n‡j ee=e----------- (ii)
th
myZivs (i)I (ii) n‡Z cvIqv hvq, e=e
AZGe ev¯Íe msL¨vi †mU G ¸Y‡bi A‡f`K Abb¨|
Pa
(c) ev¯Íe msL¨vi †mU G †hv‡Mi wecixZK Dcv`vb Abb¨|
AA
cÖgvY: g‡b Kiæb, cÖ‡Z¨K ev¯Íe msL¨v aGi Rb¨ G `yBwU ev¯Íe msL¨v bI cwe`¨gvb †hb a+b=b+a=0
Gesa+c=c+a = 0 [†hv‡Mi wecixZK Dcv`vb]
Zvn‡j, c=c+0 [†hv‡Mi A‡f`‡Ki Aw¯ÍZ¡ wewa]
=c+(a+b)
=(c+a)+b
= 0+b [c+a=0]
=b
c=b
myZivs ev¯Íe msL¨vi †mU G †hv‡Mi wecixZK Dcv`vb Abb¨|
(d) ev¯Íe msL¨vi †mU G ¸Y‡bi wecixZK Dcv`vb Abb¨
cÖgvY: g‡b Kiæb, cÖ‡Z¨K Ak~b¨ ev¯Íe msL¨v aGi Rb¨ G `yBwU ev¯Íe msL¨v bI cwe`¨gvb †hb ab=ba=1
Iac=ca=1
G‡ÿ‡Î, c=c.1 [¸‡Yi A‡f`‡Ki Aw¯ÍZ¡ wewa]
=c(ab)[ab=1]=(ca)b=1.b [ca=1]=b
c=b
myZivs ev¯Íe msL¨vi †mU -G ¸Y‡bi wecixZK Dcv`vb Ab¨b¨
(e) †hv‡Mi eR©b wewa:a+c=b+c a=b
cÖgvY: †`Iqv Av‡Q,a+c=b+c
(a+c)+(c)=(b+c)+(c) [c†hvM K‡i cvB]
BDwbU GK c„ôv 9
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
a+[c+(c)]=b+[c+(c)][ms‡hvM wewa]
a+ 0 =b+ 0 [c+(c)=0]
a=b[0†hvMvZ¥K A‡f`K]
(f) ¸‡Yi eR©b wewa: ac =bc Ges c≠0 a =b
cÖgvY: †`Iqv Av‡Q,ac =bc;c≠0 c1
Dfqcÿ‡K c1Øviv ¸Y K‡i cvB-
(ac)c1=(bc)c1a(cc1) = b(cc1) [ms‡hvM wewa]
a.1 = b.1 [cc1=1]
a=b
(g) cÖgvY Kiæb, a †h †Kv‡bv ev¯Íe msL¨v n‡j (a) = a
cÖgvY: (a)+((a)) = 0
Avevi, (a)+a = 0
myZivs (a)+((a))=(a)+a
AZGe, †hv‡Mi eR©bwewa Abyhvqx (a)=a
(h) a.0=0 †hLv‡b a
cªgvY:0=0+0
AZGe, a.0=a(0+0) = a.0 +a.0 [e›Ubwewa Abyhvqx]
Avevi, a.0=a.0+0
myZivs a.0+a.0=a.0+0 l a
ha
a.0 = 0 [†hv‡Mi eR©bwewa Abyhvqx]
(i) ab=0a=0 A_ev, b=0, †hLv‡b a, b A_©vr `yBwU ev¯Íe msL¨vi ¸Ydj k~b¨ n‡j AšÍZ GKwU msL¨v k~b¨
s
th
n‡e|
cÖgvY: aiæbab=0 Ges a≠0 Zvn‡j a1a1(ab)=a1.0
Pa
evgcÿ= a1(ab)= (a1a)(b)= 1.b = b
AA
Wvbcÿ =0 [a.0=0;a]
myZivs b=0
Abyiƒcfv‡e, ab=0 Ges b≠0 n‡j cÖgvY Kiv hvq †h, a=0
(j) (i) a(b)=(a)b=(ab) (ii) (a)(b) = ab
cÖgvY: (i)ab+a(b) = a[b+(b)] = a.0 = 0 [eÈb wewa Abyhvqx]
Ab¨w`‡K, ab + (ab) = 0
ab+a(b)=ab+((ab))
a(b) = (ab) [†hv‡Mi eR©bwewa]
Abyiƒcfv‡e, cÖgvY Kiv hvq †h, (a)b =(ab)
myZivs a(b) = (a)b=(ab)
(ii) (a)(b) =ab
cÖgvY: (a)(b) = (a)b[a(b)=(a)b=(ab)]
=(ab)=ab [(a)=a]
myZivs (a)(b)=ab
wkÿv_x©i (i) a, b, cn‡j cÖgvY Kiæb †h, a (b + c) = abc
KvR (ii)aGes a ≠ 0 n‡j cÖgvY Kiæb †h, a2> 0
ev¯Íe msL¨v I AmgZv c„ôv 10
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
mvims‡ÿc-
Ave×Zv ag©: mKj a, b, Gi Rb¨a + b, a.b
ms‡hvM wewa: mKj a, b, cGi Rb¨ (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)Ges a(bc) = (ab)c
A‡f`K Dcv`v‡bi Aw¯ÍZ¡: -G GKwU Ges †KejgvÎ GKwU msL¨v k~b¨ (0)Av‡Q, †hLv‡b mKj aGi
Rb¨ a + 0 = 0 + anq| Avevi, G GKwU Ges †KejgvÎ GKwU msL¨v GK (1)Av‡Q, †hLv‡b mKj
aGi Rb¨ a.1 = 1.a = a nq|
wecixZ Dcv`v‡bi Aw¯ÍZ¡: mKj aGi Rb¨ GKwU gvÎ acvIqv hv‡e hvi Rb¨ a + (a) = (a) +
a= 0n‡e| Avevi mKj aGes a≠0Gi Rb¨ GKwU gvÎ a1cvIqv hv‡e hvi Rb¨ a.a1 = a1.a =
1nq|
wewbgq wewa: mKj a, bGi Rb¨ a + b = b + a, ab = ba.
Abb¨Zv: hw` a, b, c, dGes a = b, c = dnq Z‡e a + c = b + dGes ac = bd.
e›Ubwewa: mKj a, b, cGi Rb¨ (i) a(b + c) = ab + ac(ii) (b + c)a = ba + ca.
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 1.3-
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b (1-5):
1. ms‡hvRb †hvM¨Zv cÖKvk K‡i-
(i) (a+b)+c = a+(b+c) l a
ha
(ii) ab = ba
(iii)a(bc)=(ab)c
s
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
th
(K) iI ii (L) i I ii (M) ii I iii (N) i, iiI iii
Pa
2. msL¨vi ¯^xKvh© Abyhvqx-
(i) I †hvRb I ¸Yb ¯^xKvh© †g‡b P‡j
AA
(ii) I Gi ¸YvZ¥K wecixZ we`¨gvb
(iii)I Gi ¸YvZ¥K wecixZ we`¨gvb †bB
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I iii (L) i I ii (M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii
3. wewbgq †hvM¨Zv cÖKvk K‡i-
(i) a+b=b+a
(ii) a+c=b+d
(iii) ab=ba
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) iiI iii (M) i I iii (N) i, iiI iii
4. c< 0 Gesa>bn‡j-
a b
(i) <
c c
a b
(ii) >
c c
(iii)ac>bc
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii (M) iiI iii (N) i, ii I iii
5. Abb¨Zv †hvM¨Zv cÖKvk K‡i- a=b, c=dnq Z‡e,
BDwbU GK c„ôv 11
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
(i) a+b=b+a
(ii)a+c=b+d
(iii)ac=bd
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) iiI iii (M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii
6. an‡j †`Lvb †h, (i) (1)a= aGes (ii) (a+b) = ab
7. a, b, cev¯Íe msL¨v, ac=bcwKš‘ ck~b¨ bq, Z‡e cÖgvY Kiæb †h, a=b
8. a, b, cev¯Íe msL¨v n‡j cÖgvY Kiæb †h, (i) a<bn‡j a+c<b+c(ii) a>bn‡j, a+c>b+c
l a
s ha
th
Pa
AA
ev¯Íe msL¨v I AmgZv c„ôv 12
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV 1.4 ev¯Íe msL¨vi ¯^xKvh© wfwËK eY©bv
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
AmgZv Kx Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
AmgZv m¤úwK©Z ¯^xKvh© mg~n e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
AmgZv m¤úwK©Z †gŠwjK ¯^xKv‡h©i cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
ev¯Íe msL¨vi †ÿ‡Î m¤ú~Y©Zv ¯^xKvh© Kx Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
ev¯Íe msL¨vi m¤ú~Y©Zv ¯^xKvh© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
ev¯Íe msL¨vi m¤ú~Y©Zv ¯^xKvh© m¤úwK©Z mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã AmgZv, AmgZvi ¯^xKvh©, m¤ú~Y©Zv ¯^xKvh©
g~jcvV-
a
AmgZv (Inequalities):AmgZv GK ai‡bi MvwYwZK ev‡K¨i cÖKvk hv msL¨v, cwigvc ev MvwYwZK ev‡K¨i µ‡gi
l
m¤úK© (orderrelation) wb‡`©k K‡i| MvwYwZKfv‡e AmgZv‡K ‘<’ ‘>’ ‘’ ‘’BZ¨vw` m¤úK© cÖZxKØviv cÖKvk Kiv
ha
nq| AmgZvi mgvavb wbw`©ó †Kvb msL¨v ev gv‡bi Rb¨ w¯’i bv †_‡K mgvav‡bi e¨vwß wb‡`©k K‡i| A_©vr wbw`©ó
s
†m‡U ev A‡j we`¨gvb mKj gv‡bi Rb¨ AmgZv wm× nq|
th
ev¯Íe msL¨vi AmgZv (Inequalities of Real number):hw` aI bev¯Íe msL¨v nq Zvn‡j aIbGi g‡a¨ wZbwU
Pa
m¤úK© we`¨gvb| h_v : (i) a>b, (ii) a=bGes (iii) a<b; GLv‡ba>bGes a<bm¤úK©Øq‡K AmgZv ejv nq| a>b†K
AA
co‡Z nq ais greater thenbGLv‡b ababvZ¥K| Avevi a<bco‡Z nq ais less thenbGLv‡b a b FYvZ¥K|
jÿYxq:IcÖZxKØq `ye©j (Weak) AmgZvi cÖZxK|
AmgZv m¤úwK©Z ¯^xKvh© (Axioms of Inequalities):
(K) †hv‡Mi ag© (Properties of addition): a, b, cGi Rb¨ (i)hw` a<bnq Z‡e a+c<b+c, (ii) hw` a>bnq
Z‡ea+c>b+c
(L) we‡qv‡Mi ag© (Properties of subtraction): a, b, cGi Rb¨ (i) hw` a<bnq Z‡e ac<bc, (ii) hw` a>bnq
Z‡e a – c>b – c
(M) ¸‡Yi ag© (Properties of multiplication): a, b, cGi Rb¨ (i)hw` a<bGes c> 0nq, Z‡e ac<bc, (ii) hw`
a<bGes c< 0nq Z‡e ac>bc
a b
(N) fv‡Mi ag© (Properties of Division): a, b, cGi Gi Rb¨ (i)hw` a<bGes c>0nq, Z‡e c<c(ii) hw`
a b
a<bGes c< 0nq, Z‡e >
c c
AmgZv m¤úwK©Z K‡qKwU †gŠwjK ¯^xKv‡h©i cÖgvY:
1.hw` a, b, cnq, a<bGes b<ca<c
cÖgvY:a, b ci¯úi Amgvb n‡j,
a<bev b>ab – a> 0 ----- (i)
Avevi, b, cGesb<cev, c>bc – b> 0 --------------- (ii)
BDwbU GK c„ôv 13
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
(i) I (ii) †hvM K‡i cvB-
(b – a)+(c – b)> 0 + 0
c – a>0
c – a+a> 0 +a[Dfqc‡ÿa†hvM K‡i cvB]
c>aa<c
2. hw` a, b, c nq Z‡e, a <b a + c <b + c
cÖgvY:a, bGes ci¯úi Amgvb n‡j, a<bev, b>ab– a> 0
b– a+c> 0 +c[Dfqc‡ÿ c†hvM K‡i cvB]
b+c>a+c[Dfqc‡ÿ a†hvM K‡i cvB]
a+c<b+c
Abyiƒcfv‡e, a, b, cn‡j, cÖgvY Kiv hvq †h, a– c<b– c, hLb a<b
3. hw` a, b, cnq Z‡e, a<bac<bchLb c>0
cÖgvY:a, bGes ci¯úi Amgvb n‡j,
a<bev, b>ab– a> 0
(b– a).c>c.0 hLbc>0
bc– ac>0
bc– ac+ac>0+ac [Dfqc‡ÿ ac†hvM K‡i cvB]
bc>ac
ac<bc l a
ha
Abyiƒcfv‡e, a, b, cGi Rb¨ cÖgvY Kiv hvq, ac>bc, hLb c< 0
s
4. hw` a, b, cnq a+c<b+d†hLv‡b a<bGes c<d
th
cÖgvY: g‡b Kiæb,a, b, cGes a<bGesc<dZvn‡j, a–b<b– b a– b<0--------------(i)
Ges c– d<d– dc – d <0------------ (ii)
Pa
(i) I (ii) †hvM K‡i cvIqv hvq,
AA
(a– b)+(c– d)<0+0
(a+c) – (b+d)<0
(a+c) – (b+d)+(b+d)<0+(b+d) [Dfq c‡ÿ (b+d) †hvM K‡i]
a+c<b +d
1 1
5. hw` a, b, cnq a<bGes a>0, b>0 nq Z‡e >
a b
cÖgvY: †h‡nZza, b, Ges a>0,b>0 Zvn‡ja<b
a b 1
< [Dfqcÿ‡K Øviv ¸Y K‡i]
ab ab ab
1 1
<
b a
1 1
>
a b
wkÿv_x©i (i) a, b, cn‡j cÖgvY Ki †h, a– c<b– chLb a<b
KvR (ii) a, b, cGi Rb¨ cÖgvY Ki †h, ac>bc, hLbc< 0
ev¯Íe msL¨vi m¤ú~Y©Zv ¯^xKvh© (Completeness Axiom for Real Numbers)
cÖ‡Z¨KwU duvKv †mU bq Ggb DaŸ© mxwgZ ev¯Íe msL¨vi Dc‡m‡Ui GKwU Abb¨ mywcÖgvgxwe`¨gvb Ges cÖ‡Z¨KwU
ev¯Íe msL¨v I AmgZv c„ôv 14
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
duvKv †mU bq Giƒc wb¤œmxwgZ ev¯Íe msL¨vi Dc‡m‡Ui GKwU Abb¨ Bbwdgvg xwe`¨gvb| GB ˆewkó¨‡K ev¯Íe
msL¨vi m¤ú~Y©Zv ag© ejv nq| g~j` msL¨vi †m‡U m¤ú~Y©Zv ag© Lv‡U bv| ev¯Íe msL¨vi m¤ú~Y©Zv eY©bvi Rb¨ ev¯Íe
msL¨vi DaŸ© mxwgZ †mU I wb¤œmxwgZ †mU Ges G mKj †m‡Ui mywcÖgvg I Bbwdgvg m¤ú‡K© wb‡¤œ Av‡jvPbv Kiv
n‡jv:
DaŸ©mxwgZ †mU (Bounded above set):ev¯Íe msL¨vi †Kv‡bv †mU S †K DaŸ©mxwgZejv nq hw` Ggb GKwU wbw`©ó
ev¯Íe msL¨v mwe`¨gvb _v‡K †hb xmmKj xS| A_©vr hw`SGi †Kv‡bv Dcv`vb mGi †P‡q eo bv nq| Giƒc
cÖ‡Z¨K msL¨v m†K S Gi DaŸ©mxgv (upper bound) ejv nq| m hw` SGi DaŸ©mxgv nq, Z‡e m Gi †P‡q eo
cÖwZwU msL¨vI S Gi DaŸ©mxgv n‡e|
1 1
†hgb, S = {–1, 1, –2, 2, –3, 3, .................} †mUwU DaŸ©mxwgZ, †Kej Gi cÖwZwU Dcv`vb 1 wKš‘ †mUwU
wb¤œmxwgZ bq| GLv‡b 1 †mUwUi GKwU DaŸ©mxgv|
wb¤œmxwgZ †mU (Bounded below set):ev¯Íe msL¨vi †Kv‡bv †mU S†K wb¤œmxwgZ (bounded below) †mU ejv nq
hw` Ggb GKwU wbw`©ó ev¯Íe msL¨v nwe`¨gvb _v‡K †hb xnmKj xSGi Rb¨ Lv‡U| A_©vr hw`S Gi †Kv‡bv
Dcv`vbB n Gi †P‡q †QvU bv nq| Giƒc cÖ‡Z¨K msL¨v n†KS Gi wb¤œmxgv (lower bound) ejv nq| nhw` S Gi
wb¤œmxgv nq, Z‡e n Gi †P‡q †QvU cÖwZwU msL¨vI S Gi wb¤œmxgv n‡e|
3 4
†hgb, S = {2, 1,3,2, 4, 3,3, ...............}†mUwU wb¤œmxwgZ, †Kbbv Gi cÖwZwU Dcv`vb1; wKš‘ †mUwU DaŸ©mxwgZ
bq| GLv‡b 1 GKwU wb¤œmxgv|
a
mxwgZ †mU (Bounded set):ev¯Íe msL¨vi †Kv‡bv †mU S†K mxwgZ †mU (bounded set) ejv nq hw` S DaŸ©mxwgZ
l
Ges wb¤œmxwgZ nq|
ha
g‡b Kiæb, ev¯Íe msL¨vi †mU Ges Gi GKwU Dc‡mU S| GLb hw` m Ges n `yBwU ev¯Íe msL¨v we`¨gvb †hb n
s
xm, (xGi mKj gv‡bi Rb¨ xS) Z‡e S†mUwU‡K mxwgZ †mU ejv nq| †hgb, S={1, 4, 8, 10, 11, 16}|GLv‡b
th
†mUwUi wb¤œmxgv1 Ges DaŸ©mxgv 16, A_©vr 1x16xS|
Pa
mywcÖgvg (Supremum):DaŸ©mxwgZ ev¯Íe msL¨vi †Kv‡bv †mU S Gi GKwU ÿz`ªZg DaŸ©mxgv _vK‡j Zv‡K †mU SGi
mywcÖgvb ev jwNó DaŸmxgv ejv nq Ges G‡K supSØviv m~wPZ Kiv nq|
AA
Bbwdgvg(Infimum):wb¤œmxwgZ ev¯Íe msL¨vi †Kv‡bv †mU SGi GKwU e„nËg wb¤œmxgv _vK‡j Zv‡K †mU SGi
Bbwdgvg ev Mwió wb¤œmxgv ejv nq Ges G‡K infSØviv m~wPZ Kiv nq|
†hgb,S={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 } Gi mywcÖgvg n‡jv 8 Ges Bbwdgvg n‡jv1, A_©vr supS=8 Ges infS=1
D`vniY 1:S={x:3<x<7} Gi mywcÖgvg I Bbwdgvg wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb:S={x: 3<x<7} = (3, 7)
supS=7S Ges infS=3S
1
D`vniY 2:S= : n Gi mywcÖgvg I Bbwdgvg wbY©q Kiæb|
n
1 1 1
mgvavb:S= : n 1, , ,......... ...
n 2 3
myZivs supS=1,1SGes infS= 0S
(i)†Kv‡bv †m‡Ui hw` m‡e©v”P ev me©wb¤œ Dcv`vb we`¨gvb _v‡K Z‡e Zv †m‡Ui AšÍf³
©~ n‡e|
(ii)†Kv‡bv †m‡Ui hw` Supremumev Infimumwe`¨gvb _v‡K Zvn‡j Dnv †m‡Ui AšÍf‚©³ n‡ZI cv‡i Avevi bvI
n‡Z cv‡i|
(iii)hw` †Kv‡bv †m‡Ui m‡e©v”P Dcv`vb I Supremumwe`¨gvb _v‡K Zvn‡j Dnv †m‡Ui AšÍf©~³ n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î
†m‡Ui e„nËg Dcv`vb= †mUwUi mywcÖgvg|
BDwbU GK c„ôv 15
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
(iv)hw` †Kv‡bv †m‡Ui wb¤œ Dcv`vb I Infimum we`¨gvb _v‡K Zvn‡j Dnv †m‡Ui AšÍf©y³ n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î †m‡Ui
ÿz`ªZg Dcv`vb= †mUwUi Bbwdgvg|
(v)DaŸ© mxgvi †P‡q eo mKj msL¨vB H †m‡Ui GK GKwU DaŸ©mxgv
(vi)wb¤œmxgvi †P‡q †QvU mKj msL¨vB H †m‡Ui GK GKwU wb¤œmxgv|
n
wkÿv_x©i wb‡¤œi †mU¸‡jv mywcÖgvg I Bbwdmvg wbY©q Kib: (i) S= 1+n: n
KvR (ii) S= {x: 3x2 10x+ 3 < 0}
mvims‡ÿc-
hw` aI bev¯Íe msL¨v nq Zvn‡j aI bGi g‡a¨ wZbwU m¤úK© we`¨gvb h_v: (a) a >b,(b) a = b,(c)
a<b;GLv‡b a >bGes a <bm¤úK©Øq‡K AmgZv ejv nq|
a, b, cGi Rb¨ (a)hw` a<b nq Z‡e a+ c<b+ c,(b)hw` a>b nq Z‡e a+ c>b+ c
a, b, cGi Rb¨ (a)hw` a<b nq Z‡e ac<bc, (b)hw` a>b nq Z‡e ac>bc
a, b, cGi Rb¨ (a)hw` a<b Gesc>0 nq Z‡e ac<bc, (b)hw` a<b Gesc<0 nq Z‡e ac>bc
a b a b
a, b, cGi Rb¨ (a)hw` a<b Gesc> 0 nq Z‡e < , (b)hw` a<b Gesc< 0 nq Z‡e >
c c c c
a
cÖ‡Z¨KwU duvKv †mU bq Ggb DaŸ©mxwgZ ev¯Íe msL¨vi Dc‡m‡Ui GKwU Abb¨ mywcÖgvg xwe`¨gvb
l
Ges cÖ‡Z¨KwU duvKv †mU bq Giƒc wb¤œmxwgZ ev¯Íe msL¨vi Dc‡m‡Ui GKwU Abb¨ Bbwdgvg
ha
xwe`¨gvb| GB ˆewkó¨‡K ev¯Íe msL¨vi m¤ú~Y©Zv ag© ejv nq|
s
DaŸ©mxwgZ ev¯Íe msL¨vi †Kv‡bv †mU S Gi GKwU ÿzÎZg DaŸ©mxgv _vK‡j Zv‡K †mU S Gi mywcÖgvg ev
th
jwNó EaŸ©mxgv ejv nq Ges G‡K sup SØviv m~wPZ Kiv nq|
Pa
wb¤œmxwgZ ev¯Íe msL¨vi †Kv‡bv †mU SGi GKwU e„nËg wb¤œmxgv _vK‡j Zv‡K †mU S Gi Bbwdgvg ev
Mwiô wb¤œmxgv ejv nq Ges G‡Kinf SØviv m~wPZ Kiv nq|
AA
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 1.4-
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b (1 - 5):
1. S={x: x4} †mUwUi mywcÖgvg †KvbwU?
(K) 4 (L) 0 (M) 1 (N) 4
2. S=[1, 5 )Gi DaŸ©mxgvi †mU †KvbwU?
(K) [5, ) (L) (5, ) (M) (, 1] (N) (, 1)
1
3. S={x: x=1 , n}
n
(i) †mUwUi mywcÖgvg we`¨gvb ii) †mUwU ¯^vfvweK msL¨v iii) †mUwU mxwgZ
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii (M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii
4. S={x: x, 2<x5} †mUwUi Bbwdgvg KZ?
(K) 5 (L) 2 (M) 4 (N) 3
n
5. S={x: x=2 , n}
ev¯Íe msL¨v I AmgZv c„ôv 16
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) mywcÖgvg2 (L) Bbwdgvg1 (M) mywcÖgvg bvB (N)EaŸmxgv 1
6. S={(1) : x} Gi mywcÖgvg I Bbwdgvg wbY©q Kiæb|
n
7. AmgZv m¤úwK©Z ¯^xKvh© mg~n e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
8. ev¯Íe msL¨vi †m‡U m¤ú~Y©Zv ag© e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
cvV 1.5 ciggvb
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
ciggvb Kx Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
ciggv‡bi ag© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
a
ciggv‡bi ag©mg~n cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
l
ha
gyL¨ kã ciggvb, g~jwe›`y
s
th
g~jcvV-
Pa
ciggvb (Absolute Value): †Kv‡bv ev¯Íe msLvi ciggvb ej‡Z Zvi msL¨v gvb‡K †evSvq| A_©vr msL¨v‡iLvi
AA
g~j we›`y Ges msL¨v wb‡`©kK we›`yi ga¨eZ©x `~iZ¡‡K msL¨vwUi ciggvb ejv nq| ev¯Íe msL¨v aGi ciggvb‡K |a|
Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq G‡K Modulus ‘a’ ev gW ‘a’ ejv nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc msL¨v‡iLvq g~j we›`y †_‡K 5 Gi `~iZ¡
5 GKK Ges 3 Gi `~iZ¡ 3 GKK A_©vr 5 Gi cigvb 5 Ges 3 Gi cigvb 3|
5 3
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
†h †Kvb ev¯Íe msL¨v aGi ciggvb| |a| wb¤œwjwLZfv‡e msÁvwqZ Kiv hvq-
a, hLb a> 0
|a| = 0, hLb a= 0
a, hLb a< 0
A_©vr k~b¨ e¨ZxZ mKj ev¯Íe msL¨vi ciggvb abvZ¥K Ges k~b¨(0) Gi ciggvb k~b¨|
mKj ev¯Íe msL¨vi Rb¨ (i) |–x| = |x|, (ii) |x|2 = x2, (iii) |x|= x2
ciggv‡bi ag©mg~n (Properties of absolute value) Ges G‡`i cÖgvY:
1.mKj a Gi Rb¨ –|a|a|a|
BDwbU GK c„ôv 17
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
cÖgvY: (a) hLb a0, –a0 Ges|a|=a
–|a|=–a
–|a| = – a0 ----------- (i)
Avevi, 0aGes a=|a| ----------- (ii)
(i) I (ii)n‡Z cvB-
–|a| a = |a| -------- (iii)
(b) hLb a<0 n‡j, –a>0 Ges |a| = –a
–|a| = a
–|a| = a<0< –a=|a|
A_©vr –|a| = a<|a| ----------- (iv)
(iii) I (iv)n‡Z cvB-
–|a| a |a|
2.mKj a Gi Rb¨ |a|a
cÖgvY: (a) hLb a0; |a|=a ---------- (i)
(b) hLb a<0; |a| = –aA_©vr |a|>a ---------- (ii)
(i) I (ii)n‡Z cvB,|a|a
3. mKj a Gi Rb¨ |a|2=a2= |–a|2Ges |ab|=|a||b|
a
cÖgvY:a0n‡j, |a|=a |a|2=a2---------- (i)
Avevia<0;n‡j |a| = –a |a|2=a2 ---------- (ii)
l
ha
(i) I (ii) n‡Z cvB-
s
|a|2=a2
th
Abyiƒcfv‡e, |–a|2=(–a)2 = a2
myZivs |a|2 = a2= |–a|2------- (iii)
Pa
Avevi, |ab|2 = (ab)2 = a2b2= |a|2|b|2= (|a||b|)2
AA
A_©vr |ab|2= (|a||b|)2
†h‡nZ |ab| Ges |a||b| Df‡qB abvZ¥K, myZivs |ab| = |a||b|
4. mKj a, b Gi Rb¨ (i) |a+b||a|+|b|, (ii) |a – b|a|+|b|
cÖgvY:(i) (|a|+|b|)2 = |a|2+2|a||b|+|b|2=a2+2|ab|+b2 [|a|2 =a2, |b|2 = b2, |a||b|=|ab|]
(|a|+|b|)2a2+2ab+b2[|ab|ab]
(|a|+|b|)2(a+b)2
(|a|+|b|)2(|a+b|)2
|a+b|2 (|a|+|b|)2
|a+b| |a|+|b|
(ii) |a+b| |a| + |b| m¤ú‡K© b Gi cwie‡Z© –b emv‡j cvIqv hvq
|a+(–b)| |a| + |–b|
|a – b| |a| + |b| [ |(–b)| = |b|]
5.mKj a, b Gi Rb¨|a–b|||a|–|b||
cÖgvY:|a|=|(a–b)+b||a–b|+|b|
|a|–|b||a–b|
|a–b||a|–|b| ----------- (i)
Avevi, |b|=|(b–a)+a| |b–a|+|a|=|a – b|+|a| [ |b – a| = |–(a – b)| = |a – b|]
|a–b||b|–|a|
ev¯Íe msL¨v I AmgZv c„ôv 18
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
|a–b| –(|a|–|b|)
–|a–b||a|–|b|--------- (ii)
(i) I (ii) n‡Z cvB-
–|a–b| |a|–|b||a–b|
||a|–|b|| |a–b|
|a–b|||a|–|b||
6. (a) |x|a –axa
(b) |x–a|ba – bxa+b
(c) |x|axaA_ev, x –a
cÖgvY:(a)hLb, x0ZLb |x|axa ----------- (i)
hLb x<0ZLb|x|a–xaev, x –a --------- (ii)
(i) I (ii) n‡Z cvB, –axa
(b)hLb (x–a)0 ZLb|x–a|b
x–abev, xa + b-------- (i)
hLb (x – a) < 0 ZLb |x – a| b
–(x – a)bev, x –a– bev, xa–b ------ (ii)
GLb (i) I (ii) n‡Z cvB-
a–bxa+b
a
(c)hLb x 0ZLb |x|a l
ha
xa ------ (i)
hLb x<0ZLb |x|a
s
–xaev, x–a ------------ (ii)
th
GLb (i) I (ii)n‡Z cvB-
Pa
xaA_ev, x–a
AA
D`vniY: cigvb wPý e¨envi bv K‡i AmgZv cÖKvk Kiæb|
(i) |x–3|<8 (ii) |2x+4|<8
mgvavb:
(i) |x–3|<8–8<x–3<8–8 + 3<x–3 + 3<8+ 3–5<x<11
(ii) |2x+4|<8 –8<2x+4<8–12<2x<4–6<x<2
wkÿv_x©i ciggvb wPý e¨envi bv K‡i AmgZv cÖKvk Kiæb|
KvR (i) |x| 8 (ii) |x + 4| < 2
mvims‡ÿc-
†Kv‡bv ev¯Íe msL¨vi ciggvb ej‡Z Zvi msL¨vgvb‡K †evSvq| ev¯Íe msL¨v aGi ciggvb‡K |a|Øviv
cÖKvk Kiv nq|
mKj aGi Rb¨, –|a|a |a|
mKj aGi Rb¨, |a| a
mKj aGi Rb¨, |a|2 = a2 = |–a|2
mKj a, bGi Rb¨, (i) |a + b| |a| + |b|, (ii) |a – b| |a| + |b|
mKj aGi Rb¨, |a – b| | |a| – |b||
BDwbU GK c„ôv 19
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 1.5-
1. mKja, bGi Rb¨ cÖgvY Kiæb|
(a) |a|2= a2=|–a|2Ges |ab|=|a||b|
(b) (i) |a+b| |a|+|b|
(ii) |a – b| |a|+|b|
(c) |a – b| ||a| – |b| |
2. ciggvb wbY©q Kiæb:
(a) |6 –5 2 | (b) |–3|
(c) |3–10| (c) |–3–5|
(e) ||–2–3|+|–3–5||
l a
ha
s
th
Pa
AA
ev¯Íe msL¨v I AmgZv c„ôv 20
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV 1.6 GK PjK m¤^wjZ AmgZv
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
GK PjK m¤^wjZ AmgZv Kx Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
GK PjK m¤^wjZ AmgZvi mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
mgvavb †mU msL¨v‡iLvq cÖKvk Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã PjK, AmgZv, msL¨v‡iLv
g~jcvV-
GKPjK m¤^wjZ AmgZv (Inequalities of one variable)
GK NvZ Ges GK PjK m¤^wjZ AmgZv hvigvÎv GK| GKNvZ mgxKi‡Yi GKwU gvÎ exR ev mgvavb _v‡K| wKš‘
GK NvZ GK PjK m¤^wjZ AmgZvi AmsL¨ mgvavb _v‡K| †hgb: x<4 n‡j xGi gvb ev mgvavb 4 A‡cÿv †QvU
mKj ev¯Íe msL¨vi †mU| AmgZvi mgxKiY †_‡K mgvavb cvIqv hvq| †hgb : 3x+5<14 ev, 3x<9 ev, x<3|GK
a
PjK m¤^wjZ AmgZv GKwU evK¨ hvi GKwU ivwk Aci GKwU ivwki †P‡q †QvU A_ev eo wKsev †QvU ev mgvb eo
l
ha
ev mgvb A_ev †KvbwUB bq| †hgb : x<8, x>3, x7, x2 BZ¨vw`| GKPjK mg¦wjZ AmgZv ax>b, hLb a>0
b b b b b
s
ZLb ax>bx>a hvi e¨mva© (a , ) A_©vr a <x<Ges hLba<0ZLb Gi gvb (– ,a ) e¨ewa A_©vr–<x<a Gi
th
g‡a¨ _vK‡e| wKš‘ hLb a= 0nq ZLb x†Kv‡bv mgvavb _vK‡e bv|
Pa
†hŠwMK AmgZv (Compound Inequalities):†h AmgZvq `yBwU ev‡K¨i eY©bv Av‡Q Zv‡K †hŠwMK AmgZv
AA
e‡j|a<x<bGKwU †hŠwMK AmgZv †Kbbv AmgZvwU‡Z `yBwU ev‡K¨i eY©bv Av‡Q| GKwU a<xGes AciwU x<b|
†hgb, 3<x<7 GKwU †hŠwMK AmgZv|
ˆiwLKAmgZv (Linear Inequalities): GK A_ev GKvwaK PjK m¤^wjZ GKNvwZK AmgZv‡K ˆiwLK AmgZv ejv
nq| †hgb: ax+b>0, ax+b<0, ax+b0 A_ev ax+b0 n‡Z cv‡i| G¸‡jv GK Pj‡Ki A_©vr xPj‡Ki ˆiwLK
AmgZv| G¸‡jv‡K ax> –b, ax< –b, ax–bA_ev ax–bAvKv‡iI cÖKvk Kiv hvq|
Abyiƒcfv‡e, a, b, cn‡j ax+by>c, ax+c>by, ax+by<c, ax<by+cBZ¨vw` AvKv‡ii AmgZv‡K `yB PjK x, y-
Gi ˆiwLK AmgZv e‡j|
GK PjK m¤^wjZ AmgZvi mgvavb (Solution of inequalities with one variable)
GK PjK m¤^wjZ AmgZv‡K `yBfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
(a) kZ©vaxb AmgZv (Conditional Inequalities): †h mg¯Í AmgZv m¤úK©hy³ Pj‡Ki wbw`©ó wKQz gv‡bi Rb¨ mZ¨
Zv‡K kZ©vaxb AmgZv ejv nq| †hgb: x+2>4 GKwU kZ©vaxb AmgZv, †Kbbv †Kej x>2Gi Rb¨ AmgZvwU
mZ¨|
(b) kZ©nxb AmgZv (Unconditional Inequalities): †h mg¯Í AmgZv m¤úK©hy³ Pj‡Ki cÖ‡Z¨K gv‡bi Rb¨ mZ¨
Zv‡K kZ©nxb AmgZv ejv nq| †hgb x+2>xGKwU kZ©nxb AmgZv, †Kbbv GwU x Gi cÖ‡Z¨K gv‡bi Rb¨
mZ¨|
GK PjK m¤^wjZ AmgZvi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨:
BDwbU GK c„ôv 21
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
†Kv‡bv AmgZvi Dfq c‡ÿ †Kvb ev¯Íe msL¨v †hvM ev we‡qvM Ki‡j AmgZvwU AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K|
†Kv‡bv AmgZvi Dfq c‡ÿ †Kv‡bv ev¯Íe abvZ¥K msL¨v Øviv ¸Y ev fvM Ki‡j AmgZvwU AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K|
†Kv‡bv AmgZvi Dfq cÿ‡K †Kv‡bv ev¯Íe FYvZ¥K msL¨v Øviv ¸Y ev fvM Ki‡j AmgZvi w`K ev wPý
cwiewZ©Z nq|
†Kv‡bv AmgZvi Dfq cÿ‡K Dëv‡j AmgZvi w`K cv‡ë hvq|
D`vniY1: mgvavb Kiæb I mgvavb †mU msL¨v‡iLvq †`Lvb, 3x + 2 > 4x– 5
mgvavb:3x + 2 > 4x– 5
3x+2+5>4x – 5+5 [Dfq c‡ÿ 5 ‡hvM K‡i cvB]
3x+7>4x
(3x+7)–3x>4x–3x [Dfq c‡ÿ –3x‡hvM K‡i cvB]
7>xx< 7
wbY©q mgvavb: x<7
mgvavb †mU: S={x: x<7}
msL¨v‡iLvq:
2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1
D`vniY 2: mgvavb Kiæb I mgvavb †mU msL¨v‡iLvq †`Lvb,x2x+1
a
1
mgvavb:x2x+1 l
ha
1 1 1 1
x– x x+1– x [Dfqc‡ÿ (– x) †hvM K‡i cvB]
2 2 2 2
s
1 1
th
x 12. x 2.1 [Dfqc‡ÿ 2 ¸YK‡i cvB]
2 2
Pa
x 2
x 2
AA
wb‡Y©q mgvavb †mU: S ={x: x 2}
msL¨v‡iLvq:
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
(x–1)(x–2)
D`vniY 3: mgvavb Kiæb I mgvavb †mU msL¨v‡iLvq †`Lvb, (x–3) >0
(x– 1)(x– 2)
mgvavb: aiæb f(x) = (x– 3)
GLv‡b mwÜwe›`y¸‡jv (Critical points) n‡jv 1, 2, 3|myZivs x=1,2, 3 we›`y¸‡jv
ev¯Íe msL¨v‡K 4wU e¨ewa‡Z wef³ K‡i| e¨ewa¸‡jv n‡jvx<1, 1<x<2, 2<x<3 Ges x>3
f(x)>0 n‡e hw` Ges †Kej hw` (x–1), (x–2), (x–3) GB wZbwUi g‡a¨ wZbwU wPýB abvZ¥K ev wZbwUi g‡a¨ `yBwUi
wPý FYvZ¥K Ges GKwUi wPý abvZ¥K nq|
kZ© (x–1) Gi wPý (x– 2) Gi wPý (x–3) Gi wPý
x<1 – – –
1<x<2 + – –
2<x<3 + + –
x>3 + + +
GLv‡b 1<x<2 Ges x>3 e¨ewai Rb¨ f(x)>0
wb‡Y©q mgvavb: 1<x<2 Ges x>3
mgvavb †mU: S={x: 1<x<2 Ges x>3}
msL¨v‡iLvq:
2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
ev¯Íe msL¨v I AmgZv c„ôv 22
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
4x–1
D`vniY 4: mgvavb Kiæb I mgvavb †mU msL¨v‡iLvq †`Lvb, x+2
<1
4x–1 4x–1 4x–1 –x– 2 3x–3
mgvavb: x+ 2 < 1 ev, x+ 2 – 1 < 1 – 1 ev, x+ 2 <0A_©vr x+2 <0
3x–3
g‡b Kiæb, f(x)= x+2 , GLv‡b mwÜ we›`y¸‡jv n‡jv –2, 1|myZivsx=–2, 1we›`y¸‡jv ev¯Íe msL¨v‡K 3wU e¨ewa‡Z
wef³ K‡i| e¨ewa¸‡jv n‡jv x<–2,–2<x<1,x>1
f(x)<0 n‡e hw` I †Kej hw` (x+2), (3x–3) GB `yBwUi g‡a¨ `yBwU wPý wecixZ wPýhy³ A_©vr GKwU abvZ¡K I
GKwU FYvZ¥K nq|
kZ© (x+2) Gi wPý (3x–3) Gi wPý
x<–2 – –
–2<x<1 + –
x>1 + +
GLv‡b –2<x<1 e¨ewai Rb¨ f(x)<0
wb‡Y©q mgvavb: –2<x<1
mgvavb †mU: S={x: –2 <x<1}
msL¨v‡iLvq:
a
–3 –2 –1 0 1 l 2
ha
x 1
D`vniY 5: mgvavb Kiæb I mgvavb †mU msL¨v‡iLvq †`Lvb, x2+1<x+1
s
x 1 x2+1 x2+1 x2+ 1
th
mgvavb:x2+ 1<x + 1x< x+1 x+1 >x x+ 1 –x>0
Pa
x2+1–x2–x 1–x x–1
x+1
> 0 > 0 < 0
x+1 x+1
AA
x–1
g‡b Kiæb, f(x) = x + 1|GLv‡b mwÜ we›`y¸‡jv n‡jv –1, 1| myZivs x= –1, 1 we›`y¸‡jv ev¯Íe msL¨v‡K 3wU
e¨ewa‡Z wef³ K‡i| e¨ewa¸‡jv n‡jv x<–1, –1<x<1,x>1
f(x) <0 n‡e hw` I †Kej hw` (x–1), (x+1) wecixZ wPýhyy³ nq A_©vr GKwU abvZ¥K I GKwU FYvZ¥K nq|
kZ© (x–1) Gi wPý (x+1) Gi wPý
x<–1 – –
–1<x<1 – +
x>1 + +
GLv‡b –1<x<1 e¨ewai Rb¨ f(x)<0
wb‡Y©qmgvavb: –1<x<1
mgvavb †mU: S={x: –1<x<1}
msL¨v‡iLvq:
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
wkÿv_x©i mgvavb Kiæb I mgvavb †mU msL¨v‡iLvq †`Lvb:
x x(x+ 1)
KvR (1) x≤ + 4 (ii)
3 x– 1
>0
BDwbU GK c„ôv 23
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
mvims‡ÿc-
GKNvZ Ges GK PjK m¤^wjZ AmgZv hvi gvÎv GK| GK NvZ mgxKi‡Yi GKwUgvÎ exR ev mgvavb
_v‡K| wKš‘ GKNvZ GKPjK m¤^wjZ AmgZvi AmsL¨ mgvavb _v‡K|
†h AmgZvi `yBwU ev‡K¨i eY©bv Av‡Q Zv‡K †hŠwMK AmgZv e‡j| †hgb a<x<b.
GK A_ev GKvwaK PjK m¤^wjZ GKNvwZK AmgZv‡K ˆiwLK AmgZv ejv nq|
†h mg¯Í AmgZv m¤úK©hy³ Pj‡Ki wbw`©ó wKQz gv‡bi Rb¨ mZ¨ _v‡K Zv‡K kZ©vaxb AmgZv ejv nq|
†h mg¯Í AmgZv m¤úK©hy³ Pj‡Ki cÖ‡Z¨K gv‡bi Rb¨ mZ¨ _v‡K Zv‡K kZ©nxb AmgZv ejv nq|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 1.6-
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b (1-3):
1. 3x–2>2x–1 Gi mgvavb †mU †KvbwU?
3
(K) [1, ] (L) (1, ) (M) , (N) (–,)
2
x
2. +1≤0AmgZvi mgvavb msL¨v‡iLvq †KvbwU?
2
(K) (L)
a
–2 1 0 1
–2 1 0 1 l
ha
(M) (N)
1 –2 1 0 1
–2 0 1
s
3. S={x : x≥–3}†K msL¨v‡iLvq †`Lv‡bv n‡jv, †KvbwU mwVK?
th
(K) (L)
Pa
–3 –2 –1 0 –3 –2 –1 0
(M) (N)
AA
–3 –2 –1 0 –3 –2 –1 0
4. mgvavb Kiæb I msL¨v‡iLvq †`Lvb:
(i) x2–5x+6≥0
(ii) (3x+5)(x–3)>0
2x
(iii) >x
x–1
ev¯Íe msL¨v I AmgZv c„ôv 24
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV 1.7 ciggvb m¤^wjZ AmgZv
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
ciggvb m¤^wjZ AmgZv Kx Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
ciggvb cvi¯úvwiK AmgZvi mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
ciggvb m¤^wjZ AmgZvi mgvavb msL¨v‡iLvq cÖKvk Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã ciggvb, AmgZv, msL¨v‡iLv
g~jcvV-
†Kv‡bv ev¯Íe msL¨vi ciggvb ej‡Z Zvi msL¨v gvb‡K †evSvq| †Kv‡bv ev¯Íe msL¨v xGi ciggvb‡K |x| Øviv wb‡`©k
Kiv nq| ev¯Íe msL¨vi ciggvb me©`vB abvZ¥K ev k~b¨ nq| R¨vwgwZKfv‡e,xGi ciggvb n‡”Q msL¨v‡iLvq Owe›`y
†_‡K xGi cÖwZiƒcx we›`yi `~iZ¡| AZGe, |x|<5 Gi A_© g~jwe›`y O†_‡K xGi cÖwZiƒcx we›`yi `~iZ¡ 5 Gi †P‡q Kg
A_©vr ev¯Íe msL¨v‡iLvq xGi Ae¯’vb 5 Ges 5 Gi g‡a¨| AZGe |x|<5 Ges 5<x<5 AmgZv¸”Q GKB A_© enb
a
K‡i| 5 5 l
ha
5 0
s
5
Abyiƒcfv‡e, (i) |x3| = 5 ej‡Z †evSvq ev¯Íe msL¨v‡iLvq xGes 3 we›`y `yBwUi `~iZ¡ 5 GKK hvimgvavb †mU:
th
2, 8 5 5
Pa
AA
2 3 8
(ii) |x3|<5 ej‡Z xGi Ggb msL¨vi †mU hvi `~iZ¡ 3 we›`y n‡Z 5 Gi Kg| AZGe mgvavb †mU 2<x<8
(iii) 0 <|x3|<5 ej‡Z xGi Ggb msL¨vi †mU hvi `~iZ¡ 3 we›`y n‡Z me©`vB5 Gi †QvU, wKš‘x≠ 3| AZGe mgvavb
†mU:(2, 3) (3, 8)|
(iv) |x3|>5 ej‡Z xGi Gme msL¨vi †mU, hvi `~iZ¡ 3 we›`y n‡Z me©`vB 5 Gi eo| AZGe mgvavb †mU(, 2)
(8,)
D`vniY1: ciggvb wPý e¨envi bv K‡i AmgZv¸‡jv cÖKvk Kiæb:
1 1
≥7, x≠
(i) |x3|<8 (ii) |x2|<5 (iii)
|(2x1)| 2
mgvavb:(i) |x3|<88<x3<88+3<x3+3<8+35<x< 11
(ii) |x2|<55<x2<55+2<x2+2<5+2 3<x<7
1 1 1 1 1
(iii) ≥7, x≠ |2x1|≤ − ≤2x1≤
|2x1| 2 7 7 7
1 1 6 8 3 4 1
− +1≤2x1+1≤ +1 ≤2x≤ ≤x ≤ , x≠
7 7 7 7 7 7 2
wkÿv_x©i (i) |x| ≤ 7, (ii)|73x|≥5‡K ciggvb wPý e¨envi bv K‡i cÖKvk Kiæb|
KvR
BDwbU GK c„ôv 25
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
D`vniY 2: ciggvb wPý e¨envi K‡i AmgZv¸‡jv cÖKvk Kiæb:(i) 4<x<10 (ii) 2<x<6
mgvavb:(i) 4<x<10
GLv‡b, (4+10)÷2=7, AZGe Dfqc‡ÿ 7 †hvM K‡i cvIqv hvq,
47<x 7<1073<x7<3 |x7|<3
(ii) 2<x<6
GLv‡b (2+6)÷2, Dfqc‡ÿ 2 †hvM K‡i cvIqv hvq,
22<x2<624<x2<4 |x2|<4
wkÿv_x©i (i) 5 <x< 11, (ii) 3 ≤x≤ 5‡K ciggvb wPý e¨envi K‡i cÖKvk Kiæb|
KvR
D`vniY3: mgvavb Kiæb I mgvavb †mU msL¨v‡iLvq †`Lvb:
1 5
(i) |2x5|<3 (ii) |2x+1|< 3 (iii) >2, †hLv‡b x≠
|3x5| 3
2x
(iv) |x+1|+|x2|≤5 (v) 1
x2
mgvavb:(i) †`Iqv Av‡Q, |2x5|<3
3<2x5<33+5<2x<3+5 2<2x<8 1<x<4
wb‡Y©q mgvavb: 1<x<4Ges mgvavb ‡mU {x: 1<x<4}
msL¨v‡iLvq †`Lv‡bv n‡jv: l a
ha
2 1 0 1 2 3 4
(ii) †`Iqv Av‡Q,|2x+1|<33<2x+1<331<2x<314<2x<22<x<1 wb‡Y©q mgvavb: 2 <x< 1
s
th
Ges mgvavb †mU: {x: 2 <x<1}
msL¨v‡iLvq †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:
Pa
3 2 1 0 1 2
AA
1 5
(iii)†`Iqv Av‡Q,|3x5| >2, †hLv‡b x ≠ 3
1 1 1 1 1 9 11 3 11
|3x5|< <3x5< +5<3x< +5 <3x< <x<
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 6
3 11 5 3 11 5
wbY©q mgvavb: 2 <x< 6 †hLv‡bx ≠ 3 Ges mgvavb †mU: {x: 2 <x< 6 Ges x ≠ 3 }
msL¨v‡iLvq †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:
1 0 1 3 5 11 2
2 3 6
(iv) †`Iqv Av‡Q, |x+1|+|x2|5
msL¨v‡iLvq 1, 2 msL¨v `yBwUi cÖwZiƒcx we›`y wPwýZ Kiæb Ges x<1, 1≤x≤2, x>2 GB wZbwU e¨ewa we‡ePbv
Kiæb Ges wb‡Pi QKwU ˆZwi Kiæb:
1 0 2
e¨ewa (x+1) Gi wPý (x1) Gi wPý
x<1
1≤x≤2 +
x>2 + +
(a) x<1 n‡j, x+1<0 Ges x2<0;
myZivs cÖ`Ë AmgZv `uvovq, (x+1)(x2)52x4 2x4x2
ev¯Íe msL¨v I AmgZv c„ôv 26
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
x<1 nIqvi 2x<1 kZ©c~iYKvix Ggb cÖ‡Z¨K xcÖ`Ë AmgZvi mgvavb; wecixZµ‡g x<1 e¨ewafz³ cÖ‡Z¨K
mgvav‡bi Rb¨ x2 mZ¨|
(b) 1x2 n‡j, x+10 Ges x20; myZivs cÖ`Ë AmgZv `uvovq,
(x+1)(x2) 5 35, hv mZ¨|
∴1x 2 e¨ewafz³ cÖ‡Z¨K xcÖ`Ë AmgZvi mgvavb|
(c) x>2 n‡j, x+1>0 Ges x2>0;
myZivs cÖ`Ë AmgZv `uvovq
(x+1)+(x2) 5 2x6x 3
GLv‡b, x>2; myZivs x>2 e¨ewafz³ cÖ‡Z¨K x3 cÖ`Ë AmgZvi mgvavb; wecixZµ‡g x>2 e¨ewafz³ cÖ‡Z¨K
mgvav‡bi Rb¨ x3 mZ¨|
cÖvß me¸‡jv mgvavb GK‡Î Ki‡j AmgZvwUi mgvavb `uvovq 2x3Ges mgvavb †mU : {x:2x3},
msL¨v‡iLvq:
2 1 0 1 2 3
2x
(v) 1
x2
GLv‡b xGi gvb 2 n‡Z cv‡i bv, |2x| Gi gvb x<0 ev x0 nIqvi Dci wbf©ikxj| ZvB msL¨v‡iLvq 0 Ges 2 Gi
cÖwZiƒcx we›`y `yBwU wPwýZ Kiæb Ges x<0, 0 x< 2, x>2 GB wZbwU e¨ewa cici we‡ePbv Kiæb| Ges wb‡Pi
QKwU ˆZwi Kiæb:-
a
0 l2
ha
e¨ewa 2xGi wPý (x2) Gi wPý
x<0
s
0≤x<2 +
th
x>2 + +
Pa
(a) x<0 n‡j, 2x<0 Ges x2<0; myZivs cÖ`Ë AmgZv `uvovq
2x≤ (x2)2x≤x+2x≤2 x2
AA
myZivs x< 0 e¨ewafz³ cÖ‡Z¨K x2 cÖ`Ë AmgZv mgvavb, wecixZµ‡g x<0e¨ewafz³ cÖ‡Z¨K mgvav‡bi
Rb¨x2mZ¨|
(b) 0≤ x<2 n‡j, 2x> 0 Ges x2<0
2
myZivs cÖ`Ë AmgZv `uvovq,2x≤ (x2) 3x≤2x≤3
2
myZivs 0 ≤ x<2e¨ewafz³ cÖ‡Z¨K x≤3 cÖ`Ë AmgZv mgvavb; wecixZµ‡g 0x<2e¨vewafz³ cÖ‡Z¨K mgvav‡bi Rb¨
2
x≤ mZ¨|
3
(c) x>2 n‡j 2x>0 Ges (x2)>0;
myZivs cÖ`Ë AmgZv `uvovq, 2xx2x<2, hv x>2 Gi m‡½ m½wZc~Y© bq|
myZivs GB e¨ewa‡Z cÖ`Ë AmgZvi †Kv‡bv mgvavb †bB|
2
cÖ`Ë me¸‡jv mgvavb GK‡Î Ki‡j AmgZvwUi mgvavb `uvovq2x3
2
∴mgvavb †mU: {x: 2x3 }
msL¨v‡iLvq:
2 1 0 2 1
3
BDwbU GK c„ôv 27
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
wkÿv_x©i x 1
mgvavb Kiæb I msL¨v‡iLvq †`Lvb: (i) |2x 5| < 3, (ii) 2
KvR x2
mvims‡ÿc-
†Kv‡bv ev¯Íe msL¨vi ciggvb ej‡Z Zvi msL¨v gvb‡K †evSvq| †Kv‡bv ev¯Íe msL¨v xGi ciggvb‡K |x|
Øviv wb‡`©k Kiv nq| ev¯Íe msL¨vi ciggvb me©`vB abvZ¥K ev k~b¨ nq|
R¨vwgwZKfv‡e, xGi ciggvb n‡”Q msL¨v‡iLvq Owe›`y †_‡K xGi cÖwZiƒcx we›`yi `~iZ¡| AZGe, |x| < 5
Gi A_©, g~jwe›`y O†_‡K xGi cÖwZiƒcx we›`yi `~iZ¡ 5Gi †P‡q Kg A_©vr ev¯Íe msL¨v‡iLvq xGi Ae¯’vb
5Ges 5g‡a¨ |
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 1.7-
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b (1-5):
1. ciggvb wPý e¨envi bv K‡i |x|<3 AmgZvwU †KvbwU?
(K) 3<x (L) 3>x (M) 3<x<3 (N) 0<x<3
2. ciggvb wPý e¨envi K‡i 3<x<9 AmgZvwU †KvbwU?
(K)|x3|<6 (L) |x3|<6 (M) |x3|>6 (N) |x3|>6
3. ev¯Íe msL¨vq |32x|≤1 AmgZvwUi mgvavb l a
ha
(K) 1<x<2 (L)x1 ev x2 (M) 1x≤2 (N) 1<x2
4. |73x|5 AmgZvwUi mgvavb †KvbwU?
s
th
2 5 7 5 7 5
(K) 3x 4 (L) x
3 3
(M) x 3 (N) x A_ev, x
3 3
Pa
5. |52x| 4 AmgZvwUi mgvavb †KvbwU?
AA
1 9 1 9 1 9
(K) 1x9 (L) 2x2 (M) x2 A_ev x2 (N) 2<x<2
6. ciggvb wPý e¨envi bv K‡i AmgZv¸‡jv cÖKvk Kiæb:
1 1
(i) |x2| <5 (ii) |2x+3|<7 (iii)
|14x|
3, hLb x≠
4
7. ciggvb wPý e¨envi K‡i AmgZv¸‡jv cÖKvk Kiæb:
(i) 2 x 8 (ii) 5<x<7 (iii) 1 3x +7 5 (iv) 3 x 5
8. mgvavb Kiæb I mgvavb †mU msL¨v †iLvq †`Lvb:
(i) |3x1| 5 (ii) |5x+3| 9 (iii) |2x5|<1 (iv) |x5|> 2
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb-
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b (1-5):
1. , , I ‡mU¸‡jvi †ÿ‡Î wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) (L) (M) (N)
2. 7 I 8 Gi g‡a¨ KqwU Ag~j` msL¨v we`¨gvb?
(K) AmsL¨ (L) 10 (M) 5 (N) 1
3. |2x7| <5 AmgZvwUi ev¯Íe msL¨vwUi mgvavb †KvbwU?
ev¯Íe msL¨v I AmgZv c„ôv 28
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
(K) x>1 (L)x>6 (M)x>1 A_ev x<6 (N) x>1 Ges x<6
4. |x2| 5 Gi mgvavb †mU †KvbwU?
(K) (2, 5) (L) (3, 7) (M) [2, 5] (N) [3, 7]
5. xGi †Kvb gv‡bi Rb¨ f(x)<x+3 n‡e?
(K) 1<x< 9 (L) 1x9 (M)x>1 (N) x<9
6. cÖgvY Kiæb †h, 3 GKwU Ag~j` msL¨v|
7. aGes bAg~j` ev¯Íe msL¨v n‡j †`Lvb †h, (ab)1 = b1a1ev a1b1
8. a, b, cev¯Íe msL¨v Ges a+b=a+cn‡j cÖgvY Kiæb †h, b=c.
9. a, b, cev¯Íe msL¨v Gesa<b<cn‡j, cÖgvY Kiæb †h, a<c
10. a, bev ab=0 n‡j, †`Lvb †h, a=0 A_ev b=0
11. a, bn‡j cÖgvY Kiæb †h, (i) (a+b) = ab(ii) (a)b=ab
12. mgvavb Kiæb Ges mywcÖgvg I Bbwdgvg wbY©q Kiæb:(i) x2+x20<0 (ii) x25x+8>0
13. mgvavb Kiæb:
(2x1)2 4x(x26) x2+x2 x+1 1
(i) 0 (ii) 2 0 (iii) 2 3 0 (iv)
(x+1)(x+3) x 4 (x 1) x1 2
14. ciggvb wPý e¨envi bv K‡i AmgZv¸‡jv cÖKvk Kiæb:
1 1
(i) |x3| 7 (ii) |x+1| 2 (iii)
|3x+1|
5, x≠−
3
15. ciggvb wPý e¨envi K‡i AmgZv¸‡jv cÖKvk Kiæb: l a
ha
(i) 7 <x<1 (ii) 5<x<11 (iii) 4<3x<0 (iv) 8x2
(v) 1 < 2x 3 < 5 (vi) 22x+34
s
16. mgvavb Ki Ges mgvavb †mU msL¨v‡iLvq †`Lvb:
th
1 1 1
(i) |3x|2 (ii) |3x+2|<7 (iii) |3x4|<2 (iv) > ; x≠
Pa
|5x1| 9 5
x2 2x 1 x 1
AA
(v) 2 (vi) 1 (vii) |3x+2|<4x (viii) 2
x 1 x2 x2
2x
(ix) 1 (x) |x2| 1 Ges |x3| 1
x3
17. a, b
(K) cÖgvY Kiæb †h, a2=|a| (L) cÖgvY Kiæb †h, (a)(b) =ab
(M) cÖgvY Kiæb †h, (ab)1=b1a1(a≠0, b≠0)
18. f(x)=2x5 Ges a, b, c
(K) xGes 2x5 n‡j, {f(x)} Gi mywcÖgvg I Bbwdgvg wbY©q Kiæb|
(L) |f(x)|<3 mgvavb Kiæb Ges mgvavb †mU msL¨v‡iLvq †`Lvb|
(M) a+b=a+cn‡j, cÖgvY Kiæb †h, b=c
19 f(x) = |47x| GKwU ciggvb msewjZ dvskb|
(K) f(x) ‡K ciggvb e¨wZZ cÖKvk Kiæb|
(L) f(x)18 n‡j, mgvavb‡mU msL¨v‡iLvq †`Lvb|
(M) msL¨v‡iLvi mvnv‡h¨ 3f(x)18 AmgZvwU mgvavb Kiæb|
20.
2 1 0 1 2 3 4
BDwbU GK c„ôv 29
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
(K) msL¨v‡iLvq wb‡`©wkZ AskwUi mgvavb †mU wbY©q Kiæb|
3 2 1 0
(L) AmgZvwU‡K ciggvb wP‡ýi mvnv‡h¨ cÖKvk Kiæb|
(M) |2x5|<1 Ges msL¨v‡iLvq wb‡`©wkZ AmgZvwUi mvaviY mgvavb wbY©q Kiæb|
DËigvjv-
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb1.1
1.L 2.M 3.K 4.L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb1.2
1.K 2.L 3.M 4.M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb1.3
1. L 2.N 3.M 4.M 5.L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb1.4
a
1.L 2.K 3.M 4.L 5.M 6.sup S = 1 S Gesinf S = –1 S
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb1.5
l
ha
2.(a) 5 2 – 6 (b) – 3 (c) 10 – 3 (d) 8 (e) 13
s
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb1.6
th
5
1.L 2. K 3. M 4.(i) (–, 2] [3, )(ii) – <x< 3(iii) x< 0, 1 <x< 3
Pa
3
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb1.7
AA
1. M 2.L 3.M 4.K 5.L
1 1 1
6. (i) 3 <x< 7 (ii) 5 <x< 2 (iii) x , hLb x≠
6 3 4
7. (i) |x 5| 3 (ii) |x 1| < 6 (iii) |3x+ 4| 2 (iv) |x 1| 4
5 7
8.(i) x : x ,
3 3 5 7
2 1 0 1 2
3 3
12 6
(ii) x : x ,
5 5 12 6
2 1 0 1 2
5 5
(iii) 2<x<3,
1 0 1 2 3
(iv) x<3 ev, x>7,
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
P‚ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
1. M 2. K 3. N 4. N 5. K
12. (i) {x:5<x<4} (ii) {x:x<2}{x:x>3}
ev¯Íe msL¨v I AmgZv c„ôv 30
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
13.(i) (, 3) (1, ) (ii) (, 6 )(2, 0)(2, 6 )
(iii) (, 2)(1, 1)(2,) (iv) [3, 1]
2 4 1
14. (i) 4x10 (ii) 3x1 (iii) x− , x≠−
5 15 3
15. (i) |x+4|<3 (ii) |x3|<8(iii) |3x+2|<2(iv) |x+3| 5 (v) |2x 5| < 3 (vi) |2x| 5
16. (i) 4 x 4;
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
5
(ii) 3<x< ;
3 3 2 1 0 1 5 2
3
2
(iii) <x<2; 2 2
3 1 0 1 2
3
8 1
(iv) 5 <x<2 Ges x≠5 8
2
1 0 1 1 2
5 5
(v) x2,x>4;
3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
(vi) 1 x1;
a
2 1 0 1 2
(vi) x>2 ;
l
ha
0 1 2
s
(viii) x<5 A_ev, x1;
th
5 4 3 2 1 0 1
(ix) 3x1;
Pa
3 2 1 0 1 2
AA
(x) 2x3;
0 1 2 3
18. (K) 5, 1 (L) 1<x<4;
4 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
4 7 x; hLb x 7
19. (K) f x
7 x 4; hLb x 4
7
22
(L) (M) 2 x 7
2 1 0 1 2 22
3 4
7
20. (K) {x: 3 <x 0} (L) |2x5|<3 (M) 2 <x< 3
BDwbU GK c„ôv 31
RwUj msL¨v
(Complex Numbers) 2
f‚wgKv
MYbv c×wZi D™¢veb gvbeRvwZi Ab¨Zg K…wZZ¡| Avgv‡`I PZzw`©‡K †h me wewfbœ e¯‘ Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB Zv‡`I cwigvY
wbiƒcY Kivi Rb¨ AwZ cÖvPxbKv‡j †h cÖZxK mg~‡ni D™¢e nq †m¸‡jv‡K ¯^vfvweK msL¨v ejv nq| ¯^vfvweK msL¨v D™¢ve‡bi
ci abvZ¥K I FYvZ¥K msL¨v QvovI cÖK…wZ ‡f‡` msL¨v‡K AviI A‡bK cÖKv‡ii †kªYx web¨vm Kiv n‡q‡Q| wLªóxq lô`k
kZvwãi gvSvgvwS wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb wn‡m‡e MwY‡Z RwUj msL¨vi Avwef©ve N‡U| eZ©gvb BDwb‡U RwUj msL¨v wb‡q
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
BDwb‡Ui D‡Ïk¨
GB BDwbU †k‡l Avcwb -
RwUj msL¨v m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb, l a
ha
RwUj msL¨vi gWzjvm I AvM©‡y g›U wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
s
RwUj msL¨vi ¸Yvewj eY©bv I cÖ‡qv‡M Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
th
RwUj msL¨vi eM©g~j wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
Pa
GK‡Ki Nbg~j m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z Ges mgm¨v mgvav‡b Zv cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
AA
BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡ev©”P mgq 25 w`b
GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV 2.1: RwUj msL¨v I Gi R¨vwgwZK cÖwZiƒc (AviMu wPÎ)
cvV 2.2: RwUj msL¨vi ciggvb I bwZ
cvV 2.3: AbyewÜ RwUj msL¨v
cvV 2.4:RwUj msL¨vi ag©
cvV 2.5: RwUj msL¨vi †hvMdj I we‡qvMd‡ji R¨vwgwZK cÖwZiƒc
cvV 2.6: RwUj msL¨vi ¸Ydj I fvMd‡ji R¨vwgwZK cÖwZiƒc
cvV 2.7: RwUj msL¨vi eM©g~j
cvV 2.8:GK‡Ki Nbg~j
cvV 2.9: wewea mgm¨v I mgvavb
cvV 2.10:e¨envwiK
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
cvV 2.1 RwUj msL¨v I Gi R¨vwgwZK cÖwZiƒc (AviMu wPÎ)
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
RwUj msL¨v Kx eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
AviMu wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ RwUj msL¨v e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
i Gi NvZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
msMVK wn‡m‡e i wKfv‡e e¨eüZ nq Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã RwUj msL¨v, ev¯Íe msL¨v, R¨vwgwZK cÖwZiƒc (AviMu wPÎ), NvZ, msMVK
g~jcvV-
RwUj msL¨vi aviYv: †Kv‡bv abvZ¥K msL¨v‡K eM©g~j Ki‡j abvZ¥K ev FYvZ¥K msL¨v cvIqv hvq|†hgb x2 = + x
ev – x| wKš‘ FYvZ¥K msL¨vi eM©g~j abvZ¥K ev FYvZ¥K †Kv‡bvwUB bq|
g‡b Kiæb x2 + 1 = 0 mgxKiYwU mgvavb Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡¶‡Î x2 = – 1, wKš‘ Ggb †Kvb ev¯Íe msL¨v †bB hvi eM©
l a
FYvZ¥K nq| G ai‡Yi mgxKiY mgvavb Kivi Rb¨ bZyb GK ai‡bi msL¨v cÖeZ©b Kiv n‡q‡Q| G ai‡Yi
ha
msL¨v‡K RwUj msL¨v ejv nq| RwUj msL¨v‡K cÖZxK i Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq, †hLv‡b i2 = – 1 A_©vr i = – 1 | GB
s
i = – 1 †K RwUj msL¨vi GKK g‡b Kiv nq| a Ges b ev¯Íe msL¨v n‡j a + ib AvKv‡ii †h †Kvb msL¨v‡K
th
RwUj msL¨v ejv nq|
gšÍe¨: (i) a = b = 0 n‡j 0 + i 0 †K RwUj msL¨v c×wZi (system of complex number) k~b¨ aiv nq Ges G‡K
Pa
k~b¨ Øviv wb‡`©k Kiv nq|
AA
(ii) a = 0 wKš‘ b 0 n‡j, ib †K KvíwbK (Purely Imaginary) msL¨v aiv nq|
(iii) a 0 wKš‘ b = 0 n‡j RwUj msL¨vwU a + i 0 nq, hv ev¯Íe msL¨v a Gi PvwiwÎK ˆewkó¨ enb K‡i ZvB
ejv hvq †h, ÒmKj ev¯Íe msL¨vB RwUj msL¨v wKš‘ mKj RwUj msL¨vB ev¯Íe msL¨v bqÓ|
(iv) i = –1n‡j i2 = – 1, i3 = – i, i4 = 1, i5 = i, i6 = – 1, ..........BZ¨vw`|
(v) – a – b abwKš‘ – a – b = – ab; hLba 0, b 0|
RwUj msL¨vi R¨vwgwZK cÖwZiƒc(AviMu wPÎ) (Geometrical representation of Complex Numbers or
Argand Diagram)
†h‡Kv‡bv RwUj msL¨v x + iyGi µg‡Rvo (x,y) †K ¯’vbv¼ R¨vwgwZi b¨vq we›`y we‡ePbv K‡i wØgvwÎK mgZ‡j
†`Lv‡bv hvq| me©cÖ_g MwYZwe` ievU© AviMu 1806 wLªóv‡ã RwUj msL¨v‡K wP‡Îi gva¨‡g cÖKvk K‡ib| Zuvi bvg
Abymv‡i RwUj msL¨vi mgZ‡j ¯’vc‡bi wP·K AviMu wPÎ(Argand diagram) ejv nq|
AviMu wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ RwUj msL¨vi R¨vwgwZK e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq| mgZ‡j †h we›`yi ¯’vbvsK (x, y) †mB we›`y‡KBx + iy
RwUj msL¨vwUi R¨vwgwZK cÖwZiƒc aiv nq Ges mgZj¯’ we›`y¸‡jv RwUj msL¨v wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡j mgZjwU‡K
Argand diagram ejv nq| aiæbX'OXGesYOY' `yBwU ci¯úi‡Q`x j¤^ †iLv hv‡`i‡K Avgiv R¨vwgwZ‡Z
AvqZ¯’vbvsK c×wZ‡Z X A¶ Ges Y A¶ ewj| AviMu wP‡Î GB `yBwU A¶‡K h_vµ‡g ev¯Íe A¶ I KvíwbK A¶
e‡j wPwýZ K‡i _vwK| z = x + iy ev, (x, y) RwUj msL¨v‡K R¨vwgwZKfv‡e AviMu wP‡Î †`Lv‡Z n‡j ev¯Íe A¶
eivei x Ges KvíwbK A¶ eivei y cwigvwcZ nq Ges AviMu wP‡Î z = x + iymsL¨vwU‡K we›`y AvKv‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡q
_v‡K| AviMu wP·K A‡bK mgq Gaussian planeev RwUj mgZj (Complex plane) ejv n‡q _v‡K Ges G
RwUj msL¨v c„ôv 32
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
mgZ‡ji Dci we›`y mKj RwUj msL¨v| GLv‡b g~j we›`y 0 + i0 ev (0,0), x + i 0 msL¨vwU ev¯Íe A‡¶i Dci Ges 0
+ iy msL¨vwU KvíwbK A‡¶i Dci Ae¯’vb K‡i|
z1 = x1 + iy1Gesz2 = x2 + iy2 n‡j we›`y؇qi g‡a¨ `~iZ¡, z1 – z2 = (x1 – x2)2 + (y1 – y2)2
B
cv‡ki wP‡Î O, A, B, C, D, E, Fwe›`y¸‡jvi ¯’vbvsK h_vµ‡g (0, 0), D
0 + 3i
– 3 + 3i
(2, 0), (0, 3), (1, 2) (– 3, 3), (– 1, – 3) Ges (2, –2)| G‡`i C 1 + 2i
h_vµ‡g 0 +0i, 2 + 0i, 0 + 3i, 1 + 2i, –3 + 3i, –1 – 3i Ges 2 – 2i
RwUj msL¨vi R¨vwgwZK cÖwZiƒc|
O A
2 + 0i
F
E 2 – 2i
i Gi NvZ (power ofi); msNUK wn‡m‡e (iis as operator) – 1 – 3i
i2= – 1, i3 =i2.i = –1.i = – i,
i4= (i2)2 = (– 1)2 = 1, i5 = i4.i =1.i = iBZ¨vw`
x abvZ¥K c~Y© msL¨v n‡j, i4x =(i4)x = 1x = 1, i4x + 1 = i4xi = 1. i = i
i4x + 2 = i4x.i2 = 1.(–1) = – 1, i4x + 3 =i4x.i3 = 1.i2.i = (– 1).i = – i
myZivs x h_vµ‡g 4k, 4k + 1, 4k + 2, 4k + 3 AvKv‡ii msL¨v n‡j ix Gi gvb h_vµ‡g1, i, – 1, – in‡e|
1 i i i
a
Avevi, i.(–i) = – i2 = – (– 1) = 1 weavq i–1 = = i2 = – 1 = – i,
i i.il
ha
1 1 1 i i i
i–2 = = = – 1, i–3 = 3 = 4 = 2 2 = =i
2 –1 (i ) (–1)2
s
i i i
th
1 i i 1
i– 4 = 4 = 2 2 = 2 = =1
i (i ) (–1) 1
Pa
myZivs i Gi NvZ FYvZ¥K c~Y©msL¨v n‡jI Zvi gvb 1 ev i n‡e|
AA
z = x + iy Gi cÖwZiƒcx we›`y P Gesiz= ix + i2y = – y +ixGi cÖwZiƒcx we›`y Y
Q (– y , x)
P (x, y)
Q n‡j OP Ges OQ †iLvskØq ci¯úi j¤^ n‡e (hLb z 0)|
z Gi ev¯Íe A_ev KvíwbK Ask k~b¨ n‡j P Gi Ae¯’vb n‡e h_vµ‡g
KvíwbK A_ev ev¯Íe A‡¶i Dci Ges Q Gi Ae¯’vb n‡e h_vµ‡g ev¯Íe
y –y X O X
Ges KvíwbK A‡¶i Dci|OP Gi Xvj n‡e x Ges OQ Gi Xvj n‡e x |
msNUK wn‡m‡e i- †K Nwoi KvUvi wecixZ w`‡K GK mg‡Kv‡Y NyY©b wn‡m‡e
we‡ePbv Kiv hvh|
Y
GB msNUK cici cÖ‡qvM K‡i i2, i3 I i4 †K Nwoi KvUvi wecixZ w`K †_‡K h_vµ‡g `yB mg‡Kv‡Y, wZb mg‡Kv‡Y
I Pvi mg‡Kv‡Y N~Y©b wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv hvq|Bnvi2 = – 1, i3 = – i Ges i4 = 1 Gi mv‡_ msMwZc~Y©|
mvims‡ÿc-
RwUj msL¨v‡K cÖZxK i Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq, †hLv‡b i2 = – 1 A_©vr i = – 1 | GB i = – 1 †K RwUj
msL¨vi GKK g‡b Kiv nq| a Ges b ev¯Íe msL¨v n‡j a + ib AvKv‡ii †h †Kvb msL¨v‡K RwUj msL¨v
ejv nq|
mKj ev¯Íe msL¨vB RwUj msL¨v wKš‘ mKj RwUj msL¨vB ev¯Íe msL¨v bq|
mgZ‡j †h we›`yi ¯’vbvsK (x, y) †mB we›`y‡KBx + iy RwUj msL¨vwUi R¨vwgwZK cÖwZiƒc aiv nq Ges
BDwbU `yB c„ôv 33
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
mgZj¯’ we›`y¸‡jv RwUj msL¨v wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡j mgZjwU‡K Argand diagram ejv nq|
i2 = – 1, i3 = – i, i4 = 1, i5 = iBZ¨vw`|
i–1 = – i, i–2 = – 1, i–3 = i, i– 4 = 1| myZivs i Gi NvZ FYvZ¥K c~Y©msL¨v n‡jI Zvi gvb 1 ev i
n‡e|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 2.1-
1. A + iB AvKv‡i cÖKvk Kiæb
5 2i 3i 2
(i) , (ii) , (iii) (2+i) (3+2i) (4+3i)
4 3i 2 2 i 2
3 2i ( x iy ) 2 ( x iy ) 2
2. mij Kiæb: (i) , (ii)
3 5i x iy x iy
3 i 2
3. AviMu wP‡Î RwUj msL¨v¸‡jv‡K ¯’vcb Kiæb: (i) 5+3i, (ii) –1–i, (iii) –8+5i (iv)
2 i 3
4 . z=4–3in‡j cÖgvY Kiæb †h,z2–8z+25=0
l a
ha
cvV 2.2 RwUj msL¨vi ciggvb I bwZ
s
th
Pa
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
AA
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
RwUj msL¨vi ciggvb wK Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
RwUj msL¨vi bwZ ev AvM©‡y g›U wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
RwUj msL¨vi †cvjvi AvKvi eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã ciggvb (gWzjvm), bwZ (AvM©‡y g›U), †cvjvi AvKvi
g~jcvV-
RwUj msL¨vi ciggvb (gWyjvm), bwZ (AvM©‡y g›U) I †cvjvi AvKvi
aiæb RwUj mgZ‡j Aew¯’Z P (x, y) GKwU we›`y, hv‡K z = x + iy RwUj msL¨v
Øviv m~wPZ Kiv hvq| ¯’vbv¼ R¨vwgwZ Abymv‡i PGi †cvjvi ¯’vbv¼ (r, ) n‡j
wPÎ Abymv‡i, OP = rGesXOP =
x = rcosGesy = rsin
y
myZivs r = x2 + y2Ges = tan– 1x
r = x2 + y2 †K ejv nq z Gi gWyjvm ev ciggvb Ges hv‡Kz m~wPZ Kiv nq Ges †K ejv nq we¯Ívi
(Amplitude)ev bwZ ev AvMy‡© g›U (Argument) hv‡K amp zev arg z Øviv m~PxZ Kiv nq|
RwUj msL¨v c„ôv 34
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
z = x + iy = r (cos + isin) = rei †Kz RwUj ivwki †cvjvi AvKvi ejv nq|GLv‡b cos + isin = ei Ges
cos– isin = ei;Euler's Formulabv‡g cwiwPZ|
gšÍe¨: 1. x Gesy Gi gvb wbw`©ó _vK‡jI w·KvYwgwZ n‡Z Avgiv Rvwb Gi AmsL¨ gvb we`¨gvb|wKš‘
e¨ewa‡Z Gi gvb Abb¨ (Unique) Ges G gvb‡K arg ev Gi g~L¨ gvb(Principal value) ejv
nq Ges Gi mvaviY gvb‡K arg †jLv nq, hLbarg= arg + 2n; n †Kv‡bv wKQy D‡jøL bv _vK‡j g~L¨
AvM©‡y g›U gvb‡K RwUj msL¨vq AvM©y‡g›U aiv nq| †K mvaviYZ †iwWqv‡b cÖKvk Kiv nq|
2. z = 0 A_©vr g~jwe›`yi we›`yi †ejvqr = 0, = 0|
y x y
3. mvaviYfv‡e AvM©‡g›U = tan-1 n‡Z wbY©q fyj n‡Z cv‡i †m Rb¨ – e¨ewa‡Zcos = Gessin =
x r r
y
m¤úK©Øq n‡Z wbY©q Ki‡j wbf©yj nq| Avi hw` AvM©‡y g›U= tan1xm~Î n‡Z wbY©q Ki‡Z nq, Zvn‡j RwUj
msL¨vwUi Ae¯’vb wPÎ A¼b K‡i wbY©q Kiv myweavRbK|
wb‡Pi ZvwjKv n‡Z Gi Ae¯’vb wbY©q Kiv hvq:
(i) x 0, y 0 n‡j 0 (ii) x 0, y 0 n‡j – 0
2 2
(iii) x 0, y 0 n‡j (iv) x 0, y 0 n‡j – –
2 2
(v) x = 0, y 0 n‡j = (vi) x = 0, y 0 n‡j = –
a
2 2
(vii) x 0, y = 0 n‡j = 0
l
(viii) x 0, y = 0 n‡j =
ha
s
D`vniY:(i) 1+i Gi gyL¨ bwZ ev gyL¨ AvM©‡y g›U = 4
th
3
(ii) –1+iGi gyL¨ bwZ ev gyL¨ AvM©‡y g›U=
Pa
4
3
AA
(iii) –1–iGi gyL¨ bwZ ev gyL¨ AvM©‡y g›U= –
4
(iv) 1–iGi g~L¨ bwZ ev gyL¨ AvM©‡y g›U =–
4
gšÍe¨:1. AbyeÜx bq Ggb `yBwU RwUj msL¨vi †hvMdj, we‡qvMdj, ¸Ydj, fvMdj RwUj msL¨v n‡e|
2. AbyeÜx Ggb `yBwU RwUj msL¨vi †hvMdj, ¸Ydj ev¯Íe msL¨v n‡e|
3. †Kv‡bv abvZ¥K c~Y©msL¨v m~PK kw³ (Power) wewkó RwUj msL¨v GKwU RwUj msL¨v|
4. †h‡Kv‡bv RwUj msL¨vi g~j (Root) GKwU RwUj msL¨v|
D`vniY 1:z =1 + i 3 RwUj msL¨vwUi †¶‡Î (i) gWyjvm, (ii) gyL¨ I mvaviY bwZ (iii) †cvjvi AvKvi wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb : GLv‡bz = 1 + i 3 myZivs
(i) gWyjvmz = z = 1 + i 3 = 12+( 3)2 = 2
3
(ii) z = 1 + i 3RwUj msL¨vwUi Ae¯’vb 1g PZzf©v‡M, myZivs gyL¨ bwZ ev AvM©‡y g›U= tan–1
1 = 3 Ges mvaviY
bwZ ev AvM©‡y g›U= 2n + 3; n.
(iii) Avgiv Rvwb, z = x + iy RwUj msL¨vi †cvjviAvKvi, z = r (cos + isin); †hLv‡b
r = x2 + y2 , hv RwUj msL¨vi gWyjvm, 1 + i 3Gi gWyjvm= 2Ges Gi †h gvb x = rcosGes y =
BDwbU `yB c„ôv 35
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
y
rsinwKsev †¶Î we‡kl = tan–1 †K wm× K‡i †mB gvb gyL¨ bwZ| Zvn‡j =
x 3
1 + i 3Gi †cvjvi AvKvi = 2 (cos + isin ).
3 3
D`vniY 2: 3 + i †K †cvjvi AvKv‡i (polar form) cÖKvk Kiæb|
mvgvavb:aiæb, 3 + i = r (cos + isin) GLb Dfq c¶ n‡Z ev¯Íe I KvíwbK As‡ki mgZv weavb K‡i cvB,
3 = rcos ----------- (i)Ges 1 = rsin----------- (ii)
myZivs (i) I (ii) †K eM© K‡i †hvM K‡i cvB, 3 + 1 = r2cos2 + r2sin24 = r2 (cos2 + sin2 ),
r2 = 4 r = 2
(ii) †K(i)bs Øvi fvM K‡i cvB,
sin 1
tan 30o = 30 =
cos 3 6
myZivs wb‡Y©q †cvjvi AvKviwU = 2 (cos 6 + isin6)
D`vniY3:z= 2+2 3 i RwUj msL¨vwUi gWyjvm I bwZ wbY©q Kiæb Ges msL¨vwU‡K †cvjvi AvKv‡i cÖKvk Kiæb|
mgvavb: RwUj msL¨vwUz = 2+2 3 i
gWyjvm, |z| = 22 + (2 3 )2 = 4 + 12 = 4
2 3
bwZ = tan–1 2 = tan–1( 3) a
l
ha
z (2, 2 3
= tan–1tan
= /3
s
3 4
th
2 3
z= 2 + 2 3 i Gi †cvjvi AvKvi n‡e, 4 cos + isin
Pa
3 3 O 2
AA
mvims‡ÿc-
RwUj mgZ‡j Aew¯’Z P (x, y)GKwU we›`y, hv‡K z = x + iy RwUj msL¨v Øviv m~wPZ Kiv n‡j r = x2 + y2
†K ejv nq z Gi gWyjvm ev ciggvb Ges hv‡Kz m~wPZ Kiv nq Ges †K ejv nq we¯Ívi
(Amplitude)ev bwZ ev AvMy‡© g›U (Argument) hv‡K amp zevarg z Øviv m~PxZ Kiv nq|
z = x + iy = r (cos + i sin) = rei†KzRwUj ivwki †cvjvi AvKvi ejv nq|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 2.2-
1. wb‡PiRwUj msL¨vigWyjvm I AvM©‡y g›U wbY©qKiæb:
(i) 5+2i, (ii) –7+8i, (iii) 1+i 3 , (iv) – 7– 6i
5i
2. RwUj msL¨vi gWyjvm I AvM©‡y g›U wbY©qKiæb|
2 3i
3. wb‡Pi RwUj msL¨v¸‡jv‡K †cvjvi AvKv‡i cÖKvk Kiæb:
(i) 1 i 3 , (ii) 3–i5, (iii) –2–2i
a ib a ib
4. RwUj msL¨vwU‡K A+iBAvKv‡i cÖKvk Kiæb Ges †`Lvb †h, 1
a ib a ib
RwUj msL¨v c„ôv 36
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
2 2
5. z1 , z2 RwUj msL¨v n‡j cÖgvY Kiæb, z1 z2 z1 z2 2 z1 z2
2 2
cvV 2.3 AbyewÜ RwUj msL¨v
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
AbyewÜ RwUj msL¨v wK Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã AbyewÜ
g~jcvV-
a
AbyewÜ RwUj msL¨v(Conjugate Complex Number) l
a + ib Ges a – ib RwUj msL¨v `ywU‡K AbyewÜ RwUj msL¨v e‡j| G‡`i GKwU‡K AciwUi AbyewÜ RwUj msL¨v
ha
– –
ejv nq| a + ib †K z Øviv cÖKvk Ki‡j a – ib †K z Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| Avevi z Gi AbyewÜ RwUj msL¨v z
s
Y
th
–
wb‡RB| KviY z = a – ib, z = a– (– ib) = a + ib = z
myZivs `ywU AbyewÜ RwUj msL¨vi cv_©K¨ †Kej msL¨v `ywUi KvíwbK
Pa
A (a, b)
As‡ki wP‡ý A_©vr GKwUi KvíwbK Ask AciwUi KvíwbK As‡ki
AA
†hŠwMK wecwiZK| X
O
X
–
wP‡Î z Ges z Gi R¨vwgwZK cÖwZiƒc †`Lv‡bv n‡jv :
–
z Gi cÖwZiƒcx we›`y ev¯Íe A‡¶i cÖw¶‡Z –
A (a, – b)
–
z Gi cÖwZiƒcx we›`y A (a, b) Gi cÖwZdwjZ we›`y A (a, – b)
Y
D`vniY 1:z GKwU RwUj msL¨v n‡j cÖgvY Kiæb †h, z z z z
mgvavb: aiæb z x iy | Zvn‡j z x iy, z x iy Ges z x iy
GLb, z x 2 y 2
z x 2 y 2 x 2 y 2
2
z x 2 y x 2 y 2
z x 2 y 2 x2 y 2
myZivs, z z z z
BDwbU `yB c„ôv 37
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
mvims‡ÿc-
a + ibGes a – ibRwUj msL¨v `ywU‡K AbyewÜ RwUj msL¨v e‡j| G‡`i GKwU‡K AciwUi AbyewÜ RwUj
msL¨v ejv nq|
–
a + ib†K z Øviv cÖKvk Ki‡j a – ib†K z Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
– –
z Gi AbyewÜ RwUj msL¨v z wb‡RB, KviY z = a – ib, z = a– (– ib) = a + ib = z
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 2.3-
1. hw` z=3+5inq, Z‡e cÖgvY Kiæb, z =z
–
2. hw`znq, Z‡e cÖgvY Kiæb, z+z =2Re(z)
2 2 2 2
3. z GKwU RwUj msL¨v n‡j cÖgvY Kiæb †h, z z z z z z
cvV 2.4 RwUj msL¨vi ag© l a
s ha
th
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
Pa
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
RwUj msL¨vi ag© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
AA
RwUj msL¨vi ciggv‡bi ag© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã ag©, ciggvb
g~jcvV-
RwUj msL¨vi ag© (Characteristics of Complex Numbers)
(i)†Kv‡bv RwUj msL¨vx + iy = 0 n‡e, hw` x = 0 Gesy = 0 nq|
cÖgvY:x + iy = 0 †hLv‡bx, yx = – iyev,x2= – y2ev,x2 + y2 = 0
†h‡nZz Ak~b¨ `yBwU msL¨vi e‡M©i mgwó KLbB k~b¨ nq bv; myZivs msL¨v `yBwU c„_Kfv‡e wb‡RivB k~b¨|A_©vr,x =
0 Gesy = 0
(ii)`yBwU RwUj msL¨v x1+iy1Ix2+iy2 mgvb n‡e hw` Ges †Kej hw` x1= x2 Ges y1=y2 nq|
cÖgvY:aiæb, x1 + iy1 = x2+iy2ev, x1 – x2 = iy2 – iy1 ev, (x1 – x2)2= i2 (y2– y1)2
ev, (x1 – x2)2= – (y2 – y1)2ev, (x1 – x2)2+ (y2 – y1)2= 0;
GwU m¤¢e hLb x1 – x2 = 0 Ges y2 – y1 = 0 nq|
A_©vr x1 = x2Ges y1 = y2 n‡j x1 + iy1 Ges x2 + iy2 RwUj msL¨vØq mgvb n‡e|
RwUj msL¨v c„ôv 38
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
(iii)†Kv‡bv RwUj msL¨vi AbyeÜxi AbyeÜx H RwUj msL¨vwUB A_©vr z = z
–
cÖgvY:aiæb, z = x + iy Zvn‡j z = x – iy ev, z = x – iy = x + iy z = z
(iv)†h‡Kv‡bv RwUj msL¨v Ges Zvi AbyeÜx RwUj msL¨vi mgwó I ¸Ydj DfqB ev¯Íe msL¨v|
–
cÖgvY: g‡b Kiæbz = x + iy; GLv‡bx, y; myZivs z Gi AbyeÜx RwUj z = x – iy
–
GLb z + z = (x + iy) + (x – iy) = 2x, hv ev¯Íe msL¨v;
–
Ges z z = (x + iy) (x – iy) = x2 – i2y2 = x2 + y2, hv ev¯Íe msL¨v|
(v)†h‡Kv‡bv `yBwU AbyeÜx RwUj msL¨vi we‡qvMdj GKwU KvíwbK msL¨v Ges fvMdj GKwU RwUj msL¨v|
–
cÖgvY: g‡b Kiæb, z = x + iyGKwU RwUj msL¨v Zvn‡j zGi AbyeÜx RwUj z = x – iy
–
z – z = (x + iy) – (x – iy) = 2iy, hv KvíwbK msL¨v
2 2 2
z x + iy (x + iy) x – y 2xy
Ges = x – iy = x2 + y2 = x2 + y2 + ix2 + y2, hv RwUj msL¨v
z
(vi)AbyeÜx bq Giƒc `yBwU RwUj msL¨vi †hvMdj, we‡qvMdj, ¸Ydj Ges fvMdj cÖwZwUB GK GKwU RwUj msL¨v|
cÖgvY: g‡b Kiæb,z1 = x1 + iy1Gesz2 = x2 + iy2 Zvn‡j,
†hvMdj :z1+z2 = x1 + iy1 + x2 + iy2 = (x1 + x2) + i(y1 + y2), hv GKwU RwUj msL¨v|
l a
we‡qvMdj :z1–z2 = (x1 + iy1)– (x2 + iy2) = (x1 – x2) + i(y1 – y2), hv GKwU RwUj msL¨v|
ha
¸Ydj :z1z2 = (x1 + iy1) (x2 + iy2) = (x1x2 – y1y2) + i (x1y2 + x2y1), hv GKwU RwUj msL¨v wb‡`©k K‡i|
z x + iy (x + iy )(x – iy ) x x + y y yx –xy
s
fvMdj :z1 = x1 + iy1 = (x1 + iy1)(x2 – iy2) = 1x 22+ y 12 2 + i 1x 22+ y12 2, hv GKwU RwUj msL¨v wb‡`©k K‡i|
th
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(vii) †h‡Kv‡bv RwUj msL¨vi g~j GKwU RwUj msL¨v|
Pa
n
cÖgvY: hw` m¤¢e nq g‡b Kiæb, a + ib = p, hLb n, a, p, b Ges a 0, b 0,
AA
a + ib = pn------------- (i)
GLb pnGKwU ev¯Íe msL¨v| myZivs (i) †_‡K b = 0| wKš‘ Kíbv weiæ×| myZivs RwUj msL¨vi g~j ev¯Íe n‡Z cv‡i bv|
n
Avevi, aiæb, a + ib = iq, a + ib = inqn hw` n = 4m nq Zvn‡j msL¨vwU ev¯Íe msL¨v Ges hw` n 4m nq
Zvn‡j msL¨vwU KvíwbK ivwk bq|
myZivs cÖ_g †¶‡Î b = 0 Ges wØZxq †¶‡Î a = 0 wKš‘ G `yBwUB Kíbv weiæ×|
RwUj msL¨vi g~j GKwU weï× KvíwbK msL¨v n‡Z cv‡i bv| myZivs RwUj msL¨vi †h‡Kv‡bv g~j GKwU RwUj msL¨v n‡e|
(viii) †Kv‡bv RwUj msL¨vi kw³i m~PK abvZ¥K c~Y©msL¨v n‡j kw³wewkó RwUj msL¨vwUI GKwU RwUj msL¨v|
cÖgvY: g‡bKiæbz = x + iyGKwU RwUj msL¨v; †hLv‡b x, y.
z2 = (x + iy)2 = (x2 – y2) + i 2xy, hv GKwU RwUj msL¨v|
z3 = (x + iy)3 = x3 + 3x2(iy) + 3x(iy)2 + (iy)3 = (x3 – 3xy2) + i(3x2y – y3) hv, GKwU RwUj msL¨v|
GKBfv‡e AMÖmi n‡j zn GKwU RwUj msL¨v n‡e| †hLv‡b n †h‡Kv‡bv abvZ¥K c~Y©msL¨v|
(ix)†h‡Kv‡bv RwUj msL¨v I Zvi AbyeÜx RwUj msL¨vi ciggvb ci¯úi mgvb Ges Zv‡`i ¸Ydj †h‡Kv‡bvwUi
ciggv‡bi e‡M©i mgvb|
– –
cÖgvY: aiæbz = x + iy z = x – iy; myZivs z= x2 + y2Ges z = x2 + (–y)2 = x2 + y2 =z
2
– –
A_©vr z= z Ges z z = z .
BDwbU `yB c„ôv 39
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
(x) †h‡Kv‡bv `yBwU RwUj msL¨vi †hvMd‡ji AbyeÜx RwUj, c„_Kfv‡e msL¨v `yBwUi AbyeÜx RwUj msL¨vi
†hvMd‡ji mgvb| Abyiƒ‡c `yBwU RwUj msL¨vi ¸Yd‡ji AbyeÜx RwUj msL¨v, c„_Kfv‡e H msL¨v `yBwUi AbyeÜx
– – – –
RwUj msL¨vi ¸Yd‡ji mgvb, A_©vr z1 + z2 = z1 + z2 , Ges z1z2 = z1 z2
– –
cÖgvY: aiæbz1 = x1 + iy1, z2 = x2 + iy2 Zvn‡jz1 = x1 – iy1Gesz2 = x2 – iy2
myZivsz1 + z2 = (x1 + x2) + i (y1 + y2)
– –
AZGe, z1 + z2 = (x1 + x2) – i (y1 + y2) = (x1 – iy1) + i(x2 – iy2) = z1 + z2
Avevi,z1z2 = (x1 + iy1) (x2 + iy2) = (x1x2 – y1y2) + i (x2y1 + y2x1)
myZivs, z1z2 = (x1x2 – y1y2) –i (x2y1 + y2x1)
– –
Avevi,z1 z2 = (x1 – iy1) (x2 – iy2) = (x1x2 – y1y2) – i (x2y1 +x1y2)
– –
AZGe, z1z2 = z1 z2
RwUj msL¨vi †hvM, we‡qvM, ¸Y Ges fvM:i2 = – 1 a‡i ev¯Íe msL¨vi exRMwYZxq wbq‡g RwUj msL¨vmg~‡ni g‡a¨
wewfbœ wµqv (Operation) N‡U|z1 = a + ibGesz2 = c + idn‡j
1. †hvM : z1 + z2 = (a + ib) + (c + id) = (a + c) + i (b + d)
2. we‡qvM : z1 – z2 = (a + ib) – (c + id) = (a – c) + i (b – d)
a
3. ¸Y : z1z2 = (a + ib) (c + id) = (ac – bd) + i (ad + bc) l
ha
z a + ib (a + ib) (c – id) (ac + bd) + i(bc – ad)
4. fvM : z1 = c + id = (c + id) (c – id) = c2 + d2
; c + id 0
2
s
th
RwUj msL¨vi ciggv‡bi ag©
g‡b Kiæbz = a + ib GKwU RwUj msL¨v|ciggv‡bi msÁv n‡Z |z| = a2 + b2
Pa
–
Avgiv Rvwb, |z| 2 = a2 + b2 = (a + ib) (a – ib) = zz
AA
AviMu wP‡Î z Gi cÖwZiƒcx we›`y A n‡j |z| = a2 + b2 n‡”Q g~j we›`y n‡Z A we›`yi `~iZ¡|
(i) |z| 0 me©`v Ges |z| = 0 z = 0
z1 |z1|
(ii)|z1z2| = |z1|. |z2| Ges = hw` z2 0
z2 |z2|
(iii) |z1 + z2| |z1| + |z2|
(iv) |z1 – z2| |z1| + |z2|
cÖgvY:(i) ciggv‡bi msÁvbymv‡i me©`v |z| 0
AwaKš‘ |z|2 = 0x2 + y2 = 0x = 0 Ges y = 0z = 0
– – –
(ii) Avgiv Rvwb, |z|2 = zz Ges z1z2 = z1 z2
– – – –
|z1z2|2 =(z1z2) ( z1z2 ) = (z1z2) (z1 z2 ) = (z1z1 ) (z2z2 )
|z1z2|2 = |z1|2 |z2|2
Dfq c‡¶ AFYvZ¥K eM©g~j wb‡q cvB, |z1z2| = |z1| |z2|
weKí cÖgvY: g‡b Kiæb
z1 = a1 + ib1 Ges z2 = a2 + ib2
|z1z2|2 = |(a1 + ib1) (a2 + ib2)|2= |a1a2 – b1b2 + i (a1b2 + a2b1)|2= (a1a2 – b1b2)2 + (a1b2 + a2b1)2
RwUj msL¨v c„ôv 40
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
= a12a22 – 2a1a2b1b2 + b12b22+ a12b22 + 2a1b2a2b1 + a22b12
= a12 (a22 + b22) + b12 (a22 + b22)= (a12 + b12) (a22 + b22)
|z1z2| = |z1|2 |z2|2
2
Dfq c‡¶ AFYvZ¥K eM©g~j wb‡q cvB |z1z2| = |z1| |z2|
z1
z2 0 n‡j .z2 = z1
z2
z1 z1
Dc‡ii cÖgvY n‡Z cvB, .z2 = |z1|
z
|z2| = |z1|
z2 2
z |z |
Dfq c‡¶ |z2| Øviv fvM K‡i cvB, z1 = |z1|
2 2
(iii) Avgiv Rvwb,
2 2 –
z1 + z2 = (z1 + z2) ( z1 + z2 ) [z = zz ]
– – – –
= (z1 + z2)(z1 + z2 ) [ z1 + z2 =z1 +z2 ]
– – – –
=z1z1 + z1z2 + z2z1 +z2z2
2 2 – – – –
= z1 + z2 + 2Re (z1z2 ) [z1z2 + z2z1 = 2Re(z1z2 )]
2 2 2 –
a
z1 + z2 z1 + z2 + 2 z1z2 [Re(z) z]
2 2 – – –
l
ha
= z1 + z2 + 2 z1z2 [z1z2 = z1z2 ]
2 2 –
s
= z1 + z2 + 2 z1z2 [z2 = z2]
th
2
=(z1 + z2)
Pa
z1 + z2z1 + z2
AA
wkÿv_x©i cÖgvY Kiæb †h:
KvR (a)z1 + z2 + z3z1+z2+z3, (b)z1 + z2 +...+ zn =z1+z2+....+ zn
2 2 –
(iv) Avgiv Rvwb,z1 – z2 = (z1 – z2) ( z1 – z2 ) [z = zz ]
– – – –
= (z1 – z2) (z1 –z2 ) [ z1–z2 = z1 –z2 ]
– – – – 2 – – 2 2 –
= z1z1 – z1z2 – z2z1 + z2z2 = z1 – (z1z2 + z2z1 ) + z2 [z = zz ]
2 – 2 –
= z1 – (z1z2 + z2 z1 ) + z2 [z = z]
2 – – 2
= z1 – 2Re(z1z2 ) + z2 [ – x x2 + y2 – Re(z) z]
2 2 – 2 2 – 2 2 2
z1 – z2 z1 + 2z1z2 + z2 = z1 + 2z1z2 +z2 = z1 + 2z1z2+z2
2
z1 – z2 (z1 + z2)2
z1 – z2z1 + z2
cvV 2.5 RwUj msL¨vi †hvMdj I we‡qvMd‡ji R¨vwgwZK cÖwZiƒc
BDwbU `yB c„ôv 41
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
RwUj msL¨vi †hvMdj wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
RwUj msL¨vi we‡qvMdj wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã †hvMdj, we‡qvMdj, R¨vwgwZK cÖwZiƒc
g~jcvV-
RwUj msL¨vi †hvM: g‡b Kiæb, z1 = x1 + iy1Gesz2 = x2 + iy2 `yBwU RwUj msL¨v| AviMu wP‡Î G‡`i‡K h_vµ‡g A
Ges B we›`y Øviv wPwýZ Kiv n‡jv|
GLbOAGesOB†K mwbœwnZevû a‡iOACB mvgvšÍwiK A¼b Kiæb hvi KY© Y
OC| AZtci A, B, C we›`y n‡ZOX Gi Dci h_vµ‡gAD, BE, CF j¤^
A¼b Kiæb|
Zvn‡j OF = x1 + x2GesCF = y1 + y2,
A (z )
myZivs z1 + z2 = x1 + iy1 + x2 + iy2 = (x1 + x2) + i(y1 + y2) hv wP‡Î C we›`y 1 C
Øviv m~wPZ nq| myZivs R¨vwgwZKfv‡e RwUj msL¨vi †hvM mvgšÍwi‡Ki m~Î
†g‡b P‡j| l a B (z ) 2
ha
O D E F X
s
D`vniY 1:z1 = 2 + 3i Ges z2 = 5 + i n‡j z1 + z2 Gi gvb wbY©q Kiæb|
th
mgvavb: GLv‡b, z1= 2 + 3i, z2 = 5 + i
Pa
z1 + z2 = (2 + 3i) + (5 + i) = (2 + 5)+ (3 +1)i = 7 + 4i
AA
RwUj msL¨vi we‡qvMdj
g‡b Kiæbz1 = x1 + iy1 Ges z2 = x2 + iy2 `ywU RwUj msL¨v, AviMu wP‡Î G‡`i‡K P1 (z1) Ges P2 (z2) we›`y Øviv
wPwýZ Kiv nj| P2 †K Q2 ch©šÍ ewa©Z Kiæb †hb OP2 = OQ2 nq| myZivs Q2 we›`y – z2 = – x2 – iy2 Gi cÖwZiƒc|
OP1 Ges OQ2 †iLvØq‡K mwbœwnZ evû a‡i OP1Q1Q2 mvgvšÍwiK A¼b Kiæb|
myZivs Q1 we›`y P1 Ges P2 we›`y Øviv wb‡`©wkZ RwUj msL¨v `ywUi Y
P2 (z2)
we‡qvMdj wb‡`©k Ki‡e, †Kbbv z1– z2 =z1 + (– z2)|
P1 (z1)
D`vniY2:z1 = 4 + i Ges z2 = 2 + 3i n‡j z1 – z2 Gi gvb wbY©q Kiæb| O
mgvavb:GLv‡b z1 = 4 + i, z2 = 2 + 3i X
X
z1 – z2 = (4 + i) – (2 + 3i) = (4 – 2) + (1 – 3)i= 2 – 2i
Q1 (z1 – z2)
Q2 (– z2)
Y
mvims‡ÿc-
z1 = x1 + iy1Gesz2 = x2 + iy2 n‡jz1 + z2 = x1 + iy1 + x2 + iy2 = (x1 + x2) + i(y1 + y2)
z1 = x1 + iy1Gesz2 = x2 + iy2 n‡jz1–z2 = (x1 + iy1)–(x2 + iy2) = (x1–x2) + i(y1–y2)
RwUj msL¨v c„ôv 42
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 2.5-
1. wb¤œwjwLZ RwUj msL¨v¸‡jvi †hvMdj I we‡qvMdj wbY©q Kiæb|
(i) z1=3+5i, z2=2+7i(ii) z1=9+4i, z2=7+5i (iii) z1=6+11i, z2= 3 +5i
cvV 2.6 RwUj msL¨vi ¸Ydj I fvMd‡ji R¨vwgwZK cÖwZiƒc
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
RwUj msL¨vi ¸Ydj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
AviMu wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ RwUj msL¨vi ¸Y e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
RwUj msL¨vi fvMdj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
AviMu wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ RwUj msL¨vi fvM e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã ¸Ydj, fvMdj, R¨vwgwZK cÖwZiƒc
l a
s ha
g~jcvV-
th
Pa
RwUj msL¨vi ¸Ydj: RwUj ivwkØq‡K h_vµ‡g PGes Qwe›`yØq Øviv m~wPZ Kiæb| GLb aiæbz1 Ges z2 Gi †cvjvi
AvKvi z1 = r1 (cos1+isin1) I z2 = r2 (cos2 + isin2) Zvn‡jz1 = OP = r1 Gesz2= OQ = r2
AA
g‡b Kiæb, XOP = 1Ges XOQ = 2
GLb, XOR Ggb GKwU †KvY A¼b Kiv n‡jv †hb, XOR = XOP +
XOQ = 1 + 2|
GLb ORGgb ˆ`N©¨ †bIqv n‡jv †hb OR = OP.OQ = r1.r2 M
GLb z1z2=r1 (cos1 + isin1) r2(cos2 + isin2)
=r1.r2{cos1cos2–sin1sin2)+i(sin1cos2+cos1sin2).
R †_‡K X A‡ÿi DciRMj¤^ Uvbv n‡jv hv X A¶‡K M we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i|
Zvn‡j OM = r1. r2cos(1 + 2) Ges RM = r1.r2sin(1 + 2)
myZivs R we›`ywU r1.r2 {cos (1 + 2) + isin(1 + 2)} RwUj ivwk Øviv m~wPZ nq A_©vr z1z2†K m~wPZ K‡i|
GLb r1.r2 = r Ges 1 + 2 = ai‡j z1z2 = r(cos + isin)
gšÍe¨:(i) `yBwU RwUj ivwki ¸Yd‡ji gWyjvm ivwk `yBwUi gWyjv‡mi ¸Yd‡ji mgvb| A_©vrz1z2=z1. z2
(ii) `yBwU RwUj ivwki ¸Yd‡ji AvM©‡y g›U ev bwZ ivwk `yBwUi bwZ ev GgwcøPz‡Wi †hvMd‡ji mgvb|
A_©vr amp (z1z2) = amp (z1) + amp (z2)
RwUj msL¨vi fvMd‡ji R¨vwgwZKcÖwZiƒc
g‡b Kiæb AviMu mgZ‡j P, Q we›`yØq h_vµ‡g z1I z2ivwkØq‡K m~wPZ K‡i Ges
z1 = r1 (cos1 + isin1) I z2 = r2 (cos2 + isin2)
Zvn‡j z1= OP = r1,z2= OQ = r2
BDwbU `yB c„ôv 43
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
†hLv‡b, XOP = 1 Ges XOQ = 2
z r1(cos1 + isin1)
GLbz1 =
2 r 2 (cos 2 + isin 2)
r1(cos1 + isin1) (cos2 – isin2)
=
r2 (cos2 + isin2) (cos2 – isin2)
r1
= {cos(1 – 2) + isin (1 – 2)}
r2
r
GLb, 1 – 2 = XOR, hLb OR = r1 : AZ ci x A‡¶i Dci RM j¤^ A¼b Kiv n‡jv|
2
r r
Zvn‡j, OM = r1cos(1 – 2) Ges RM = r1sin(1 – 2)
2 2
r z
AZGe R we›`yBwUr1 . {cos(1 – 2) + isin (1 – 2)} †K A_©vr z1 †K m~wPZ K‡i|
2 2
r1 z1
GLb r = rGes 1 – 2 = ai‡j z = r(cos + isin)
2 2
z z
gšÍe¨:(i) `yBwU RwUj ivwki fvMd‡ji gWyjvm ivwk `yBwUi gWyjv‡mi fvMd‡ji mgvb| A_©vr z1 = z1
2 2
(ii)`yBwU RwUj ivwki fvMd‡ji bwZ ev AvM©‡y g›U ivwk `yBwUi bwZi we‡qvMdj|
A_©vr arg (z1z2) = arg(z1) –arg(z2)
l a
sha
th
cvV 2.7 RwUj msL¨vi eM©g~j
Pa
AA
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
RwUj msL¨vi eM©g~j wbY©‡qi c×wZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
eM©g‡~ ji gva¨‡g mgm¨v mgvav‡bi `¶Zv AR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã eM©g~j
g~jcvV-
RwUj msL¨vi eM©g~j wbY©q (Square root of complex number): g‡bKiæba + ib GKwU RwUj msL¨v, Gi eM©g~j
wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e| †h‡nZz Avgiv Rvwb †Kv‡bv RwUj msL¨vi eM©g~j GKwU RwUj msL¨v, myZivs g‡bKiæb, a + ib
= x + iy, GLv‡ba, b, x, y ev¯Íe ivwk|
a + ib = x2 – y2 + 2ixy[eM© K‡i]
Dfq c¶ n‡Z ev¯Íe I KvíwbK As‡ki mgZv weavb K‡i cvB, x2–y2 = a------ (i) Ges 2xy =b------ (ii)
Avgiv Rvwb, (x2 + y2)2 = (x2 – y2)2 + (2xy)2 = a2 + b2
x2 + y2 = a2 + b2------------ (iii) (†h‡nZz eM© msL¨vi mgwó KLbB FYvZ¥K nq bv)|
RwUj msL¨v c„ôv 44
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
1 2
GLb (i) I (iii) †hvM K‡i, 2x2 = a2 + b2 + a x a b 2 a
2
1 2
cybivq (iii) †_‡K(i) we‡qvM K‡i, 2y2 = a2 + b2 – a y a b 2 a
2
gšÍe¨:2xy = bmgxKiY n‡Z ¯úó eySv hvq †h, b abvZ¥K n‡j x Ges y DfqB GKB wPý wewkó n‡e|
myZivs b> 0 n‡j x Ges yDfqB nq abvZ¥K n‡e, bv nq FYvZ¥K n‡e|
1 1
1 1
AZGe †m‡ÿ‡Î wb‡Y©q eM©g~j a + ib = ± ( a2+b2+a)2+ i a2+b2 – a2
2 2
cybivq b< 0 n‡j x Ges y wecixZ wPý wewkó n‡e|
1 1
1( a2+b2+a)2 – i 1 a2+b2 – a2
AZGe †m‡ÿ‡Î wb‡Y©q eM©g~j a+ib = ±
2 2
D`vniY1:1 + i msL¨vwUi eM©g~j wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb 1 + i = a + ib
ev, 1 + i = (a + ib)2 = a2 – b2 + 2iab
ev¯Íe Ges Aev¯Íe Ask mgxK…Z K‡i cvB
a2 – b2 = 1 Ges 2ab = 1
GLb (a2 + b2)2 = (a2 – b2)2 + 4a2b2= 12+12= 2ev,a2 + b2 = 2
a2 + b2 = 2 Avevi a2 + b2 = 2
l a
ha
Ges a – b = 1
2 2
a – b2 = 1
(+) 2a2 = 1 + 2 (– ) 2b2 = 2 – 1
s
1 1
th
ev,a2 = 2 (1 + 2 ) ev,b2 = 2 ( 2 – 1)
Pa
1 1
a = (1 + 2 ) b= ( 2 – 1)
2 2
AA
†h‡nZz2ab = 1, myZivs aGes b Gi wPý GKB n‡e
1 1
wb‡Y©q eM©g~j =
1 2 i
2 1
2 2
D`vniY2: 7 – 30 2 Gi eM©g~j wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb 7 30 2 = a + ib
ev, 7 30i 2 = a + ib
ev, 7 – 30i 2 = (a + ib)2
ev, 7 – 30i 2 = a2 – b2 + 2iab
ev¯Íe Ges Aev¯Íe Ask mgxK…Z K‡i cvB
a2 – b2 = 7 ---------------- (i)
Ges 2ab = – 30 2 ----------------- (ii)
GLb (a2 + b2)2 = (a2 – b2)2 + 4a2b2= (a2 – b2)2 + (2ab)2= (7)2 + (– 30 2 )2
= 49 + 900 2= 49 + 1800= 1849 = (43)2
a2 + b2 = 43 `yBwU eM© ivwki †hvMdj me©`vB †hvMdj|
a2 + b2 = 43 Avevi,a2 + b2 = 43
2 2
a –b =7 a2 – b2 = 7
BDwbU `yB c„ôv 45
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
(+) 2a2 = 50 (–) 2b2 = 36
a2 = 25 b2 = 18
a = 5 b = 3 2
†h‡nZz 2ab = – 30 2
ab = – 15 2 hv FYvZ¥K
myZivs a Ges b wecixZ wP‡ýi n‡e|
wb‡Y©q eM©g~j (5 – i 3 2 )
cvV 2.8 GK‡Ki Nbg~j
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
l a
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GK‡Ki Nbg~j Kx ej‡Z cvi‡eb,
s
GK‡Ki Nbg~j wbY©‡qi `¶Zv AR©b Ki‡eb,
th
GK‡Ki Nbg~‡ji ag© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Pa
gyL¨ kã GKK, Nbg~j
AA
g~jcvV-
GK‡Ki Nbg~j (Cube Roots of unity) wbY©q:
aiæb, 3 1 = xx3 = 1 x3 – 1 = 0
(x – 1) (x2 + x + 1) = 0 x – 1 = 0 A_©vr, x = 1
Avevi, x2 + x + 1 = 0
–1 –3 –1 i 3
x = = [i = –1]
2 2
–1 + i 3 –1 – i 3
myZivs GKK-Gi Nbg~j wZbwU hv, 1, 2
,
2
| G‡`i GKwU ev¯Íe Ges Aci `yBwU RwUj msL¨v|
–1 + i 3 –1 – i 3
hw` 2
= (aiv nq) Z‡e, 2 =
2
n‡e| myZivs GK‡Ki Nbg~jÎq nj 1, , 2
GK‡Ki Nbg~‡ji ¸Yvejx(Characteristic of cube roots of unity):
(i) GKK-Gi RwUj Nbg~j `yBwUi GKwU AciwUi eM©
1 1
Avgiv Rvwb, GKK-Gi RwUj Nbg~j `ywU nj, 2 (– 1 + i 3 ) I 2 (– 1 – i 3 )
RwUj msL¨v c„ôv 46
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
2
1 1 – 2 – 2i 3 –1–i 3
2
GLb, 1 i 3 = 4 (1 – 2i 3 – 3)= 4
=
2
2
1 1 2 2i 3 1 i 3
Avevi, 1 i 3 = 4 (1 + 2i 3 – 3)= =
2 4 2
RwUj g~j؇qi †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU‡K ai‡j AciwU 2 n‡e| AZGe GK‡Ki wZbwU Nbg~j‡K 1, , 2 Øviv cÖKvk
Kiv hvq|
(ii) GKK-Gi RwUj Nbg~j؇qi ¸Ydj 1.
1 1
g‡b Kiæb GKK-Gi RwUj Nbg~jØq = 2 (– 1 + i 3 ) Ges 2 = 2 (– 1 –i 3 )
1 1 1 1
. 2 = (– 1 + i 3 ) (– 1 –i 3 ) = {(– 1)2 – (i 3 )2}= (1 – i2.3)
2 2 4 4
1 1
= {1 – (– 1).3}= (1 + 3)
4 4
3 1
= . 4 = 1
4
(iii) GKK-Gi RwUj g~jØq GKwU AciwUi Dëv
1 1
GKK-Gi RwUj Nbg~jØq = 2 (– 1 + i 3 ) Ges 2 = 2 (– 1 –i 3 )
1 2 2 1 i 3
2 1 i 3 l a
ha
2
1 i 3 1 i 3 1 i 3
2
i 3 1
2
s
2 1 i 3 2 1 i 3 1
1 i 3
th
3 1 4 2
Pa
1
Abyiƒcfv‡e, †`Lv‡bv hvq, 2 =
AA
(iv) GKK-Gi wZbwU Nbg~‡ji mgwó k~b¨|
1 1
GKK-Gi Nbg~jÎq1, , 2 †hLv‡b = 2 (–1 + i 3 ), 2 = 2 (–1–i 3 )
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1+ + 2 = 1 + (–1 + i 3 ) + (–1 – i 3 )= 1 – + i 3 – – i 3 = 1 + (–2) = 1 – 1 = 0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(v) Gi NvZmg~n
3 = 1, 4 = 3. = 1. =, 5 = 3. 2 = 1. 2 = 2, 6 = 3. 3 = 1.1 = 1 BZ¨vw`
GLb = ( ) = 1,
3n 3 n 3n + 1 3n
= . = , 3n + 2 = 3n. 2 =2
GLb, 3n, 3n + 1, 3n + 2 G n = 0, 1, 2 a‡i abvZ¥K c~Y© msL¨v cvIqv hv‡e|
mvaviYfv‡e, n = 1, , 2 n‡e hw` n †K 3 Øviv fvM Ki‡j h_vµ‡g 0, 1, 2 Aewkó _v‡K|
D`vniY1:i Gi Nbg~j wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb : g‡b Kiæb(i)1/3 = a
ev, i = a3ev, a3 = i = – i3
ev, a3 + i3 = 0 ev, (a + i) (a2 – ia + i2) = 0
ev, (a + i) (a2 – ia – 1) = 0
nq, a + i = 0ev, a = – i
A_ev a2 – ia – 1 = 0
BDwbU `yB c„ôv 47
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
i (– i)2 – 4. 1. (– 1)
a =
2.1
i 3
a =
2
1 1
myZivsi Gi Nbg~j mg~n – i, 2 (i + 3 ), 2 (i – 3 )
D`vniY 2: GKK-Gi GKwU RwUj Nbg~j n‡j, cÖgvY Kiæb
(1 – + 2) (1 – 2 + 4) (1 – 4 + 8) (1 – 8 + 6) = 16
mgvavb : Avgiv Rvwb, GKK-Gi GKwU RwUj Nbg~j n‡j,3 = 1 Ges 1 + +2 = 0
GLb, (1 – + 2) (1 –2 + 4) (1 – 4 + 8) (1 –8 + 16)
= (1 +2 – ) (1 – 2 + 3. ) (1 – 3. + 6. 2) (1 –6. 2 +15. )
= (1 + 2 – ) (1 –2 +) (1 – + 2) (1 – 2 +)
= { (1 +2 – ) (1 – 2 + )}2
= {(1 + + 2 – 2) (1 + + 2 – 22)}2
= {(0 – 2) (0 – 22)}2= (43)2 = 166
= 16
l a
ha
cvV 2.9 wewea mgm¨v I mgvavb
s
th
Pa
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
AA
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
RwUj msL¨v m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
g~jcvV-
D`vniY1:z1 = 5 + 3iGes z2 = 3 – 2in‡j wbY©q Kiæb
z1
(i) z1+ z2 (ii) z1 – z2 (iii) z1z2 (iv)
z2
mgvavb:(i) z1 + z2 = 5 + 3i + 3 – 2i = (5 + 3)+ i (3 – 2) = 8 + i
(ii) z1– z2= (5 + 3i)– (3 – 2i) = 5 – 3 + 3i + 2i = 2 + 5i
(iii) z1z2= (5 + 3i) (3 – 2i) = 5 3 + i(3 3) + 5 (–2) i – 6i2
= 15 + 9i – 10i – 6 (–1) [i2 = –1] = 21 – i
z1 5 + 3i (5 + 3i) (3 + 2i) 15 + 10i + 9i + 6i2
(iv) = = =
z2 3 – 2i (3 – 2i) (3 + 2i) 9 – 4i2
15 + 19i – 6 9 + 19i 9 19
= = = + i
9+4 13 13 13
1 1
D`vniY2:mij Kiæb:(1 + i3) (1 + i )3 (i4 + i4)hLb,i = –1
RwUj msL¨v c„ôv 48
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
1 –i2
mvgvavb: †h‡nZzi3 = i2.i = – i ; i = i = – i; i4 = 1
1 1
myZivscÖ`Ë ivwk =(1 + i3) (1 + i )3 (i4 + i4)= (1 – i) (1 – i)3 (1 + 1)
= 2 (1 – i)4 = 2 (1 + i2 – 2i)2= 2(1 – 1 – 2i)2 = 2(– 2i)2= – 8
3 x y
D`vniY3: x + iy = p + iqGes p 0, q 0 n‡j cÖgvY Kiæb †h,p +q = 4 (p2 – q2).
3
mgvavb: GLv‡b x + iy = p + iq
x + iy= (p + iq)3 [Dfq c¶‡K Z…Zxq Nv‡Z DbœxZ K‡i]
=p3 + 3p2iq + 3pi2q2 + i3q3= p3– 3pq2 + i(3p2q – q3)
Dfq c‡¶i ev¯Íe As‡ki Ges KvíwbK As‡ki mgZv weavb K‡i cvB, x= p3–3pq2Ges y=3p2q–q3
x y
AZGep +q=p2 – 3q2 + 3p2 – q2 = 4(p2–q2)
D`vniY 4:†`Lvb †h, (–1 + –3)4 + (–1 – –3)4 = – 16
– 1 + –3 – 1 – –3
mgvavb: Avgiv Rvwb, GK‡Ki KvíwbK Nbg~jØq = 2
Ges2 = 2
myZivs 2 = – 1 + –3Ges 22 = – 1 – –3
a
(–1 + –3)4 + (–1 – –3)4 = (2)4 + (22)4 = 24(4 + 8) l
= 16 (3 . + 6 . 2)= 16 ( + 2) [3 = 6 = 1]
ha
= 16 (–1) [1++ 2= 0]
s
= – 16
th
D`vniY5: x = p + q, y = p + qGes z = p + 2q n‡j †`Lvb †h, x3 + y3 + z3 = 3(p3 + q3)
mgvavb: x3 + y3 + z3= (p + q)3 + (p + q)3 + (p + 2q)3
Pa
=(p3+3p2q+3pq2+q3)+(p3+3p2q+3p2q2+3q3)+(p3+3p22q + 3p4q2 + 6q3)
AA
= 3p3 + 3p2q (1 + + 2) + 3pq2(1 + 2 + 4) + q3 (1 + 3 + 6)
= 3p3 + 3q3[†h‡nZz, 1 + + 2 = 0,1 + 2 + 4 = 1 + 2 + = 0 Ges 3 = 6 = 1]
= 3(p3 + q3)
D`vniY 6: a + b + c = 0 n‡j cÖgvY Kiæb †h,
(a + b + c2)3+(a + b2 +c)3= (2a – b – c)(2b – c – a)(2c – a – b) = 27abc
mgvavb:aiæb,x = a + b + c2Gesy = a +b2 + c
evgc¶ = (a + b + c2)3 + (a + b2 + c)3 = x3 + y3= (x + y) (x2 – xy + y2)
= (x + y) {(x2 + ( + 2) xy + 3y2}= (x + y) (x + y) (x + 2y)
GLbx + y = a + b + c2 + a + b2 + c = 2a + b ( + 2) + c ( + 2)= 2a – b – c
x + y = a + b + c2 + a + b3 + c2 = {a (1 + ) + b(1 + ) + 2c2}= (2c – a – b)2
Ges x + 2y = a + b + c2 + a2 + b4 + c3 = {a(1 + 2) + b( + 4) + c (2 +3)}
= (2b – c – a)
(x + y) (x + y) (x + 2y) = (2a – b – c) .(2c – a – b)2. (2b – c – a)
= (2a – b – c) (2b – c – a) (2c – a – b) = 3a. 3b. 3c= 27abc
`ªóe¨:1 + + 2 = 0 Ges 3 = 1 m~Î e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
1
D`vniY 7: (a + b + c2)2 + (a + b + c2)2 + (a + b2 + c)2=0 n‡j †`Lvb †h, a = cev, b = 2 (c + a).
mgvavb: (a + b + c2)2 + (a + b + c2)2 + (a + b2 + c)2 = 0.
BDwbU `yB c„ôv 49
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
ev, a2 (1 + 2 + 2) + b2 (2 + 1 + 4) + c2 (4 + 4 + 1) + 2ab ( + + 3)
+ 2bc (3 + 2 + 2) + 2ca (2 + 3 + ) = 0
ev, a2 (1 + 22) + b2 (2 + 1 + ) + c2(2 + 1) + 2ab (1 + 2) + 2bc (1 + 22)+ 2ca (2 + 1 + ) = 0
ev, a2(1 + 2 + 2) + b2.0 + c2(1 + + )+ 2ab(1+ + ) + 2bc (1 + 2 + 2) + 2 ca.0 = 0
ev, a2 (– + 2) + c2 (–2 + ) + 2ab (–2 + ) + 2bc (– + 2) = 0
ev, (– + 2) (a2 – c2 – 2ab + 2bc) = 0
ev, a2 – c2 – 2ab + 2bc = 0 [ – +2 0]
ev, (a + c) (a – c) – 2b (a – c) = 0
ev, (a – c) (a + c – 2b) = 0
1
ev, a = cA_ev, b = 2 (c + a)
D`vniY8:cÖgvY Kiæb †h, z – 3 = 5 mgxKiYwU AviMu wP‡Î GKwU e„Ë wb‡`©k K‡i|
mgvavb:aiæbz = x + iymyZivs z – 3 = 5
ev,x + iy – 3 = 5 ev, (x – 3) + iy = 5
ev, (x–3)2 + y2 = 5 ev, (x – 3)2+ y2 = 52
ev, (x – 3)2 + (y–0)2=52
hv(3, 0) †K›`ª Ges 5e¨vmva© wewkó GKwU e„‡Ëi mgxKiY|
l a
ha
D`vniY 9:(1 + x)n = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + ... ... ... + anxnn‡j cÖgvY Kiæb †h,
(a0 – a2 + a4–...)2 + (a1 – a3 + a5–... ...)2 = a0 + a1 + a2 + ... ... + an
s
mgvavb: †`Iqv Av‡Q,(1 + x)n= a0 + a1 x + a2x2+... ... ... + anxn------------- (1)
th
GLb, x = iewm‡q cvB, (1 + i)n = (a0 – a2 + a4 – ... ...) + i (a1 – a3 + a5 – .........) ------------- (2)
Pa
Avevi x = – iewm‡q cvB, (1 – i)n = (a0 – a2 + a4 – ....) – i (a1 – a3 + a5 – ......) ------------ (3)
(2) Ges (3) ¸Y K‡i cvB, (1 – i2)n = (a0 – a2 + a4 – ............)2 –i2 (a1– a3 + a5 –.........)2
AA
ev, 2n = (a0 – a2 + a4 – .......)2 + (a1 – a3 + a5 – .......)2------------- (4)
Avevi (1) bs mgxKi‡Yx = 1 ewm‡q cvB 2n = a0 + a1 + a2 + .................. + an---------------- (5)
GLb (4) Ges (5) †_‡KcvB (a0 – a2 + a4 – ....)2+(a1 – a3 + a5 – ....)2=a0+ a1+a2+ .... + an.
D`vniY10:– 8 – 6i Gi eM©g~j Kiæb|
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, 8 – 6i = a + ibev,– 8 – 6i = (a + ib)2
ev, – 8 – 6i = a2 – b2 + 2iab
ev¯Íe Ges Aev¯Íe Ask mgxK…Z K‡i cvB
a2 – b2 = – 8 -------------- (1)
2ab = – 6 -----------------(2)
GLb (a2 + b2)2 = (a2 – b2)2 + 4a2b2= (– 8)2 + (2ab)2= 64 + (– 6)2= 64 + 36= 100ev,a2 + b2 = 10
a2 + b2 = 10 Avevi,
(1)bs n‡Z a2 – b2 = – 8 a2 + b2 = 10
(+) 2a2 = 2 (1) bs n‡Z a2 – b2 = – 8
2
a = 1 (–) 2b2 = 18
a = 1 b2 = 9
b = 3
†h‡nZz ab = – 3 hv FYvZ¥K|myZivs a Ges b ci¯úi wecixZ wPý we‡eP¨ n‡e|
wb‡Y©q – 8 – 6i Gi eM©g~j n‡e (1 – 3i)
RwUj msL¨v c„ôv 50
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
D`vniY 11:GKK-Gi GKwU KvíwbK Nbg~j n‡j cÖgvY Kiæb †h, (1 – 2)(1 – 4)(1 – 8)(1 – 10) = 9
mgvavb: Avgiv Rvwb, GKK-Gi GKwU RwUj Nbg~j n‡j, 3 = 1 Ges 1 + +2 = 0
GLb, (1 – 2) (1 – 4) (1 – 8) (1 – 10)= (1 – 2) (1 – 3. ) (1 –6.2) (1 – 9.)
= (1 –2) (1 – ) (1 –2) (1 – )= (1 – 2)2 (1 – )2= (1 – 22 + 4) (1 – 2 + 2)
= (1 – 22 + ) (1 – 2 + 2)= (1 + + 2 – 32) (1 + + 2 – 3)
= (0 – 32) (0 – 3)= 93= 9 (cÖgvwYZ)
3 3
D`vniY 12: hw` a + ib = x + iy nq, Z‡e cÖgvY Kiæb †h, a – ib = x – iy
3
mgvavb: †`Iqv Av‡Q, a + ib = x + iy
ev, a + ib = (x + iy)3ev,a + ib = x3 + 3x2.iy + 3x (iy)2 + (iy)3
ev, a + ib = x3 + 3ix2y – 3xy2 – iy3= (x3 – 3xy2) + i(3x2y– y3)
ev¯Íe Ges Aev¯Íe Ask mgxK…Z K‡i cvB,
x3 – 3xy2 = a Ges3x2y – y3 = b
GLb a – ib = x3 – 3xy2 – i (3x2y – y3)= x3 – 3ix2y – 3xy2 + iy3
= x3 – 3ix2y + 3x (iy)2 – i3y3= (x – iy)3
3
a – ib = x–iy(cÖgvwYZ)
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 2.9- l a
ha
1. a + ib AvKv‡i cÖKvk Kiæb:
s
1 + i3
th
a + ib + 1
(i) (– 1 + –3) (– 1 – –2) (ii)(1 + i)2 + (1 – i)2(iii) (iv)
a – ib – 1 1 – i
Pa
2. cÖgvY Kiæb:
(1 + i)2 + (1 – i)2 (1 – i)2 – (1 + i)2 1 + i2 1 – i2
AA
(i) = 0 (ii) = i(iii)
(1 + i)2 – (1 – i)2 (1 – i)3 + (1 + i)3 1 – i + 1 + i = – 2
(iv) (2 +3i)4+(2–3i)4 = – 238 (v) z1=3 +4iGesz2=2+3in‡j (z1 + z2) = z1 z 2
3. AviMu wP‡Î RwUj msL¨v¸‡jv‡K ¯’vcb Kiæb Ges AvM©‡y g›U wPwýZ Kiæb:
1+i 8+i
(i) 5+2i (ii) –3+4i (iii) 15 – 8i (iv) 3 +i (v) –1– i (vi) (vii)
1–i 12 – 5i
4. gWyjvm I AvM©y‡g›U wbY©q Kiæb:
1
(i)1 + i, (ii) 3 – i, (iii) – 1 – i, (iv)
1+i 3
5. †cvjvi AvKv‡i cÖKvk Kiæb:
(i) 1 + i 3, (ii) 2 – 3i (iii)1+i (iv) – 2 + 2i
6. eM©g~j wbY©q Kiæb:(i) 3 + 4i (ii) 1 + i (iii) x + i 1 – x2 (iv) –8 –6 –1,
(v) – 7+24i (vi) 2x + i(x2 –1) (vii) 2+i a2 – 4 (viii) –5+12i(ix) 1+i x4 – 1
3 3 3 6
7. gvb wbY©q Kiæb: (i) –1 (ii) i (iii) i + – i (iv) –i (v) –64
4 4
(vi)–16 (vii) –81(ix) 4 1
1 1
8. hw`a = (– 1 + i 3) Gesb = (– 1 – i 3) nq Z‡e †`Lvb †h,
2 2
(i) a3 + a– 3 = 2 (ii) a4 + a2b2 + b4 = 0 (iii)a4 + b4 = – 1 (iv) a2 + ab + b2 = 0
BDwbU `yB c„ôv 51
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
1 –1
(v) = (vi) (1 – a) (1 – b) = 3(vii)a5 + a4 + a3 + a2 + a + 1 = 0 (viii)a6 + b– 6 = 2
(a – b)2 3
9. GK‡Ki GKwU RwUj Nbg~j n‡j cÖgvY Kiæb †h
(i) (a + b) (a + 2b) = a2 – ab + b2 (ii) (1 – + 2) (1 + – 2) = 4
2 2 2 2
(iii) (1 – + ) + (1 + – ) = – 4 (iv) (k + k – 2)3 – (k + k2 – )3 = 0
(v) (x+y)2 +(x+y 2)2+(x2+y)2=6xy (vi) (1 – 2) (1 – 4)(1 – 8) (1 – 10) = 9
2 4 8
(vii) (1 + ) 1 + ) (1 + ) (1 + )= 1 (viii) (a + b2) (a + b) = a2 – ab + b2
2 2 2
(ix) (1+– )(– 1++ )(1– + ) = – 8
(x) ( a + b + c) (a + b + c2) (a + b2 + c) = a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc
(xi) (1 – + 2) (1 – 2 + 4) (1 – 4 + 8) ......... 2n Drcv`K ch©šÍ = 22n
(xii) – 1 – – 1 – – 1 – ..... = ev 2 (xiii) [– 2 + 2 {– 2 + – 2 + ...... = 1 i
10.x = a + b, y = a + b2Gesz = a2 + b n‡j †`Lvb †h,
(i) x + y + z = 0 (ii) x2 + y2 + z2 = 6ab (ii) xyz = a3 + b3 (vi) x3 + y3 + z3 = 3 (a3 + b3)
11. Drcv`‡K we‡klY Kiæb:(i)a –ab + b
2 2
(ii) a2 + b2+c2 – ab– bc– ca
(iii) x3–1 (iv) x4 + 1
12. `yBwU e‡M©i AšÍi iƒ‡c cÖKvk Kiæb:(i) (1+ a )(1+ b )(1 + c2)
2 2
(ii) (a2 + b2)(c2 + d2)(e2 + f2)
13.`yBwU e‡M©i mgwó iƒ‡c cÖKvk Kiæb:(i) (1 + x2)(1 + y2) (ii) (x2 + y2)(a2 + b2)(c2 + d2)
14. a, b ev¯Íe msL¨v Ges a2 + b2 = 1n‡j †`Lvb †h x Gi GKwU ev¯Íe gvb
a
1 – ix 1 – ix
(i) = a – ib (ii) = a – ib mgxKiYØq‡K wm× Ki‡e|
l
1 + ix 1 + ix
ha
a + ib
15. (i) x =
a – ib
n‡j †`Lvb †h, (a2 + b2) x2 + a2 + b2 = 2(a2 – b2)x
s
(ii) (a – ib) (c – id) = x – iy n‡j †`Lvb †h, (a + ib) (c + id) = x + iyGes(a2 + b2) (c2 + d2) = x2 + y2
th
x + iy m
(iii) = n‡j †`Lvb †h, (a2 + b2)m2 + 2 (ax + by)mn + (x2 + y2) n2 = 0
Pa
a + ib n
2b 1 + x – i 1 – x 2b – (b2 – 1)i
AA
(iv) x = 2 (b 1) n‡j †`Lvb †h, =
b +1 1+x+i 1–x b2 + 1
p + iq 1 + iz
(v) hw`z=x+ iy, (1 + p)z = q + ir Ges = n‡j †`Lvb †h,p2 + q2 + r2 = 1
1 + r 1 – iz
16.(i) x =2+in‡j †`Lvb †h,x4 – 4x3 + 6x2 – 4x + 5 = 0|x = 2 – i n‡j ivwkwUi gvb KZ?
(ii) x = 3 + 2 –1n‡j †`Lvb †h,x4 – 4x3 + 4x2 + 4x2 + 8x + 39 = 0
x2 + xy + y
(iii) x = 2 + 3iGesy = 2 – 3i n‡j 2 Gi gvb wbY©q Kiæb|
x – xy + y2
2 2 2
17. (i) z1 = 2 + i4 Gesz3 = 3 – i n‡j †`Lvb †h,2z1 – z2 = 2 z1 + 4z2 + 2
(ii)z = xiyGes2z + 1 = z – 2i n‡j †`Lvb †h, 3 (x2 + y2) + 4 (x + y) = 3
x + iy –
(iii) cÖgvY Ki †h, (K) = 1 (L)z = z (M)z – 2 = 2z – 1n‡j †`Lvb †h,x2 + y2 = 1
x – iy
18. z1 = a + ib, Gesz2 = c + id n‡j †`Lvb †h,
(K)z1 + z2 = z1 + z2, (L) z1z2 = z1.z2
2 2 2 2
(M)z1 + z2 + z1 – z2 = 2 (z1 + z2 )
19. (i) (a + ib) + (c + id) GKwU ev¯Íe ivwk n‡j †`Lvb †h, b + d = 0
(ii) x = 1 + iGesy = 1 – in‡j †`Lvb †h,x2 + xy + y2 = 2
(iii) z = x + iyGesz – 1 + z + 1 = 4 n‡j †`Lvb †h, 3x2 + 4y2 = 12
RwUj msL¨v c„ôv 52
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
(iv) z = x + iyn‡jz–3=5 Gi mÂvic‡_i mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb Ges GwU wK wb‡`©k K‡i?
(v) z=x+iyn‡jz+8+z – 8=20 Gi mÂvic‡_i mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb Ges GwU wK wb‡`©k K‡i?
20. x Ges yGi ev¯Íe gvb wbY©q Kiæb: (i) (x + iy) (2 – 3i) = 4 + i
(1 + i) x – 2i (2 + 3i) y + i
(ii) (x4 + 2xi) – (3x2 + yi) = (3 – 5i) + (1 + i2y) (iii) + =i
3+i 3–i
z1 3
21. z1 = 3i, z2 = – 1 – in‡j †`Lvb †h,arg = –
z2 4
3 3
22. x + iy = a + ibn‡j †`Lvb †h, x – iy = a – ib
23. (i)x, yGi †Kvb ev¯Íe gv‡bi Rb¨ – 3 + ix2y Gesx2 + y + 4i ci¯úi AbyeÜx RwUj msL¨v n‡e?
(ii) 5 + 3iGi mv‡_ KZ ¸Y Ki‡j ¸Ydj 3 – 4i n‡e?
(iii) x + iy = 3 (2 + cos + isin)– 1n‡j †`Lvb †h, (x – 1) (x – 3) + y2 = 0
24. (1 + x)n = a0 + a1x + a2x2 +...+anxnn‡j†`Lvb †h, (a0 – a2 + a4-..)2 + (a1 – a3 + a5-...)2 = a0 + a1 + a2+…..+an
25. (1 + x + x2)n = p0 + p1x + p2x2 + ...........+p2nx2nn‡j †`Lvb †h,
(i) p0 + p3 + p6 + ...........= 3n– 1 (ii) p1 + p4 + p7 + ...........= 3n– 1
n n
–1 + –3 –1 – –3
26. †`Lvb †h, 2 + = 2 ev – 1 hLb nGi gvb 3 Øviv wefvR¨ ev n Aci †h‡Kv‡bv c~Y© msL¨v|
2
l a
s ha
cvV 2.10 e¨envwiK
th
Pa
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
AA
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
†jLwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ RwUj msL¨vi gWzjvm I AvM©y‡g›U wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
g~jcvV-
AviMu wP‡Î `yBwU RwUj msL¨vi †hvMdj, †hvMd‡ji gWyjvm Ges Zvi AvM©‡y g›U wbY©q
mgm¨v bs - 2.1 ZvwiL:
mgm¨v: AviMu wP‡Î 2 + 5iI – 6 + 4i RwUj msL¨v؇qi †hvMdj I †hvMd‡ji gWyjvm I AvMy©‡g›U wbY©q Ki‡Z
n‡e|
mgvavb: ZË¡:z1= x1+iy1 Ges z2=x2 + iy2 RwUj msL¨v؇qi †hvMdj, z1 + z2 = (x1 + x2) + i (y1 + y2)
aiæb AviMu wP‡Î z1Ges z2 Gi cÖwZiƒcx we›`y h_vµ‡g P1, P2n‡j P1(x1, y1) Ges P2(x2,y2)| myZivs G‡`i
†hvMd‡ji cÖwZiƒcx we›`y P(x1 + x2, y1+ y2)| Zvn‡j OP1GesOP2 †K mwbœwnZ evû a‡i OP1PP2mvgvšÍwiK A¼b
Ki‡j OP K‡Y©i P we›`yB n‡e z1 + z2 Gi cÖwZiƒcx we›`y|
y +y
†hvMd‡ji gWyjvm OP Gi ˆ`N©¨ =z1 + z2 = (x1 + x2)2 + (y1 + y2)2 Ges AvM©‡y g›U = tan–1x1 + x2
1 2
cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY: QK KvMR, miæ wklhy³ †cwÝj, B‡iRvi, †¯‹j, Puv`v, K¤úvm,kvc©bvi IK¨vjKz‡jUi BZ¨vw`|
BDwbU `yB c„ôv 53
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
Kvh©c×wZ:1.QK KvM‡RXOXGes Ges YOY ci¯úi j¤^fv‡e †Q`Kvix `yBwU
mij‡iLv A¼b Kiæb, hv h_vµ‡g XGes YA¶| wKš‘ AviMu wP‡Î G `yBwU
A¶‡K h_vµ‡g ev¯Íe A¶ Ges KvíwbK A¶ ejv nq| QK KvM‡Ri `yB e‡M©i
ˆ`N©¨ = 1 GKK Ges x-A¶‡K ev¯Íe A¶, y-A¶‡K KvíwbK A¶ Ges O
we›`y‡K g~jwe›`y aiæb|
2.z1 = 2 + 5i Ges z2 = – 6 + 4iRwUj msL¨v `yBwU‡K DcwiD³ A¶ I g~jwe›`y
mv‡c‡¶ h_vµ‡g P1 (2,5) GesP2(– 6, 4) we›`yØq Øviv m~wPZ Kiæb Ges
†jLwP‡Î wPwýZ Kiæb|
3.GLb OP1Ges OP2 †hvM Kiæb| Zvn‡j g‡b Kiæbz1 = OP1 = r1
Gesz2 = OP2 = r2
4.OP1†iLvs‡ki P1we›`y‡Z Ges OP2Gi †iLvs‡ki P2we›`y‡Z h_vµ‡g OP2Ges OP1 Gi mgvb e¨vmva© wb‡q `yBwU
e„ËPvc A¼b Kiæb, hv ci¯úi P we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i, Zvn‡j OP1PP2mvgvšÍwiKwU Drcbœ n‡jv| G mvgvšÍwi‡K PZz_©
kxl© we›`y P Gi ¯’vbv¼ n‡e z1 + z2 Gi cÖwZiƒcx we›`y|
5. GLb QK KvMR n‡Z P Gi ¯’vbv¼ wbY©q Kiæb hv, (– 4, 9)|
6.OP †iLvs‡ki ˆ`N©¨ z1 + z2A_©vr RwUj msL¨vwUi ciggvb wb‡`©k K‡i| GLb P we›`yn‡Z OX Gi DciPN j¤^
A¼b Kiæb| Zvn‡j ON n‡eP we›`yi fyR= –4GKK GesPN n‡eP we›`yi †KvwU = 9 GKK
7.bwZ wbY©q:aiæbOP †iLvsk X A‡¶i mv‡_ †KvY Drcbœ K‡i, Puv`vi mvnv‡h¨ GB †Kv‡Yi gvb wbY©qKiæb|
a
dj msKjb:
9 l
z1 + z2= 2 + 5i + (– 6 + 4i) = – 4 + 9i, = tan–1– = 180 – 66.04 = 113.86
ha
4
P1 we›`yi P2 P we›`yi OP1 OP2 OP cÖK…Z gv‡c
s
we›`yi
th
¯’vbv¼ ¯’vbv¼ OP Gi ˆ`N©¨
¯’vbv¼
Pa
(2, 5) (– 6,4) (–4, 9) 22 + 52 = 5.39 62 + 42 = 7.21 (– 4)2 + 92 = 9.85 GKK
AA
9.85
9
bwZ wbY©q: wPÎ n‡Z z1Iz2 Gi †hvMd‡ji cÖwZiƒc we›`y P Gi bwZ = tan–1– 4 = 113.86
Avevi Puv`vi mvnv‡h¨ cwigv‡c XOP = 113.5
gšÍe¨:OP1 + OP2 = 5.39+ 7.21 = 12.6 Ges OP = 9.85OP1 + OP2OP
myZivs z1 + z2z1 + z2 m~‡Îi mZ¨Zv cixw¶Z|
AviMu wP‡Î `yBwU RwUj msL¨vi we‡qvMdj wPwýZ KiY Ges Gi gWyjvm I AvM©‡y g›U wbY©q
mgm¨v bs - 2.2 ZvwiL:
mgm¨v: AviMu wP‡Î 2 + 5iI – 6 + 4iRwUj msL¨v؇qi we‡qvMdj I we‡qvMd‡ji gWyjvm Ges AvM©‡y g›U wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
mgvavb: ZË¡:z1 = x1 + iy1 Ges z2 = x2 + iy2msL¨v؇qi we‡qvMdj,
z1 – z2 = (x1 + iy1) – (x2 + iy2) = (x1 + x2) – i (y1 + y2)
aiæb AviMu wP‡Î z1Ges z2Gi cÖwZiƒcx we›`y h_vµ‡g P1 I P2, Zvn‡j z1 – z2 Gi cÖwZiƒcx we›`y aiæbP|
y –y
we‡qvMd‡ji gWyjvm =z1 – z2 = (x1 – x2)2 + (y1 – y2)2; we‡qvMd‡ji AvM©‡y g›U. = tan–1x1 – x2
1 2
cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY: QK KvMR, miæ wklhy³ †cwÝj, B‡iRvi, †¯‹j, Puv`v, kvc©bvi,K¨vjKz‡jUi BZ¨vw`|
Kvh©c×wZ:1.QK KvM‡RXOXGes Ges YOY ci¯úi j¤^fv‡e †Q`Kvix `yBwU mij‡iLv A¼b Kiæb, hv h_vµ‡g
XGes YA¶| wKš‘ AviMu wP‡Î G `yBwU A¶‡K h_vµ‡g ev¯Íe A¶ Ges KvíwbK A¶ ejv nq|QK KvM‡Ri 2
e‡M©i ˆ`N©¨ = GK GKK Ges xA¶‡K ev¯Íe A¶, yA¶‡K KvíwbK A¶ Ges O we›`y‡K g~jwe›`y aiæb|
RwUj msL¨v c„ôv 54
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
2.z1 = 2 + 5iGes – 6 + 4i RwUj msL¨v `yBwU‡K DcwiD³ A¶ I g~jwe›`yi mv‡c‡¶ h_vµ‡g P1(2,5)GesP2(– 6,
4) we›`yØq Øviv m~wPZ Kiæb|
3.OP1Ges OP2 †hvM Kiæb| Zvn‡j g‡b Kiæb, z1 = OP1 = r1
Gesz2 = OP2 = r2 (g‡b Kiæb|)
4.OP1†iLvs‡ki P1we›`y‡Z P2OGi mgvb I mgvšÍivj P1P †iLvsk
A¼b Kiæb GesOP †hvM Kiæb| Zvn‡jP we›`ywUz1 – z2RwUj msL¨v
wb‡`©k K‡i, A_©vrz1 – z2 = OP= r(aiæb)|P we›`y n‡Zx-A‡¶i
DciPN j¤^ AvuKzb GesON IPN Gi ˆ`N©¨ cwigvc Kiæb| myZivs
ON, P we›`yi fyR Ges PN †KvwU wb‡`©k K‡i|
5. GLb QK n‡Z P Gi ¯’vbv¼ wbY©q Kiæb hv, (8, 1)ON = 8, PN = 1
dj msKjb:z1 – z2= (2+5i) – (– 6 + 4i) = 8 + i
wP‡Î z1 – z2 = OP = 82 + 12 = 8.06
P1 we›`yi P2 P we›`yi OP1 OP2 OP cÖK…Z gv‡c PN ON
¯’vbv¼ we›`y i ¯’vbv¼ OP
¯’vbv¼
(2, 5) (– 6, 4) (8, 1) 5.39 7.21 8.06 8.06 8 1
y 1
bwZ wbY©q: bwZ = tan–1x = tan–18 = 7.13
l
gšÍe¨:OP1 – OP2 = 5.39 – 7.21 = –1.82, OP = 8.06. OPOP1 – OP2
a
ha
myZivs z1 – z2z1 – z2 m~‡Îi mZ¨Zv cixw¶Z|
s
AviMu wP‡Î `yBwU RwUj msL¨vi ¸Ydj Gi gWyjvm I AvM©‡y g›U wbY©q
th
mgm¨v bs - 2.3 ZvwiL:
Pa
mgm¨v: AviMu wP‡Î 2 + 5iGes – 6 + 4iRwUj msL¨v؇qi ¸Ydj I ¸Yd‡ji gWyjvm Ges AvM©‡y g›U wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
AA
mgvavb: ZË¡:z1 = x1 + iy1 Gesz2 = x2 + iy2 msL¨v؇qi ¸Ydj
z1.z2=(x1 + iy2)(x2 + iy2)=x1x2 +ix1y2+ix2y1 – y1y2 = (x1x2 – y1y2) + i (x1y2 + x2y1)
aiæb AviMu wP‡Îz1Ges z2 Gi cÖwZiƒcxwe›`y h_vµ‡g P1I P2| Zvn‡jz1z2 Gi cÖwZiƒcx we›`y aiæbP|
(x1y2 + x2y1)
z1z2Gi gWyjvm = z1z2 = (x1x2 – y1y2)2 + (x1y2 + x2y1)2Ges z1z2 Gi AvM©y‡g›U = tan–1
x1x2 – y1y2
Avevi z1z2 = z1z2Ges arg (z1z2) = arg z1 + argz2
cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY: QK KvMR, miæ wklhy³ †cwÝj, B‡iRvi, †¯‹j, Puv`v, kvc©bvi,K¨vjKz‡jUi BZ¨vw`|
Kvh©c×wZ: 1.QK KvM‡RXOXGes Ges YOY ci¯úi j¤^fv‡e †Q`Kvix `yBwU mij‡iLv A¼b Kiæb, hv h_vµ‡g
XGes YA¶| wKš‘ AviMu wP‡Î G `yBwU A¶‡K h_vµ‡g ev¯Íe A¶ Ges KvíwbK A¶ ejv nq| QK KvM‡Ri `yB
eM© =1 GKK †¯‹j Ges x-A¶‡K ev¯Íe A¶,y-A¶‡K KvíwbK A¶ Ges O we›`y‡K g~jwe›`y aiæb|
2.z1 = 2 + 5iGes – 6 + 4iRwUj msL¨v `yBwU‡K DcwiD³ A¶ I g~jwe›`yi mv‡c‡¶ h_vµ‡g P1 (2,5) GesP2 (– 6,
4) we›`yØq Øviv m~wPZ Kiæb|Gi AvM©‡y g›U h_vµ‡g XOP1 = 1 Ges XOP2 = 2 g‡b Kiæb|
3.O, P1Ges O, P2 †hvM Kiæb| g‡b KiæbOP1 =z1 = r1 GesOP2 =z2 = r2
4.OXeivei †h †Kvb OAˆ`N©¨‡K GKK ˆ`N©¨ aiæb Ges P1A †hvM Kiæb|
5.OP2Gi †h cv‡k¦© OP1 Av‡Q Zvi wecixZ cv‡k¦© P2OP = P1OAA¼b Kiæb| Gi d‡j OPP2Drcbœ nj|
g‡b KiæbOP = r.
7.P we›`y n‡Zx-A‡¶i DciPN j¤^ A¼b Kiæb GesON IPN Gi ˆ`N©¨ cwigvc Kiæb|Zvn‡jz1z2Gi gWyjvm I
AvM©‡y g›U h_vµ‡g OP GesXOP Øviv wb‡`©wkZ n‡e|
BDwbU `yB c„ôv 55
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
cÖgvY:P1OA GesPOP2wÎfyRØq m`„k, KviYP2OP = P1OA GesOP2P = P1AO
OP1 OP
=
OA OP2
ev, OP = OP1.OP2, KviYOA = 1.
Avevi AOP = AOP2 + P2OP = 2 + 1.
dj msKjb:wP‡Î ON = 22 GKK Ges PN = 32 GKK|
a
P1 P2 P we›`yi OP1 OP2 = OP = r XOP1 XOP2 1 + cÖK…Z cwigv‡c
we›`yi we›`yi ¯’vbv¼ = r1 r2 l
= 1 = 2 2 = = XOP
ha
¯’vbv¼ ¯’vbv¼
s
(2, 5) (– 6, 4) (–32, –22) 5.39 7.21 38.83 68.2 146.30 214.5 214.5
th
GKK
ïw× cix¶v:z1z2 = (2 + 5i) (– 6 + 4i) = – 32 – 22i
Pa
5 –4
1 = tan–1 = 68.2, 2 = tan–1 = 146.30, Ges = 214.50; myZivs = 1 + 2 cixw¶Z|
AA
2 6
†jLwP‡Î OA = 1 GKK ˆ`N©¨ = 10
5.39 7.2
r1= 5.39 GKK = = 0.539 = 0.54 GKK ˆ`N©¨| r2= 7.21 GKK = = 0.729 = 0.72 GKK ˆ`N©¨|
10 10
38.83
r= 38.83 GKK = = 3.883 GKK ˆ`N©¨|
10
Avevir1r2 = 0.539 0.729 = 3.883; myZivs r1r2 = r cixw¶Z|
– 22
z1z2 Gi cÖwZiƒc we›`y P Gi bwZ = tan–1
– 32 = 180+ 34.5 = 214.50
Puv`vi mvnv‡h¨XOP = 214.5.
mgm¨v bs - 2.4 ZvwiL:
mgm¨v:AviMu wP‡Î z1 = 3 + 5i Ges z2 = 1 + i RwUj msL¨v `yBwU wPwýZ Ki Ges G‡`i fvMd‡ji gWyjvm Ges
AvM©‡y g›U wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
mgvavb: ZË¡:z1 = r1 (cos1 + isin1) Ges z2= r2 (cos2 + isin2) `yBwU RwUj msL¨v n‡j
z1 r1 (cos1 + isin1) r1 (cos1 + isin1) (cos2 – isin2)
= =
z2 r2 (cos2 + isin2) r2 (cos2 + isin2) (cos2 – isin1)
r1 cos(1 – 2) + i sin (1 – 2) r1
= . = . {cos (1 – 2) + isin(1 – 2)}
r2 cos22 + sin22 r2
RwUj msL¨v c„ôv 56
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
z1 r1 z1 z1 |z1| z
mod = Ges arg = 1 – 2 A_ev mod = Gesargz1 = argz1 – argz2
z2 r2 z2 z2 |z2| 2
cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY: QK KvMR, miæ wklhy³ †cwÝj, B‡iRvi, †¯‹j, Puv`v, kvc©bvi,K¨vjKz‡jUi BZ¨vw`|
Kvh©c×wZ: 1.QK KvM‡RX A¶ I Y A¶-wbe©vPb Kiæb hv h_vµ‡g ev¯Íe I
KvíwbK A¶| A¶Ø‡qi †Q`we›`y O (g~jwe›`y) wba©viY Kiæb|
2. †¯‹j: ¶z`ªZg e‡M©i 5 evû = 1 GKK aiæb|
3.z1 = 2 + 5iGi cÖwZiƒcx we›`y P1 (2,5), z2 = 3 + 2i Gi cÖwZiƒcx we›`yP2 (3,2)
QK KvM‡R wPwýZ Kiæb|
4.X A¶ eivei OA = 1 GKK aiæb|
5.P1we›`y‡Z OP2A Gi mgvb K‡i OPP1A¼b Kiæb| OP †iLv P1P †K P
z
we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i Zvn‡j OPP1GesOAP2 m`„k‡KvYx| Zvn‡j z1 Gi
2
cÖwZiƒcx we›`y P†jLwPÎ †_‡K †`Lv hvq P (4,–1)
aiæbXOP1 = 1 , XOP2 = 2 Ges XOP =
6.†h‡nZz OPP1 GesOAP2m`„k‡KvYx
OP OA 1 OP1 r1
OP = OP = OP OA = 1 OP = =
OP2 r2
1 2 2
a
z1 r
z2
Gi gWyjvm = OP = r1 = r (aiæb) l
2
ha
dj msKjb:
P1 P2 P r1 r2 r 1 2
s
(3,5) (1,1) (4,1) 32 + 52 = 34 12 + 12 = 2 42 + 12 = 17 tan–15 –11 1
th
tan tan–1
3 1 4
Pa
= 59.03 = 45 =
14.03
AA
myZivs wb‡Y©q gWyjvm = 17 GKK Ges AvM©‡y g›U= 14.03
ïw× cix¶v:
z1 3 + 5i (3 + 5i) (1 –i) 3 + 5i – 3i + 5
= = = = 4 + i = (4, 1) hv †jLwPÎ n‡Z cÖvß gv‡bi mgvb,
z2 1 + i (1 + i) (1 – i) 1+1
z1 r1 34 2 17
r = OP = mod = = = = 17
z2 r2 2 2
5 1
z1Gi AvM©‡y g›U, 1 = tan1 = 54.05Ges z2Gi AvM©‡y g›U, 2 = tan–1 = 45
3 1
z1 1
z2
Gi AvM©‡y g›U, = XOP = tan14 = 14.03 hv, 1 – 2 Gi mgvb|
BDwbU `yB c„ôv 57
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb-
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b (1 - 7):
1. z 1 2 z 1 Øviv cÖKvwkZ e„‡Ëi †K‡›`ªi ¯’vbv¼ KZ?
5 5 5 5
(K) 0, (L) , 0 (M) 0, (N) , 0
3 3 3 3
2. z 3 2 z 3 mgxKiY Kx wb‡`©k K‡i?
(K) e„Ë (L) Awae„Ë (M) cive„Ë (N) Dce„Ë
3. 1 i Gi AvM©y‡g›U KZ?
2 5 5
(K) (L) (M) (N)
4 3 4 3
4. 8 6i Gi eM©g~j KZ?
(K) 1 3i (L) 1 3i (M) 1 3i (N) 1 3i
5. i i Gi gvb KZ?
(K) 2 (L) 1 (M) 2 (N) 2
6. i Gi †cvjvi AvKvi †KvbwU?
(K) cos i sin
(L) cos i sin
l a
(M) cos i sin
(N) cos
3
i sin
3
ha
2 2 2 2 2 2
7. 2 3i Gi gWzjvm KZ?
s
th
(K) 13 (L) 13 (M) 5 (N) 11
Pa
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ Y
P
AA
8. cv‡ki wPÎwU jÿ¨ Kiæb Ges wPÎ mv‡c‡ÿ wb‡Pi cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|
(K) P we›`y‡Z RwUj msL¨vwU KZ Ges Gi ciggvb wbY©q Kiæb| 5
(L) RwUj msL¨vwUi †cvjvi AvKvi wjLyb|
X
(M) P cÖwZmg we›`y‡Z Aew¯’Z RwUj msL¨vwUi eM©g~j wbY©q Kiæb| O 2
9. a ib I x iy RwUj msL¨v `yBwU ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ 3 a ib x iy AvKv‡i m¤úwK©Z|
(K) RwUj msL¨v a ib Gi gWzjvm I AvM©y‡g›U wbY©q Kiæb|
(L) DÏxcK n‡Z cÖgvY Kiæb 3 a ib x iy |
a b
(M) †`Lvb †h, 4x 2 y 2 |
x y
n
10. 2a 1 i Ges 1 x x 2 P0 P1x P2 x 2 ....... Pn x 2 n
(K) 2i Gi eM©g~j wbY©q Kiæb|
(L) cÖgvY Kiæb †h, a 6 a 4 a 2 1 0
(M) DÏxc‡Ki wØZxq Ask n‡Z cÖgvY Kiæb †h, P0 P1 P3 ....... 3n 1
11. x 3 1 0 GKwU wÎNvZ mgxKiY Ges z 7 24 1 GKwU RwUj msL¨v|
1
(K) cÖgvY Kiæb †h, i 1 i
2
RwUj msL¨v c„ôv 58
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
1
(L) Ge eM©g~j wbY©q Kiæb|
z
(M) cÖgvY Kiæb †h, wÎNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~j·qi mgwó k~b¨|
12. GK‡Ki GKwU Nbg~j Ges z 1 cos 2 x i sin 2 x GKwU RwUj msL¨v|
(K) cÖgvY Kiæb †h, 3 1
(L) z 1 Gi ev¯Íe As‡ki gvb wbY©q Kiæb|
(M) x y z 0 n‡j cÖgvY Kiæb †h, x y z 2 x y 2 z 27 xyz
3 3
13. KvíwbK Aÿ KvíwbK Aÿ
z1+ z2
z1 z
zz
z2 ev¯Íe Aÿ
O ev¯Íe Aÿ O
z
(K) RwUj msL¨vi mgwó wK wb‡`©k K‡i? GKwU RwUj msL¨vi AbyewÜ hyMj AviMu wP‡Î Kvi mv‡c‡ÿ cÖwZmvg¨
nq Ges †Kb?
(L) †`Lvb †h, GKwU RwUj msL¨vi ciggvb Zvi AbyewÜ hyM‡ji ciggv‡bi mgvb| mgvb ciggv‡bi KviY
e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
a
(M) z I z Gi mgwó I ¸Ydj cÖ‡Z¨‡K ev¯Íe msL¨v- Dw³wU cÖwZôv Kiæb| z -Gi gyL¨bwZ n‡j z -Gi
l
gyL¨bwZ n‡e, G Dw³wU Kx me©`v mZ¨? Avcbvi Dˇii mv‡c‡ÿ hyw³ w`b|
s ha
th
Pa
DËigvjv-
AA
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 2.1
2 23 4 6
1. (i) i (ii) i (iii) 0+i
25 25 7 14
8 2 x( x 2 y 2 )
2. (i) (ii)
9 x2 y2
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 2.2
2 8
1.(i) 29 , tan 1 (ii) 113 , tan 1 ( ) (iii) 2, 2. 2,
5 7 3 4
2 2
3. (i) 2(cos i sin ) (ii) 34 (cos i sin ) (iii) 2 2 (cos i sin )
3 3 4 4
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 2.5
(i) 5 + 12i, 1– 2i (ii) 16 + 9i, 2 –i (iii) 9 + 16i, 3 + 6i
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 2.9
a2 – b2 – 1 2ab
1. (i) ( 6+ 1) + i ( 2 – 3)(ii) 0 + i 0 (iii) 2 2 +i 2 (iv) 0 – i
a + b – 2a + 1 a + b2 – 2a + 1
BDwbU `yB c„ôv 59
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
3
3. (iv) 2, (v) –
6 4
– 3 1
4. (i) 2, ; (ii) 2, ; (iii) 2, –
; (iv) , –
4 6 4 2 3
cos sin
5. (i) 2 (cos/3 + isin/3) (ii) 2 + (iii) 2(cos/4 + isin/4)
6 6
(iv) 2 2 (cos3/4 + isin3/4)
1 1 1
6. (i) ( (3 + i) (ii) ( { x2 + 2 – 1}1/2 (iii) ( 1 + x+ i 1 – x)2
2 2 2
1
(iv) (1– 3– 1) (v) (3 + 4i) (vi) {(x + 1) + (x – 1i};
2
1 1
(vii) (1 + 3) (viii) (2 + 3i) (ix) { x + 1 + i x – 1};
2 2
7. (i) 1/2(1 + –3), 1/2 (1 – –3) (ii) – i, 1/2 (i 3), 1/2 (– 1 3), (iii) 2
3
(iv) 2i, 3i (v) 2i, 3 i (vi) 6 (1 i); (vii) (1 i) 4/5; (ix) i, –i, 1, –1;
2
2 2 2
11. (i) (a – b) (a – b ) (ii) (a + b + c ) (a + b + c); (iii) (x – 1) (x – ) (x – 2);
2 2
13. (i) (1 – xy – yz – zx) + (x + y + z – xyz) ;
(ii) {(ac – bd)x – (ad + bc)y}2 + {(ac – bd)y + (ad + bc)x}2;
a
20 (i)x = 5/13, y = 14/13 (ii) x = 2, y = 3 ev,x = – 2, y = 1/3; (iii) x = 3; y = – 1;
23 (i) x = 1, y = – 4 ev,x = – 1, y = – 4;
l
(ii) 3/34 – i29/34
ha
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
s
th
1.L 2.K M M N N L
2 29 29 2
Pa
5 5
8. (K) 29 (L) 29 cos tan 1 i sin tan 1 (M) i
2 2 2 2
AA
a 3 4i 1
9. (K) 10. (K) 1 i
2
a 2 b 2 , tan 1 11. (L) 12. (L)
b 25 2
RwUj msL¨v c„ôv 60
eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY
(Polynomials and Polynomial Equations) 3
f‚wgKv
eûc`x GK ai‡bi exRMvwYwZK ivwk| exRMvwYwZK ivwk‡Z GK ev GKvwaK c` _vK‡Z cv‡i| eûc`xi wewfbœ
c`¸‡jv GK ev GKvwaK Pj‡Ki ïaygvÎ abvZ¥K c~Y©msL¨K NvZ I aªæe‡Ki ¸Ydj Øviv MwVZ| GB BDwb‡U eûc`x
I eûc`x mgxKiY m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
BDwb‡Ui D‡Ïk¨
GB BDwbU †k‡l Avcwb -
eûc`x Kx Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z I Zvi NvZ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
Drcv`‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi mvaviY mgvavb wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
l a
wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~j-mnM m¤úK© wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
ha
c„_vqK Kx e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~‡ji cÖK…wZ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
s
th
g~j †`Iqv _vK‡j wØNvZ mgxKiY MVb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
wØNvZ I wÎNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~‡ji cÖwZmg ivwki gvb wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
Pa
wÎNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~‡ji mv‡_ mn‡Mi m¤úK© wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
AA
†jLwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ mgxKi‡Yi mgvav‡bi Avmbœgvb wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡ev©”P mgq 25 w`b
GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV 3.1: eûc`x I Zvi NvZ
cvV 3.2:eûc`x mgxKiY
cvV 3.3:Drcv`‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb
cvV 3.4:wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~j I mn‡Mi g‡a¨ m¤úK©
cvV 3.5:wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~‡ji cÖK…wZ
cvV 3.6:wØNvZ mgxKiY MVb
cvV 3.7:wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi mvaviY g~‡ji kZ©
cvV 3.8:wÎNvZ mgxKiY
cvV 3.9:wewea mgm¨v I mgvavb
cvV 3.10:e¨envwiK
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
cvV 3.1 eûc`x I Zvi NvZ
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
exRMvwYwZK ivwk I eûc`x Kx ej‡Z cvi‡eb,
eûc`xi NvZ Kx ej‡Z cvi‡eb,
exRMvwYwZK ivwk I eûc`xi g‡a¨ m¤úK© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
GK PjK I `yB PjK wewkó eûc`x Kx Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã exRMvwYwZK ivwk, eûc`x, NvZ
g~jcvV-
cÖv_wgK Av‡jvPbv: MvwYwZK cÖwµqvq †hmKj ivwki gvb cwieZ©bkxj Zv‡K Pjivwk(variable) Ges †hmKj ivwki
gvb cwieZ©bkxj bq Zv‡K aªæeK (constant) ivwk e‡j| mvaviYZ Pjivwk‡K x, y, z,... Øviv Ges aªæe ivwk‡K a, b,
a
c,... Øviv m~wPZ Kiv nq| GK ev GKvwaK msL¨v I msL¨v wb‡`©kK cÖZxK‡K +, –, , NvZ ev g~j wP‡ýi †h †Kvb
l
GKwU ev GKvwa‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ A_©enfv‡e mshy³ Ki‡j †h bZyb msL¨v wb‡`©kK cÖZx‡Ki m„wó nq, Zv‡K exRMvwYwZK
ha
ivwkgvjv ev ms‡¶‡c ivwkgvjv ejv nq| GLv‡b msL¨v ej‡Z ev¯Íe msL¨v‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
s
3 x–3 1
th
†hgb- 5x + 3, 2x4 + 3x3 + 4x – 7, x3 + 7 , x2 – 2x + 5 , 1 + 1
BZ¨vw`| GLv‡bx n‡jv PjK|
1+
Pa
x
eûc`x: eûc`x we‡kl ai‡bi exRMvwYwZK ivwk| exRMvwYwZK ivwk‡Z GK ev GKvwaK c` _v‡K Ges c`¸‡jv GK
AA
ev GKvwaK Pj‡Ki ïaygvÎ abvZ¥K c~Y©mvswL¨K NvZ I aªæe‡Ki ¸Ydj nq| †hgb, x – 2, 3x2 – 4x + 5, x2 – 3xy +
5y2, x3 – 2x2y + 3xy2 + 4y3 BZ¨vw` cÖ‡Z¨‡KB eûc`x| GLv‡b x I y nj PjK| eûc`x‡Z PjK Øviv fvM Kiv hvq
2 x2 – 5x + 2
bv| †hgb, 3x – x + 3, x+2
, x2 – 3x + 2 BZ¨vw` eûc`x bq, wKš‘ exRMvwYwZK ivwk|
GK Pj‡Ki eûc`x: GK PjK wewkó eûc`x‡K GK Pj‡Ki eûc`x ejv nq| PjKwU hw` x nq Z‡e Zv‡K f(x),
g(x), h(x) BZ¨vw` Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| †hgb f(x)=a0x+a1, g(x) = a0x2 + a1x + a2
h(x) = a0xn +a1xn – 1 + a1xn–2 + ...... + an–1x+ an ivwk¸‡jv GKwU gvÎ PjK x-Gi eûc`x| GLv‡b a0, a1, a2
.............an–1, an BZ¨vw` aªæeK Ges G‡`i‡K eûc`xi mnM ejv nq|
`yB Pj‡Ki eûc`x:`yB PjK wewkó eûc`x‡K `yB Pj‡Ki eûc`x ejv nq| PjKØq hw` x I y nq Z‡e
eûc`x‡Kf(x, y), g(x, y), h(x, y) BZ¨vw` Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
†hgb f(x, y) = ax + by + c
g(x, y) = x2 + y2 +a2
h(x, y) = ax3 + bx2y + cxy2 + dy3
BZ¨vw` `yB Pj‡Ki eûc`x| GLv‡b a, b, c, d msL¨v¸‡jv aªæeK Ges eûc`xi mnM| aaªæeK n‡j Ges mI n
AFYvZ¥K c~Y© msL¨v n‡j, axmyn AvK…wZi GK ev GKvwaK c‡`i †hvMdj‡K`yB Pj‡Ki eûc`x ejv nq|
eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY c„ôv 62
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
eûc`xi NvZ:
(i)GK PjK wewkóeûc`xi NvZ:eûc`x‡Z PjK x-Gi NvZ n Gi gvb k~Y¨ ev abvZ¥K c~Y© msL¨v| n Gi gvb k~b¨
n‡j eûc`xi AvKvi a0x0, Zv‡K mvaviYZ a0 †jLv nq Ges aªæe eûc`x ejv nq| c~Y©Zvi LvwZ‡i k~b¨ eûc`xi
AeZviYvi cÖ‡qvRb nq| k~b¨ eûc`xi mKj mnM k~b¨| k~b¨ eûc`xi NvZ AmsÁvwqZ| eûc`xi c`mg~‡ni g‡a¨
we`¨gvb x-Gi m‡e©v”P NvZ‡K eûc`xi NvZ ev gvÎv ejv nq| a0 0 n‡j f(x) = a0 Gi NvZ k~b¨, g(x) = a0x + a1
Gi NvZ GK Gesh(x) = a0xn + a1xn – 1 + ............ + an – 1 + an Gi NvZn|
(ii) `yB PjK wewkó eûc`xi NvZ:axmyn †Kvb eûc`xi GKwU c` n‡j (m + n) n‡jv H c‡`i NvZ| A_©vr x Ges y
Gi NvZ Gi †hvMdjB n‡jv NvZ|`yB PjK wewkó eûc`xi c`¸‡jvi g‡a¨ D”PZg NvZ‡K eûc`xi NvZ ejv nq|
†hgb- f(x, y) = ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2y + ceûc`xiNvZ2,g(x, y) = ax3 + bx2y + cxy2+ dy3eûc`xi NvZ3|
GKBfv‡e Pvi ev †h †Kvb msL¨K PjK mgwš^Z eûc`xi msÁv †`qv hvq Ges Zv‡`i NvZ wbY©q Kiv hvq|
mvims‡ÿc-
MvwYwZK cÖwµqvq †hmKj ivwki gvb cwieZ©bkxj Zv‡K Pjivwk(variable) Ges †hmKj ivwki gvb
cwieZ©bkxj bq Zv‡K aªæeK ivwk(constant)e‡j|
eûc`x we‡kl ai‡bi exRMvwYwZK ivwk| exRMvwYwZK ivwk‡Z GK ev GKvwaK c` _v‡K Ges c`¸‡jv
GK ev GKvwaK Pj‡Ki ïaygvÎ abvZ¥K c~Y©mvswL¨K NvZ I aªæe‡Ki ¸Ydj nq| †hgb, x – 2, 3x2 – 4x +
5, x2 – 3xy + 5y2, x3 – 2x2y + 3xy2 + 4y3BZ¨vw` cÖ‡Z¨‡KB eûc`x| GLv‡b xI ynj PjK|
l a
GK PjK wewkó eûc`x‡K GK Pj‡Ki eûc`x ejv nq, `yB PjK wewkó eûc`x‡K `yB Pj‡Ki eûc`x ejv
ha
nq|
eûc`xi c`mg~‡ni g‡a¨ we`¨gvb Pj‡Ki m‡e©v”P NvZ‡K eûc`xi NvZ ev gvÎv ejv nq|
s
th
Pa
AA
cvV 3.2 eûc`x mgxKiY
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
eûc`x mgxKiY Kx ej‡Z cvi‡eb,
eûc`x mgxKi‡Yi NvZ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
eûc`x mgxKi‡Yi g~‡ji eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã eûc`x mgxKiY, NvZ, g~j
g~jcvV-
eûc`x mgxKiY: g‡b Kiæb,f(x) = a0xn + a1xn – 1 + a2xn – 2 + ..... + an – 1x + an GKwU GK Pj‡Ki eûc`x, †hLv‡b
a0, a1, a2,... ,anaªæeK Ges a0 0| hw` f(x) = 0 mgxKi‡Yi NvZ n 1 nq Z‡e H mgxKiY‡K eûc`x mgxKiY ejv
BDwbU wZb c„ôv 63
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
nq| GLv‡b, f(x) = 0 mgxKi‡Y x Gi m‡e©v”P NvZ n, myZivs eûc`x mgxKiYwUi NvZ n| GLv‡b a0 †K gyL¨ mnM
ejv nq|
D`vniY:x2 – 5x + 6 = 0 GKwU eûc`x mgxKiY|
GLv‡b, x Gi m‡e©v”P NvZ 2| myZivs eûc`x mgxKi‡Yi NvZ 2 Ges gyL¨ mnM nj 1|
fvM‡kl Dccv`¨(Remainder Theorem): x Gi GKwU eûc`x f(x) †K x – aØviv fvM Ki‡j fvM‡kl = f(a)
cÖgvY: †h‡nZz, fvRK x – aGi NvZ 1 †m‡nZz fvM‡k‡li NvZ k~b¨ n‡e A_©vr fvM‡kl aªæe ivwk n‡e|
myZivs aiæbf(x) †K x – aØviv fvM Ki‡j fvMdj = Q(x) Ges fvM‡kl = Rnq|
AZGe f(x) = (xa). Q(x) + R ... (i); †h‡nZz fvR¨ = fvRK fvMdj + fvM‡kl|
xGi ¯’‡j a emv‡j cvB, f(a) = (a – a). Q(x) + R = R; myZivs fvM‡kl R = f(a)
Drcv`K Dccv`¨ (Factor Theorem): hw` a eûc`x mgxKiY f(x) = 0 Gi GKwU g~j nq Z‡e (x – a),
mgxKiYf(x) = 0 Gi GKwU Drcv`K n‡e|
cÖgvY: †h‡nZza eûc`x mgxKiY f(x) = 0Gi GKwU g~j, myZivs x = a mgxKiYwU‡K wm× K‡i|
AZGe f(a) = 0 n‡e|fvM‡kl Dccv`¨ n‡Z cvB,f(x) = (x – a) Q (x) + f(a)
f(x) = (x – a) Q(x) †h‡nZz f(a) = 0
AZGe f(x) eûc`xwU (x – a) Øviv wefvR¨|
myZivs (x – a) eûc`x f(x) Gi GKwU Drcv`K| (cÖgvwYZ)
Dccv`¨:nNvZ wewkó eûc`x mgxKi‡Yi m‡e©v”PnmsL¨K g~jAv‡Q| l a
ha
cÖgvY: aiæb, f(x) P0xn + P1xn1 + P2xn2 + ....... + Pn1x + Pn = 0, (P0 0)
GLb, exRMwY‡Zi g~j Dccv`¨ Abymv‡i Avgiv Rvwb, cÖ‡Z¨K mgxKi‡Yi Kgc‡¶ GKwU ev¯Íe ev KvíwbK g~j
s
i‡q‡Q|myZivs, f(x) = 0 mgxKi‡Yi GKwU g~j a1n‡j fvM‡kl Dccv`¨ Abymv‡i f(x) eûc`xwU x – a1Øviv wbt‡k‡l
th
wefvR¨ n‡e Ges fvM‡klxGi n–1 NvZ wewkó eûc`x n‡e, hv aiæbf1(x);myZivsf(x) = (x – a1) f1(x)
Pa
Avevi f1 (x) = 0 mgxKi‡Yi GKwU g~j a2n‡j fvM‡kl Dccv`¨ Abymv‡i f1(x) eûc`wU x – a2Øviv wbt‡k‡l wefvR¨
n‡e Ges fvM‡kl x Gi n – 2 NvZ wewkó eûc`x n‡e hv aiæbf2(x); myZivs f1(x) = (x – a2). f2(x)
AA
AZGe f(x) = (x – a1). (x – a2). f2(x).
Abyiƒcfv‡e, f2(x) = 0 mgxKi‡Yi GKwU g~j a3n‡j †m‡¶‡Î f(x) = (x – a1) (x – a2) (x – a3) f4 (x)Ges Gfv‡e a4,
a5.....ann‡j f(x) Gi (x–a1), (x – a2), (x – a3), ............. (x – an), n msL¨K Drcv`K cvIqv hv‡e|
A_©vr f(x) = P0 (x – a1) (x – a2) (x – a3) ............. (x – an) Gesf(x) G xGi ¯’‡j a1, a2, a3,......... , anemv‡jf(x) =
0 n‡e|
myZivs f(x) = 0 mgxKi‡Yi n msL¨K g~j we`¨gvb| Avevi H n msL¨K g~j e¨wZZ f(x) = 0 mgxKiYwU MwVZ nq
bv| ZvB Giƒc wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv hvq †h, n Nv‡Zi (n 1) eûc`xivwk f(x) (hvi mnM ev¯Íe ev RwUj) Gi Abyiƒc
mgxKiY f(x) = 0 †Kej gvÎ n msL¨K g~j i‡q‡Q|
Dccv`¨: g~j` mnM wewkó eûc`x mgxKi‡Yi Ag~j` g~j¸‡jv AbyeÜx AvKv‡i †Rvovq _v‡K|
cÖgvY: g‡b Kiæb, f (x) = 0GKwU eûc`x mgxKiY hvi GKwU g~j a + b, cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h, f(x) = 0 Gi Aci
GKwU g~j a – b| myZivs G g~j؇qi Rb¨ f(x) Gi `yBwU Drcv`K n‡jv (x – a – b) Ges (x – a + b)|
GLb (x – a – b) (x – a + b) = (x – a)2 + b
aiæb,f (x) = Q{(x – a)2 + b2} + Rx + R; GLv‡b Q = fvMdj Ges Rx + R'= fvM‡kl|
GLb A‡f`wU‡Z x = a + bemv‡j f (x) = 0 Ges (x – a)2 + b = 0;
AZGe R(a + b) + R = 0| myZivs Ra + R + R b = 0
AZGe, Ra+R=0 GesR= 0 ( g~j` I Ag~j` As‡ki mgwó k~b¨ n‡j DfqB c„_K fv‡e k~b¨ nq)|
eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY c„ôv 64
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
†h‡nZz R = 0 R = 0 myZivs f (x) = 0 eûc`x mgxKiYwU (x – a – b) ev, (x – a)2 + b Øviv wbt‡k‡l wefvR¨|
AZGe f (x) = 0 Gi GKwU g~j a + b n‡j Aci GKwU g~j a – b n‡e|
A_©vr g~j` mnM wewkó eûc`x mgxKi‡Yi Ag~j` g~j¸‡jv AbyeÜx AvKv‡i †Rvovq _v‡K|
gšÍe¨:g~j` mnM wewkó wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi GKwU g~j a + b (Ag~j`) n‡j Acig~jwU AbyeÜx a – b (Ag~j`)
n‡e|
Dccv`¨: ev¯Íe mnM wewkó †Kv‡bv eûc`x mgxKi‡Yi RwUj g~j¸‡jv AbyeÜx AvKv‡i †Rvovq _v‡K|
cÖgvY: g‡b Kiæb,(x) = 0 GKwU ev¯Íe mnMwewkó eûc`x mgxKiY Ges x = a + ib Gi GKwU g~j,
†hLv‡b a, bGes i = – 1. myZivs, (a + ib) = 0 ----------- (i)
Avevi, †h‡nZz eûc`x (x) Gi mnM¸‡jv ev¯Íe|
AZGe (a + ib) = A + iB ..... (ii) Ges (a – ib) = A – iB ....(iii) †hLv‡b A, B Ges i = – 1
GLb (i) Ges (ii) bs n‡Z cvB, 0 = A+ iBev, A = 0, B = 0 [A + iB = 0A = 0 , B = 0]
GLb (iii) bs GA = 0 IB = 0 emv‡j cvB (a – ib) = 0
myZivs cÖ`Ë f(x)=0 mgxKi‡Yi GKwU g~j a + ib n‡j mgxKiYwUi Aci GKwU g~j a – ib| Avevi wecixZµ‡g
GKwU g~j a – ib n‡j mgxKiYwU Aci GKwU g~j a + ib| AZGe ev¯Íe mnMwewkó GKwU eûc`x mgxKi‡Yi
KvíwbK ev RwUj msL¨vi g~j¸‡jv me©`v AbyeÜx hyM‡j _v‡K|
gšÍe¨ :ev¯Íe mnM wewkó †Kv‡bv wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi GKwU g~j RwUj ev KvíwbK n‡j Aci g~jwU AbyeÜx AvKv‡i
RwUj ev KvíwbK nq|
l a
ha
mvims‡ÿc-
s
f(x) = a0xn + a1xn – 1 + a2xn – 2 + ..... + an – 1x + anGKwU GK Pj‡Ki eûc`x, †hLv‡b a0, a1, a2,...
th
,anaªæeK Ges a0 0| hw` f(x) = 0mgxKi‡Yi NvZ n 1nq Z‡e H mgxKiY‡K eûc`x mgxKiY ejv nq|
Pa
GLv‡b, f(x) = 0mgxKi‡Y xGi m‡e©v”P NvZ n myZivs eûc`x mgxKiYwUi NvZ n| GLv‡b a0 †K gyL¨ mnM
ejv nq|
AA
nNvZ wewkó eûc`x mgxKi‡Yi m‡e©v”Pn msL¨K g~j Av‡Q|
cvV 3.3 Drcv`‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
wØNvZ mgxKiY‡K Drcv`‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
wØNvZ mgxKiY‡K m~Î e¨envi K‡i mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã wØNvZ mgxKiY, Drcv`K
BDwbU wZb c„ôv 65
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
g~jcvV-
wØNvZ mgxKiY(Quadratic Equations): †h mgxKi‡Y AÁvZ ivwk (x) Gi m‡e©v”P NvZ `yB Zv‡K wØNvZ mgxKiY
ejv nq| ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a ≠ 0) †K GKwU mvaviY Av`k© wØNvZ mgxKiY aiv nq|
cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h, wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi `yBwUi †ewk g~j _vK‡Z cv‡i bv|
cÖgvY: g‡b Kiæb, ax2 + bx + c = 0 mgxKiYwUi wZbwU wfbœ wfbœ g~j , , we`¨gvb| myZivs , , Øviv
mgxKiYwU wm× n‡e| AZGe, a2 + b + c = 0 -------- (i) a2 + b + c = 0 ------- (ii) a2 + b + c = 0 --
---- (iii)
(i) †_‡K (ii) we‡qvM K‡i cvB, a(2 – 2) + b( – ) = 0
( – ) {a( + ) + b} = 0 a( + ) + b = 0 †Kbbv – 0 ---------- (iv)
Abyiƒcfv‡e, (ii) †_‡K (iii) we‡qvM K‡i cvB, a( + ) + b = 0 †Kbbv – 0 ----------- (v)
(iv) †_‡K (v) we‡qvM K‡i cvB, a( – ) = 0 ------------ (vi)
†h‡nZz a 0 myZivs (vi) †_‡K cvB – = 0 A_©vr = , hv Avgv‡`i Kíbv weiæ×|
AZGe, ejv hvq †h wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi `yBwUi †ewk g~j _vK‡Z cv‡i bv|
Drcv`‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb:ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a ≠ 0) Pj‡Ki Av`k© wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi
Drcv`‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ mgvavb c~e©eZ©x †kªwY mg~‡n Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q| ZeyI GKwU D`vni‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ wØNvZ
a
mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb †`Lv‡bv n‡jv| l
ha
D`vniY 1:x2 – 5x + 6 = 0 †K Drcv`‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ mgvavb Kiæb|
mgvavb:x2 – 5x + 6 = 0ev,x2 – 3x – 2x + 6 = 0
s
th
ev,x (x – 3) – 2 (x – 3) = 0
ev, (x – 2) (x – 3) = 0
Pa
ev, x – 2 = 0 A_ev x – 3 = 0
AA
x = 2 x = 3
myZivs wb‡Y©q mgvavb :x = 2, 3
m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb
ax2 + bx + c = 0 ; (a ≠ 0) GKwU mvaviY wØNvZ mgxKiY|
GLb mgxKiYwUi Dfq c¶‡K 4aØviv ¸Y K‡i cvB,
4a2x2 + 4abx + 4ac = 0; ev, 4a2x2 + 4abx + b2 + 4ac = b2 ev, (2ax + b)2 = b2 – 4ac
– b ± b2 – 4ac
2ax + b = ± b2 – 4ac (Dfq c¶‡K eM©g~j K‡i) A_©vr x = 2a
G c×wZwU fviZxq weL¨vZ MwYZwe` kªxai AvPvh© c×wZ e‡j cwiwPZ|
gšÍe¨ :(i) a, b, cRwUj msL¨v n‡jI g~j wbY©‡qi m~ÎwU cÖ‡hvR¨|
(ii) wØNvZ mgxKi‡Y †Kej gvÎ `yBwU g~j _v‡K|
D`vniY 2: 2x2 + 9x – 3 = 0mgxKiYwUmgvavb Kiæb|
mgvavb:2x2 + 9x – 3 = 0 mgxKiY‡K ax2+bx + c = 0 (a 0)Gi mv‡_ Zzjbv Ki‡j cvB, a = 2, b = 9, c = – 3
– 9 (9)2 – 4.2. (– 3) – 9 81 + 24 – 9 105
x = = =
2.2 4 4
– 9 + 105 – 9 – 105
wb‡Y©q mgvavb x = ,
4 4
eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY c„ôv 66
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
D`vniY 3: 3x2 + 5x – 9 = 0 mgxKiYwU mgvavb Kiæb|
mgvavb:3x2 + 5x – 9 = 0 mgxKiY‡K ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a 0)Gi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i cvB,a = 3, b = 5, c = –9
– 5 52 – 4.3 (– 9) – 5 25 + 108 – 5 133
x = = =
2.3 6 6
– 5 + 133 – 5 – 133
wb‡Y©q mgvavb x = ,
6 6
mvims‡ÿc-
†h mgxKi‡Y AÁvZ ivwk (x) Gi m‡e©v”P NvZ `yB Zv‡K wØNvZ mgxKiY ejv nq| ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a ≠
0)†K GKwU mvaviY Av`k© wØNvZ mgxKiY aiv nq|
ax2 + bx + c = 0, (a 0) mgxKiYwUi `yBwUi †ewk g~j _vK‡Z cv‡i bv|
cvV 3.4 wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~j I mn‡Mi g‡a¨ m¤úK© a
l
s ha
th
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
Pa
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
g~j mn‡Mi g‡a¨ m¤úK© wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
AA
g~j I mn‡Mi ga¨Kvi m¤úK© cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~‡ji cÖwZmg ivwki gvb wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã g~j, mnM, m¤úK©
g~jcvV-
g‡b Kiæb, ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a 0) wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq Ges |
GLb, ax2 + bx + c = 0, (a 0)
b c
ev, x2 + a x + a = 0 (a Øviv fvM K‡i)
†h‡nZz I mgxKi‡Yi g~j, myZivs
b c
(x – ) Ges (x – ) n‡jv x2 + x + = 0 Gi Drcv`K
a a
b c
AZGe, x2 + a x + a = (x – ) (x – )
b c
ev, x2+a x+a =x2–(+)x + ------------------ (1)
BDwbU wZb c„ôv 67
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
Dfq c¶ †_‡K mnM mgxK…Z K‡i cvB,
b c
= – ( + ) Ges =
a a
–b c
A_©vr + = a , = a
–b xGi mnM
g~j؇qi mgwó = + = a = – 2 =,
x Gi mnM
c aªæeK c`
g~j؇qi ¸Ydj = = a =
x2Gi mnM
Abyiƒcfv‡e, Avgiv wÎNvwZK, PZz_© NvwZK †_‡K n NvwZK mgxKi‡Yi g~j I mn‡Mi g‡a¨ m¤úK© wbY©q Ki‡Z
cvwi|
g‡b Kiæb, ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 (a 0)eûc`x mgxKi‡Yi g~jÎq , , |
b c d
ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 (a 0)ev, x3 + x2 + x + = 0
a a a
b c d
, , mgxKi‡Yi g~j nIqvq,(x – ), (x – ) Ges (x – ) eûc`x x3 + x2 + x + Gi wZbwU Drcv`K|
a a a
b c d
myZivs x3 + a x2 + a x + a = (x – ) (x – ) (x – )
b c d
a
ev, x3 + a x2 + a x + a = x3 – ( + + )x2 + ( + + )x – ---------------- (2)
Dfq c¶ †_‡K mnM mgxK…Z K‡i cvB,
l
ha
b c d
= – ( + + ), = + + = –
s
a a a
th
–b c d
ev, + + = a ev, + + = a ev, = (–1)3a
Pa
ev, g~j¸‡jvi †hvMdj ev, cÖwZevi `yBwU g~j wb‡q†hvMdj ev,g~j¸‡jvi ¸Ydj
AA
–b c aªæeK c`
= + + == = = (– 1)2 = (– 1)3 3
a a x Gi mnM
x2Gi mnM
1
xGi mnM
= (– 1) 3 = (– 1)2 3
x Gi mnM x Gi mnM
Abyiƒcfv‡e †`Lv‡bv hvq †h,
a0xn+a1xn – 1+a2xn – 2 + ......... + an = 0 (a0 0) eûc`x mgxKi‡Yi g~j¸‡jv 1, 2, 3,..., nn‡j
a a
g~j¸‡jvi †hvMdj = 1+2+3+...+n = 1 = (– 1)1a1 = – a1
0 0
a a
cÖwZevi `ywU K‡i g~j wb‡q g~j¸‡jvi mgwó=12 + 23 + 34 + .......+ n1 = 12 = (– 1)2a2 = a2
0 0
a a
cÖwZevi wZbwU K‡i g~j wb‡q g~j¸‡jvi mgwó=123 + 234 + ....... + n12 = 123 = (– 1)3a3 = a3
0 0
a
me¸‡jv g~‡ji ¸Ydj = 123 …n = 1n an
0
D`vniY 1: 3x2 – 7x + 11 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq , n‡j + Ges wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: cÖ`Ë mgxKiY 3x2 – 7x + 11 = 0
xGi mnM –7 7
g~j؇qi †hvMdj = + = – 2 =– =
x Gi mnM 3 3
eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY c„ôv 68
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
aªæeK c` 11
g~j؇qi ¸Ydj = = = 3
x2 Gi mnM
D`vniY 2:x4 + 3x3 + 6x2 + 10x + 13 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j¸‡jv , , , n‡j ¸, Ges Gi
gvb wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: cÖ`Ë mgxKiYx4 + 3x3 + 6x2 + 10x + 13 = 0
3
g~j¸‡jvi †hvMdj = + + + = = (– 1)11 = – 3
6
cÖwZevi `ywU K‡i g~j wb‡q g~j¸‡jvi mgwó = ++++ + = = (– 1)21 = 6
10
cÖwZevi wZbwU K‡i g~j wb‡q g~j¸‡jvi mgwó + + + = (– 1)3 1 = – 10
13
g~j¸‡jvi ¸Ydj = (– 1)4 1 = 13
wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~‡ji cÖwZmg ivwki gvb
†Kv‡bv wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yig~jØq ¸ n‡j Ges mgwš^Z ivwkgvjvq Gi cwie‡Z© Ges Gi cwie‡Z©
emv‡j hw` ivwkgvjvwUi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b bv nq Z‡e ivwkgvjvwU‡K g~‡ji cÖwZmg ivwk ejv nq| Gi~c cÖwZmg
ivwki gvb wbY©‡qi Rb¨ dvskbwU g~j؇qi †hvMdj Ges ¸Yd‡ji gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv nq|
†Kvb wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq , n‡j
(i) = + l a
(ii) 2 = 2 + 2 (iii) 2 = 2 + 2 , (iv) 3 = 3 + 3 BZ¨vw`|
ha
D`vniY 3:ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a 0) mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq , n‡j (i) 2, (ii) 3 Ges
s
(iii) (1 + +2) (1 + + 2) Gi gvb wbY©q Kiæb|
th
mgvavb:ax2 + bx + c = 0, mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq ¸
Pa
b c
+ = = – Ges =
a a
AA
c b bc
(i) 2 = 2 + 2 = ( + ) = . – = – 2
a a a
3
b c b
(ii) 3 = 3 + 3 = ( + )3 – 3 ( + )= – – 3. . –
a a a
b3 3bc 3abc – b3
=– 3 + 2 =
a a a3
(iii) (1 + + 2) (1 + + 2) = 1 + ( + ) + + (2 + 2) + 2 + 2 + 22
= 1 + ( + ) + + ( + )2 – 2 + ( + ) + 22
2
b c b c c – b c2
=1– + + – – 2. + . + 2
a a a a a a a
1 1
= 2 (a2 – ab + ac + b2 – 2ac – bc + c2) = 2 (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca)
a a
mvims‡ÿc-
–b xGi mnM
wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq Ges n‡j g~j؇qi mgwó = + = a = – x2Gi mnM = ,Ges g~j؇qi
c aªæeK c`
¸Ydj = = a =x2Gi mnM
BDwbU wZb c„ôv 69
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
cvV 3.5 wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~‡ji cÖK…wZ
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~‡ji cÖK…wZ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
mgxKiY mgvavb bv K‡iB mgxKi‡Yi g~j¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã g~‡ji cÖK…wZ, c„_vqK ev wbðvqK
g~jcvV-
c„_vqK ev wbðvqK(Discriminant):
ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a 0) AvKv‡ii wØNvZ g~jØq I n‡j mgvavb m~Î n‡Z Rvwb,
– b + b2 – 4ac – b – b2 – 4ac
=
2a
Ges=
2a
a
GLv‡b j¶¨bxq †h, b2 – 4ac ivwkwU Dfq mgvav‡bi eM©g~j wP‡ýi wfZ‡i Aew¯’Z| Dc‡iv³ mgvav‡b b2 – 4ac
l
ha
Gi gvb ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j Avgiv wØNvZ mgxKiYwUi g~‡ji cÖK…wZ Rvb‡Z cvwi| GRb¨ b2 – 4ac †K wØNvZ
mgxKiYwUi c„_vqK ev wbðvqK ev wbiƒcK ejv nq| G‡K D Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| A_©vr c„_vqK D = b2 – 4ac
s
th
wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yig~‡ji cÖK…wZ wbY©q (To determine the nature of the roots):
Pa
g~‡ji cÖK…wZ ej‡Z †Kv‡bv mgxKi‡Yi g~j¸‡jv abvZ¥K, FYvZ¥K, g~j`, Ag~j`, mgvb, Amgvb wKsev RwUj msL¨v
n‡e wKbv Zv wba©viY Kiv‡K eySvq| aiæb, ax2 + bx + c = 0 ; (a ≠ 0) GKwU wØNvZ mgxKiY hvi mnM¸‡jv ev¯Íe
AA
– b + b2 – 4ac – b – b2 – 4ac
msL¨v I g~j` Ges Gi g~jØq 2a
Ges 2a
GLb, hw` a, b, cGi gvb ev¯Íe I g~j` nq Z‡e mgxKiYwUi g~‡ji cÖK…wZ eM©g~j (root) wP‡ýi g‡a¨i ivwk b2 –
4acØviv wbYx©Z nq| b2 – 4acmgxKiYwUi g~‡ji cÖK…wZ wbiƒc‡Y mnvqZv K‡i| ZvB G‡K c„_vqK (Discriminant)
ev wbðvqK ejv nq Ges ms‡¶‡c DØviv m~wPZ Kiv nq| A_©vr c„_vqK, D = b2 – 4ac
(i) hw` b2 – 4ac> 0 A_©vr abvZ¥K nq Z‡e mgxKiYwUi g~jØq ev¯Íe I Amgvb n‡e|
(iihw`b2 – 4ac> 0 Ges c~Y©eM© nq Z‡e mgxKiYwUi g~jØq ev¯Íe, Amgvb I g~j` n‡e|
(iii) hw` b2 – 4ac = 0 nq Z‡e mgxKiYwUi g~jØq ev¯Íe, g~j` I mgvb n‡e|
(iv) hw` b2 – 4ac< 0 A_©vrFYvZ¥K nq Z‡e mgxKiYwUi g~jØq ci¯úi AbyeÜx RwUj msL¨v n‡e|
gšÍe¨: (i) a, b, cAg~j` n‡j D> 0 Ges c~Y© eM© n‡j I g~jØq Ag~j` nq|
(ii) mgxKiYwUi †h †Kv‡bv mnM RwUjivwk n‡j D> 0 n‡jI g~jØq RwUj ivwk nq|
–b
(iii) hw` D = 0 nq Z‡e g~jØq mgvb n‡e hvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU Gi mgvb n‡e|
2a
(iv) ev¯Íe I g~j` mnM wewkó †Kv‡bv mgxKi‡Yi RwUj msL¨v wewkó g~jØq ci¯úi AbyeÜx AvKv‡i _v‡K|
(v) †Kv‡bv mgxKi‡Yi GKwU g~j Ag~j` n‡j Aci GKwU g~j hyMj (Conjugate) iƒ‡c Ag~j` nq|
(vi) †Kv‡bv mgxKi‡Yi aªæeK c` ewR©Z n‡j mgxKiYwUi GKwU g~j me©`vqB k~b¨ nq|
eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY c„ôv 70
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
†jLwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~‡ji cÖK…wZ wbY©q:
– b + b2 – 4ac – b – b2 – 4ac
†Kv‡bv wØNvZ mgxKiY ax2 + bx + c = 0 Gi g~jØq 2a
Ges 2a
GLv‡b, c„_vqK = b2 – 4ac
(i) hLb b2 – 4ac 0, ZLb g~jØq ev¯Íe I Amgvb| ZLb y = ax2 + bx + c eµ‡iLvx- A¶‡K `yBwU ev¯Íe we›`y‡Z
2 2
– b – b – 4ac – b + b – 4ac
†Q` K‡i| †Q`we›`yØq h_vµ‡g 2a
, 0 Ges
2a
, 0
(ii) hLb b2 – 4ac = 0, ZLb g~jØq ev¯Íe I mgvb| ZLb y = ax2 + bx + c eµ‡iLvwUx-A¶‡K GKwU we›`y‡Z ¯úk©
–b
K‡i| ¯úk© we›`yi ¯’vbv¼ 2a , 0
(iii) hLb b2 – 4ac 0, ZLb g~jØq Aev¯Íe I Amgvb|ZLby = ax2 + bx + c eµ‡iLvwUx-A¶‡K †Q` ev ¯úk©
K‡i bv|
l a
s ha
th
Pa
AA
y = ax2 + bx + cAvKv‡ii mgxKiY me©`vB cive„Ë wb‡`©k K‡i|
D`vniY 1: 2x2 + 5x + 9 = 0 mgxKiYwUi c„_vqK wbY©q Kiæb Ges g~‡ji cÖK…wZ wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: †`Iqv Av‡Q, 2x2 + 5x + 9 = 0
c„_vqK D = (5)2 – 4.2.9= 25 – 72= – 47
†h‡nZz c„_vqK D< 0, myZivs g~~jØq ci¯úi AbyeÜx RwUj msL¨v n‡e|
D`vniY2:a Gi gvb KZ n‡j x2 – 6x – 1 + a(2x + 1) = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq mgvb n‡e?
mgvavb: †`Iqv Av‡Q,x2 – 6x – 1 + a (2x + 1) = 0
ev,x2 – 6x – 1 + 2ax + a = 0ev,x2 + (2a – 6)x + a – 1 = 0
cÖ`Ë mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq mgvb n‡j c„_vqK k~b¨ n‡e|
c„_vqK = (2a – 6)2 – 4.1. (a – 1) = 0ev,4a2 – 24a + 36 – 4a + 4 = 0
ev, 4a2 – 28a + 40 = 0ev,a2 – 7a + 10 = 0
BDwbU wZb c„ôv 71
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
ev, a2 – 5a – 2a + 10 = 0ev, a (a – 5) – 2 (a –5) = 0
ev, (a – 2) (a – 5) = 0
a = 2 A_ev a = 5
c
D`vniY 3: cÖgvY Kiæb †h, (a + b) x2 – (a + b + c)x + 2 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq me©`vB ev¯Íe n‡e|
c
mgvavb : †`Iqv Av‡Q,(a + b)x2 – (a + b + c) x + 2 = 0
c
cÖ`Ë mgxKi‡Yi c„_vqK = {– (a + b + c)}2 – 4 (a + b) 2
= a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca – 2ac – 2bc
= a2 + 2ab + b2 + c2= (a + b)2 + c2
a, b, c Gi ev¯Íe gv‡bi Rb¨ (a + b)2 + c2 me©`vB abvZ¥K ev k~b¨|
myZivs cÖ`Ë mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq me©`vB ev¯Íe|
D`vniY 4: wb¤œwjwLZ mgxKiY¸‡jvi g~‡ji cÖK…wZ wbY©q Kiæb|
2 2
(i) x + 3x + 5 = 0 (ii) 2x + 17 x– 4 = 0
2 2
mgvavb:(i) GLv‡b a=1, b=3 Ges c=5; myZivs c„_vqK, D=b –4ac=3 –4.1.5=–11,hv FYvZ¥K|
myZivs mgxKiYwUi g~jØq RwUj msL¨v I Amgvb n‡e|
2 2 2
(ii) GLv‡b c„_vqK, D = b – 4ac = ( 17 ) – 4.2. (– 4) = 49 = 7 GwU GKwU c~Y©eM©| wKšÍz mgxKiYwUimnM 2,
l a
17 , 4 meB g~j` msL¨v bq e‡j mgxKiYwUi g~jØq ev¯Íe Amgvb wKš‘ g~j` bv n‡q Ag~j` n‡e|
ha
– 17 ( 17)2 – 4 . 2 (– 4) – 17 17 + 32 7 – 17
hvPvB:x = = = , hv Ag~j` msL¨v
s
2.2 4 4
th
2 2 2
D`vniY 5: qx + px + q = 0 mgxKi‡Yi (p, qev¯Íe) GKwU g~j RwUj msL¨v n‡j †`Lvb †h, x – 4qx + p = 0
Pa
mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq ev¯Íe I Amgvb|
mgvavb:cÖ_g mgxKi‡Y GKwU g~j RwUj msL¨v nIqvq Ab¨ g~jwUI RwUj msL¨v n‡e| myZivs mgxKiYwUi `yBwU
AA
g~jB RwUj msL¨v nIqvi Rb¨ Gi c„_vqK =p2 – 4q2< 0 --------------- (i)
Avevi, x2 – 4qx + p2 = 0 mgxKiYwUi c„_vqK = 16q2 – 4p2 = – 4(p2 – 4q2), hv abvZ¥K †Kbbv p2 – 4q2< 0
myZivs wØZxq mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq ev¯Íe I Amgvb|
D`vniY 6:†`Lvb †h, a = bbv n‡j, 2x2 – 2(a + b)x + a2 + b2 = 0 mgxKiYwUi g~j¸‡jv ev¯Íe n‡Z cv‡i bv|
mgvavb: cÖ`Ë mgxKiY, 2x2 – 2(a + b)x + a2 + b2 = 0 Gi g~j¸‡jv ev¯Íe n‡e hw` c„_vq‡Ki gvb k~b¨ A_ev
abvZ¥K nq| c„_vqK = {– 2(a + b)}2 – 4.2 (a2 + b2) = 4 (a + b)2 – 8(a2 + b2)
= 4(a2 + 2ab + b2 – 2a2 –2b2) = 4(–a2 – b2 + 2ab) = – 4 (a – b)2, hv FYvZ¥K|
†h‡nZz c„_vq‡Ki gvb FYvZ¥K Kv‡RB cÖ`Ë mgxKi‡Yi g~j¸‡jv ev¯Íe n‡e hw` c„_vq‡Ki gvb k~b¨ nq|
A_©vr (a – b)2 = 0 a – b = 0 a = b nq|
myZivs a = b bv n‡j cÖ`Ë mgxKi‡Yi g~j¸‡jv ev¯Íe n‡Z cv‡i bv|
D`vniY 7: qx2 + 2px + 2q = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq ev¯Íe I Amgvb n‡j cÖgvY Kiæb †h,
(p + q) x2 + 2qx + (p – q) = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq RwUj|
mgvavb: cÖ_g mgxKiYwUi g~jØq ev¯Íe I Amgvb nevi kZ© n‡jv, (2p)2 – 4.q.2q 0
ev,p2 2q2 ....(1)
Avevi, wØZxq mgxKiYwUi wbðvqK = 4q2 – 4 (p + q) (p – q)= 4 q2 – 4 (p2 – q2)
= 8 q2 – 4 p2 = 4(2q2 – p2) 0 [(1) bs Øviv]
eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY c„ôv 72
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
myZivs wØZxq mgxKiYwUi g~jØq RwUj|
D`vniY8:27x2 + 6x + (p + 2) = 0 Gi GKwU g~j AciwUi eM© n‡j p Gi gvb wbY©q Ges mgxKiYwUi mgvavb
Kiæb|
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, cÖ`Ë mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq I 2
6 – (p + 2)
Zvn‡j, + 2 = – 27Ges.2 = 3 = 27
------------- (i)
–2
GLb, + 2 = 9 ev, 9 + 92 = –2 ev, 92 + 9 + 2 = 0
ev, 92 + 6 + 3 + 2 = 0 ev, 3(3 + 2) + 1(3 + 2) = 0 ev, (3 + 2)(3 + 1) = 0
2 1 4 1
= , – myZivs; 2 = ,
3 3 3 9
2 2 3 (p + 2) – 8 (p + 2)
GLb (i) bs G= – 3ewm‡q cvB,– 3 = – 27 ev, 27 = – 27 ev,p+2=8 ev, p = 6
1 1 3 (p + 2) 1 (p + 2)
Avevi, (i) bsG = – 3 ewm‡q cvB,– 3 = – 27 ev, – 27 = – 27 ev,p + 2 = 1 ev,p = – 1
p = 6, – 1
–2 4 –1 1
GLv‡b mgxKiYwU g~jØq 3 , 9A_ev 3 , 9
–2 1
gšÍe¨: = 3 Ges – 3 A_©vr mgxKiYwUi g~jØq‡K mgxKi‡Y ewm‡qI p Gi gvb wbY©q Kiv hvq|
l a
ha
mvims‡ÿc-
s
th
– b + b2 – 4ac – b – b2 – 4ac
ax + bx + c = 0 (a 0) AvKv‡ii wØNvZ g~jØq I n‡j =
2
, =
2a 2a
Pa
GLv‡b j¶¨bxq †h, b – 4ac ivwkwU Dfq mgvav‡bi eM©g~j wP‡ýi wfZ‡i Aew¯’Z| Dc‡iv³ mgvav‡bb2
2
AA
– 4ac Gi gvb ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j Avgiv wØNvZ mgxKiYwUi g~‡ji cÖK…wZ Rvb‡Z cvwi| GRb¨ b2 – 4ac †K
wØNvZ mgxKiYwUi c„_vqK ev wbðvqK ev wbiƒcK ejv nq| G‡K D Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| A_©vr c„_vqK D
= b2 – 4ac
hw` b2 – 4ac> 0 A_©vr abvZ¥K nq Z‡e mgxKiYwUi g~jØq ev¯Íe I Amgvb n‡e|
hw`b2 – 4ac> 0Ges c~Y©eM© nq Z‡e mgxKiYwUi g~jØq ev¯Íe, Amgvb I g~j` n‡e|
hw` b2 – 4ac = 0nq Z‡e mgxKiYwUi g~jØq ev¯Íe, g~j` I mgvb n‡e|
hw` b2 – 4ac< 0A_©vrFYvZ¥K nq Z‡e mgxKiYwUi g~jØq ci¯úi AbyeÜx RwUj msL¨v n‡e|
cvV 3.6 wØNvZ mgxKiY MVb
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
†Kvb wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~j †`qv _vK‡j mgxKiY MVb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
BDwbU wZb c„ôv 73
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
gyL¨ kã wØNvZ mgxKiY, m~Î
g~jcvV-
wØNvZ mgxKiY MV‡bi m~Î
g‡bKiæb †Kv‡bv wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq , myZivs Drcv`K Dccv`¨ Abyhvqx x – Ges x – DfqB wb‡Y©q
mgxKi‡Yi evgc‡¶i Drcv`K| †h‡nZz evgc¶ wØNvZ eûc`x myZivs evgc¶ = (x – ) (x – )
2
myZivs wb‡Y©q mgxKiY (x – ) (x – ) = 0 ev, x – ( + ) x + = 0
2
A_©vr,x – (g~j؇qi mgwó) x + g~j؇qi ¸Ydj =0
†hgb:3, 4 g~jwewkó mgxKiY :x2 – (3 + 4) x + 3.4 = 0 ev,x2 – 7x + 12 = 0|Avevix2 – 6x + 9 GKwU c~Y©eM© ivwk
hv (x – 3)2 Gi mgZ‚j¨| myZivs ivwkwU Øviv MwVZ wØNvZ mgxKiY x2 – 6x+9 = 0| hvi c„_vqK =(– 6)2 – 4.1.9 =
0| myZivs eM© ivwkwU Øviv MwVZ mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq mgvb|
mgm¨v I mgvavb: wb¤œwjwLZ D`vni‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi mgm¨v I mgvavb †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|
D`vniY1: hw` x2 – px + 9 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq I nq Z‡e 2 I2 g~j wewkó mgxKiYwU MVb Kiæb|
mgvavb: cÖ`Ë mgxKiY x2 – px + 9 = 0
mgxKiYwUi g~jØq I ;
a
–p
g~j؇qi †hvMdj, + = – =p l
1
ha
9
g~j؇qi ¸Ydj . = 1 = 9
s
GLb Avgv‡`i 2 I 2 g~j wewkó mgxKiY MVb Ki‡Z n‡e|
th
2I 2 g~j wewkó mgxKi‡Yi AvKvi n‡e
Pa
x2 – (g~j؇qi †hvMdj) x + g~j؇qi ¸Ydj = 0
ev, x2 – (2 + 2)x + 22 = 0
AA
ev, x2 – [( +)2 – 2]x + ()2 = 0
ev, x2 – (p2 – 18) x + 92 = 0 (gvb ewm‡q)
BnvB wb‡Y©q mgxKiY|
D`vniY 2:†Kv‡bv wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~j؇qi mgwó 2 Ges Zv‡`i Z…Zxq Nv‡Zi mgwó 27 n‡j mgxKiYwU wbY©q
Kiæb|
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb mgxKiYwUi g~jØq ,
†`Iqv Av‡Q, + = 2 Ges 3 + 3 = 27
19
GLb ( + )3 = 3 + 3 + 3( + ); myZivs 23 = 27 + 3..2 ev, = – 6
myZivs , g~jwewkó mgxKiY x2 – ( + ) x + = 0
ev, 6x2 – 12x – 19 = 0 B wb‡Y©q mgxKiY|
D`vniY 3: x2 – x – 1 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi GKwU g~j n‡j cÖgvY Kiæb †h, Dnvi Avi GKwU g~j 3 – 3 n‡e|
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, cÖ`Ë mgxKiYwUi GKwU g~j Ges Aci g~j | myZivs + = 1 ev, = – 1 ------- (i)
†h‡nZzcÖ`Ë mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq , ; myZivs , Øviv mgxKiYwU wm× n‡e|
A_©vr2 – – 1 = 0 ----------- (ii) Ges 2 – – 1 = 0 ev, 2 – 1 =
mgxKiY (ii) n‡Z cvB, 2 = + 1 ev, 3 = 2 + ;
eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY c„ôv 74
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
myZivs 3 – 3 = 2 + – 3
ev,3 – 3 = 2 – 2
ev,3 – 3 = 2 – 2 + 1 –1
ev,3 – 3 = ( – 1)2 –1 [(i) bs n‡Z ]
ev,3 – 3 = 2 –1 = [2 –1 = ]
myZivs mgxKiYwUi Aci g~j 3 – 3.
D`vniY 4: x2 – px + q = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq , n‡j Ggb GKwU mgxKiY MVb Kiæb hvi g~jØq ( – )2Ges
n‡e|
mgvavb:x2 – qx + q = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq , n‡j + = pGes = q
GLb wb‡Y©q mgxKi‡Yi g~j؇qi mgwó = ( – )2 + = ( + )2 – 4 + = p2 – 3q
Ges g~j؇qi ¸Ydj = ( – )2. = {( + )2 – 4} = (p2 – 4q)q
myZivs wb‡Y©q mgxKiY, x2 – (g~j؇qi mgwó) x + g~j؇qi †hvMdj = 0
x2 – (p2 – 3q) x + (p2 – 4q) q = 0 B wb‡Y©q mgxKiY|
D`vniY 5: x2 + px + q = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq , n‡j, pqx2 + (p2 + q)x + p = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: kZ©vbymv‡i cvB, + = – p------------- (i) = q--------------- (ii)
myZivs pqx2 + (p2 + q) x + p = 0 mgxKiY‡K wjL‡Z cvwi,
– ( + ) x2 + [ ( + )2 + ]x – ( + ) = 0
a
+ 1 1 l
A_ev, x2 – [ + + ]x + = 0
ha
+ 1
A_ev, (x – )(x – +) = 0
s
th
+ 1 1 1 1
myZivs, x = , +A_ev, x = + , +B wb‡Y©q g~j|
Pa
D`vniY 6:†h wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi cÖ‡Z¨KwU g~j 7x2 – 8x + 1 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi cÖ‡Z¨KwU g~j A‡c¶v 2 eo, †mB
AA
mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb|
8 1
mgvavb:aiæb, 7x2 – 8x + 1 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq , Zvn‡j + = 7Ges = 7
cÖkœvbymv‡i wb‡Y©q mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq, + 2, + 2
myZivs wb‡Y©q mgxKiY x2 – {(+ 2) + ( + 2)} x + ( + 2) (+2) = 0
ev, x2 – {+ + 4} x + + 2 (+) + 4 = 0
8 1 8
ev, x2 – 7 + 4 x + 7 + 2. 7 + 4 = 0
ev, 7x2 – 36x + 45 = 0, B wb‡Y©q mgxKiY|
weKí c×wZ:y = + 2 y = x + 2 [cÖ`Ë mgxKi‡Yi GKwU g~j] ev, x = y – 2;
GLbcÖ`Ë mgxKi‡Y x Gi ¯’‡j y – 2 emv‡j, 7 (y – 2)2 – 8 (y – 2) + 1= 0
ev,7y2 – 28y + 28 – 8y + 16 + 1 = 0
ev, 7y2 – 36y + 45 = 0
PjK cwieZ©b K‡i cvB, 7x2 – 36x + 45 = 0 -B wb‡Y©q mgxKiY|
mvims‡ÿc-
wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi `yBwU g~j †`Iqv _vK‡j mgxKiY MV‡bi m~Î n‡jv:
x2 –(g~j؇qi mgwó) x +g~j؇qi ¸Ydj = 0
BDwbU wZb c„ôv 75
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
cvV 3.7 wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi mvaviY g~‡ji kZ©
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
`yBwU wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi mvaviY g~j _vKvi kZ© wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
mvaviY g~‡ji kZ© cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã g~j, mvaviY g~j, kZ©
g~jcvV-
wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi mvaviY g~‡ji kZ©
a
aiæb, a1x2 + b1x + c1 = 0 ---------- (i) a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0 ----------- (ii)
l
mgxKiY؇qi GKwU mvaviY g~j Av‡Q Ges H g~jwU , myZivs Øviv mgxKiYØq wm× n‡e|
ha
a12 + b1 + c1 = 0 ------------ (iii) a22 + b2 + c2 = 0 ------------ (iv)
s
(iii) I (iv) †_‡K eRª¸Yb Øviv cvB,
th
2 1
= = ----------- (v)
Pa
b1c2 – b2c1 c1a2 – a1c2 a1b2 – b1a2
bc –bc ca –ac b c – b c c a – a c 2
AA
2 = a 1b2 – b2a1 , = a1b2 – b1a2 a 1b2 – b2a1 = a1b2 – b1a2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
wb‡Y©q kZ©,(b1c2 – b2c1) (a1b2 – b1a2) = (c1a2 – a1c2)2
b1c2 – b2c1 ca –ac
mvaviY g~jwU n‡e, c a – a c A_ev, a1b2 – b1a2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2 2
gšÍe¨:(i) a1x + b1x + c1 = 0 Ges a2x + b2x + c2 = 0 mgxKiY؇qi GKwU g~j n‡ja1x2 + b1x + c1Ges a2x +
b2x + c2ivwk؇qi GKwU mvaviY Drcv`K n‡e x – |
`yBwU wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi `yBwU g~jB mvaviY nIqvi kZ©
2 2
aiæb, a1x + b1x + c1 = 0 ------- (i) Ges a2x + b2x + c2= 0 ------- (ii) mgxKiY `yBwUi , g~j `yBwUB
mvaviY|
– b1 c1
(i) †_‡K + = ----------- (iii) Ges = ----------- (iv)
a1 a1
–b c
Avevi (ii) †_‡K, + = a 2----------- (v) Ges = a2 ------------ (vi)
2 2
– b1 – b2 a1 b1 c c a c
(iii) I (v) †_‡K
a1
=
a2
ev, a = b Ges (iv) I (vi) †_‡K a1 = a2 ev, a1 = c1
2 2 1 2 2 2
a1 b1 c1
wb‡Y©q kZ©:a = b = c
2 2 2
eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY c„ôv 76
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
2 2
D`vniY1:hw` x + px + q = 0 Ges x + qx + p = 0 mgxKiY؇qi GKwU mvaviY g~j _v‡K Z‡e†`Lvb †h, p =
qA_ev, p + q + 1 = 0
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, cÖ`Ë mgxKiY؇qi mvaviY g~jwU myZivs Øviv mgxKiYØq wm× n‡e|
2 2
AZGe, + p + q = 0 ------------ (i) Ges + q + p = 0 --------------- (ii)
(i) – (ii) (p – q) – (p – q) = 0 ev, (p – q)( – 1)= 0 p – q = 0 ev, – 1 = 0
myZivs nq p = qbv nq = 1; GLb = 1 n‡j (i) n‡Z cvB, p + q + 1 = 0
AZGe, p = q A_ev, p + q + 1 = 0 n‡j cÖ`Ë mgxKiY؇qi GKwU mvaviY g~j _v‡K|
D`vniY2:x2 + kx – 6k = 0 Ges x2 – 2x – k = 0 mgxKiY `ywUi GKwU mvaviY g~j _vK‡j k Gi gvb wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: cÖ`Ë mgxKiYØq
x2 + kx – 6k = 0 -------------- (1)
Ges x2 – 2x – k = 0 --------------- (2)
(1) Ges (2) mgxKi‡Yi mvaviY g~j n‡j,
2 + k – 6k = 0 ------------------ (3)
Ges 2 – 2 – k = 0 ------------------- (4)
(3) bs Ges (4) mgxKiY n‡Z eRª¸Yb K‡i cvB
2 1
2 = =
– k – 12k – 6k + k –2–k
2 1 1
a
ev, – k2 – 12k = – 2 – k Ges – 6k + k = – 2 – k
– (k2 + 12k)
l
ha
– 5k
ev, = – (2 + k) ev, = – (2 + k)
2
s
k (k + 12) 5k
2 =
th
-------------- (5) = --------------- (6)
2+k 2+k
(5) Ges (6) bs mgxKiY n‡Z cvB,
Pa
2 2
5k = k (k + 12) ev, 25k = k (k + 12)
AA
2 + k 2+k 2+k 1
ev,25k2 = k (k + 12) (k + 2)ev,25k2 – k (k2 + 2k + 12k + 24) = 0
ev,25k2 – k3 – 14k2 – 24k = 0ev,k3 – 11k2+ 24k = 0
ev,k (k2 – 11k – 24) = 0
ev,k (k – 3) (k – 8) = 0
k = 0, 3, 8
mvims‡ÿc-
2 2
a1x + b1x + c1 = 0 Gesa2x + b2x + c2 = 0 mgxKiY؇qi GKwU mvaviY g~j _vKvi kZ© n‡jv:
(b1c2 – b2c1) (a1b2 – b1a2) = (c1a2 – a1c2)2
2 2 b1c2 – b2c1
a1x + b1x + c1 = 0 Ges a2x + b2x + c2 = 0 mgxKiY؇qi mvaviY g~jwU n‡e, A_ev,
c1a2 – a1c2
c1a2 – a1c2
a1b2 – b1a2
2 2
a1x + b1x + c1 = 0 Gesa2x + b2x + c2 = 0 mgxKiY؇qi `yBwU g~jB mvaviY nIqvi kZ© n‡jv:
a1 b1 c1
= =
a2 b2 c2
BDwbU wZb c„ôv 77
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
cvV 3.8 wÎNvZ mgxKiY
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
wÎNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~j Ges mn‡Mi g‡a¨ m¤úK© wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
wÎNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~‡ji cÖwZmg ivwki gvb wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
cÖwZmg ivwki gvb cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã wÎNvZ mgxKiY, cÖwZmg ivwk
g~jcvV-
wÎNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~j Ges mn‡Mi g‡a¨ m¤úK©: GB BDwb‡Ui cvV 4-G wØNvZ, wÎNvZ Ges n NvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~j
Ges mn‡Mi g‡a¨ m¤úK© wbY©q Kiv n‡q‡Q|
wÎNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~‡ji cÖwZmg ivwki gvb:
l a
ha
g‡b Kiæb , , †Kv‡bv wÎNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~j, Zvn‡j , , m¤^wjZ †Kv‡bv ivwkgvjvi h_vµ‡g
s
(i) -†K w¯’i †i‡L -Gi cwie‡Z© Ges -Gi cwie‡Z©
th
(ii) -†K w¯’i †i‡L -Gi cwie‡Z© Ges -Gi cwie‡Z©
Pa
(iii) -†K w¯’i †i‡L -Gi cwie‡Z© Ges -Gi cwie‡Z© emv‡j hw` cÖwZ ev‡iB ivwkgvjvwUi gvb GKB _v‡K
Z‡e ivwkgvjvwU‡K g~‡ji cÖwZmg ivwk ejv nq| A_©vr + + , + + ¸ GB gvb ¸‡jvi †Kvb
AA
cwieZ©b nq bv|
, , †Kv‡bv wÎNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~j n‡j
(i) = + + (ii) = + +
(iii) 2 = 2 + 2 + 2 (iv) 2 = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2
(v) = + + = – (vi)2 = BZ¨vw`|
3 3 3 3 2 2
D`vniY 1: 3x3 – 2x2 + 1 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j¸‡jva, b, cn‡j ∑a2bGi gvb wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: GLv‡b3x3– 2x2 + 1 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j¸‡jva, b, c
2 1
a + b + c=∑a = 3, ab + bc + ca=∑ab = 0 Ges abc = – 3
∑a2b = a2b + b2c + c2a + b2a + c2b + a2c
= ab (a + b + c) + bc (a + b + c) + ca (a + b + c) – 3abc
2 –1
= (a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca) – 3abc = .0 – 3 . = 1
3 3
gšÍe¨:∑a2b2, ∑a4cÖ‡Z¨KwU cÖZxK Øviv wZbwU c‡`i mgwó eySv‡jI ∑a2bØviv QqwU c‡`i mgwó eySvq|†Kbbv a2b
+ b2c + c2acÖwZmg ivwk bq, GwU cÖwZmg ivwk n‡Z n‡j Gi m‡½ b2a + c2b + a2c†hvM Ki‡Z nq|
D`vniY 2: x3 + px2 + qx + r = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j¸‡jva, b, c n‡j wb‡Pi cÖwZmg dvskb¸‡jvi gvb wbY©q Kiæb|
eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY c„ôv 78
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
1
(i) (ii) a2(iii) a2b(iv) a3(v) a2b2(vi) a4
a
mgvavb:x +px2 +qx+ r = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j¸‡jva, b, ca = –p. ab = q,Gesabc = – r.
3
1 1 1 1 ab q q
(i) = + + = = =–
a a b c abc –r r
(ii) a2 = a2 + b2 + c2 = (a)2 –2 ab = p2 – 2q
(iii) a2b = a2b + b2c + c2a + b2a + c2b + a2c
= ab(a + b + c) + bc (a + b + c) + ca(a + b + c) – 3abc
= (a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca) – 3abc
= a. ab – 3abc = (– p) q – 3 (– r) = 3r – pq
(iv) a = a3 + b3 + c3 = a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc + 3abc = a(a2 – ab) + 3abc
3
= – p {(p2 – 2q) – q} – 3r [ (ii)G †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q, a2 = p2 – 2q]
= – p3 + 3pq – 3r
(v) a b = a2b2 + b2c2 + c2a2
2 2
= (ab + bc + ca)2 – 2abc (a + b + c) = q2 – 2 (–r) (–p) = q2 – 2rp
(vi) a4 = a4 + b4 + c4
= (a2)2 = (a2 + b2 + c2)2 – 2 (a2b2 + b2c2 + c2a2)
= {(a+ b + c)2 – 2(ab+bc+ ca)}2 – 2{(ab + bc + ca)2 – 2abc (a + b + c)}
= {(–p)2 – 2q}2 – 2{q2–2(–r) (–p)}=p4 + 4q2 – 4p2q – 2q2 + 4rp
= p + 2q2 – 4p2q + 4pr
4
l a1
D`vniY 3:x3 – px2 + qx –r = 0mgxKi‡Yi g~j¸‡jv , , n‡j 22 Gi gvb wbY©q Kiæb|
ha
mgvavb:x3 – px2 + qx –r = 0 --------------- (1)
s
†h‡nZz (1) bs mgxKi‡Yi g~j¸‡jv, ,
th
–p
g~j¸‡jvi †hvMdj = –
Pa
=p
1
q
AA
cÖwZevi `ywU K‡i wb‡q g~j¸‡jvi †hvMdj = 1 = q
( r )
g~j¸‡jvi ¸Ydj = =r
1
1
Avgv‡`i 22 Gi gvb wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
1 1 1 1
= + +
22 22 22 22
2 + 2 + 2
=
222
( + + )2 – 2( + + )
=
()2
2
() – 2
=
()2
p 2 2q
=
r2
BDwbU wZb c„ôv 79
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
cvV 3.9 wewea mgm¨v I mgvavb
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
g~jcvV-
p q b
D`vniY 1: hw` ax2 + bx + b = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j؇qi AbycvZ pt q nq Z‡e †`Lvb †h, q
+
p
+
a
=0
mgvavb: †h‡nZz ax2 + bx + b = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j؇qi AbycvZ pt q; myZivs aiæb g~jØq pGes q|
–b b
g~j؇qi mgwó, p +q = a Ges g~j؇qi ¸Ydj p.q = a
–b b
(p+q) = Gespq2 =
a a
p q b p+ q b (p + q) b
evgc¶ = q + p + a = + = 2 +
a
pq a pq a
b l
ha
a b b b
=– + =– + = 0 = Wvbc¶
a a a
s
b
th
a
Pa
D`vniY 2: x ev¯Íe n‡j 3 + 2x – x2ivwkgvjvwUi m‡e©v”P ev Pig gvb wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb :3 + 2x – x2 = 4 – 1 + 2x – x2 = 4 – (x2 – 2x + 1)
AA
= 4 – (x –1)2-------------- (i)
AZGe (i) bs mgxKiY n‡Z my¯úó †h, 3+2x–x2 ≤4 [ †Kbbv (x – 1)2 ≥ 0 ]
myZivs wb‡Y©q Pig gvb = 4
dy d2y
weKí:y = – x2 + 2x + 3 dx = – 2x + 2 Gesdx2 = – 2 0,
myZivs dvskbwU Mwiógvb we`¨gvb|
GLv‡b Piggv‡bi Rb¨ – 2x + 2 = 0 myZivs x = 1
we›`y‡Z ivwkgvjvwUi Mwiógvb Av‡Q Ges Mwió gvb = – 12 + 2.1+ 3 = 4
D`vniY 3:x5 – 4x4 + 3x2 – 6x + 2 †K fvRK x + 5 Øviv ms‡kølY cÖwµqvq fvM Kiæb|
mgvavb: ms‡kølY cÖwµqvq fvM Kivi Rb¨ cÖ`Ë eûc`xwUi mnM I aªæeK c`‡K wb‡Pi AvKv‡i mvRvB
1 –4 0 3 –6 2
–5 –5 45 –225 1110 –5520
1 –9 45 –222 1104 –5518
myZivs fvMdj = – x4 + 9x3 – 222x + 1104 Ges fvM‡kl = – 5518
45x2
c×wZ:cÖ`Ë eûc`x mgxKi‡Yi evgc‡¶i mnM I aªæeK c`¸‡jv avivevwnKfv‡e (Abycw¯’Z c‡`i ¯’‡j k~b¨ a‡i)
b –b
emv‡Z nq| AZtci ax + bAvKv‡i fvRK n‡j QK Abymv‡i Q‡Ki evB‡i aemv‡Z nq| AZtci a Gi mv‡_
m‡e©v”P NvZ wewkó c‡`i mn‡Mi mv‡_ ¸Y K‡i cieZx© c‡`i mn‡Mi wb‡P ewm‡q †hvM Ki‡Z nq| Gi ci
eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY c„ôv 80
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
b
†hvMd‡ji mv‡_ Avevia¸YK‡i cieZx© mn‡Mi wb‡P ewm‡q †hvM Ki‡Z nq| Gfv‡e avivevwnKfv‡e cÖwµqv
Pvwj‡q aªæeK c‡`i wbP ch©šÍ †h‡Z nq Ges Gi †kl †hvMdjB n‡e fvM‡kl|
gšÍe¨:weÁvbx m¨vi AvBR¨vK wbDUb (1642 – 1727) me©cÖ_g G c×wZi D™¢veb K‡ib|
D`vniY 4: 4x3 – 24x2 + 23x + 18 = 0 mgxKiYwUi g~j¸‡jv mgvšÍi cÖMgYfz³ n‡j mgvavb Kiæb|
mgvavb:†h‡nZz cÖ`Ë mgxKiYwUi g~j¸‡jv mgvšÍi avivfz³ myZivs aiæb g~j¸‡jva – k, a, a + k
–24
a – k + k + a + k = – 4 =6 ev, a = 2
–18 5
Avevi, (a – k).k.(a + k) = 4 ev, k = ± 2
5 5 1 5 9
k=
2
ai‡j, a – k = 2 – 2 = – 2 Ges a + k = 2 + 2 = 2
5 5 9 5 1
Gesk= –2 ai‡j, a– k=2 + 2 = 2 Ges a+k = 2 – 2 = – 2
1 9
myZivs g~j¸‡jv, – 2 , 2, 2
gšÍe¨ : PZzN©vwZK mgxK‡Yi g~j¸‡jv mgvšÍi cÖMgYf~³ n‡j g~j¸‡jv‡K a – 3k, a – k, a + k, a + 3k ai‡j
mgxKiYiwU mn‡R mgvavb Kiv hvq|
a b c
a
D`vniY 5: x3 + px2 + qx + r = 0 Gi g~j¸‡jva, b, cn‡j b + c , c + a , a + b g~jwewkó mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb:†h‡nZz cÖ`Ë mgxKi‡Yi g~j¸‡jva, b, c
l
ha
myZivs a + b + c = – p, ab + bc + ca = qGesabc = – r
s
a a a – py py
th
GLb aiæby = b + c = a + b + c – a = – p – a ev, a + py + ay = 0 ev, a = 1 + y A_©vr x = – 1 + y
Pa
GLb x Gi gvb cÖ`Ë mgxKi‡Y emv‡j, (r – pq)y3 + (3r + p3 – 2pq)y2 + (3r – pq)y + r = 0
PjK cwieZ©b Ki‡j wb‡Y©q mgxKiY, (r – pq) x3 + (3r + p3 – 2pq) x2 + (3r – pq) x + r = 0
AA
D`nviY 6: 2x3– x2 – 22x – 24 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb wbY©q Kiæb, hLb `yBwU g~‡ji AbycvZ 3 t 4|
mgvavb: GLv‡b2x3 – x2 – 22x – 24 = 0
g‡b Kiæb mgxKiYwUi, g~jÎq, 3k, 4k Ges
1 1 1
3k + 4k + = 2ev, 7k + = 2 = 2 – 7k---------------- (i)
–22
Avevi, 12k2 + 3k + 4k = 2 = – 11 12k2 + 7k = – 11 --------------- (ii)
1
GLb (i) bs I (ii) bs n‡Z cvB, 12k2 + 7k2 – 7k = –11 ev, 24k2 + 7k – 98k2 = – 22
1 22
ev, 74k2 – 7k – 22 = 0 ev, (2k + 1) (37k – 22) = 0 k = – 2 , 37
1 1 7 8
hLb k =– 2ZLb=2 +2=2=4 ,
22 1 22 1 154 271
Avevi, hLb k = 37ZLb = 2 – 7 37 = 2 – 37 = – 74 ,
3 66 88 271
g~~j¸‡jv,– 2, – 2, 4 A_ev,37 ,37 , – 74
3 66 88 271
GLv‡b g~j·qi ¸Ydj = 12, wKš‘ – 2 (–2) 4 = 12 Ges 3737 74 12
BDwbU wZb c„ôv 81
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
3
myZivs wb‡Y©q g~jÎq– 2 , – 2, 4
D`vniY 7:3x3 – 26x2 + 52x – 24 = 0 mgxKiYwUi g~j¸‡jv ¸‡YvËi †kªYxfy³ n‡j g~j¸‡jv wbY©q Kiæb|
a
mgvavb: †h‡nZz 3x3 – 26x2 + 52x – 24 = 0 Gi g~j¸‡jv ¸‡YvËi †kªYxfy³, myZivs aiæb g~j¸‡jvk , a, ak
a 26
+ a + ak = --------------- (i)
k 3
a a 52
.a + . ak + a. ak = --------------- (ii)
k k 3
a 24
Ges k . a. ak = 3 ev,a3 = 8 a = 2
1 26 1 26
GLb (i) bs mgxKiY †_‡K cvB, a (k + 1 + k) = 3 ev, 2(k + 1 + k) = 3
1
mgvavb K‡i cvB, k = 3 ev,k = 3;
2
myZivs wb‡Y©q g~j¸‡jv n‡jv: 3 , 2, 6
a a
gšÍe¨: PZzN©vwZK mgxKi‡Yi g~j¸‡jv ¸‡YvËi avivq _vK‡j k3 , k , ak, ak3ai‡j mgvavb mn‡R Kiv hvq|
a
D`vniY8:ax2 + bx + c = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq , Ges c Ak~b¨ n‡j cÖgvY Kiæb †h,
l
b2 – 2ac
ha
(a + b)–2+(a + b)–2 =
a2c2
s
mgvavb: cÖ`Ë mgxKiYax2 + bx + c = 0 -------------- (1)
th
†h‡nZz (1) bs Gi g~jØq I
b c
Pa
g~j؇qi †hvMdj + = – a Ges ¸Ydj = a
AA
b b
GLb, + = – a Avevi, + = – a
ev, a + a = – b ev, a + a = – b
ev, a + b = – a ev, a + b = – a
ev, (a + b) = (– a)
–2 –2
1
ev, (a+b)–2=(–a)–2= a22 ----------- (3)
1
ev, (a+b)–2=a22 --------------- (2)
(2) bs Ges (3) †hvM K‡i cvB,
1 1 2 + 2 ( + )2 – 2
(a + b)–2 + (a + b)–2 = 2 2 + 2 2 = 2 2 2 =
a a a a2.()2
2
b c
2 2
=
a a = b –2 2ac (cÖgvwYZ)
2 c
2 a c2
a . 2
a
D`vniY9:a, b ev¯Íe msL¨v n‡j cÖgvY Kiæb †h, 2bx2 + 2 (a + b)x + 3a = 2b mgxKi‡Yi g~j¸‡jv ev¯Íe msL¨v
n‡e| mgxKi‡Yi GKwU g~j AciwUi wظY n‡j cÖgvY Kiæb †h, a = 2b A_ev 4a = 11b
mgvavb : cÖ`Ë mgxKiY2bx2 + 2 (a + b)x + 3a – 2b = 0 -------------------- (1)
(1) bs mgxKi‡Yi c„_vqK= {2 (a + b)}2 – 4. 2b. (3a – 2b)}
= 4 (a + b)2 – 8b (3a – 2b)= 4 (a2 + 2ab + b2) – 24ab + 16b2
eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY c„ôv 82
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
= 4a2 + 8ab + 4b2 – 24ab + 16b2= 4a2 – 16ab + 20b2
= 4 (a2 – 4ab + 5b2)= 4 {a2 – 2.a.2b + (2b)2 + b2}= 4 {(a – 2b)2 + b2}
Bnv me©`vB †hvM‡evaK| A_©vr c„_vqK > 0, myZivs (1) bs mgxKi‡Yi g~j¸‡jv ev¯Íe n‡e|
kZ©vbymv‡i, (1) bs Gi GKwU g~j AciwUi wظY|
g‡b Kiæb, g~jØq Ges 2
2 (a + b) a+b
g~j؇qi †hvMdj + 2 = – =–
2b b
a+b a+b
ev, 3 = – b = – 3b
3a – 2b
g~j؇qi ¸Ydj .2 = 2b
3a – 2b
22 =
2b
2
a b 3a – 2b
ev, 2 = 2b [ Gi gvb ewm‡q]
3b
a2 + 2ab + b2 3a – 2b
ev, 2 9b2
=
2b
ev, 4 (a + 2ab + b ) = 9b (3a – 2b)
2 2
ev, 4a2 + 8ab + 4b2 = 27ab – 18b2
ev, 4a2 – 19ab + 22b2 = 0 l a
ha
ev, (a – 2b) (4a – 11b) = 0
a – 2b = 0 A_ev 4a – 11b = 0
s
a = 2bA_ev 4a = 11b
th
1 1
D`vniY 10:4x2 – 6x + 1 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi gyjØq , n‡j + Ges + g~j wewkó mgxKiYwU wbY©q Kiæb |
Pa
mgvavb : cÖ`Ë mgxKiY 4x2–6x+1=0 ------------------ (1)
AA
†h‡nZz (1) bs mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq I
–6 3 1
+ = – = Ges =
4 2 4
1 1
Avgv‡`i + Ges + g~j wewkó mgxKiY wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
wb‡Y©q mgxKiY-
x2 –(g~j؇qi †hvMdj) x + g~j؇qi ¸Ydj = 0
1 1 1 1
ev, x 2 x 0
1 1 1
ev, x2 – ( + ) + + x + + 1 + 1 + =0
3
3 + 1 1 3 2 1
ev, x2 – 2 + x +
4
+ 2 + = 0ev,
1
+ x +
x2
2 1 4
+2+4=0
4 4
3 3 1 3 + 12 1 + 24
ev, x2 –2 + 2 4 x + 4 + 6 = 0ev,x2 – 2 x + 4 = 0
ev, 4x2 – 30x + 25 = 0
BDwbU wZb c„ôv 83
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
D`vniY 11:Ggb GKwU mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb hvi g~jØq h_vµ‡g x2 – 2ax + a2 – b2 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j؇qi
mgwó I AšÍid‡ji ciggv‡bi mgvb n‡e|
mgvavb : cÖ`Ë mgxKiYx2 – 2ax + a2 – b2 = 0 --------------- (1)
g‡b Kiæb(1) Gi g~jØq I |
2a a2 – b2
g~j؇qi †hvMdj + = = 2aGes g~j؇qi ¸Ydj . = 1 = a2 – b2
1
Ggb GKwU mgxKiY wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e hvi g~jØq n‡e | + | Ges | – |
wb‡Y©q mgxKiY
x2–{| + | + | – |}x + | + | | – | = 0
ev, x 2 2 4 x 2a 2 4 0
ev, x 2 2a 2a 2 4 a 2 b 2 x 2a 2a 2 4 a 2 b 2 0
ev, x 2 2a 4a 2 4a 2 4b 2 x 2a 4a 2 4a 2 4b 2 0
ev, x 2 2a 4b 2 x 2a 4b 2 0
ev, x 2a 2b x 2a 2b 0
2
ev, x2 – {2a + 2b}x + 2a. 2b = 0 l a
ha
ev, x2 – 2(a + b)x + 4ab = 0
s
th
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 3.9-
Pa
AA
1. (a) wb‡Pi m¤úK©¸‡jv A‡f` wKbv cix¶v Kiæb:
(i) (x – 3)2 – (x + 3)2 + 12x = 0
(x – a) (x – b) (x – c) (x – a) (x – b) (x – c)
(ii) c+ b+ a=x
(c– a) (c – b) (b – c) (b – a) (a – b) (a – c)
(b) g~‡ji cÖK…wZ wbY©q Kiæb Ges x Gi gvb wbY©q K‡i Zv hvPvB Kiæb |
(i) 2x2 + 6x + 5 = 0 (ii) x2 + ax + a2 = 0; a ≠ 0
(iii) (2 + 5 ) x2 + 12 x + (2 – 5 ) = 0 (iv) x2 + 2 (a + b)x + 2(a2 + b2) = 0
2. k KZ n‡j wb‡¤œi mgxKiY¸‡jvi g~j (K)ev¯Íe I Amgvb,(L) ev¯Íe I mgvb,(M) RwUj n‡e?
(i) kx2 + 3x + 4 = 0 (ii) (3k + 1) x2 + (11 + k) x + 9 = 0 (iii) (k – 1)2 – (k + 2) x + 4 = 0
3. cÖgvY Kiæb †h, wb¤œwjwLZ mgxKiY mg~‡ni AšÍf©y³ aªæeKmg~n ev¯Íe n‡j g~j¸‡jv me©`v ev¯Íe n‡e|
(i) 2(a + b) x2 + 2 (a + b + c) x + c = 0 (ii) 2bx2 + 2 (a + b) x + 3a = 2b
(iii) (3a –b) x2 + (b – a) x – 2a = 0 (iv) x2 – 2 (p – 2) x + 2p – 10 = 0
4. (i) a, b, c, kcÖ‡Z¨‡K g~j` Ges bk = k a + cn‡j †`Lvb †h, ax2 + bx + c = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq g~j`|
2
(ii) a = b + cn‡j †`Lvb †h, (b – c + a) x2 – (a + b + c) x + (a – b + c) = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq g~j`|
(iii) a, b, cg~j` Ges a + b + c = 0 n‡j †`Lvb †h,(b + c – a) x2 + (c + a – b) x + (a + b – c) = 0
mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq g~j` n‡e|
(iv) cÖgvY Kiæb †h, (a2 – b2) x2 + 2 (a2 + b2) x + a2b2 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq g~j` n‡e|
(v) (b – c) x2 + (c – a) x + a = bGi g~jØq mgvb n‡j, cÖgvY Kiæba, b, cmgvšÍi avivq Av‡Q|
5. (i) b = pbv n‡j †`Lvb †h x2 – 2bx + (2b2 – 2pb + p2) = 0 Gi g~jØq ev¯Íe n‡Z cv‡i bv|
eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY c„ôv 84
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
(ii) hw` k> 0 Ges 3 Gi †P‡q e„nËi bv nq Zvn‡j †`Lvb †h (k – 2) x2 – 8(8–2k) x – (8–3k) = 0
mgxKiYwUi g~j¸‡jv ev¯Íe n‡e|
6. (i) cÖgvY Kiæb †h, px2 – 2qx– p=0 Gi g~jØq ev¯Íe Ges Amgvb n‡j qx2 – 2px + q = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq
RwUj msL¨v n‡e|
(ii) cÖgvY Kiæb †h, x2 + px + q = 0 mgxKi‡Yi `yBwU wfbœ ev¯Íe g~j _vK‡j, kGi †h †Kv‡bv ev¯Íe gv‡bix2 +
px+ q + k (2x + p) = 0 mgxKi‡Yi `yBwU wfbœ ev¯Íe g~j _vK‡e|
(iii) qx2 + px + q = 0 Gi g~jØq KvíwbK n‡j †`Lvb †h, x2 – 4qx + p2 =0 Gi g~jØq ev¯Íe I Amgvb|
(iv) a2x2 + 6abx + ac + 8b2 = 0 Gi g~jØq mgvb n‡j †`Lvb †h, ac (x + 1)2 = 4b2x Gi g~jØq mgvb|
(v) x2 + 2rx + pq = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq ev¯Íe Ges Amgvb n‡j cÖgvY Kiæb †h,
x2 – 2(p + q) x + (p2+ q2+ 2r2) = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j¸‡jv KvíwbK n‡e|
7. (i) (k + 2) x2 + (3k – 2) x + (2k – 3) = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq KvíwbK n‡j, kGi gv‡bi mxgv wbY©qKiæb|
(ii) x2 – px + q = 0 Gi g~jØq ev¯Íe n‡j †`Lvb †h, pGi gvb 2qGes –qGi g‡a¨ _vK‡Z cv‡i bv|
(iii) 2ax (x + nc) + (n2 – 2) c2 = 0 mgxKiYwUi g~jØq ev¯Íe n‡j nGi gv‡bi mxgv wbY©q Kiæb |
8. (i) a, b, cev¯Íe ivwk n‡j †`Lvb †h, (x – a) (x – b) + (x – b) (x – c) + (x – c) (x – a) = 0 mgxKi‡Yi
g~j¸‡jv me©`vB ev¯Íe| AviI †`Lvba = b = cbv n‡j Gi g~j¸‡jv KLbB mgvb n‡Z cv‡i bv|
(ii) cÖgvY Kiæb †h, (a2 + b2) x2 + 2(ac + bd) x + (c2 +d2) = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq ev¯Íe n‡j Giv ci¯úi
mgvb n‡e Ges †m‡¶‡Î Gi g~j `yBwUi gvb wbY©q Kiæb |
(iii) †`Lvb †h, (a4 + b4) x2 + 4abcdx + (c4 + d4) = 0 Gi g~jØq ev¯Íe n‡j Giv mgvb|
l a
(iv) a, b, c¸‡YvËi avivq _vK‡j †`Lvb †h, (a2 + b2) x – 2b (a + c) x + (b2 + c2) = 0 Gi g~jØq mgvb|
ha
1 1 1
(v) cÖgvY Kiæb †h, + + =0 mgxKiYwUi g~jØq ev¯Íe n‡e Ges a=b=cbv n‡j Giv mgvb
x–a x–b x–c
s
th
n‡Z cv‡i bv|
9. (i) (x – a)(x – b)+(x – b)(x – c)+(x – c)(x – a) ivwkwU c~Y©eM© n‡j †`Lvb †h a = b = chLba, b, c
Pa
(ii) kGi gvb KZ n‡j 4x2 + 4x + 1 – k (x2 – 2x – 8) ivwkwU GKwU c~Y© eM© n‡e|
AA
h2 k2
(iii) cÖgvY Kiæb †h, (h2 – a2)x2–2hkx+(k2 –b2) ivwkwU GKwU c~Y© eM© n‡e, hLb 2 + 2 =1
a b
10. (i) mGi gvb KZ n‡j x – 2(5 + 2m) x + 3 (7 + 10m) = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq mgvb n‡e|
2
(ii) (a2 + b2) x2 – 2 (ac + bd) x + (c2 + d2) = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq mgvb n‡j †`Lvb †h, atb = ctd
(iii) (a2 – bc)x2 + 2 (b2 – ca) x + c2ab = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq mgvb n‡j cÖgvYKiæb †h,
(K) b = 0 A_ev, a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc (L) a + b + c = 0 A_ev, a = b = c
11. (i) hw` x2 + bx + c = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j؇qi AbycvZ 3 t 4 nq Z‡e †`Lvb †h, 12b2 = 49ac.
(ii) x2 – px+q =0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq avivevwnK c~Y© msL¨v n‡j cÖgvY Kiæb †h, p2 –4q–1=0
(iii) x2 + px + q = 0 mgxKi‡Y GKwU g~j AciwUi eM© n‡j cÖgvY Kiæb †h, p3–q (3p – 1) + q2 = 0
(iv) 2x2 – 33x + b = 0 Gi GKwU g~j AciwUi `k¸Y n‡j bGi gvb Ges mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq wbY©q Kiæb |
(v) x2 + ax + 8 = 0 Gi GKwU g~j 4 Ges x2 + ax + b = 0 g~jØq mgvb n‡j b Gi gvb wbY©q Kiæb |
(vi) kGi gvb KZ n‡j (k2 – 3) x2 + 2kx + (3k – 1) = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq ci¯úi Dëv n‡e|
(vii) kGi gvb KZ n‡j, 3x2 – kx + 4 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi GKwU g~j AciwUi wZb ¸Y n‡e|
(viii) a, b, cev¯Íe n‡j †`Lvb †h (a – b – c) x2 + ax + b + c = 0 mgxKiYwUi g~jwU ev¯Íe n‡e| Av‡iv †`Lvb
a 2a
†h, g~j؇qi GKwU AciwUi wظY n‡j b + c =3 ev, 3
(ix) ax2 + bx + c = 0 mgxKi‡Yi GKwU g~j AciwUi Dëvi eM© n‡j, cÖgvY Kiæb †h, a3 + c3 + abc = 0
(x) 27x2 + 6x – (p + 2) = 0 mgxKi‡Yi GKwU g~j AciwUi e‡M©i mgvb n‡j, pGi gvb wbY©q Kiæb |
(xi) x2 – p (x + 1) – c = 0 Gi g~jØq a, bn‡j †`Lvb †h, (a + 1) (b + 1) = 1 – c
BDwbU wZb c„ôv 85
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
a2 + 2a + 1 b2 + 2b + 1
AZtci cÖgvY Kiæb a2+ 2a + c + b2 + 2b + c = 1
(xii) ax2 + bx + c=0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j؇qi AbycvZ rnq, Z‡e †`Lvb †h, ac (1 + r)2 = b2r
(xiii) ax2 + bx + c = 0 mgxKi‡Yi GKwU g~j AciwUi e‡M©i mgvb nq Zvn‡j cÖgvY Kiæb †h,
(a) b3 = ac(3b – a – c), A_ev, a2c + ac2 + b3 =3 abc (b) c(a – b)3 = a(c – b)3
(xiv) x2 – x – 1 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi GKwU g~j n‡j cÖgvY Kiæb †h, Gi Avi GKwU g~j3 – 3n‡e|
12. (i) ax2 + bx + c = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq , n‡j cÖgvY Kiæb †h,
b2 – 2ac
(a) –2 + –2 = c2
(b) (a + b)2 + (a + b)2 =
b2 – 21ac
(c) a b 3
b b 2 3ac
a2c2 a 3c 3
(ii) x2 + px + q = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq , n‡j 3 1 + 13G gvb wbY©q Kiæb |
– –
2– 2–
(iii) x2 – 7x + 2 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq , n‡j + Gi gvb wbY©q Kiæb |
3+ 3+
(iv) px2 + qx – p=0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq , n‡j cÖgvY Kiæb †h, (p + q)(p + q)=p2
(v) x2 + px + q = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq , n‡j ( +p)–4 + ( + p)–4Gi gvb pI qgva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiæb |
(vi) x2 – 5x + 7 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq , n‡j cÖgvY Kiæb †h, 3 – 3 – 5 (2 + 2) + 7 ( + ) = 0
(vii) 6x2 – 6x + 1 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq , n‡j cÖgvYKiæb †h,
a
1 1 b c d
2
(a + b + c2 + d3) + (a + bb + c b3) = a + + +
2
l
2 3 4
ha
(viii) x2 + px+ q = 0 Gi g~jØq , Ges 2x2 + 10px + q = 0 Gi g~jØq + 4, + 4 n‡j †`Lvb †h, p= 2
s
Ges q = – 48
th
(ix) 2x2–3x + 6 = 0 Gi g~jØq , Ges 2x2+ x + k + 2 = 0 Gi g~jØq –1, –1 n‡j †`Lvb †h, k = 3
a2 a 2
Pa
(x) ax2 – 3x + 6 = 0 Gi g~jØq , n‡j †`Lvb †h, – =0
b + c b + c
AA
(xi) x2 – 2 (p – 2) x + 2p – 10 = 0 Gi g~j؇qi AšÍi 6 n‡j †`Lvb †h, pGi m¤¢ve¨ gvb 1 A_ev 5
(xii) x2 – bx + c = 0 Gi g~j؇qi AšÍi 1 n‡j cÖgvY Kiæb †h, b2 + 4c2 = (1 + 2c)2
(xiii) ax2 + bx + c = 0 Gi g~j؇qi AbycvZ mtnn‡j cÖgvY Ki †h, mnb2=ac(m + n)2
13. (i) ax2 + 2bx + c = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq , Ges Ax2 + 2Bx2 + C = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq + , + n‡j
cÖgvY Kiæb †h, A2 (b2 – ac) = a2 (B2 – AC)
(ii) ax2 – bx + c = 0 Gi g~j؇qi AšÍi Gesbx2 – cx + a = 0 Gi g~j؇qi AšÍi mgvb n‡j cÖgvY Kiæb †h,
b4 – a2c2 = 4ab (bc – a2)
(iii) x2 + px + q = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq , n‡j cÖgvY Kiæb †h, qx2 – (p2 – 2q) x + q = 0 Gi GKwU g~j
(iv) x – px + q = 0 Ges x – qx + p = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ aªæeK n‡j cÖgvY Kiæb †h p =
2 2
qA_ev, p + q + 4 = 0
(v) x2 + px + q = 0 Gi g~jØq , n‡j †`Lvb †h, (p + q)2 + (p + q)2 = (p4 – 4p2q + 2q2). q-4
(vi) cÖgvY Kiæb †h, 2a2x2 + 2abx + b2 – 3a2 = 0 mgxKiYwUi g~j؇qi e‡M©i mgwó a, bewR©Z|
(vii)x2 – 2px + q = 0 Gi g~jØq ci¯úi mgvb n‡j †`Lvb †h, (1 + y) x2 – 2 (p + y) + (q + y) = 0
mgxKi‡Yi g~j¸‡jv ev¯Íe I wfbœ wfbœ n‡e, hLb p ≠ 1 Ges y< 0|
(viii) ax2 + bx + c = 0 Gi g~jØq p, qn‡j cx2 – 2bx + 4a = 0 Gi g~jØq‡K p, qGi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiæb |
14. ax2 + bx + c = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq , n‡j wb‡¤œi g~j¸‡jv Øviv MwVZ mgxKiYmg~n wbY©q Kiæb |
(i) – 1, – 1 (ii) + 1, + 1 (iii) ( + 4)1 (–4)1
eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY c„ôv 86
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
+ 1 1 a2 b2
(iv) 2
, ab ( v) 3 , 3
( vi) +
b
,+
a
15. x2 + 3x + 2 = 0 Gi g~jØq , n‡j ( + )2Ges ( – )2g~jwewkó mgxKiYwU wbY©q Kiæb |
16. g~j` mnM wewkó Ggb wØNvZ mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb hvi GKwU g~j
1 1 1
(i) 3 + 5(ii) 3 – 2 i (iii) (iv) (3 + –5)(v)
2
3 + (–2) 2– 5
17. (i) †h mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq h_vµ‡g x2 – 2ax = b2 – a2mgxKi‡Yi g~j؇qi mgwó I AšÍid‡ji abvZ¥K gvb,
†m mgxKiYwU wbY©q Kiæb |
(ii) a2 + b2 = 24, ab = 4 n‡j a, bg~j wewkó mgxKiYwU wbY©q Kiæb |
(iii) hw` 3p2= 5p + 2 Ges 3q2 = 5q + 2 nq Z‡e †`Lvb †h3p – 2q, 3q – 2pg~jwewkó mgxKiYwU n‡e
3x2 – 5x – 100 = 0; p ≠ 0
(iv) a, bGes c, dh_vµ‡g x2 + px – r = 0 Ges x2 + px + r = 0 mgxKiY؇qi g~j nq Z‡e cÖgvY Kiæb †h,
(a – c) (a – d) = (b – c) (b – d)
(v) ax2 + bx + c = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j `yBwU , n‡j †`Lvb †h, 2 + , 2 + g~jwewkó mgxKiYwUa2x2 +
(ab – b2 + 2ca) x + c2 + ca – bc = 0 n‡e Ges hw` mgxKiY `yBwUi wbðvqK h_vµ‡g D1Ges D2nq, Z‡e
†`Lvb †h, D1 ÷ D2 = (a – b)2
18. (i) hw` x2+ px + q = 0 Ges x2+ qx + p = 0 mgxKiY؇qi GKwU mvaviY g~j _v‡K, Zvn‡j cÖgvY Kiæb †h,
G‡`i Aci g~j¸‡jvx2 + x + pq = 0 mgxKiYwU‡K wm× Ki‡e|
a
(ii) †h k‡Z© ax2– bx + c = 0 Ges bx2cx + a = 0 mgxKi‡Yi GKwU mvaviY g~j _v‡K Zv wbY©q Kiæb|
l
(iii) x2– ax + b = 0 Ges x2– bx + a = 0 mgxKi‡Yi †Kej gvÎ GKwU mvaviY g~j _vK‡j cÖgvY Kiæb †h,a +
ha
b = – 1|AviI †`Lvb †h, Dnv‡`i Aci g~j¸‡jv Øviv x2– x + ab = 0 mgxKiYwU wm× n‡e|
s
(iv) ax2– bx + c = 0 Ges bx2– cx + a = 0 mgxKi‡Yi GKwU mvaviY g~j _vK‡j †`Lvb †h, c + a = ± b
th
(v) ax2+ bx + c = 0 mgxKi‡Yi GKwU g~j cx2+ bx + a = 0 mgxKi‡Yi GKwU g~‡ji wظY n‡j cÖgvY Kiæb
Pa
†h, 2a = cA_ev (2a + c)2= b2
(vi) hw` x2 + kx – 6k = 0 Ges x2 – 2x – k = 0 mgxKiY؇qi GKwU mvaviY g~j _v‡K, Z‡e kGi gvb wbY©q
AA
Kiæb |
(vii) hw`px2+ 2x + 1 = 0 Ges x2+ 2x + p = 0 mgxKiY؇qi GKwU mvaviY g~j _v‡K, Zvn‡j pGi gvb
wbY©qKiæb Ges cÖwZ‡¶‡Î mvaviY g~‡ji gvb wbY©q Kiæb |
(viii) hw`x2– ax + b = 0 Ges x2+ bx + a = 0 (a ≠ b) mgxKiY؇qi GKwU mvaviY g~j _v‡K Z‡e cÖgvY Kiæb
†h, 2x2+ (a + b) x = (a + b)2mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb x = 1 Ges x = – 0.5 n‡e|
(ix) †h k‡Z© px2 + qx + 1 Ges qx2 + px + 1 ivwk؇qi GKwU mvaviY GKNvZ Drcv`K _vK‡e Zv
wbY©qKiæb|
(x) p + q + r = 0 n‡j cÖgvY Kiæb †h, x2 + px + qr = 0, x2 + qx + pr = 0 Ges x2+ rx + pq = 0 mgxKi‡Yi
cÖwZ‡Rvovi GKwU K‡i mvaviY g~j Av‡Q|
(xi) kGi gvb KZ n‡j x2 – kx – 21 = 0 Ges x2 – 3kx + 35 = 0 Gi GKwU mvaviY g~j _vK‡e|
19. (i) k-Gi gvb KZ n‡j (k+1) x2 + 2 (k + 3) x + 2k + 3 ivwkwU GKwU c~Y© eM© ivwk n‡e Zv wbY©q Kiæb |
(ii) xev¯Íe n‡j †`Lvb3x2 + 6x + 7 ivwkwUi gvb me©`vB abvZ¥K n‡e Ges Gi me©wb¤œ gvb KZ n‡e?
(iii) xGi ev¯Íe gv‡bi Rb¨ 5xx2ivwkwUi m‡e©v”P gvb wbY©qKiæbGes m‡e©v”Pgv‡bi Rb¨ x Gi gvb KZ?
2x2 – 2x + 4
(iv) xev¯Íe n‡j †`Lvb †h, Gi gvb 1 Ges – 7 Gi g‡a¨ _vK‡Z cv‡i bv|
x2 – 4x + 3
BDwbU wZb c„ôv 87
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
cvV 3.10 e¨envwiK
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
†jLwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ mgxKi‡Yi g~‡ji Avmbœgvb wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã mgxKiY, g~j, Avmbœgvb
g~jcvV-
eûc`x mgxKi‡Yi ev¯Íe g~‡ji Avmbœ gvb wbY©q
(1) ev¯Íe g~‡ji Ae¯’vb wbY©q: f(x) = 0 eûc`x mgxKi‡Yi f(x) dvsk‡b x-Gi gvb h_vµ‡g `yBwU ev¯Íe msL¨v a
Ibemv‡j,
(i) hw` f(a) I f(b) GKB wPýwewkó nq A_©vr, f(a). f(b) > 0 nq Zvn‡j a Ib msL¨v؇qi g‡a¨ f(x) = 0 mgxKi‡Yi
†Rvo msL¨K ev¯Íe g~j _vK‡e wKsev Av‡`Š †Kvb g~j _vK‡e bv|
a
(ii) hw` f(a) I f(b) ci¯úi wecixZ wPý wewkó nq A_©vr, f(a). f(b) < 0 nq; Zvn‡j aI b msL¨v؇qi g‡a¨ f(x) =
l
ha
0 mgxKi‡Yi AšÍZ GKwU g~j ev we‡Rvo msL¨K g~j _vK‡e|
Avevi y = f(x) mgxKi‡Yi †jLwPÎ x A¶‡K †h mKj we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i, †mB mKj we›`yi fy‡Ri Avmbœ gvbB f(x) =
s
th
0 mgxKi‡Yi g~‡ji Avmbœ gvb|
Pa
(2) †j‡Li mvnv‡h¨ mgxKi‡Yi g~‡ji Avmbœgvb wbY©q
aiæb cÖ`Ë mgxKiYwU f(x) = 0| GLb QK KvM‡R myweavgZ †¯‹j wb‡q
AA
f(x) = 0 mgxKi‡Yi †jLwPÎ A¼b Kiæb, hv aiæbX A¶‡K ¯úk© ev
†Q` K‡i| myZivs ¯úk© we›`y ev †Q`we›`yi fyRB mgxKiYwUi g~j
wb‡`©k K‡i| †jLwPÎ n‡Z G gvb wbY©q Ki‡j mKj †¶‡Î m¤ú~Y©
mwVK nq bv GRb¨ †jLwPÎ n‡Z cÖvß gvb¸‡jv Avmbœ gvb wn‡m‡e
we‡ewPZ nq|
†jLwP‡Î †`Lv hvq f(x) = 0 Øviv GKwU Awew”Qbœ eµ‡iLv m~wPZ
n‡q‡Q Ges Gi g~j¸‡jvx = a, b, c
(3) wØwefw³KiY c×wZ
f(x) = 0 eûc`xwU‡Z f(a) I f(b) wecixZ wPý wewkó nq Zvn‡j aI b Gi g‡a¨ f(x) = 0 mgxKi‡Yi we‡Rvo
a+b
msL¨K ev AšÍZ GKwU g~j _vK‡e| GLb aiæb a Ib Gi ga¨eZ©x g~jwUi gvb x0 = 2 | Zvn‡j f(x0) = 0 n‡j
x0-Bf(x) = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j| Avevi f(a) 0, f(b) 0 Ges f(x0) 0 n‡j g~jwU aGes x0 Gi g‡a¨ Ae¯’vb Ki‡e;
a+x
wKš‘ f(x0) 0 n‡j g~jwU x0 Ges b Gi g‡a¨ Ae¯’vb Ki‡e| Avevi hw` aI x0 Gi ga¨eZ©x g~jwU x1 = 2 0nq,
Zvn‡j DcwiD³ c×wZ‡Z wba©viY Kiv nq †h g~jwU x0 I x1 Gi g‡a¨ ev aGes x1 Gi g‡a¨ Ae¯’vb K‡i| G c×wZ
evievi cÖ‡qvM K‡i g~‡ji cÖK…Z gv‡bi AwZ wbKUeZ©x Avmbœ gvb wbY©q Kiv nq| G c×wZ‡KB wØwefw³KiY c×wZ
eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY c„ôv 88
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
ejv nq|
mgm¨v bs - 3.1 ZvwiL:
mgm¨v:wØwefw³KiY c×wZ‡Z x3 – 4x – 9 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi AšÍZ GKwU ev¯Íe g~‡ji gvb Avmbœ Pvi `kwgK ¯’vb
ch©šÍ wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb: ZË¡: g‡b Kiæb, f(x) = 0 GKwU eûc`x| Avevi aiæb, a I b ev¯Íe msL¨v Gesf(a) 0, f(b) 0 n‡jf(x)
a + b
= 0 mgxKi‡Yi GKwU g~j aGes b Gi g‡a¨ we`¨gvb| Avevi hw` f(a) > 0 Ges f
2 0 nq, Zvn‡j f(x) = 0
a+b a+b
mgxKi‡Yi GKwU ev¯Íe g~j aGes 2 Gi g‡a¨ _vK‡e| Avevi f(b) < 0 Ges f 2 0 n‡j, f(x) = 0
a+b
mgxKi‡Yi GKwU ev¯Íe g~j 2 Ges b Gi g‡a¨ _vK‡e|
Kvh©c×wZ:1.f(x) = x3 – 4x – 9 dvsk‡b x Gi wewfbœ gvb ewm‡q x Gi `yBwU gvb 2.7 Ges 2.75 wbY©q Kiæb hv‡Z
f(2.7) Ges f(2.75) wecixZ wPýwewkó nq| Zvn‡j mgxKiYwUi GKwU ev¯Íe g~j 2.7 Ges 2.75 Gi g‡a¨ Av‡Q|
2.7 + 2.75
2. AZtci f
2 A_©vr f(2.725) Gi wPý wbY©q Kiæb Ges f(2.7) Ges f(2.75) Gi wP‡ýi mv‡_ Zzjbv
K‡i g~‡ji Ae¯’vb wbY©q Kiæb|
3. G c×wZi evievi cÖ‡qvM K‡i g~‡ji Giƒc Ae¯’vb mxgv wbY©q Kiæb hv‡Z `kwg‡Ki ci AšÍZ cuvPwU AsK
(signifcant digits) _v‡K| l a
ha
4. `kwg‡Ki ci cÂg ¯’v‡bi AsKwU cuvP A_ev Z`‡c¶v e„nËi n‡j `kwg‡Ki ci PZz_© ¯’v‡bi As‡Ki mv‡_ 1
s
†hvM K‡i Avmbœ gvb wbY©q Kiæb| `kwg‡Ki ci cÂg ¯’v‡bi AsKwU 5 A‡c¶v ¶z`ªZi n‡j PZz_© ¯’v‡bi As‡Ki
th
†Kvb cwieZ©b bv K‡iB Avmbœ gvb wbY©q Kiæb|
djmsKjb:aiæb, a = 2.7, b = 2.75GLb f(2.7) = –0.117 Ges f(2.75) =0.796875
Pa
†h‡nZz f(2.7) < 0, f(2.75) > 0 myZivs 2.7 Ges 2.75 Gi g‡a¨ GKwU g~j we`¨gvb
AA
a+b
wØwefw³KiY c×wZ: 1g Avmbœ gvb x0 = 2 = 2.725,†hLv‡b f(x0) = 0.334828125
myZivs x0 Ges a Gi g‡a¨ GKwU ev¯Íe g~j i‡q‡Q|
x +a
†h‡nZz f(x0). f(a) < 0 2q Avmbœ gvb x1 = 0 2 = 2.7125,†hLv‡b f(x1) = 0.107642578
x +a
†h‡nZz f(x1). f(a) < 0 3q Avmbœ gvb x2 = 1 2 = 2.70625,†hLv‡b f(x2) = – 4.99585 10–3
x2 + x1
†h‡nZz f(x2). f(x1) < 0 4_© Avmbœ gvb x3 = 2
= 2.709375,†hLv‡b f(x3) = 0.05124998804
x3 + x2
†h‡nZz f(x3). f(x2) < 0 5g Avmbœ gvb x4 =
2
= 2.7078125,†hLv‡b f(x4) = 0.023104236
x4 + x2
†h‡nZz f(x4). f(x2) < 0 6ô Avmbœ gvb x5 =
2
= 2.70703125,†hLv‡b f(x5) = 9.0492367 10–3
x5 + x2
†h‡nZz f(x5). f(x2) < 0 7g Avmbœ gvb x6 =
2
= 2.706640625,†hLv‡b f(x6) = 2.0254546 10–3
x6 + x2
†h‡nZz f(x6). f(x2) < 0 8g Avmbœ gvb x7 =
2
= 2.706445313,†hLv‡b f(x7) = – 1.4855072 10–3
x7 + x6
†h‡nZz f(x7). f(x6) < 0 9g Avmbœ gvb x8 =
2
= 2.706542969,†hLv‡b f(x8) = 2.699007 10–3
x8 + x7
†h‡nZz f(x8). f(x7) < 0 10g Avmbœ gvb x9 =
2
= 2.706494141,†hLv‡b f(x9) = – 6.078181 10–3
BDwbU wZb c„ôv 89
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
x9 + x8
†h‡nZz f(x9). f(x8) < 0 GKv`k Avmbœ gvb x10 = 2
= 2.706518555,†hLv‡b f(x10) = – 1.689636 10–4
x +x
†h‡nZz f(x10). f(x8) < 0Øv`k Avmbœ gvb x11 = 10 2 8 = 2.706530762,†hLv‡b f(x11) = – 5.923938957 10–5
x +x
†h‡nZz f(x11). f(x10) < 0 ·qv`k Avmbœ gvb x12 = 11 2 10 = 2.706524659
myZivs cÖ`Ë mgxKi‡Yi GKwU g~‡ji Avmbœgvb x12 =2.70652
mgm¨v bs - 3.2 ZvwiL:
mgm¨v:†jLwPÎ A¼b K‡i x3 –x2 + 4x – 3 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi GKwU ev¯Íe g~‡ji Avmbœ gvb Pvi `kwgK ¯’vb ch©šÍ
wbY©q Kiæb|
ZË¡:aiæbf(x) = x3 – x2 + 4x – 3 = 0 cÖ`Ë mgxKi‡Y x Gi wewfbœ
gvb ewm‡q y Gi gvb wbY©q K‡i we›`y¸‡jv QK KvM‡R ewm‡q
we›`y¸‡jv‡K mylgfv‡e †hvM Ki‡j eµ‡iLwU X A¶‡K †h we›`y‡Z
†Q` K‡i †mB we›`yi fyRB mgxKiYwUi g~j wb‡`©k K‡i|
†jLwPÎv¼b Kvh©c×wZ:
1.x Gi wfbœ wfbœ ev¯Íe gv‡bi Rb¨ y = x3 – x2 + 4x – 3 mgxKiY n‡Z
y Gi wfbœ wfbœ gvb wbY©q Kiæb I (x, y) we›`y¸‡jv wbY©q Kiæb|
a
2.QK KvM‡R x-A¶ eivei 3 eM©evû = 1 GKK Ges y-A¶ eivei 5
eM©evû = 1 GKK †¯‹j wbe©vPb K‡i QK KvM‡R H †¯‹‡j (x, y) l
ha
we›`y¸‡jv ¯’vcb Kiæb| f(x) = 0 mgxKiYwUi †jLwPÎ †h we›`y‡Z x
s
A¶‡K †Q` K‡i †mB †Q`we›`yi fy‡Ri Avmbœ gvbB ev¯Íe g~‡ji Avmbœ
th
gvb|
3. ¯’vwcZ we›`y¸‡jv ms‡hvRb K‡i †jLwPÎ A¼b Kiæb|
Pa
†¯‹j : ¶y`ª e‡M©i 5 N‡ii ˆ`N¨ = 1
AA
GKK
dj msKjb:y = x – x + 4x – 3
3 2
x 0 –1 1 2 3
y–3 –9 1 9 27
ch©‡e¶Y I gšÍe¨: †jLwPÎwU x A¶‡K A, we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i‡Q| A we›`y‡Z 0 x 1, g~‡ji Avmbœ gvb wbY©q Kiv
nj|
g~‡j¨i Avmbœ gvb wbY©‡qi Kvh©c×wZ:
1. 0I 1 Gi g‡a¨ xGi wfbœ wfbœ gvb a‡i Lye wbKUeZ©x x Gi †h `yBwU gv‡bi Rb¨ f(x) Gi wPý wecixZ, Zv‡`i
gvb n‡Zx Gi ev¯Íe g~‡ji gvb GK `kwgK ¯’vb ch©šÍ wbY©q Kiæb|
2. GB c×wZ evievi cÖ‡qvM K‡i cuvP `kwgK ¯’vb ch©šÍx Gi gvb wbY©q Kiæb Ges Zv n‡Z Pvi `kwgK ¯’vb ch©šÍ
Avmbœ gvb wbY©q Kiæb|
x=a x=b f(a) f(b) f(a). f(b) wm×všÍ
0.5 1 – 1.125 4 – ve 0.5 Ges 1 Gi g‡a¨ g~j we`¨gvb
0.75 0.8 – 0.09862 0.072 – ve 0.75 Ges 0.8 Gi g‡a¨ g~j we`¨gvb
0.76 0.8 – 0.14062 0.072 – ve 0.76 Ges 0.8 Gi g‡a¨ g~j we`¨gvb
0.76 0.78 – 0.09862 – 0.138 + ve 0.76 Ges 0.78 Gi g‡a¨ g~j we`¨gvb †bB
eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY c„ôv 90
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
0.77 0.79 – 0.0563 0.289 – ve 0.77 Ges 0.78 Gi g‡a¨ g~j we`¨gvb
0.78 0.79 – 0.138 0.289 – ve 0.78 Ges 0.79 Gi g‡a¨ g~j we`¨gvb
f(.78) < 0, f(.79) > 0 myZivs 0.78 Ges 0.79 Gi g‡a¨ mgxKiYwUi GKwU g~‡ji Avmbœgvb 0.785
cybive„wË c×wZ (Newton-Raphson Method) Øviv f(x) = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~‡ji Avmbœ gvb wbY©q
aiæbf(x) = 0 GKwU eûc`x mgxKiY Ges y = f(x) GKwU eµ‡iLvi mgxKiY, hv x A¶‡K A we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i Ges
H eµ‡iLvi P (x0, y0) we›`y‡Z Aw¼Z ¯úk©K x A¶‡KTwe›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i|
GLb Pwe›`y †_‡KOX Gi Dci PB j¤^ A¼b Kiæb| Zvn‡jOB = x0, BP = y0; Avevi, g‡b KiæbOT = x1
Zvn‡j Pwe›`y‡Z y0 = f(x0) GesP we›`y‡Z ¯úk©‡Ki mgxKiY y – y0 = (x – x0) f(x0)
y0 f(x0) f(x0)
Twe›`y‡Z y = 0, x = x1 0 – y0 = (x1 – x0) f(x0)ev,x1 – x0 = – = x = x0 – , f' (x0) 0.
f(x0) f(x0) 1 f(x0)
y = f(x) eµ‡iLvx-A¶‡KAwe›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i; AZGeA we›`y‡Zy = 0ev,
f(x) = 0
myZivs †h‡nZzA we›`yi fyRB f(x) = 0 mgxKi‡Yi ev¯Íe g~j| GLb A
Ges T we›`yØq G‡K Ac‡ii AwZ wbK‡U Ae¯’vb Ki‡e| GLb Dc‡ii
m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨x0 n‡Zx1 wbY©q Kivi cix2, x3, x4, ........, xn+1 wbY©q
Kiæb|
a
f(x1)
x2 = x2 – , f(x1) 0., GLv‡b x2 †K g~‡ji cieZ©xAvmbœgvb
l
f(x1)
ha
wnmv‡e aiv n‡q‡Q|
s
f(x2) f(xn)
th
x3 = x2 – , f(x2) 0 GKBfv‡exn+ 1 = xn – , n = 0, 1, 2, ....... Ges f (xn) 0
f(x2) f(xn)
Pa
myZivs cybive„wË c×wZ‡Z f(x) = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~‡ji Avmbœ gvb = xn
AA
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb-
1. ms‡kølY cÖwµqvq fvMdj Ges fvM‡kl wbY©q Kiæb:
(i) 4x4 + 7x3 – 3x2 + 5x – 1 †K x – 2 Øviv| (ii) 2x5 + 4x4 – 3x3 + 5x2 – 22 †Kx + 3 Øviv|
2. (i) Ggb GKwU mgxKiY MVb Kiæb hvi g~j¸‡jv h_vµ‡g 2, –2, 3
(ii) Ggb GKwU mgxKiY MVb Kiæb hvi g~j¸‡jvx4 + 2x3 + 3x2 4x + 5 = 0Gi g~‡ji wZb ¸Y|
(iii) GKwU mgxKiY MVb Kiæb hvi g~j¸‡jvx4 + 3x3 – 6x2 + 2x – 4 = 0 Gi g~‡ji wecix‡Zi wظY|
1
(iv) GKwU mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb hvi g~j¸‡jv8x3– 4x2 + 6x – 1 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j A‡c¶v †ewk|
2
3. hw` x + px + qx + r = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j¸‡jv, , nq Z‡e wb¤œwjwLZ ivwk¸‡jvi gvb wbY©q Kiæb |
3 2
(i) 2 + 2 + 2 (ii) ∑2 (iii) ∑22
4. x3 + px + q = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j¸‡jva, b, cnq Z‡e wb‡¤œi ivwk¸‡jvi gvb wbY©q Kiæb |
BDwbU wZb c„ôv 91
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
1 1
(i) ∑ (ii) ∑ (iii) (a + b – c) (b + c – a) (c + a – b)
a+b a+b–c
5. cÖ`Ë k‡Z© wb¤œwjwLZ mgxKiY¸‡jvi mgvavb Kiæb:
(i) x3 – 3x2 – x + 3 = 0 hvi g~j¸‡jv mgvšÍi avivfz³|
(ii) x3 + x2 – 34x + 56 = 0 hvi GKwU g~j Aci g~‡ji wظY|
(iii) 2x3 + 7x2 + 4x – 3 = 0 hvi `yBwU g~‡ji mgwó – 2|
(iv) x4 + 2x3 – 5x2 + 6x + 2 = 0 mgxKiYwU mgvavb Kiæb hvi GKwU g~j – 2 + 3
(v) x3 – 5x2 – 16x + 80 = 0 hvi `yBwU g~‡ji †hvMdj k~b¨|
(vi) 2x3 – 15x2 + 37x – 30 = 0 hvi g~j¸‡jv mgvšÍi †kªYxfz³|
(vii) 3x3 – 26x2 + 52x – 24 = 0 hvi g~j¸‡jv ¸‡YvËi avivfz³| [ ms‡KZ: g~j¸‡jv k , , k, ]
(viii) x3 – 5x2 – 2x + 24 = 0 hvi `yBwU g~‡ji ¸Ydj 12.
(ix) x4 + 2x3 – 21x2 – 22x + 40 = 0 hvi g~j¸‡jv mgvšÍi †kªYxfz³|
(x) 3x3 – 26x2 – 52x – 24 = 0 mgxKiYwUi g~j¸‡jv ¸‡YvËi †kªYxfz³ n‡j g~j¸‡jv wbY©q Kiæb|
6. x3 + px2 + qx + r = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j¸‡jv, , n‡j Ggb mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb hvi g~j¸‡jv wb¤œiƒc:
(i) 2, 2, 2 (ii) , , (iii) + , + , + (iv) 2 + 2, 2 + 2, 2 + 2
7. x3 – px2 + qx – r = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j¸‡jva, b, cnq Z‡e mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb hvi g~j¸‡jv wb¤œiƒc:
1 1 1 a b c a b c
(i) bc + , ca + , ab + (ii) , , (iii) , ,
a
a b c b+c c+a a+b b+c–a c+a–b a+b–c
l
8. x3 + ax + b = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j¸‡jv, , nq Z‡e Ggb mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb hvi g~j¸‡jv wb¤œiƒc:
ha
(i) ( + – ), ( + – ), ( + – ) (ii) , (iii) ( – )2, ( – )2, (–)2
s
1 1 1 1 1 1 b+g a+b +
(iv) + , + , + (v) + , + , + (vi) 2 , 2 ,
th
a b b g g b a g 2
9. (i) GKwU mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb hvi g~j¸‡jv2x3 – 5x2 + 7x + 10 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j A‡c¶v 1 K‡i †ewk|
Pa
1+a 1+b 1+c
(ii) x3 – x – 1 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j¸‡jva, b, cn‡j , , g~j wewkó mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb |
AA
1–a a–b 1–c
10. (i) g~j¸‡jv ¸‡YvËi cÖMgb †kªYxfz³ n‡j 27x4 – 195x3 + 494x2 – 520x + 192 = 0 †K mgvavb Kiæb |
(ii) x4 + x3 – 16x2 – 4x + 48=0 Gi `yBwU g~‡ji ¸Ydj 6 n‡j mgxKiYwU mgvavb Kiæb |
eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ
11. k Gi gvb KZ n‡j (k+1) x2 + 2 (k + 3) x + 2k + 3 ivwkwU GKwU c~Y© eM© n‡e?
(K) 3, 2 (L) 3, –2 (M) –3, 2 (N) –3, –2
12. x + ax + b = 0 mgxKi‡Yi `yBwU g~j hw` mgvb nq Ges Aci mgxKiY x + ax + 8 = 0 Gi GKwU g~j hw` 4
2 2
nq, Z‡e b Gi gvb KZ?
(K) 4 (L) 8 (M) 9 (N) 12
13. hw` x + x + 4 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j Ges nq, Z‡e – =?
2
(K) 16 (L) –15 (M) –20 (N) 15
1 1
14. x2 – 5x – 3 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq x1, x2 n‡j , g~jwewkó mgxKiY wK?
x1 x2
(K) 3x2–5x+1 = 0 (L) 5x2+x–3 = 0 (M) 3x2+5x–1=0 (N) 5x2–x–3 =0
15. x2 – 5x – 1 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq n‡Z 2 Kg g~jwewkó mgxKiYwU n‡jvÑ
(K) x2+x+7 = 0 (L) x2–x–7 = 0 (M) x2+x–7=0 (N) x2–x+7 =0
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
16. f(x) =x2 + px + q = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq –2, 6 n‡j
eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY c„ôv 92
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
(K) p, q Gi gvb wbY©q Kiæb|
(L) hw` f(x) = rnq, Z‡e rGi †Kvb gv‡bi Rb¨ mgxKiYwUi †Kv‡bv ev¯Íe g~j _vK‡e bv|
(M) p + 2 Ges q – 2 g~j wewkó mgxKiYwU wbY©q Kiæb|
17. x2 – 5x + 13 = (x – p)2 + q2 n‡j
(K) pGesq Gi gvb wbY©q Kiæb|
(L) x2 – 5x + 13 Gi me© wb¤œgvb wbY©q Kiæb|
(M) x2 – 5x + 13 eµ‡iLvwU †¯‹P Kiæb|
18. x3 + px + q = 0 n‡j
(K) mgxKiYwUi g~j Ges mn‡Mi ga¨Kvi m¤úK© wjLyb|
1 1 1
(L) hw` cÖ`Ë mgxKi‡Yi g~jÎq ,,nq Zvn‡j , , g~jwewkó mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb|
+ + +
(M) gvb wbY©q Kiæb: + +
+ + +
DËigvjv-
l a
ha
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 3.9
1. (a) (i) A‡f` (ii) A‡f`
s
(b) (i) RwUj, Amgvb (ii) RwUj I Amgvb (iii) Amgvb I Ag~j` (iv) RwUj I Amgvb|
th
9 9 9
2. (i) (K)k< (L)k = 16 (M)k> 16
Pa
16
(ii) (K)k> 85, k< 1; (L)k = 85 ev, (M) 1 <k< 85
AA
(iii)10 ev, 2;
7. (i) 14 >k> 2 (iii) 2 Ges –2 Gi g‡a¨|
1
9. (ii)k = 0 3; 10. (i) 2,
2
11. (iv)45, 1.5, 15, (v) 9, (vi) 4 ev 1 (vii) ± 8 (xi) 6 ev –1;
p4 –5 (p4 – 4p2q + 2q2)
12. (ii) (iii) (v) ;
q – 2 (2p2q) 4 q4
2 2
13. (ix) – , – ;
p q
14. (i) ax + (2a + b) x + a + b + c = 0
2 (ii) acx2 + b (a + c) x + a2 + b2 + c2 – 2ac = 0;
(iii) (25ac – 4ab2) x2 – 3abx + a2 = 0 (iv) 2a a x2+(b a –2a c ) x–b c = 0;
(v) c3x2 + b (b2 – 3ac) x + a3 = 0;
15. x2 – 10x + 9 = 0
16.(i) x2 – 6x + 4 = 0; (ii) x2– 6x + 11 = 0; (iii) 11x2 – 6x + 1 = 0
(iv) 2x2 – 6x + 7 = 0 (v )x2 + 4x – 1 = 0;
17. (i) x2 – 2 (a + b) x + 4ab = 0, (ii)x2 ± 4x + 4 = 0;
18.(ii)a (a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc) = 0; (vi) 0, 3, 8 (vii) – 3, 1 Ges 1, –1; (ix) 1 + p + q = 0
25 1
19.(i) k = 3, –2; (ii) 4; (iii) , (v) 5,
4 5
BDwbU wZb c„ôv 93
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
P‚ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
1. (i)4x3 + 15x2 + 27x + 52, 117. (ii) 2x4 – 2x3 + 3x2 – 4x + 12, –58;
3 2
2. (i)x – 3x – 4x + 12 = 0 (ii) x4 + 6x3 + 27x2 + 108x + 405 = 0
4 3 2
(iii) x – x + 6x – 6x – 4 = 0; (iv) 4x3 – 8x2 + 8x – 3 = 0
2
3. (i) p – 2q (ii) 3r – p (iii) q2 – 2pr
4. (i) p/q (ii) p/2q(iii) 8 q,
5. (M) (i) –1, 1,3. (ii) 2, 4, –7 (iv) – 2 ± 3 , 1 ± i6; (v) –4, 4, 5; (vii) 2/3, 2, 6;
(viii) 4, 3, –2; (ix) –4, –1, 2, 5; (x) 2/3, 2,6;
6. (i)x3+ px2 + qx + 8r = 0; (ii) x3 – qx2 + p2x – r2 = 0; (iii) x3 + 2px2 (p2 + q) x + (pq – r) = 0;
(iv) (p – 2q – x) + (2p – p ) (p – 2q – x) + (q – 2pr) (p – 2q–x) –r2 = 0;
2 3 2 2 2 2 2
7. (i)rx3– q(r +1) x2+p (r + 1)2x–(r + 1)3 = 0 (ii) (r–pq) x3+ (3r – 2pq + p3) x2 + (3r – pq) x + r = 0
(iii) (4pq – p3 – 8r) x3 + (4pq – q3– 12r) x2 + (pq – 6r) x – r = 0;
8. (i)x3 + 4ax – 8b = 0 (ii)x3 – ax2– b2 = 0 (iii) x3 – 6ax2 + 9a2x + 4a3 + 27b2 = 0.
3
(iv) x + ax – b = 0. (v)b x + 2abx + a2x – b = 0;
2 3 2
3 2
(vi) bx – ax – 1 = 0 (vii) bx3 + a (1– b)x2 + (1 – b)3 = 0
(viii) x + 3x + 3x + 1 = 0, (ix) x3 + 2ax2 + a2x – b2 = 0,
3 2
9 (i)2x3 – 11x2 + 23x – 4 = 0, (ii) x3 + 7x2 – x + 1 = 0,
10. (i) 8/9, 4/3, 2, 3 (ii) ± 2, 3, – 4
11. L 12. M 13. L 14. M 15. L
l a
s ha
th
Pa
AA
eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY c„ôv 94
wØc`x we¯Í…wZ
(Binomial Expansions) 4
f‚wgKv
wØc`x Dccv‡`¨i Avwe®‹viK m¨vi AvBRvK wbDUb| Dccv`¨wUi wewfbœ w`‡K MwYZwe` Igi ˆLqv‡giI h‡_ó
Ae`vb i‡q‡Q| Dccv`¨wU MwYZ kv‡¯¿ h‡_ó ¸iæZ¡c~Y© I cÖ‡qvRbxq| wØc`x ivwk ev eûc`x ivwki NvZ ev kw³
wZb Gi †ewk n‡j †m †ÿ‡Î ivwki gvb wbY©q h‡_ó kÖgmva¨ I mgq mv‡cÿ n‡q c‡o| G BDwb‡U wØc`x Dccv`¨,
wØc`x Dccv‡`¨i we¯Í„wZ, wØc`x we¯Í…wZi mvaviY c`, ga¨c`, wØc`x aviv BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
BDwb‡Ui D‡Ïk¨
GB BDwbU †k‡l Avcwb -
wØc`x Dccv`¨ I Gi ˆewkó m¤ú‡K© wjL‡Z cvi‡eb,
MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZ‡Z wØc`x Dccv`¨ cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
l a
c¨vm‡K‡ji wÎfz‡Ri mvnv‡h¨ wØc`x we¯Í…wZi mnM wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
ha
wØc`x we¯Í…wZi mvaviY c` wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
s
wØc`x we¯Í…wZi ga¨ c` wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
th
wØc`x aviv m¤úwK©Z mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Pa
AA
BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡ev©”P mgq 15 w`b
GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV 4.1: MvwYwZK Av‡ivn wewa
cvV 4.2: c¨vm‡K‡ji wÎfzR m~Î
n
cvV 4.3: (a+x) -Gi we¯Í…wZ‡Z mvaviY c` wbY©q
n
cvV 4.4: (a+x) -Gi we¯Í„wZ‡Z ga¨c` wbY©q
cvV 4.5: wØc`x aviv
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
cvV 4.1 MvwYwZK Av‡ivn wewa
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZ‡Z wØc`x Dccv‡`¨i cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
wØc`x Dccv‡`¨i ˆewkó eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã wØc`x ivwk, wØc`x Dccv`¨, Av‡ivn wewa
g~jcvV-
MvwYwZK Av‡ivn wewa: g‡b Kiæb, ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi †mU Ges Aci GKwU †mU n hv Giƒƒc nq †h,
(i) 1
(ii) n,n +1 †hLv‡b n
Zvn‡j G m¤úK©wU Gi GKwU †gŠwjK ¯^xKvh©| G ¯^xKvh©‡K MvwYwZK Av‡ivn wewa ejv nq|
a
MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZ: l
¯^vfvweK msL¨v n m¤^wjZ †Kvb ivwk hw` n 1 Gi Rb¨ mZ¨ nq Ges ivwkwU n Gi Rb¨ mZ¨ a‡i hw` Zv
ha
n + 1Gi Rb¨ mZ¨ nq, Z‡e Dw³wU mKj n Gi Rb¨ mZ¨ n‡e|
s
th
wØc`x ivwk
`yBwU c‡`i †hvMdj ev we‡qvMdj AvKv‡i cÖKvwkZ †h †Kvb ivwk‡K wØc`x ivwk ejv nq| †hgb:
Pa
a x, 5 x 3 y , 2 x 2 3 y BZ¨vw` wØc`x ivwk|
AA
wØc`x Dccv`¨: †h exRMwYZxq m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ GKwU wØc` ivwki †h †Kvb kw³ ev g~j‡K GKwU avivq cÖKvk Kiv
hvq Zv‡K wØc`x Dccv`¨ e‡j|
a x n a n nC1a n 1 x1 nC2a n 2 x 2 ............... nCr a n r x r ....... nCn x n ,GB m~ÎwU‡K wØc`x Dccv`¨ e‡j|
MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZ‡Z wØc`x Dccv‡`¨i cÖgvY :
a x 2 a 2 2ax x 2 a 2 2C1a 2 1 x1 2C2 a 2 2 x 2 ------------(i)
[ 2C1 2, 2C2 1 ]
a x 3 a 3 3a 2 x 3ax 2 x3 a 3 3C1a 31x1 3C2 a 3 2 x 2 3C3a 3 3 x3 ----------- (ii)
[ 3C1 3, 3C2 3, 3C3 1 ]
myZivs m~ÎwU n =2, n=3Gi Rb¨ mZ¨| GLb g‡b Kiæb m~ÎwU n = k Gi Rb¨ mZ¨|
k
a x a k k C1a k 1 x1 k C2 a k 2 x 2 ............... k C r a k r x r ....... k C k x k --------- (iii)
(iii)Gi Dfqw`‡K(a+x)Øviv ¸Y K‡i Avgiv cvB,
a x k a x a x a k k C1a k 1x1 k C2 a k 2 x 2 ............... k Cr a k r x r ....... k Ck x k
k 1
a x a k 1 k C1a k x1 k C2 a k 1 x 2 ............... k Cr a k r 1 x r ....... kC k ax k
a k x k C1a k 1 x 2 k C2 a k 2 x 3 ............... k C r 1a k r 1 x r k Cr a k r x r 1 ....... k C k x k 1
a k 1 1 k C1 a k x1 k C2 k C1 a k 1 x 2 ............... k Cr k C r 1 a k r 1 x r ....... k Ck x k 1 -----(iv)
wØc`x we¯Í…wZ c„ôv 96
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
†h‡nZz, k Cr k Cr 1 k 1Cr ,
AZGe, k C1 k C0 k C1 1 k 1C1 ,
k
C2 k C1 k 1C2 BZ¨vw`|
k 1
a x a k 1 k 1C1a k x k 1C2 a k 1 x 2 ............... k 1Cr a k r 1 x r ....... k 1Ck 1 x k 1 ----------- (v)
(v)bs n‡Z †`Lv hvq,(iii)bs m~ÎwUn = k+1Gi Rb¨I mZ¨|
AZGe m~ÎwU hw`n =2Gi Rb¨ mZ¨ nq, Z‡e Dnvn = 2+1 =3Gi Rb¨I mZ¨| Avevin=3Gi Rb¨ mZ¨
n‡j,n=4Gi Rb¨I mZ¨| myZivsnGi mKj abvZ¥K c~Y© msL¨vi Rb¨ Dccv`¨wU mZ¨|
a x n a n nC1a n 1 x1 nC2a n 2 x 2 ............... nCr a n r x r ....... nCn x n
wØc`x Dccv‡`¨i ˆewkó¨:
(i) Dccv‡`¨i we¯Í„wZ‡Z (n+1) msL¨K c` _v‡K|
(ii) we¯Í„wZi cÖ‡Z¨K c‡` a Ges xGi Nv‡Zi mgwó mgvb _v‡K|
(iii) we¯Í…wZi cÖ_g I †kl c` n‡Z mg`~ieZx© c`¸‡jvi mnM ci®úi mgvb _v‡K|
Abywm×všÍ1:
a x n a n nC1a n 1 x1 nC2a n 2 x 2 ............... nCr a n r x r ....... nCn x n --------------- (1)
(1)bs Ga=1ewm‡q cvB,
a
1 x n 1n nC11n 1 x1 nC21n 2 x 2 ............... nCr1n r x r ....... nCn x n
l
1 x n 1 nC1x nC2 x 2 nC3 x3 ............... nCr x r ....... nCn x n
ha
1 x n 1 nx nn 1 x 2 nn 1n 2 x3 ............... nn 1n 2....n r 1 x r ....... x n
s
2! 3! r!
th
Abywm×všÍ 2:
Pa
a x n a n nC1a n 1 x1 nC2a n 2 x 2 ............... nCr a n r x r ....... nCn x n --------------- (1)
(1)bs Gx=x ewm‡q cvB,
AA
a x n a n nC1a n 1 x 1 nC2a n 2 x 2 ............... nCr a n r x r ....... nCn x n
1 2 r n
a n nC1a n 1 1 x nC2 a n 2 1 x 2 ............... nCr a n r 1 x r ....... 1 x n
mvims‡ÿc-
(i) 1 (ii) n,n +1 †hLv‡b nZvn‡j G m¤úK©wU Gi GKwU †gŠwjK ¯^xKvh©| G ¯^xKvh©‡K
MvwYwZK Av‡ivn wewa ejv nq|
Dccv‡`¨i we¯Í„wZ‡Z (n+1) msL¨K c` _v‡K|
we¯Í„wZi cÖ‡Z¨K c‡` a Ges xGi Nv‡Zi mgwó mgvb _v‡K|
we¯Í…wZi cÖ_g I †kl c` n‡Z mg`~ieZx© c`¸‡jvi mnM ci®úi mgvb _v‡K|
BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 97
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
cvV 4.2 c¨vm‡K‡ji wÎfzR m~Î
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
c¨vm‡Kj wÎfz‡Ri mvnv‡h¨ wØc`x we¯Í…wZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
c¨vm‡Kj wÎfz‡Ri mvnv‡h¨ wØc`x we¯Í…wZi mnM wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã c¨vm‡Kj wÎfzR, wØc`x we¯Í…wZ, wØc`x we¯Í…wZi mnM
g~jcvV-
divwm c`v_© weÁvbx †eøBR c¨vm‡Kj (Blaise Pascal, 1623-1662) †QvU‡ejv †_‡KB Amvgvb¨ †gavex wQ‡jb|
1653mv‡j wZwb wØc`x we¯Í…wZi mn‡Mi mviwY cÖ¯‘Z K‡ib hv c¨vm‡Kj wÎfzR bv‡g cwiwPZ| GQvovI c`v_©we`¨vq
Zuvi Ae`vb Acwimxg|
c¨vm‡Kj wÎfzR
a
wb‡¤œi wÎfzRvKvi msL¨v web¨vm‡K c¨vm‡K‡ji wÎfzR ejv nq| 1g I 2q mvwii ci †h †Kv‡bv mvwii c‡`i
l
mnM¸‡jv wbY©q c×wZ wb¤œiƒc:
ha
mvwi wÎfzRxq QK wØc`x ivwki we¯Ívi
s
1g mvwi n=01 (a+x)0 = 1
th
2q mvwi n=1 1 1 (a+x)1= 1.a+ 1.x
Pa
3q mvwi n=2 1 2 1 (a+x)2= 1.a2+2.ax+1.x2
AA
4_© mvwi n=3 1 3 3 1 (a+x)3= 1.a3+3.a2x+3.ax2+1.x3
5g mvwi n=4 (a+x)4= 1.a4+4.a3x+6.a2x2+4.ax3+1.x4
6ô mvwi n=5 (a+x)5= 1.a5+5.a4x +10.a3x2+10.a2x3+5.ax4+1.x5
7g mvwi n=6 (a+x)6 = 1.a6+6.a5x +15.a4x2+20.a3x3+15.a2x4+6.ax5+1.x6
8g mvwi n=7 (a+x)7 = 1.a7+7.a6x +21.a5x2+35.a4x3+35.a3x4+21.a2 x5+7.a x6+1.x7
e¨vL¨v:
Dc‡iv³ mvwii wØc`x we¯Í…wZ (a x ) n G n=0,1,2,3,4,5,6 Ges7†bIqv n‡q‡Q|
cÖ‡Z¨K mvwii cÖvwšÍK c‡`i mnMØq |
†Kv‡bv mvwii 1g I 2q c‡`i mnM؇qi †hvMdj H mvwii cieZ©x mvwii 2q c‡`i mnM|
†Kv‡bv mvwii 2q I 3q c‡`i mnM؇qi †hvMdj H mvwii cieZ©x mvwii 3q c‡`i mnM|
†h‡Kv‡bv mvwi n‡Z cieZ©x mvwii mnM¸‡jv wbY©q Kiv hvq|
g‡b Kiæb, 8g mvwii c‡`i mnM¸‡jv wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e| Avgiv Rvwb, cÖ_g c` I †kl c‡`i mnM |8g mvwii
2q c‡`i mnM n‡e 7g mvwii 1g I 2q c‡`i mnM؇qi †hvMdj, A_©vr |8g mvwii 3q c‡`i mnM
n‡e 7g mvwii 2q I 3q c‡`i mnM؇qi mgwó, A_©vr |8g mvwii 4_©, 5g, 6ô I 7g c‡`i
mnM¸‡jv n‡e h_vµ‡g, , I,hv c¨vm‡Kj wÎfz‡Ri 8g
mvwi‡Z we`¨gvb|
wØc`x we¯Í…wZ c„ôv 98
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
D`vniY 1: c¨vm‡Kj wÎfz‡Ri mvnv‡h¨ (2+x)6Gi we¯Í…wZ wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb:
mvwi wÎfzRxq QK wØc`x ivwki we¯Ívi
1g mvwi n=01 (2+x)0 = 1
2q mvwi n=1 1 1 (2+x)1= 1.2+ 1.x
3q mvwi n=2 1 2 1 (2+x)2= 1.22+2.2.x + 1.x2
4_© mvwi n=3 1 3 3 1 (2+x)3= 1.23+3.22.x+3.2.x2+1.x3
5g mvwi n=4 (2+x)4= 1.24+4.23.x+6.22.x2+4.23.x+1.x4
6ô mvwi n=5 (2+x)5= 1.25+5.24.x +10.23.x2+10.22.x3+5.2.x4+1.x5
7g mvwi n=6 (2+x)6 = 1.26 +6.25x +15.24.x2 +20.23.x3 + 15.22.x4 +6.2.x5 +1.x6
∴ wb‡Y©q (2+x)6 = 64+192x +240x2+160x3+60x4+ 12x5+x6
D`vniY 2: c¨vm‡Kj wÎfz‡Ri mvnv‡h¨ (1x)5Gi we¯Í…wZ‡Z x3Gi mnM wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb:
mvwi wÎfzRxq QK wØc`x ivwki we¯Ívi
1g mvwi n=01 (1x)0 = 1
a
2q mvwi n=1 1 1 (1x)1= 1.1 1.x
3q mvwi n=2 1 2 1
l
(1x)2= 1.122.1.x + 1.x2
ha
4_© mvwi n=3 1 3 3 1 (1x)3= 1.133.12.x+3.1.x21.x3
s
5g mvwi n=4 (1x)4= 1.144.13.x+6.12.x24.13.x+1.x4
th
6ô mvwi n=5 (1x)5= 1.155.14.x +10.13.x210.12.x3+5.1.x41.x5
Pa
AZGe, (1 x)5 = 1 5 x 10 x 2 10 x3 5 x 4 x5
AA
∴wb‡Y©q x3Gi mnM=10
mvims‡ÿc-
cÖ‡Z¨K mvwii cÖvwšÍK c‡`i mnMØq 1|
†Kv‡bv mvwii 1g I 2q c‡`i mnM؇qi †hvMdj H mvwii cieZ©x mvwii 2q c‡`i mnM|
†Kv‡bv mvwii 2q I 3q c‡`i mnM؇qi †hvMdj H mvwii cieZ©x mvwii 3q c‡`i mnM|
†h‡Kv‡bv mvwi n‡Z cieZ©x mvwii mnM¸‡jv wbY©q Kiv hvq|
BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 99
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
cvV 4.3 (a+x)n-Gi we¯Í…wZ‡Z mvaviY c` wbY©q
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
†Kv‡bv wØc`x we¯Í…wZi mvaviY c` wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
wØc`x ivwki c`msL¨v I mnM wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã mvaviY c`
g~jcvV-
a x n -Gi we¯Í…wZ‡Z mvaviY c`(General terms)wbY©q
hw` a x n a n nC1a n 1x1 nC2 a n 2 x 2 ............... nCr a n r x r ....... x n
Wvbc‡ÿi c`¸‡jv‡K avivevwnKfv‡e T1, T2,T3,.....,Tr+1Øviv m~wPZ Kiv nq; Zvn‡j,
cÖ_g c`, T1= a n nC0 a n 0 x 0 a n
wØZxq c`, T2= nC1a n 1 x1 na n 1 x l a
ha
nn 1 n 2 2
Z…Zxq c`, T3= nC2a n 2 x 2 a x
s
2!
th
nn 1n 2 n 3 3
PZz_© c`, T4= nC3a n 3 x3 a x
3!
Pa
......................................................................
......................................................................
AA
nn 1n 2 .......n r 2 n r 1 r 1
rZg c`, Tr= nCr 1a n r 1 x r 1 a x
r 1 !
nn 1n 2 n 3.......n r 1 n r r
r+1 Zg c`, Tr 1 nCr a n r x r a x
r!
myZivs GB Tr 1 nCr a n r x r c`‡K mvaviY c` e‡j| mvaviY c‡`i mvnv‡h¨ Avgiv wØc`x ivwki wewfbœ c`I mnM
wbY©q Ki‡Z cvwi|
D`vniY1:(1+x)44Gi we¯Í…wZ‡Z 21 Zg c` wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb,r+1=21ev, r= 20.
44! 44! 20
Tr+1= T201 = 44
C 20 x 20 = x 20 = x
20!( 44 20)! 20! 24!
D`vniY2:(x2–7x)12Gi we¯Íw… Z‡Zx14Gi mnM wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb,Tr+1Zg c‡`x14Av‡Q|
12 12 12 12
Tr+1= Cr(x2)12–r (–7x)r= Crx24–2r.(–7)rxr= Cr (–7)rx24–2r+r = Cr(–7)rx24–r
24-r 14
GLb mvaviY c‡`i x Gi NvZ Ges x Gi NvZ mgvb n‡e|
24r = 14evr = 24–14 = 10.
12 10 24–10 12 10 14
T10+1= C10 (–7) x = C10 .7 x
wØc`x we¯Í…wZ c„ôv 100
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
14 10
AZGex Gi mnM = 12C10 (7)
1
D`vniY3:x2 –x Gi we¯Í…wZ‡ZxewR©Z c`wU wbY©q Kiæb|
18
mgvavb:xewR©Z c` ej‡Z Avgiv †mB c`‡K eywS †h c‡`x_v‡K bv A_©vrxGi NvZ k~b¨ _v‡K|[ x0 = 1 ].
g‡b KiæbTr+1Zg c‡`x0Av‡Q|
Tr+1= Cr
18 1 18–r.(–x)r= 18C x–36+2r(–1)rxr= 18C x–36+3r(–1)r
x2 r r
†h‡nZz G c`wU x ewR©Z
– 36+3r= 0
ev 3r = 36 r = 12.
18 12 18! 18!
wb‡Y©q c`= T13 = C12 (–1) .x0= = = 18564
12!(18 12)! 12! 6!
n
1
D`vniY4:m,n abvZ¥K c~Y© msL¨v n‡j (1 x) m 1 Gi we¯Í…wZ‡Zx ewR©Z c` wbY©q Kiæb|
x
n n
1 x 1 (1 x ) m n
mgvavb: (1 x) m 1 (1 x) m n
x x x
1 mn
a
g‡b Kiæb, r 1 Zg c`wU x ewR©Z c`| GLv‡b, r 1 Zg c` = . Cr x r m n C r x r n
l xn
ha
†h‡nZz r 1 Zg c`wU x ewR©Z, myZivs H c‡` Gi x NvZ k~b¨ n‡e|
AZGe, r n 0 r n
s
th
AZGe,wb‡Y©q x ewR©Z c` m nCn
10
Pa
b
D`vniY5: 2 x 2 3 Gi we¯Í…wZ‡Z x5 Ges x15 Gi mnMØq ci¯úi mgvb n‡j b Gi abvZ¥K gvb wbY©q
x
AA
Kiæb|
10
b
mgvavb:g‡b Kiæb, 2 x 2 Gi we¯Í…wZ‡Z r 1 Zg c`mvaviYc`|
x3
r
b
myZivs r 1 Zg c` 10Cr 2 x 2
10 r 10 r
3 Cr 2
10
b r x20 2 r 3r 10 r
Cr 2
10
b r x20 5r
x
hw` r 1 Zg c‡` x5 _v‡KA_v©r 20 5r 5 ev, r 3
Avevi hw` r 1 Zg c‡` x15 _v‡K Z‡e 20 5r 15 A_©vr r 1
GLb x5 Ges x15 Gi mnMØq ci¯úi mgvb n‡j,
10 3
10
C3 2 b 3 10
C1 2
10 1
b 1
7
ev, 10! 2 b3 10 29 b
3! 7!
7
ev, 10 9 8 7! 2 b3 10 29 b
3! 7!
ev, 9 8 b 3 2 2 b ev,12b 3 4b ev, b2 1
3 2 3
b 1 , [abvZ¥K gvb wb‡q]
3
BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 101
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
mvims‡ÿc-
a x n -Gi we¯Í…wZi Tr 1 n C r a n r x r c`‡K mvaviY c` ejv nq|
mvaviY c‡`i mvnv‡h¨ Avgiv wØc`x ivwki wewfbœ c`I mnM wbY©q Ki‡Z cvwi|
cvV 4.4 (a+x)n-Gi we¯Í„wZ‡Z ga¨c` wbY©q
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
†Kv‡bv wØc`x we¯Í…wZi ga¨c` wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã wØc`x we¯Í…wZi ga¨c`
g~jcvV- al
ha
(a+x)n-Gi we¯Í…wZ‡Z ga¨c`(Middle terms)wbY©q, †hLv‡bnGKwU abvZ¥K c~Y© msL¨v
s
th
Avgiv Rvwb, (a+x)nGi we¯Í…wZ‡Z †gvU c` msL¨v = n+1|GLb g‡b Kiæb, Dnvi
(r+1)Zgc`wUga¨c`|myZivsD³c‡`iA‡MÖIcðv‡ZmgvbmsL¨Kc`_vK‡e|†h‡nZz(r+ 1)Zgc‡`icðv‡ZrmsL¨K c`
Pa
n
Av‡Q, †m‡nZz Dnvi A‡MÖIrmsL¨K c` _vK‡e|Zvn‡j(a+x) Gi we¯Íw… Z‡Z †gvU c` msL¨v
AA
= (r) + (1) + (r) = 2r+1.
cðv‡Z gv‡S A‡MÖ
n
n+1 = 2r+1evr =
2
(i) nabvZ¥K †Rvo msL¨v n‡j, ga¨c` n‡e Tn ev Tn 2 Zg c`|
1
2 2
n n n n
n
Tn = n C n a 2x2 = nC n a2x2
1
2 2 2
(ii) nabvZ¥K we‡Rvo msL¨v n‡j,ga¨c` n‡e Tn 1 Ges Tn 3 Zg c`Øq|
2 2
n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1
n 1 1
T n 1 = n C n 1 a 2
x 2 = n C n 1 a 2 x 2
1
2 2 2
n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1
n n
T n 3 = T n 1 = n C n 1 a 2 .x 2 = C n 1 a 2 .x 2
1
2 2 2 2
16
x y
D`vniY1: Gi we¯Í…wZ‡Z ga¨c` wbY©q Kiæb|
y x
mgvavb: GLv‡b n 16 , †Rvo msL¨v
wØc`x we¯Í…wZ c„ôv 102
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
x y 16!
myZivs ga¨c`= T16 2 T9 T8 1 = C8y . x = C8 =
16 8 8 16
=12870
2
8! 8!
1 11
D`vniY2:x– x Gi we¯Í…wZ‡Z ga¨c` wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: GLv‡bn =11, we‡Rvo msL¨v
myZivs ga¨c` `yBwU n‡”Q, T11 1 T6 Ges T11 3 T7
2 2
1 5 11 6 1
T6 = T5+1= C5(x) – = C5x (–1) . 5 = – 462 x
11 11–55
x x
11 11– 6 16 11 5
1 462
T7= T6+1= C6 (x)
– x = C6x x = x
6
1 1.3.5.....(2n 1)
D`vniY3: †`Lvb †h, x– x Gi wØc`x we¯Í…wZ‡Z ga¨c` mgvb
2n
(2) n
n!
mgvavb: GLv‡b we¯Í…wZwUi NvZ †Rvo msL¨v|
myZivs, ga¨c` n‡e, T2 n 2 T2 ( n 1) Tn 1
2 2
n n
2n n 1 1 n
GLb, Tn 1 Cn ( x) 2n
2n
Cn ( x) 1
n
x x
a
2 nCn x n 1
n 1 2n! 2n 2n 12n 22n 3........4.3.2.1 1n
n 1n l
x n! 2n n ! n!2 n n !
ha
2n2n 22n 4.........6.4.22n 12n 32n 5.......5.3.1 1n
s
n!2
th
2.n2.n 12.n 2.........2.3. 2.2. 2.12n 12n 32n 5.......5.3.1 1n
n!2
Pa
2 n n!1.3.5....2n 52n 32n 1 2n 1.3.5....2n 52n 32n 1
AA
n
1 1n
n!2
n!
1.3.5....2n 32n 1 2n [cÖgvwYZ]
n!
mvims‡ÿc-
n n
a x n -Gi we¯Í…wZ‡Z nabvZ¥K †Rvo msL¨v n‡j ga¨c` n‡e, Tn = nC n a 2 x 2
1
2 2
n 1 n 1
n
a x -Gi we¯Í…wZ‡Z nabvZ¥K we‡Rvo msL¨v n‡j ga¨c` n‡e, Tn 1 = C n 1 n
a .x 2
2 Ges Tn 3 =
2 2 2
n 1 n 1
n
C n 1 a 2 .x 2 Zg c`Øq|
2
BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 103
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
cvV 4.5 wØc`x aviv
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
wØc`x aviv Kx Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
wØc`x aviv m¤úwK©Z mgm¨v mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã wØNvZ mgxKiY, wØc`x aviv
g~jcvV-
wØc`x aviv (Binomial Series)
n( n 1) 2 n(n 1)( n 2).....(n r 1) r
(a)Avgiv Rvwb,(1+x)n = 1+nx + x +---+ x + .......... +xn--------(i)
2! r!
(i)bs Gi Wvbw`‡Ki we¯Í…wZiaviv‡K wØc`x aviv ejv nq| GLv‡b,
(K)(1+x)nGi we¯Í…wZ‡Z n abvZ¥K c~Y©msL¨v n‡j avivwU mgxg n‡e Ges nFYvZ¥K c~Y© msL¨v ev fMœvsk (abvZ¥K
ev FYvZ¥K)n‡j avivwU Amxg n‡e| l a
ha
(L) x 1 A_v©r 1 x 1
s
(b) n wKš‘ n Gi Rb¨ (a x ) n Gi we¯Í…wZ
th
a x n =an+nan–1x+ n(n 1) an–2x2+ .......... + n(n 1)(n 2).....(n r 1) an–rxr+ ....... +xn----------- (ii)
Pa
2! r!
x
AA
(K) a x n‡j 1
a
n 2
n x x n(n 1) x
a x a n 1 = a n 1 n. ...................
a a 2! a
n(n 1) n 2 2
= a n n.a n 1 x a x ................
2!
a
(L) a x n‡j 1
x
n 2
n a a n( n 1) a
a x x n 1 = x n 1 n. ...................
x x 2! x
n( n 1) 2 n 2
= x n n.a. x n 1 a .x ...................
2!
myZivs, n FYvZ¥K c~Y© msL¨v ev fMœvsk Gi Rb¨ (a+x)n†K Amxg avivq cÖKvk Ki‡Z 1 Ges wØZxq c` 1 A‡cÿv
ÿz`ªZg wb‡Z nq|
gšÍe¨: a x n‡j, hLb x a ZLb a a n ( 2a) n Avevi hLb x a ZLb a a n (0) n 0
myZivs, †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡ÎB wØc`x we¯Í…wZi cÖ‡qvRb †bB|
(c)AbšÍ wØc`x avivi Afxm„wZ (Convergency of Binomial Series) :
wØc`x we¯Í…wZ c„ôv 104
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
n Gi †h †Kvb gv‡bi Rb¨ Ñ
1 x n 1+nx + n(n 1) x 2 + n(n 1)(n 2) x 3 +....... + n(n 1)(n 2).....(n r 1) xr + ........ ------ (i)
2! 3! r!
avivwU‡K wØc`x aviv ejv nq|
(K) hLb n nq A_©vr n abvZ¥K c~Y© msL¨v nq ZLb avivwU mvšÍ Ges Gi gvb 1 x n .
n n( n 1) 2 n( n 1)( n 2) 3 n(n 1)( n 2).....(n r 1) r
1 x 1+nx + x + x + ....... + x + .........
2! 3! r!
(L) hLb n e¨ZxZ †h †Kvb g~j` msL¨v A_©vr n FYvZ¥K c~Y© msL¨v ev fMœvsk (abvZ¥K ev FYvZ¥K)n‡j avivwU
n(n 1)( n 2).....(n r 1)
AbšÍ n‡e| KviY, n bv n‡j, Gi gvb k~b¨ n‡Z cv‡i bv|
r!
†Kvb Amxg avivi †hvMdj GKwU wbw`©ó mmxg msL¨v n‡jZv‡K Awfmvix aviv ejv nq| Avevi, †Kvb AbšÍ avivi
†hvMdj GKwU wbw`©ó mmxg msL¨v bv n‡j Zv‡K Acmvix aviv ejv nq|
wØc`x AbšÍ avivwU Awfmvix n‡e hw` x Gi gvb 1Gi †P‡q eo Ges 1 Gi †P‡q †QvU nq A_©vr, x 1 nq Ges
ïay ZLbB AbšÍ avivwUi gvb 1 x n n‡e|
n n( n 1) 2 n( n 1)( n 2) 3 n(n 1)( n 2).....(n r 1) r
1 x = 1+nx + x + x + ......... + x + ....... ,
2! 3! r!
hLb n Ges x 1
a
n 1 Ges x Gi cwie‡Z© x wj‡L wØc`x aviv n‡Z cvB, l
(1)(2)
x 2 + (1)(2)(3) x 3 +...... + (1)(2)(3).....(r ) x r + ........
ha
1+( 1 )( x )+
2! 3! r!
s
2 3 4 r
=1+ x + x + x + x + ........ + x + .........
th
1 xr 1 xr
avivwUi cÖ_g r msL¨K c‡`i †hvMdj
Pa
1 x 1 x 1 x
hLb x 1 ZLb r Gi gvb e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ x r Gi gvb n«vm †c‡Z _v‡K Ges r n‡j x r 0 nq| d‡j
AA
xr 1
0 nq Ges †m‡ÿ‡Î avivwUi gvb A_©vr 1 x 1 nq|
1 x 1 x
∴1+ x + x + x + x + .............. ∞ = 1 x 1 avivwU Awfmvix|
2 3 4
wb‡¤œi we¯Í…wZ¸‡jv wØc`x Dccv‡`¨i mvnv‡h¨ mn‡RB wbY©q Kiv hvq: 1 x 1 n†j,
1 x 1 =1+ x + x 2 + x 3 ..... .... + x r ..............------------- (i)
1 x 1 =1 x + x 2 x 3 + ............ + (1) r x r .......... ----------(ii),[(i) bs G xcwie‡Z© (x)ewm‡q cvB|]
1 x 2 =1+ 2 x + 3x 2 +4 x 3 + ........ +(r+1) x r ........------(iii),[(i) bs †K xmv‡c‡ÿ AšÍixKiY K‡i cvB|]
1 x 2 1 2 x 3x 2 4 x3 ..... r 1 1r x r ..... ------(iv),[(iii) bs G xcwie‡Z© (x)ewm‡q cvB|]
1 x 3 =1+ 3x + 6x 2 + 10x 3 + .... + 1 (r+1)(r+2) x r +.... --(v),[(iii) bs †K xmv‡c‡ÿ AšÍixKiY K‡i cvB|]
2
1 x 3 1 3 x 6 x 2 10 x3 ..... 1 r 1r 2 1r x r ..... -----(vi) [(v) bs G xcwie‡Z© (x)ewm‡q
2
cvB|]
BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 105
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
AvswkK fMœvs‡k cÖKv‡ki gva¨‡g wØc`x we¯Í…wZ wbY©q
†Kv‡bv g~j` exRMwYZxq fMœvs‡ki wØc`x we¯Í…wZ wbY©q Kivi Rb¨ fMœvskwU‡K AvswkK fMœvs‡k iƒcvšÍi K‡i cÖ‡Z¨K
As‡ki Rb¨ wØc`x we¯Í…wZ wbY©q Ki‡Z nq|
AvswkK fMœvs‡k we‡køl‡Yi c×wZ
ax 2 bx c A B C Dx E
2 2
2
( x )( x ) (mx ) x x ( x ) mx 2
mvsL¨gvb e„nËg c` wbY©q c×wZ
Tr 1 n r 1 x
a x n we¯Í…wZ‡Z mvsL¨gvb e„nËg c‡`i Rb¨, . 1, hLb n 0
Tr r a
Tr 1 n r 1 x
. 1, hLb n 0
Tr r a
c~Y©msL¨v n‡jI mvsL¨gvb e„nËg c`| fMœvsk n‡j cieZ©x c~Y©msL¨v Zg c`wUi mvsL¨gvb e„nËg|
D`vniY1:(1–2x)–2†K PZz_© c` ch©šÍ we¯Ívi Kiæb|
(–2)(–2–1) (–2)(–2–1)(–2–2)
mgvavb:(1–2x)–2 = 1+(–2)(–2x) + 2!
(–2x)2+
3!
(–2x)3+ ........
= 1+4x+12x2+32x3+ ..........
l 1
a
D`vniY2:cÖgvY Kiæb,(1+x+x2+ ...... )(1+2x+3x2+ ........ )=2 (1.2+2.3x+3.4x2+ ..... )
ha
mgvavb: evgc¶ = (1+x+x2+ ........) (1+2x+3x2+ ........)
s
1
th
= (1–x)–1 . (1–x)–2= (1–x)–3= 1+3x+6x2+ ........= (1.2+2.3x+3.4x2+ ........)
2
Pa
1
D`vniY3: 3 †K x -Gi Nv‡Zi EaŸ©µg Abymv‡i PZz_© c` ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z Kiæb Ges x -Gi gvb KZ n‡j
8 5x
AA
we¯Í…wZ ˆea n‡e Zv wbY©q Kiæb|
1
1 1 1 1 5 3
mgvavb: 3 1 x
8 5x 5 5 2 8
3 81 x 2. 3 1 x
8 8
1
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 2
1 1 5
2 3
1 5 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 5
x .......
1 x 1 x x
2 8 2 3 8 2! 8 3! 8
1 4 1 4 7
2 3
1 5 3 3 5 2 3 3 3 5 3
1 x x x .......
2 24 2! 8 3! 8
2 3
1 5 1.4 5 2 1.4.7 5 3
1 x x x .......
2 24 2!. 32 8 3!. 33 8
2 3
1 5 1.4 5 2 1.4.7 5 3
1 x x x .......
2 24 2! 24 3! 24
wØc`x we¯Í…wZ c„ôv 106
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
5x 8 8
wØc`x we¯Í…wZwUi ˆea nIqvi kZ© n‡jv, 1 A_©vr, x |
8 5 5
D`vniY4: y x x 2 x 3 x 4 ....... n‡j †`Lvb †h, x y y 2 y 3 y 4 ....... |
mgvavb:†`Iqv Av‡Q, y x x 2 x 3 x 4 .......
y x x 2 x 3 x 4 .......
1
1 y 1 x x 2 x 3 x 4 ....... (1 x ) 1 , [Dfq c‡ÿ 1 †hvM K‡i]
1 x
1 1
1 x 1 y 1 y y 2 y 3 y 4 .......
1 y
x y y 2 y 3 y 4 .......
D`vniY5: †`Lvb †h, 1 5 x 6 x 2 Gi we¯Í…wZ‡Z x r Gi mnM 3r 1 2 r 1 |
1
1 1 1 1
mgvavb: 1 5 x 6 x 2
1
2
2
1 5 x 6 x 1 3 x 2 x 6 x 1(1 3 x) 2 x(1 3x) (1 3x)(1 2 x)
1 1
1 1
(1 3 x)(1 2. ) (1 3. )(1 2 x)
a
3 2
1 l 1
[†bvU: 1 3x =0 n‡j x , (1 3x) e¨ZxZ cÖ‡Z¨K c‡` x Gi gvb emv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Abyiƒcfv‡e, 1 2x 0
ha
3 3
1 1
s
n‡j x , (1 2 x) e¨ZxZ cÖ‡Z¨K c‡` x Gi gvb emv‡bv n‡q‡Q| ]
th
2 2
1 1
Pa
3(1 3 x) 1 2(1 2 x) 1
1 1
(1 3x ) (1 2 x)
AA
3 2
3(1 3x 3 x 33 x 3 34 x 4 ....... 3r x r .....)
2 2
2(1 2 x 2 2 x 2 23 x 3 ...... 2 r x r .......)
wb‡Y©q we¯Í…wZ‡Z x r Gi mnM 3.3r 2.2 r 3r 1 2 r 1
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb-
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b (1 - 10):
wb‡Pi c¨vm‡Kj wÎfzRwU jÿ¨ Kiæb Ges cÖ`Ë Dcv‡Ëi Av‡jv‡K (1-5) bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b
1g mvwi n=0 1
2q mvwi n=1 1 1
3q mvwi n=2 1 2 1
4_© mvwi n=3 1 3 3 1
5g mvwi n=4
6ô mvwi n=5
7g mvwi n=6
BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 107
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
1. c¨vm‡Kj wÎfz‡Ri Av‡jv‡K †Kv‡bv wØc`x ivwki cÖ_g c` I †kl c‡`i mnM `ywU n‡e wb‡Pi †KvbwU?
(K) 1,1 (L) 1,0 (M) 0,1 (N)2,2
2. c¨vm‡Kj wÎfz‡Ri 4_© mvwii Dcv`vb msL¨v KqwU?
(K) 2 (L) 3 (M) 4 (N)5
3. c¨vm‡Kj wÎfzR Abyhvqx n=4 n‡j wØc`x mnM¸‡jv wb‡Pi †KvbwU?
(K)1,3,6,5,1 (L) 1,3,4,6,1 (M) 1,6,4,3,1 (N)1,4,6,4,1
4. c¨vm‡Kj wÎfzR Abyhvqx (1 + x)5Gi we¯Í…wZ wb‡Pi †KvbwU?
(K) 1 5 x 15 x 2 10 x 3 5 x 4 x 5 (L) 1 5 x 10 x 2 10 x 3 5 x 4 x 5
(M) 1 5 x 10 x 2 20 x 3 5 x 4 x 5 (N) 1 5 x 10 x 2 20 x 3 5 x 4 x 5
5. c¨vm‡Kj wÎfzR †_‡K (1 2 x) 6 Gi we¯Í…wZ‡Z x 4 Gi mnM wb‡Pi †KvbwU?
(K) 240 (L) 240 (M) 192 (N)192
6. 1 2 x -Gi we¯Í…wZ‡Z x Gi mnM †KvbwU?
10 4
(K)3360 (L) 3460 (M) 3380 (N)3395
12
a
bx GKwU wØc`x ivwk n‡j cÖ`Ë Dcv‡Ëi Av‡jv‡K (7-9) bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b
x
7. ivwkwUi we¯Í…wZ‡Z KZ Zg c`ga¨c`?
(K) 5Zg (L) 6Zg (M) 7Zg (N)8Zg
8. ivwkwUi KZ Zg c` x ewR©Z? l a
ha
(K) 6Zg (L) 13Zg (M) 24 Zg (N) 7Zg
1
s
9. a n‡j x ewR©Z c‡`i gvb †KvbwU?
th
b
12 12 12 12
(K) C6 (L) C7 (M) C8 (N) C5
Pa
10. (1 x ) 1 Gi we¯Í…wZ‡Z x r Gi mnM †KvbwU?
AA
1
(K) 1 (L) 1 (M) (N)r+1
2
11. c¨vm‡Kj wÎfz‡Ri mvnv‡h¨ 3 x Gi we¯Í…wZ wbY©q Kiæb|
5
1 10
12. x3 – 2x Gi we¯Í…wZ‡Z x10 Gi mnM wbY©q Kiæb|
10
1
13. 2 x Gi we¯Í…wZ‡Z x ewR©Z c` ev aªæe c` ev x0hy³ c` wbY©q Kiæb Ges Gi gvb wbY©q Kiæb|
6x
44
14. 1 x Gi we¯Í…wZ‡Z 21 Zg Ges 22Zg c` `yBwU mgvb n‡j x Gi gvb wbY©q Kiæb|
2n
1
15. x Gi we¯Í…wZ‡Z x ewR©Z c‡`igvb wbY©q Kiæb|
x
6
2 1
16. x 2 2 Gi we¯Í…wZ‡Z x ewR©Z c‡`igvb wbY©q Kiæb|
x
10
2 1
17. 2 x 3 Gi we¯Í…wZ‡Z x ewR©Z c‡`igvb wbY©q Kiæb|
2x
12
1
18. 2 x 2 Gi we¯Í…wZ‡Z x ewR©Z c‡`igvb wbY©q Kiæb|
4x
wØc`x we¯Í…wZ c„ôv 108
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
10
x4 y 2
19. 3 Gi we¯Í…wZ‡Z y ewR©Z c`wU wbY©q Kiæb Ges Gigvb wbY©q Kiæb|
y 2x
n
x
20. n n‡j, 3 Gi we¯Í…wZ‡Z x 5 Zg Ges x15 Zg c` `yBwU mgvb n‡j n Gi gvb wbY©q Kiæb|
2
1
21. Gi we¯Í…wZ‡Z x r Gi mnM wbY©q Kiæb|
(1 x)(1 2 x )
x
22. Gi we¯Í…wZ‡Z x n Gi mnM wbY©q Kiæb|
(1 4 x)(1 5 x )
(1 x) 2
23. 3
Gi we¯Í…wZ‡Z x r Gi mnM wbY©q Kiæb|
(1 x)
15
3a
24. x 2 Gi we¯Í…wZ‡Z x18 Gi mnM wbY©q Kiæb|
x
9
25. px qx Gi we¯Í…wZ‡Z x18 Gi mnM wbY©q Kiæb|
4
6 2n
1 1
26. n n‡j, 2 x Ges x Gi we¯Í…wZ‡Z ga¨c` mgvb n‡j cÖgvY Kiæb †h, n 3 |
6x 3x
n
27. n n‡j,cÖgvY Kiæb †h, x 2 x 2 Gi we¯Í…wZ‡Z x 2 Ges x 3 Gi mnMØq h_vµ‡g 2n 1 n 2 Ges
2
2n 1
a
n(n 2 1)
3 l
1 x n Gi we¯Í…wZ‡Z x n Gi mnM 2 n
ha
28. n n‡j, cÖgvY Kiæb †h, .
1 x
s
1 1 1
29. †`Lvb †h, Gi we¯Í…wZ‡Z x n Gi mnM (1 n 1 ) .
th
(1 x)(3 x) 2 3
Pa
1 3 5
30. y 2 x 3 x 2 4 x 3 ....... n‡j †`Lvb †h, x y y 2 y 3 .......
2 8 16
AA
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:
15
3
31. f ( x ) 2
x
(K) n 5 Gi Rb¨ c¨vm‡Kj wÎfzRwU A¼b Kiæb|
(L) f (x) Gi we¯Í…wZ‡Z KZZg c` x ewR©Z Ges c`wU wbYq Kiæb|
(M) f (x) Gi we¯Í…wZ‡Z ga¨c` `yBwUi cv_©K¨ wbY©q Kiæb hLb x 1 |
5x 7 1
32. Ges 1 x 2 `yBwU ivwk|
( x 1)( x 2)
(K) n 4 Gi Rb¨ c¨vm‡Kj wÎfzRwU A¼b Kiæb|
(L) 1g ivwkwUi wØc`x we¯Í…wZi x n Gi mnM wbY©q Kiæb|
(M) hw` x 1 nq Z‡e 2q ivwkwU we¯Ívi K‡i †h avivwU cvIqv Zv Awfm„Z wKbv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
10 n
m 1
33. x 2 Ges x 2 `yBwU wØc`x ivwk|
x x
(K) 1g ivwkwUi 4_© c` ch©šÍ we¯Í…wZ wbY©q Kiæb|
(L) 1g ivwkwUi x ewR©Z c`405n‡j m Gi gvb wbY©q Kiæb|
(M) 2q ivwkwUi we¯Í…wZ‡Z †`Lvb †h x r Gi mnM nC 4 n 2r |
5
BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 109
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
1
15
5 x 2
34. 3x 2 Ges 1 `yBwU wØc`x ivwk|
x 5
(K) 1g wØc`x ivwkwUi mvaviY c` wbY©q Kiæb|
(L)1g wØc`x ivwkwUi ga¨c` wbY©q Kiæb|
(M) 2q wØc`x ivwkwUi x Gi Da©µg Abymv‡i 5g c` Abymv‡i we¯Í…Z Kiæb Ges †`Lvb †h,
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3
1 . 2 2 . 3 3 . 4 ......
5 2 5 2 5 2 5 5
2 3
35. f ( x ) 2 x 3x 4 x .....
(K) f (x) dvskbwUi 10g c` wbY©q Kiæb|
(L) f (0.5) Gi mwVK gvbwbY©q Kiæb|
1 3 5
(M)DÏxc‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ †`Lvb †h, f 1 ( x) x x 2 x3 ......
2 8 16
DËigvjv-
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
1.K M N L K K M N K L
a
10
243 405x 270x 2 90x3 15x 4 x5
l .
C5
13.
28
14.
7
ha
2r 7 8
( 2n)! 105x10
s
15. (1) n 16. (1)12C6 924 17. 840 18. 495 19.7Zg c`,
th
( n!) 2 32
21. 2r 1 1 22. 5n 4n 23. 2r 2 2r 1 24. 110565a 4 25. 84a 3b6
Pa
20. 55
31. L. 32768 M. C 2 (3) C 2 (3) 9006940800
15
8
7 8 15
7
8 7
AA
3
32. L. 2 n 1 M. Awfm„Z
2
5
33.K. x 5 10 m x 2 45m L. m 5 M. nC 4 n 2r
5
6435 37 58
34. K. ( 1) r 15C r 315 r 5r x15 3 r L.
x9
35. K. 11x10 L. 3
wØc`x we¯Í…wZ c„ôv 110
KwbK
(Conics) 5
f‚wgKv
MªxK MwYZwe`MY wLªóc~e© 200 mv‡ji w`‡K KwbK m¤ú‡K© mg¨K avibv †`b| Z‡e G‡`i g‡a¨Appolonius me©cÖ_g
wbqgvbyMfv‡e KwbK‡K e¨vL¨v K‡ib| †Kv‡bv†KvYK‡K GKwU mgZj w`‡q †Q` K‡i wewfbœ AvK…wZi eµ‡iLv cvIqv
hvq| Gme eµ‡iLv¸‡jv‡K mvaviYfv‡e KwbK ejv nq| MwY‡Zi wewfbœ kvLvq †hgb- R¨vwgwZ‡Z Ges we‡kl K‡i
†R¨vwZ©weÁv‡b ZviKvivwR I MªnvYzc‡y Äi MwZc_ wbY©q Ki‡Z KwbK m¤ú‡K© aviYv _vKv Avek¨K|
BDwb‡Ui D‡Ïk¨
GB BDwbU †k‡l Avcwb -
cive„Ë, Dce„Ë I Awae„Ë wPwýZ Ges wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
cive„Ë, Dce„Ë I Awae„Ë m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb,
cive„Ë, Dce„Ë I Awae„‡Ëi Av`k© mgxKiYmg~n wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
l a
cive„Ë, Dce„Ë I Awae„‡Ëi kxl©we›`y, Dc‡K›`ª, Dc‡Kw›`ªK j‡¤^i ˆ`N©¨, A¶‡iLv, wbqvgK‡iLv I
ha
Dr‡Kw›`ªKZv BZ¨vw` wbY©q mn wewfbœ mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
s
Dce„Ë I Awae„‡Ëi civwgwZK mgxKiY wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
th
wewfbœ cÖKvi cive„Ë, Dce„Ë I Awae„‡Ëi †jLwPÎ A¼b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Pa
BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡ev©”P mgq 35 w`b
AA
GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV 5.1:KwbK m¤ú‡K© aviYv
cvV 5.2:wewfbœ ai‡bi KwbK (e„Ë, cive„Ë, Dce„Ë, Awae„Ë)
cvV 5.3:cive„Ë
cvV 5.4:cive„Ë(wewfbœ mgxKiY)
cvV 5.5:cive„‡Ëi †jLwPÎ
cvV 5.6: Dce„Ë
cvV 5.7:Dce„Ë (wewfbœ mgxKiY)
cvV 5.8:Dce„‡Ëi †jLwPÎ
cvV 5.9:Dce„‡Ëi Dci¯’ †Kv‡bv we›`yi civwgwZK ¯’vbv¼
cvV 5.10: Awae„Ë
cvV 5.11:Awae„Ë (wewfbœ mgxKiY)
cvV 5.12:Awae„‡Ëi †jLwPÎ
cvV 5.13:Awae„‡Ëi AmxgZU I civwgwZK ¯’vbv¼
cvV 5.14:e¨envwiK
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
cvV 5.1 KwbK m¤ú‡K© aviYv
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
KwbK m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
wP‡Îi gva¨‡g wewfbœ KwY‡Ki eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã KwbK, wØ-†KvY, mge„Ëxq †KvY, kxl©we›`y, wbqvgK‡iLv, Aa©kxl© †KvY
g~jcvV-
KwbK m¤ú‡K© aviYv
KwbK kãwUi DrcwË †KvYK ‡_‡K| †KvYK‡K wewfbœ Ae¯’vq GKwU mgZj w`‡q †Q` Ki‡j wewfbœ AvK…wZi
eµ‡iLv,†hgb-e„Ë, cive„Ë, Dce„Ë, Awae„Ë BZ¨vw`cvIqv hvq| Gme eµ‡iLv¸‡jv KwbK wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ|
aiæb, O we›`yMvgx A A GKwU mij‡iLv Ges O we›`y w`‡q we›`y¸‡”Qi(the set of points) Øviv B B I CC `ywU
†iLv Drcbœ nq| aiæb, †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU †iLv A A Gi mv‡_ †KvY Drcbœ K‡i| †iLv¸‡jvi mvnv‡h¨m„ó †KvY‡K
l a
wØ-†KvY(double cone) e‡j| cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K mge„Ëxq †KvY(right circular cone)e‡j|
ha
B C
s
O
th
A A
Pa
C B
AA
O †K kxl©we›`y(vertex), A A †K A¶(axis), B B I CC †K wbqvgK‡iLv evKvwiKv‡iLv(generating line), †K
Aa©kxl© †KvY(semi-vertical angle)e‡j|
Kwb‡Ki AvK…wZ
KwbK mvaviYZ wZb ai‡bi,†hgb- cive„Ë, Dce„Ë, Awae„Ë| Avi e„Ë n‡jv Dce„‡Ëi we‡kl †ÿÎ| Avevi GK
†Rvov mij‡iLv‡KI KL‡bv KL‡bv KwbKwn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq|wb‡¤œi wPθ‡jv n‡Z wewfbœ Kwb‡Ki AvK…wZi
cwiPq cvIqv hvq|
(i)
O
†KvY‡Kikxl©we›`y‡K †f` K‡i A¶‡iLv‡K aviYKvix †KvYKI mgZ‡ji †Q`vsk †Rvo mij‡iLv m~wPZ K‡i|
(ii) A A
D C D C
B
B
KwbK c„ôv 112
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
†KvY‡KiA¶‡iLv‡K j¤^fv‡e mgZj Øviv †Q`vsk e„Ë m~wPZ K‡i, e„‡Ëi †¶‡Î .
2
(iii)
A
A
KvwiKv‡iLvi mv‡_ mgvšÍivj K‡i †KvYK I mgZ‡ji †Q`vsk cive„Ë m~wPZ K‡i, G‡¶‡Î .
(iv) A A
D C D C
B B
†KvY‡KiA¶‡iLvi mv‡_ †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó †Kv‡Y mgZj Øviv †Q`vsk Dce„Ë m~wPZ K‡i, G‡¶‡Î .
2
(v)
l a
ha
B A
s
A
th
†KvY‡Kikxl©Mgbxq Giƒc GKwU mgZj w`‡q Dfq †KvY‡Ki†h †Q`vsk cvIqv hvq, †m eµ‡iLvØq GK‡Î Awae„Ë
Pa
bv‡g cwiwPZ, G‡¶‡Î .
AA
A_©vr mgZjwU †Kvb‡Ki kxl©we›`y w`‡q †M‡j GK †Rvov mij‡iLv cvIqv hv‡e| Avevi mgZjwU hw` †Kvb‡Ki
kxl©we›`y w`‡q bv hvq Ges †Kvb‡Ki f~wgi mgvšÍivj A_ev Gi A‡¶i mv‡_ j¤^fv‡e †KvbKwU‡K †Q` K‡i, Z‡e
†Q`‡iLvwU e„Ë n‡e| Gfv‡e mge„Ëf~wgK †KvbKwU, mgZjwUi Øviv wewfbœ Ae¯’vq LwÛZ n‡q e„Ë, cive„Ë, Dce„Ë,
Awae„Ë m„wó K‡i e‡jB GB eµ‡iLv¸‡jvi mvaviY bvg KwbK|
e„Ë Dce„Ë cive„Ë Awae„Ë
Dc‡ii wPθ‡jv n‡Z Avgiv †`wL, GKwU mgZj†Kvb‡Ki mv‡_ wewfbœfv‡e †Q` K‡i†gvUv `vMvw¼Z KwbKmg~n
Drcbœ K‡i‡Q|
BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 113
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
mvims‡ÿc-
KwbK kãwUi DrcwË †KvYK †_‡K|
KwbK mvaviYZ wZb ai‡bi,†hgb- cive„Ë, Dce„Ë, Awae„Ë|
mgZjwU †Kvb‡Ki kxl©we›`y w`‡q †M‡j GK †Rvov mij‡iLv cvIqv hv‡e|
cive„Ë, Awae„ËAmxg wKšÍy Dce„Ëmmxg eµ‡iLv|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 5.1-
1. †Kv‡bv mgZj †Kvb‡Ki kxl©we›`y w`‡q †M‡j cvIqv hvq-
(K) GK †Rvov mij‡iLv (L) cive„Ë (M) Dce„Ë (N) Awae„Ë
2. (i) †Kv‡bv mgZj †Kvb‡Ki kxl©we›`y w`‡q bv †h‡q Gi A‡¶i mv‡_ j¤^fv‡e †Q` Ki‡j e„Ë cvIqv hv‡e
(ii) GK †Rvov mij‡iLv Kwb‡Ki AšÍf³ y© bq
(iii) Awae„ËAmxg eµ‡iLv
Dc‡ii Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K †KvbwU mZ¨?
(K)i, ii (L) i, iii (M)ii, iii (N) †KvbwUB bv
l a
ha
cvV 5.2 wewfbœ ai‡bi KwbK (e„Ë, cive„Ë, Dce„Ë, Awae„Ë)
s
th
Pa
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
AA
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
Kwb‡Ki Dc‡K›`ª, wbqvgK‡iLv I Dr‡Kw›`ªKZvi msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb,
Dr‡Kw›`ªKZvi gv‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i wewfbœ Kwb‡Ki e¨vL¨v w`‡Z cvi‡eb,
cive„Ë, Dce„Ë I Awae„Ë wPwýZ Ges wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã KwbK, Dc‡K›`ª, wbqvgK‡iLv, Dr‡Kw›`ªKZv, cive„Ë, Dce„Ë, Awae„Ë
g~jcvV-
e„Ë m¤ú‡K© c~‡e© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q, ZvBGBBDwb‡Uïaycive„Ë, Dce„Ë I Awae„Ë m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv n‡jv-
KwbK,Dc‡K›`ª, wbqvgK‡iLv I Dr‡Kw›`ªKZv P
Kv‡Z©mxq mgZ‡j GKwU wbw`©ó we›`y I GKwU wbw`©ó
mij‡iLv †_‡K †hme we›`yi `~i‡Z¡i AbycvZ GKwU aªæeK, M
Hme we›`yi †mU Øviv m„ó mÂvic_‡K KwbK e‡j| S
wbqvgK‡iLv
wbw`©ó we›`ywU‡K Kwb‡KiDc‡K›`ª ev †dvKvm(Focus)e‡j| Dc‡K›`ª
wbw`©ó mij‡iLvwU‡K Kwb‡KiwbqvgK‡iLv (Directrix) ejv Z
A¶‡iLv
nq|
aªæe AbycvZwU‡K Dr‡Kw›`ªKZv (Ecentricity) ejv nq Ges G‡K e Øviv m~wPZ Kiv nq|
KwbK c„ôv 114
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
e -Gi wewfbœ gv‡bi Rb¨ Kwb‡KiAvK…wZ mg~n:
g‡b Kiæb, S GKwU wbw`©ó we›`y, MZ GKwU wbw`©ó mij‡iLv Ges P †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU we›`y| Kwb‡Ki msÁvbymv‡i,
SP
Avgiv cvB e.
PM
GLb,(i) e 1 A_v©r SP PM n‡j mÂvic_ nq cive„Ë (Parabola)| AZGe cive„Ë n‡jv Dc‡K›`ª I
wbqvgK‡iLv †_‡K mgvb `~‡i Aew¯’Z we›`y¸‡jvi †mU|
(ii) 0 e 1 A_©vr 0 SP PM n‡j mÂvic_ nq Dce„Ë (Ellipse)| myZivs Dc‡K›`ª I wbqvgK‡iLv †_‡K †h
me we›`yi `~i‡Z¡i AbycvZ 1 -Gi †P‡q †QvU GKwU aªæeK Zv‡`i †mU †h mÂvic_ ˆZwi K‡i †mwUB Dce„Ë|
(iii) e 1 A_v©r SP PM n‡j mÂvic_ nq Awae„Ë (Hyperbola)| GKBfv‡e ejv hvq †h, Dc‡K›`ª I
wbqvgK‡iLv †_‡K †h me we›`yi `~i‡Z¡i AbycvZ 1 -Gi †P‡q eo GKwUaªæeK †m me we›`yi †mUB Awae„Ë|
mvims‡ÿc-
e 1 n‡j, mÂvic_ cive„Ë; 0 e 1 n‡j, mÂvic_ nq Dce„Ë; e 1 n‡j, mÂvic_ nq Awae„Ë|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 5.2-
a
1. Dr‡Kw›`ªKZvi gvb n‡j Kwb‡Ki AvK…wZ †Kgb n‡e?
3 l
ha
(K) e„Ë (L) cive„Ë (M) Dce„Ë (N) Awae„Ë
s
th
Pa
AA
cvV 5.3 cive„Ë
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
cive„Ë A¼b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
cive„Ë m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb,
cive„‡Ëi cÖwgZ ev Av`k© mgxKiY wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã A¶‡iLv, kxl©we›`y, Dc‡Kw›`ªK `~iZ¡, Dc‡Kw›`ªK R¨v, Dc‡Kw›`ªK j¤^, cÖwgZ mgxKiY
g~jcvV-
cvV-2 G cive„‡Ëi msÁv †`qv n‡q‡Q| GLb, wKfv‡e cive„Ë A¼b Kiv hvq- Zvi weeiY †`Iqv nj|
cive„Ë A¼b
g‡b Kiæb,Avgiv †h cive„ËA¼b Kie Zvi Dc‡K›`ª I wbqvgK‡iLv n‡jv h_vµ‡g S Ges MM |wbqvgK‡iLvi
Dci SZ j¤^ Uvbyb Ges SZ Gi ga¨we›`y A wbY©q Kiæb| AZGe AZ AS.
BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 115
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
cive„‡Ëi msÁvbymv‡i, A Gi Dci GKwU we›`y| AS Gi
R
ewa©Zvs‡ki Dci †h‡Kv‡bv we›`y N wbb Ges ZS Gi Dci Q
P
PNP j¤^ Uvbzb| S -†K †K›`ª K‡i ZN Gi mgvb e¨vmva© wb‡q M
GKwU e„ËPvc AvuKzb †hb Zv PNP †K P I P we›`y‡Z †Q` L
K‡i Ges wbqvgK‡iLvi Dci PM I PM j¤^ Uvbyb| Zvn‡j Z A N N1 N2
SP ZN PM | AZGe msÁvbymv‡i, P cive„‡Ëi Dci S
GKwU we›`y| Avevi, SP ZN PM nIqvq P -I cive„‡Ëi L
Dci GKwU we›`y| M
Dc‡ii wbqg Abyqvqx, AS ewa©Zvs‡ki Dci N1,N2 ,....... we›`y P
Q
R
wb‡j Awae„‡Ëi Dci Q, Q, R, R,...... we›`y¸‡jvcvIqv hv‡e
Ges G we›`y¸‡jv GKwU mylg eµ‡iLv Øviv †hvM Ki‡j GKwU
cive„Ë Aw¼Z n‡e|
†R‡b ivLv fvj GLv‡b, A n‡jv cive„‡Ëi kxl©we›`y, A I S we›`yMvgx †iLv Gi A¶‡iLv Ges A‡¶i Dci j¤^ I
S we›`yMvgx LSL' †iLvwU n‡jv cive„‡Ëi Dc‡Kw›`ªK j¤^|
cÖ‡qvRbxq msÁv
A¶‡iLv(Axis): Dc‡K‡›`ªi g‡a¨ w`‡q wbqvg‡KiDci Aw¼Z j¤^‡iLv‡K A¶‡iLv e‡j| A¶‡iLvwU kxl©we›`y w`‡qI
AwZµg K‡i|
l a
kxl©we›`y(Vertex): cive„Ë I Bnvi A¶‡iLvi †Q`we›`y‡K kxl©we›`y e‡j|
ha
Dc‡Kw›`ªK `~iZ¡(Focal length): Dc‡K›`ª †_‡K cive„‡Ëi Dci †h‡Kv‡bv we›`yi `~iZ¡‡K H we›`yi Dc‡Kw›`ªK `~iZ¡
e‡j|
s
th
Dc‡Kw›`ªK R¨v(Focal chord):†h R¨vwU cive„‡Ëi Dc‡K›`ª w`‡q Mgb K‡i, Zv‡K Dc‡Kw›`ªK R¨v e‡j|
Dc‡Kw›`ªK j¤^(Latusrectum):Dc‡Kw›`ªK R¨v A¶‡iLvi Dci j¤^ n‡j, Zv‡K Dc‡Kw›`ªK j¤^ e‡j|
Pa
cive„‡Ëi cÖwgZ mgxKiY(Standard Equation of Parabola)
AA
g‡b Kiæb,cive„‡Ëi Dc‡K›`ª I wbqvgK‡iLv n‡jv h_vµ‡g S Ges MM |wbqvgK‡iLvi Dci SZ j¤^ UvbybGes SZ
-Gi ga¨we›`y A wbY©q Kiæb| AZGe SA AZ | msÁvbymv‡i, A cive„‡Ëi Dci GKwU we›`y hv kxl©we›`y Ges ASX
cive„‡Ëi A¶| AX I AY †K h_vµ‡g x -A¶ I y -A¶; A †K g~jwe›`y Ges AS a ZA ai‡j Dc‡K›`ª
S(a,0 ) cvIqv hv‡e|
g‡b Kiæb, P x,y cive„‡Ëi Dci †h‡Kv‡bv we›`y| S , P Y
†hvM Kiæb| P n‡ZwbqvgK‡iLv I AX Gi Dci h_vµ‡g P (x, y)
PM I PN j¤^ AuvKzb| AN x Ges PN y. M
L
cive„‡Ëi msÁvbymv‡i, Avgiv cvB SP PM ZN
A
wPÎvbyhvqx, ZN ZA AN a x Z X
S N
GLb, SP2 SN 2 PN 2 AN AS 2 PN 2
L
A_©vr x a 2 x a 2 y 2 M
ev, y 2 ( x a ) 2 ( x a ) 2
y 2 4ax
GwU‡K cive„‡Ëi cÖwgZ mgxKiY ev Av`k© mgxKiY e‡j|
KwbK c„ôv 116
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
gšÍe¨: y -A¶‡K cive„‡Ëi A¶ Ges kxl©we›`y‡K g~jwe›`y ai‡j, cive„‡Ëi mgxKiY `uvovq x 2 4a y | GwU‡KI
cive„‡Ëi Av`k© mgxKiY e‡j|
mvims‡ÿc-
kxl© I Dc‡K›`ªMvgx mij‡iLvwU cive„‡Ëi A¶‡iLv|
A‡¶i Dci j¤^ I Dc‡K›`ªMvgx †iLvwU Dc‡Kw›`ªK j¤^|
cive„Ë I GiA¶‡iLvi †Q`we›`y n‡jv kxl©we›`y|
Dc‡K›`ª †_‡K cive„‡Ëi Dci †h‡Kv‡bv we›`yi `~iZ¡ n‡jv Dc‡Kw›`ªK `~iZ¡|
Dc‡Kw›`ªK R¨v cive„‡Ëi Dc‡K›`ª w`‡q Mgb K‡i|
Dc‡Kw›`ªK j¤^ n‡jv Dc‡Kw›`ªK R¨v hv A¶‡iLvi Dci j¤^|
cive„‡Ëi cÖwgZ mgxKiY y 2 4ax.
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 5.3-
1. wb‡Pi †Kvb we›`ywU y 2 4 x cive„‡Ëi Dci Aew¯’Z ?
(K) (1, 3) (L) (1, 2) (M) (0, 2) (N) (0, 5)
2. cive„‡Ëi A¶‡iLv I wbqvgK‡iLvi ga¨eZ©x †KvY- l a
ha
(K) 600 (L) 300 (M) 900 (N) 00
s
3. cive„Ë I A¶‡iLvi †Q`we›`y n‡jv-
th
(K) kxl©we›`y (L) Dc‡K›`ª (M) g~jwe›`y (N) †KvbwUB bv
Pa
AA
cvV 5.4 cive„Ë(wewfbœ mgxKiY)
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
cive„‡Ëi Dc‡Kw›`ªK j‡¤^i ˆ`N©¨ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
cive„Ë m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ m~Î eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
†¶Îwe‡k‡l cive„‡Ëi wewfbœ mgxKiY I AvK…wZ mg~n wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
cive„Ë m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ mgm¨v mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã Dc‡K›`ª, Dc‡Kw›`ªK j¤^, w`Kv¶,A¶‡iLv, kxl©we›`y, mvaviY mgxKiY
BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 117
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
g~jcvV-
Dc‡Kw›`ªK j¤^(Latus rectum)
cive„‡Ëi mgxKiY y 2 4ax n‡j GimsÁvbymv‡i, Avgiv cvB Y
SL ML ZS AZ AS a a 2a [ AZ AS a ] M
L
GLb, LL SL SL 2SL 2.2a 4a [ SL SL]
Dc‡Kw›`ªK j‡¤^i ˆ`N©¨ L L 4 a
Avevi, L L 4 a 2 2 AS 2 SZ Z A
X
S
A_©vr Dc‡Kw›`ªK j‡¤^i ˆ`N¨©= kxl© †_‡K Dc‡K‡›`ªi `~i‡Z¡i Pvi¸Y
A_ev wbqvgK‡iLv †_‡K Dc‡K‡›`ªi `~i‡Z¡i wظY|
M L
cÖ‡qvRbxq m~Îmg~n
cive„‡Ëi mgxKiY y 2 4ax(a 0) y2 4ax(a 0) x 2 4ay(a 0) x 2 4ay(a 0)
(i)kxl©we›`i ¯’vbv¼ (0, 0) (0, 0) (0, 0) (0, 0)
(ii)Dc‡K‡›`ªi ¯’vbv¼ (a, 0) (a, 0) (0, a) (0, a)
(iii)Dc‡Kw›`ªK j‡¤^i ˆ`N©¨
a
4a 4a 4a 4a
(iv)Dc‡Kw›`ªK j‡¤^i mgxKiY xa
l
x a y a y a
ha
(v)w`Kv‡¶i mgxKiY x a xa y a ya
s
vi) A¶‡iLvi mgxKiY y 0 y 0 x0 x0
th
Pa
D`vniY1: y 2 5x cive„‡Ëi Dc‡Kw›`ªK j‡¤^i ˆ`N©¨ Ges Dc‡K‡›`ªi ¯’vbv¼ wbY©q Kiæb|
AA
5
mgvavb:cive„‡Ëi mgxKiY y 2 5x ev, y 2 4. x
4
5 5
GLb, y 2 4. x mgxKiYwU‡K y 2 4ax -Gi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i cvB, a
4 4
5
Dc‡Kw›`ªK j‡¤^i ˆ`N©¨ 4 a 4. 5 Ges Dc‡K‡›`ªi ¯’vbv¼, (a,0 ) 5 ,0
4 4
D`vniY2: y 2 8 px cive„‡Ëi Dc‡Kw›`ªK j‡¤^i ˆ`N©¨ Ges Dc‡K‡›`ªi ¯’vbv¼ wbY©q KiæbhLb cive„ËwU ( 4, 8) we›`y
w`‡q AwZµg K‡i|
mgvavb:†h‡nZz cive„ËwU ( 4, 8) we›`y w`‡q AwZµg K‡i, (8) 2 8 p . 4 A_©vr p 2
AZGe, cive„‡Ëi mgxKiY `uvovq y 2 16x Ges G‡K y 2 4ax -Gi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i cvB, a 4
myZivs Dc‡Kw›`ªK j‡¤^i ˆ`N©¨, 4 a 16, Dc‡K‡›`ªi ¯’vbv¼ a, 0 A_©vr 4, 0 .
D`vniY3: y 2 10 x cive„‡Ëi Dci¯’†Kv‡bv we›`yi Dc‡Kw›`ªK `~iZ¡ 8; H we›`yi ¯’vbv¼ wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb:aiæb, P ( x, y ) cive„‡Ëi Dci †Kv‡bv we›`y hvi Dc‡Kw›`ªK `~iZ¡, SP 8
5
y 2 10 x †K y 2 4ax -Gi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i cvB, 4 a 10 ev, a AS AZ.
2
KwbK c„ôv 118
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
P ( x, y ) †_‡KA¶‡iLvi Dci PN j¤^ AuvKzb |
SP PM NZ AZ AN Y P (x, y)
5 11 M
ev, 8 a x ev, x 8 L
2 2
11 A
y 2 10. 55 ev, y 55 Z S
X
2 N
11 L
AZGe, wb‡Y©q we›`yi ¯’vbv¼ , 55
2 M
wkÿv_x©i x 2 4 y cive„‡Ëi kxl©we›`y, Dc‡K›`ª, Dc‡Kw›`ªK j‡¤^i ˆ`N©¨ Ges A¶ I w`Kv‡¶i
KvR mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb| DËit 0, 0 , 0, 1, 4, x 0, y 1.
we‡kl †¶Î (Special cases)
(i) Dc‡K›`ª‡K g~jwe›`y a‡i cive„‡Ëi mgxKiY
GLv‡b,cive„‡Ëi Dc‡K›`ª S -Gi ¯’vbv¼ ( 0,0) , A¶‡iLv SX †K
Y
x -A¶ Ges Gi Dci j¤^‡iLv I Dc‡K›`ªMvgx SY †K y -A¶ P (x, y)
we‡ePbv Kiv n‡jv| aiæb, ZA SA a | P x, y cive„‡Ëi M
L
Dci †h‡Kv‡bv we›`y n‡j SN x Ges PN y.
a
A
ZN SN ZS x 2a l Z X
ha
S (0, 0) N
GLv‡b, SN2 PN2 SP2 PM 2 ZN2 (x 2a)2
L
s
x 2 y 2 ( x 2a ) 2 M
th
ev, y 2 ( x 2a ) 2 x 2
Pa
ev, y 2 4a ( x a), GwUB wb‡Y©q mgxKiY|
AA
(ii) A¶‡iLv‡K x-A¶ Ges w`Kv¶‡K y -A¶ a‡i cive„‡Ëi mgxKiY
GLv‡b, ZX -†K x-A¶ Ges wbqvgK‡iLv ZM †K y -A¶
Y
ai‡jZv‡`i †Q`we›`y Z Gi ¯’vbv¼ ( 0,0) | g‡b Kiæb P (x, y)
AS a AZ Ges P ( x, y ) cive„‡Ëi Dci †h‡Kv‡bv we›`y| S, P M
†hvM Kiæb Ges w`Kv‡¶i Dci PM Ges ZX Gi Dci PN j¤^
AuvKzb | Z
A S X
N
GLv‡b, ZN x, PN y SN ZN ZS x 2 a
AZGe, SN 2 PN 2 SP 2 PM 2 ZN 2
ev, ( x 2a )2 y 2 x 2 ev, y 2 x 2 ( x 2a )2
y 2 4a ( x a), GwUB wb‡Y©q mgxKiY|
cive„‡Ëi wewfbœ AvK…wZ
¯’vbv‡¼i A¶mv‡c‡¶ Ae¯’vb †f‡` cive„‡Ëi AvK…wZ Pvi cÖKvi| †hgb:
(i)aiæb, cive„‡Ëi mgxKiY y 2 4ax (a 0) | GLv‡b x FYvZ¥K n‡j, y Y
M
KvíwbK n‡e|wKš‘ x -Gi †h‡Kv‡bv abvZ¥K gv‡bi Rb¨ y -Gi `yBwU
mgvb wKš‘ wecixZ wPýwewkó gvb A_©vr y 2 ax cvIqv hvq| A_©vr
A (0, 0)
GwU x-A‡¶i mv‡c‡¶ cÖwZmg| Gi Dc‡K›`ª S (a, 0), wbqvgK‡iLv xa Z X
S (a, 0)
Y
BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 119
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
Ges A¶‡iLv y 0.
(ii)aiæb, cive„‡Ëi mgxKiY y 2 4ax (a 0) | hw` x 0 Y
M
nq, y KvíwbK| AZGe cive„ËwU y -A‡¶i evgw`‡K x -
A (0, 0)
A‡¶i cÖwZmgiƒ‡c Ae¯’vb Ki‡e| Gi Dc‡K›`ª S (a, 0), X S (a, 0) Z
X
wbqvgK‡iLv x a Ges A¶‡iLv y 0.
Y
2
(iii)aiæb, cive„‡Ëi mgxKiY x 4ay (a 0) | GLv‡b y Y
FYvZ¥K n‡j, x KvíwbK n‡e| wKš‘ y -Gi †h‡Kv‡bv abvZ¥K
gv‡bi Rb¨ x -Gi `yBwU mgvb wKš‘ wecixZ wPýwewkó gvb S (0, a)
A_©vr x 2 ay cvIqv hvq| myZivs cive„ËwU y -A‡¶i
X A (0, 0) X
abvZ¥K w`‡K Gi cÖwZmgiƒ‡c Ae¯’vb Ki‡e| Gi Dc‡K›`ª
S 0, a , kxl© A0, 0, wbqvgK‡iLv MZ Gi mgxKiY y a M Y Z
Ges A¶‡iLv x 0 .
2 Y
(iv)aiæb, cive„‡Ëi mgxKiY x 4ay (a 0) | hw` y 0 M Z
nq, x KvíwbK n‡e| myZivs Awae„ËwU x-A‡¶i wb‡P y -A‡¶i A (0, 0)
X
a
X
cÖwZmg AvKv‡i Ae¯’vb Ki‡e| Gi Dc‡K›`ª S 0,a l
ha
wbqvgK‡iLv MZ Gi mgxKiY y a, Dc‡Kw›`ªK j‡¤^i mgxKiY S (a, 0)
y a Ges A‡¶i mgxKiY x 0. Y
s
th
D`vniY4: y 2 8x 8 y cive„‡Ëi kxl©we›`y, Dc‡Kw›`ªK j‡¤^i ˆ`N©¨, Dc‡K›`ª Ges A‡¶i mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb|
Pa
mgvavb:cÖ`Ë mgxKiYwU‡Kwb¤œiƒ‡c †jLv hvq
y 2 8 y 8x ev, y 2 8 y 16 8 x 16
AA
ev, ( y 4) 2 8( x 2) -------------(1)
GLb, x 2 X Ges y 4 Y wjL‡j(1)mgxKiYwU `uvovq Y 2 8 X.
y 2 4ax Gi mv‡_ Y 2 8 X -Gi Zzjbv K‡i cvB,
kxl©we›`yi ¯’vbv¼ X 0 , Y 0 ev, x 2 , y 4 A_©vr kxl©we›`yi ¯’vbv¼ ( 2, 4); Dc‡Kw›`ªK j¤^ 8.
Dc‡K‡›`ªi ¯’vbv¼, X 2 , Y 0 ev, x 0, y 4 A_©vr Dc‡K‡›`ªi ¯’vbv¼ (0, 4)
cive„‡Ëi A¶, Y 0 ev, y 4 0
w`Kv‡¶i mgxKiY X 2 ev, x 2 2 ev, x 4 0
D`vniY5: 3 x 2 4 y 6 x 5 0 cive„‡Ëi kxl©we›`y, Dc‡K›`ª, Dc‡Kw›`ªK j‡¤^i ˆ`N©¨ Ges A¶ I w`Kv‡¶i
mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb:cive„‡Ëi mgxKiY, 3 x 2 4 y 6 x 5 0
ev, 3( x 2 2 x 1) 4 y 8 0 ev, 3( x 1) 2 4( y 2)
4
ev, ( x 1) 2 ( y 2) ------------------ (1)
3
4
GLb, x 1 X Ges y 2 Y ai‡j(1)mgxKiYwU `uvovq, X 2 Y
3
KwbK c„ôv 120
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
1
GwU‡K x 2 4ay Gi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i cvB, a Ges kxl©we›`yi ¯’vbv¼ X 0 , Y 0 ev, x 1, y 2.
3
A_©vr, kxl©we›`yi ¯’vbv¼ ( 1, 2)
4
Dc‡Kw›`ªK j‡¤^i ‰`N©¨ 4 a
3
1 1 5
Dc‡K‡›`ªi ¯’vbv¼ X 0,Y a ev, x 1 0, y 2 ev, x 1, y
3 3 3
5
A_©vr, Dc‡K‡›`ªi ¯’vbv¼ 1,
3
cive„‡Ëi A¶‡iLvi mgxKiY X 0 A_©vr, x 1 0
1 4 1 1
w`Kv‡¶i mgxKiY Y ev, y 2 ev, 3 y 7 0
4 3 3 3
D`vniY6:cive„‡Ëi Dc‡K›`ª‡K g~jwe›`y Ges x 2 y 3 0 †iLv‡K w`Kv¶ a‡i Gi mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: GLv‡b Dc‡K›`ª (0, 0), w`Kv¶ MZ Ges cive„‡Ëi Dci †h‡Kv‡bv we›`y P Gi ¯’vbv¼ ( x, y ).
SP x 02 y 0 2 x2 y2
a
x 2y 3 x 2y 3
P ( x, y ) n‡Z w`Kv¶ x 2 y 3 0 †iLvi j¤^ `~iZ¡ , PM l
2 2 5
ha
1 2
msÁvbymv‡i, SP PM
s
P (x, y)
ev, SP 2 PM 2
th
M
2
x 2y 3
Pa
ev, x y =
2 2
Z X
5 S (0,0)
AA
ev, 5x 2 y 2 x 2 4 y 2 9 4 xy 6 x 12 y
ev, 4 x 2 4 xy y 2 6 x 12 y 9 0
ev, ( 2 x y ) 2 6 x 12 y 9 0, GwUB wb‡Y©q mgxKiY|
wkÿv_x©i x 2 4 x 2 y 0 cive„ËwUi kxl©we›`y I Dc‡K‡›`ªi ¯’vbv¼ Ges A¶‡iLv,
KvR wbqvgK‡iLv I Dc‡Kw›`ªK j‡¤^i mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb|
cive„‡Ëi mvaviY mgxKiY
cive„‡Ëi Dc‡K›`ª Ges w`Kv‡¶i mgxKiY †`qv Av‡Q, cive„‡Ëi mgxKiY wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e:
aiæb, Dc‡K›`ª S Gi ¯’vbv¼ ( , ), w`Kv‡¶i mgxKiY
P (x, y)
lx my n 0 | S , P †hvM KiæbGes wbqvgK‡iLv MZ Gi Dci M
PM j¤^ AuvKzb| †h‡nZz SP PM AZGe, SP 2 PM 2
2
lx my n Z X
2 2 S (,)
(x ) (y )
l 2 m 2
mijxKi‡Yi ci cvB,
m 2 x 2 2lmxy l 2 y 2 2 x{(l 2 m2 ) l n} 2 y{(l 2 m 2 ) m n} (l 2 m 2 )( 2 2 ) n 2 0
BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 121
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
j¶Yxq †h, xy -Gi wØNvZ m¤^wjZ c`¸‡jv GKwU c~Y© eM© ( mx l y ) 2 ˆZwi K‡i| GwUB cive„‡Ëi mgxKi‡Yi
ˆewkó¨| AZGe, cive„‡Ëi mvaviY mgxKi‡Yi AvK…wZ Ax By 2 2Gx 2 Fy C 0
mvims‡ÿc-
Dc‡Kw›`ªK j‡¤^i ˆ`N¨© = kxl© †_‡K Dc‡K‡›`ªi `~i‡Z¡i Pvi¸Y A_ev wbqvgK‡iLv †_‡K Dc‡K‡›`ªi
`~i‡Z¡i wظY|
Dc‡K›`ª‡K g~jwe›`y a‡i cive„‡Ëi mgxKiY: y 2 4a ( x a)
A¶‡iLv‡K x-A¶ Ges w`Kv¶‡K y -A¶ a‡i cive„‡Ëi mgxKiY: y 2 4a ( x a)
Dc‡K›`ª‡K g~jwe›`y a‡i cive„‡Ëi mgxKiY: y 2 4a ( x a)
cive„‡Ëi mvaviY mgxKiY: (Ax By)2 2Gx 2 Fy C 0
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 5.4-
1. y 2 6 x cive„ËwUi kxl©we›`y, Dc‡K‡›`ªi ¯’vbv¼, A¶‡iLv, wbqvgK‡iLv I Dc‡Kw›`ªK j‡¤^i mgxKiY wbY©q
Kiæb|
y 2 2( x 3) cive„ËwUi kxl©we›`y, Dc‡K‡›`ªi ¯’vbv¼, A¶‡iLv, wbqvgK‡iLv I Dc‡Kw›`ªK j‡¤^i mgxKiY
a
2.
wbY©q Kiæb| l
s ha
th
Pa
cvV 5.5 cive„‡Ëi †jLwPÎ
AA
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
wewfbœ cÖKvi cive„‡Ëi †jLwPÎ A¼b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã cive„‡Ëi †jLwPÎ, cÖwZmg
g~jcvV-
cive„‡Ëi †jLwPÎ
1. cive„‡Ëi mgxKiY y 2 4ax ( a 0) n‡j, cive„ËwU g~jwe›`y w`‡q hvq| G‡¶‡Î x FYvZ¥K n‡j, y -Gi gvb
Aev¯Íe; Avevi y 2 4ax mgxKi‡Y y Gi cwie‡Z© y ¯’vcb Ki‡j mgxKiYwUi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nq bv|
myZivs cive„ËwU x-A‡¶i mv‡c‡¶ abvZ¥K w`‡K Gi cÖwZmgiƒ‡c Ae¯’vb Ki‡e Ges cive„ËwU m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c y
A‡¶i Wvb Aa©Z‡j Aew¯’Z| Avevi, x -Gi gv‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ y -Gi ciggvb e„w× cvq Ges GB e„w×i †Kv‡bv
†kl †bB| d‡j cive„Ë Zvi A‡¶i Dfq cv‡k¦© Amx‡g we¯Í…Z nq| Ab¨w`‡K cive„‡Ëi mgxKiY hw`
KwbK c„ôv 122
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
y 2 4ax (a 0 ) nq, GLv‡b, y KvíwbK msL¨v n‡e hw` x abvZ¥K nq| G†ÿ‡Î cive„ËwU m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c y -
A‡¶i evg Aa©Z‡j Aew¯’Z n‡e|
2. Avevi cive„‡Ëi mgxKiY x 2 4by (b 0) n‡j, GB cive„ËwUI g~jwe›`y w`‡q hvq| G‡¶‡Î y -FYvZ¥K n‡j,
x Gi gvb Aev¯Íe; Avevi cive„‡Ëi mgxKi‡Y x Gi cwie‡Z© ( x ) ¯’vcb Ki‡j mgxKiYwUi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b
nq bv| myZivs cive„ËwU y -A‡¶i mv‡c‡¶ abvZ¥K w`‡K Gi cÖwZmgiƒ‡c Ges m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c x -A‡¶i Dcwi
Aa©Z‡j Aew¯’Z| Avevi, y -Gi gv‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ x -Gi ciggvb e„w× cvq Ges GB e„w×i †Kv‡bv †kl †bB|
d‡j cive„Ë Zvi A‡¶i Dfq cv‡k¦© Amx‡g we¯Í…Z nq| Ab¨w`‡K cive„‡Ëi mgxKiY hw` x 2 4by (b 0)
nq, GLv‡b, x KvíwbK msL¨v n‡e hw` y abvZ¥K nq| G†ÿ‡Î cive„ËwU m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c x -A‡¶i wb‡Pi Aa©Z‡j
Aew¯’Z n‡e|
D`vniY1:†jLwPÎ A¼bKiæb, y 2 4 x
cive„ËwU (0, 0 ) we›`y w`‡q hvq| x 0 n‡j y -Gi gvb Aev¯Íe nq; wKš‘ x 0 n‡j y -Gi `yBwU mgvb wKš‘
wecixZ wPýwewkó gvb cvIqv hvq| Gi †_‡K cÖZxqgvb nq †h, x -A¶ A_©vr cive„‡Ëi wb‡Ri A‡¶i mv‡c‡¶
GwU cÖwZmg Ges cive„ËwU m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c x 0 ev y -A¶ †iLvi Wvbw`‡K xy -Z‡ji cÖ_g I PZz_© PZzf©v‡M Aew¯’Z
| x 0 gv‡biRb¨ y -Gi mswkøógvb¸‡jv wbY©q Kiæb|
a
x 0 1 1 4 4 9 9
y 0 2 2 l 4 4 6 6
ha
†`Lv hv‡”Q (0, 0 ) cive„‡Ëi kxl©we›`y Ges cive„ËwU (1, 2 ), (1, 2), ( 4, 4), ( 4, 4), (9, 6), (9, 6),
s
...............cÖf„wZ we›`y¸‡jv w`‡q hvq| QK KvM‡R X OX Ges Y OY †iLv `yBwU‡K h_vµ‡g x -A¶ I y -A¶ a‡i
th
¶z`ªZg e‡M©i GK evûi mgvb GK GKK wb‡q we›`y¸‡jv QK KvM‡R ¯’vcb Kiæb| GLb we›`y¸‡jv GKwU mylg
Pa
eµ‡iLvi mvnv‡h¨ †hvM K‡i y 2 4 x cive„‡Ëi †jL cvB|
AA
(9, 6)
(4, 4)
(1, 2)
X O (0, 0) X
y2 =4x
(1, 2)
(4, 4)
(9, 6)
Y
mvims‡ÿc-
y 2 4ax ( a 0) n‡j, cive„ËwU x -A‡¶i mv‡c‡¶ cÖwZmg Ges m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c y -A‡¶i Wvb Aa©Z‡j
Aew¯’Z|
BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 123
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
y 2 4ax ( a 0) n‡j, cive„ËwU x -A‡¶i mv‡c‡¶ cÖwZmg Ges m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c y -A‡¶i evg Aa©Z‡j
Aew¯’Z|
x 2 4by (b 0) n‡j, GwU y -A‡¶i mv‡c‡¶ cÖwZmg Ges m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c x -A‡¶i Dcwi Aa©Z‡j
Aew¯’Z|
x 2 4by (b 0) n‡j, GwU y -A‡¶i mv‡c‡¶ cÖwZmg Ges m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c x -A‡¶i wb‡Pi Aa©Z‡j
Aew¯’Z|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 5.5-
5x
1. y2 cive„ËwU xy -Z‡ji ‡Kvb PZzf©v‡M Aew¯’Z?
2
(K) 1g I 2q (L) 2q I 3q (M) 1g I 4_© (N) †KvbwUB bv
2. x 4 y cive„ËwU-
2
(i) g~j we›`y A_©vr (0, 0 ) w`‡q hvq
(ii) xA‡¶i mv‡c‡¶ cÖwZmg
(iii) xA‡¶i Dcwi Aa©Z‡j Aew¯’Z
Dc‡ii Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K †KvbwU mZ¨ ?
(K) i, ii (L) i, iii l a
(M) ii, iii (N) †KvbwUB bv
ha
3. y 2 6 x cive„‡Ëi †jLwPÎ A¼b Kiæb|
s
4. x 2 9 y cive„‡Ëi †jLwPÎ A¼b Kiæb
th
Pa
AA
cvV 5.6 Dce„Ë
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
Dce„Ë A¼b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
Dce„‡Ëi Av`k© mgxKiY wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã Dce„Ë A¼b, Av`k© mgxKiY
g~jcvV-
Dce„Ë A¼b
g‡bKiæb, S Dce„‡Ëi Dc‡K›`ª, MZ M Dce„‡Ëi wbqvgK‡iLv Ges e Gi Dr‡Kw›`ªKZv, †hLv‡b (0 e 1) |
w`Kv‡¶i Dci SZ j¤^ Uvbzb Ges ZS -†K ewa©Z Kiæb| SZ -†K A I A we›`y Øviv e t 1 Abycv‡Z h_vµ‡g
AšÍwe©f³ I ewnwe©f³ Kiæb†hb SA t AZ SA t AZ e nq|
myZivs Dce„‡Ëi msÁvbymv‡i, A I A Gi Dci `yBwU QP B R
M
A S N C N1 N2
KwbK Z c„Aô v 124
M
P Q R
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
we›`y| A A Gi Dci †h‡Kv‡bv we›`y N wbb Ges A A
Gi Dci PN P j¤^ Uvbyb| S -†K †K›`ª K‡i Ges
e ZN mgvb e¨vmva© wb‡q GKwU e„Ë AuvKzb †hb Zv
PN P †K P I P we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i| Zvn‡j P I P
Dce„‡Ëi Dci `yBwU we›`y| S , P I S , P †hvM Kiæb
Ges w`Kv‡¶i Dci PM I P M j¤^ AuvKzb|
GLv‡b my¯úó †h, SP e ZN e PM |myZivs P Dce„‡Ëi Dci GKwU we›`y| Abyiæcfv‡e, P Dce„‡Ëi Dci
Aci GKwU we›`y| N -Gi gZ A A Gi Dci Av‡iv we›`y wb‡j Dce„‡Ëi Dci Q, Q , R, R , ... ... we›`y¸‡jvcvIqv
hv‡e|GB we›`y¸‡jvi ms‡hvM mylg †iLv n‡jvB Dce„Ë|
D‡jøL¨ †h, A , A we›`y `yBwU kxl© we›`y, A A e„nr A¶, A A Gi ga¨we›`y C Dce„‡Ëi †K›`ª| †K›`ª C w`‡q Aw¼Z
e„nr A‡¶i Dci B B j¤^ R¨vwU Dce„‡Ëi ¶z`ª A¶| A A I B B A¶ `yBwU‡K Dce„‡Ëi cÖavb A¶ Ges B , B
we›`y `yBwUIDce„‡Ëi kxl©we›`y bv‡g AwfwnZ|
Dce„‡Ëi cÖwgZ ev Av`k© mgxKiY(Standard Equation of Ellipse)
g‡b Kiæb, S Dce„‡Ëi Dc‡K›`ª, MZ M Dce„‡Ëi
Y
wbqvgK‡iLv Ges e Gi Dr‡Kw›`ªKZv, †hLv‡b (0 e 1) |
B P(x,y)
w`Kv‡¶i Dci SZ j¤^ Uvbzb Ges ZS -†K ewa©Z Kiæb|
a
M
SZ -†K A I A we›`y Øviv e t 1 Abycv‡Z h_vµ‡gAšÍwe©f³ l A
ha
Z X
I ewnwe©f³ Kiæb †hb SA t AZ SA t AZ e nq| C S C N A
Gi †K›`ª hv A A Gi ga¨we›`y|
s
th
g‡b Kiæb, AA 2a; CA CA a. B
GLb, SA e AZ ev, a CS e(CZ a) -------(1)
Pa
Ges S A e AZ ev, a CS e(CZ a) -------- (2)
AA
a
(1)I (2)†hvM K‡i cvB, 2 a 2e CZ ev, CZ
e
(2) †_‡K (1) we‡qvM K‡i cvB, 2 CS 2e a ev, CS ae
C -†K g~j we›`y, CX I CY †K h_µ‡g x -A¶ I y -A¶ aiæb| P x , y Dce„‡Ëi Dci †h‡Kv‡bv we›`y wbb| A A
Gi Dci PN IwbqvgK‡iLvi Dci PM j¤^ AuvKzb|
myZivs msÁvbymv‡i, SP e PM e NZ
SP 2 e 2 NZ 2
ev, SN 2 PN 2 e 2 CZ CN 2
wKš‘, SN CS CN ae x, PN y
2
2 2 a 2
( ae x) y e x
e
ev, x (1 e ) y a (1 e )
2 2 2 2 2
x2 y2
ev, 1 ------------- (3)
a 2 a 2 (1 e 2 )
2
(3)-G x 0 ai‡j Avgiv cvB, y a 1 e ; †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, y -A¶ Dce„ˇK `yBwU ev¯Íe we›`y (†h‡nZz e 1 )
B, B -G †Q` K‡i| we›`y `yBwU C Gi wecixZ w`‡K Ggbfv‡e Aew¯’Z †h, CB CB a 1 e 2 .
BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 125
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
g‡b Kiæb, CB CB b. Zvn‡j b 2 a 2( 1 e 2 ) --------------------- (4)
2 2
myZivs (3) mgxKiYwU `uvovq x 2 y2 1, hv Dce„‡Ëi cÖwgZ ev Av`k© mgxKiY|
a b
2
b2 a2 b2 a 2 b2
Abywm×všÍ: mgxKiY(4) †K Gfv‡e †jLv P‡j 1 e 2 b 2 ev, e 2 1 2 2
ev, e
a a a a
Dce„‡Ëi Dr‡Kw›`ªKZv a , b Gi gva¨‡g cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q|
mvims‡ÿc-
Dce„‡Ëi Dr‡Kw›`ªKZv e n‡j, 0 e 1
Dce„‡Ëi kxl©we›`y `yBwU|
2 2
Dce„‡Ëi Av`k© mgxKiY: x 2 y 2 1
a b
22
Dce„‡Ëi Dr‡Kw›`ªKZv: e a b
a
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 5.6-
1. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Dce„‡Ëi mgxKiY?
l a
ha
(K) 16 x 2 y 2 4 (L) 16 x 2 25 y 2 400 (M) x 2 y 2 1 (N) y 2 4 x
s
2 2
2. x 2 y2 1, †hLv‡b (a b) Dce„‡Ëi e„nr A¶ †KvbwU?
th
a b
Pa
(K) x -A¶ (L) y -A¶ (M) wbqvgK‡iLv (N) †KvbwUB bv
AA
cvV 5.7 Dce„Ë (wewfbœ mgxKiY)
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
Dce„‡Ëi Dc‡K›`ª I wbqvgK‡iLv wPwýZ I Dc‡Kw›`ªK j‡¤^i ˆ`N©¨ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
wewfbœ iƒ‡ci Dce„‡Ëi mgxKiY wbY©q I mswkøó wPÎvw` A¼b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
Dce„‡Ëi mvaviY mgxKiY wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
Dce„Ë m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã Dce„‡Ëi Dc‡K›`ª, wbqvgK‡iLv, Dc‡Kw›`ªK j¤^, mvaviY mgxKiY
g~jcvV-
Dce„‡Ëi Dc‡K›`ª I wbqvgK‡iLv M Y
M
L B
A S C S Ac„ôv 126
KwbK Z Z
L B
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
x2 y 2
1 Dce„ËwU y -A¶ eivei cÖwZmg e‡j y -A‡ÿi Wvb I
a 2 b2
evg cv‡k Dce„ËwUi mgAvK…wZi `ywU Ask i‡q‡Q|
GLb x -A‡¶i Dci `yBwU we›`y S Ges Z Ggbfv‡e †bqv nq, †hb
a
CS CS ae Ges C Z CZ nq|
e
Z Z Dci M Z j¤^
AuvKv nj| G‡ÿ‡ÎI S †K Dc‡K›`ª Ges M Z †K wbqvgK‡iLv a‡i Avgiv GKB Dce„Ë
cvB| AZGe, Dce„‡Ëi `yBwU Dc‡K›`ª (ae,0) Ges `yBwU wbqvgK‡iLvi mgxKiY x ae Av‡Q|
Dc‡Kw›`ªK j¤^(Latus rectum)
Dce„‡Ëi †h‡Kv‡bv Dc‡K‡›`ªi ga¨ w`‡q Aw¼Z e„nr A‡¶i Dci j¤^ †iLvi Dce„‡Ëi AšÍM©Z Ask‡K Dc‡Kw›`ªK
j¤^ ejv nq| Dc‡ii wP‡Î, LS L GKwU Dc‡Kw›`ªK j¤^ Ges SL SL , Zvn‡j L Gi ¯’vbv¼ (CS, SL) ev
( a e, SL) hv Dce„‡Ëi Dci Aew¯’Z|
2 2 2
b4 2
Zvn‡j, a e2 SL2 1 ev, SL2 b 2( 1 e2 ) 2 †Kbbv 1 e 2 b 2
a b a a
2
b
ev, SL b 1 e 2
a
¯’vbv¼ h_vµ‡g ae, b 1 e2 Ges ae, b 1 e2
a
myZivs L Ges L we›`yi
l
ha
2
Ges Dc‡Kw›`ªK j‡¤^i ˆ`N©¨ LL 2 SL 2b .
a
s
th
D`vniY1: 3 x 2 4 y 2 12 Dce„‡Ëi Dc‡Kw›`ªK j‡¤^i ˆ`N©¨ wbY©q Kiæb|
Pa
2 2
mgvavb: cÖ`Ë mgxKiYwU‡K x y 1 AvKv‡i †jLv hvq| GLv‡b, b 2 3 Ges a 2
4 3
AA
2
2b 2 3
Dc‡Kw›`ªK j‡¤^i ˆ`N©¨ 3.
a 2
Dce„‡Ëi mgxKi‡Yi Ab¨vb¨ iƒc(Other forms of the equation of an Ellipse)
(i)Dce„‡Ëi †K›`ª‡K g~jwe›`y, e„nr A¶‡K y -A¶, ¶z`ª A¶‡K x - Y
y2 x2
A¶ ai‡j Dce„‡Ëi mgxKiY nq 1. B
a 2 b2
S
2a 2 2 2
Dc‡Kw›`ªK j‡¤^i ˆ`N©¨ Dr‡Kw›`ªKZv: e b a
; A A
b b X
C
G‡ÿ‡Î Dc‡Kw›`ªK j¤^ †iLv؇qi mgxKiY n‡e y be Ges
b S
wbqvgK‡iLv؇qi mgxKiY n‡e y .
e B
(ii) Avgiv GLv‡b (α, β ) †K›`ª I ¯’vbv‡¼i Aÿ `ywUi mgvšÍivj Aÿ wewkó Dce„‡Ëi mgxKiY wbY©q Kie|g‡b
Kiæb, C (α, β ) Dce„‡Ëi †K›`ª, e„nr A¶ A A I ¶z`ª A¶ B B n‡jv h_vµ‡g x -A¶I y -A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj|
Avevi g‡b Kiæb AA 2a, BB 2b; Ges P ( x, y ) Dce„‡Ëi Dci Y
B
†h‡Kv‡bv we›`y| x -A‡¶i Dci PNM j¤^ AuvKzb hv e„nr A¶‡K N P (x, y)
Z A A
C (, ) N
BDwbU cuvP B c„ôv 127
X
O L M
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i| Dce„‡Ëi †K›`ª C -†K g~jwe›`y a‡i, C -Gi mv‡c‡¶
P -Gi ¯’vbv¼ `uvovq CN, PN | †h‡nZz P we›`ywU Dce„‡Ëi Dci
2 2
Aew¯’Z †m‡nZz CN2 PN2 1
a b
GLv‡b, CN LM OM OL x α
Ges PN PM NM PM CL y β
2 2
AZGe, x 2α y 2β 1 , GwUB wb‡Y©q mgxKiY|
a b
x2 y2
1 Dce„Ë m¤ú‡K© wb¤œwjwLZ dj¸‡jv ¯§iY ivL‡Z n‡e,
a2 b2
x2 y2 x2 y2
Dce„‡Ëi mgxKiY 1 ( a b 0) 1 (b a 0 )
a 2 b2 a 2 b2
(i) Dce„‡Ëi †K‡›`ªi ¯’vbv¼ ( 0, 0 ) ( 0, 0 )
(ii) e„nr A‡¶i ˆ`N©¨, ¶z`ª A‡¶i ˆ`N©¨ 2a, 2b 2b, 2a
(iii) Dc‡K›`ªØ‡qi ¯’vbv¼ (ae, 0), ( ae, 0) (0, be) , (0, be )
(iv) e„nr A‡¶i mgxKiY, ¶z`ª A‡¶i mgxKiY y 0, x 0 x 0, y 0
a
a a b b
(v) wbqvgK ‡iLv؇qi mgxKiY x l ,x y , y
e e e e
ha
(vi) Dr‡Kw›`ªKZv a 2 b2 b2 a 2
s
a b
th
2b 2 2a 2
(vii) Dc‡Kw›`ªK j‡¤^i ˆ`N©¨
Pa
a b
(viii) Dc‡Kw›`ªK j¤^؇qi mgxKiY x ae y be
AA
Dce„‡Ëi Dci¯’ †h‡Kv‡bv we›`yi Dc‡Kw›`ªªK `~iZ¡ `yBwUi †hvMdj e„nr A‡¶i ˆ`‡N©¨i mgvb|
2 2
g‡b Kiæb, x 2 y 2 1 Dce„‡Ëi mgxKiY Ges P ( x, y ) Dce„‡Ëi Dci †h‡Kv‡bv we›`y| S I S Dce„‡Ëi
a b
Dc‡K›`ªØq Ges MZ I M Z Zvi wbqvgK‡iLvØq| S, P I S, P †hvM Kiæb Ges P ( x, y ) we›`y w`‡q e„nr A‡¶i
mgvšÍivj †iLv AuvKzb, hv wbqvgK‡iLvØq‡K M I M †Q` K‡i| MP M wbqvgK‡iLv؇qi Dci j¤^ n‡e|
msÁvbymv‡i, SP e PM e. NZ e.(CZ CN) e a x1 a ex1 Y
e B P (x, y)
M M
a
S P e PM e. NZ e.(CZ CN) e x1 a ex1 Z
e A S C N S A Z
AZGe, SP S P a ex1 a ex1 2 a. myZivs, `vwe cÖgvwYZ n‡jv| B
Dce„‡Ëi mvaviY mgxKiY(General Equation of an Ellipse)
g‡b Kiæb, Dce„‡Ëi Dc‡K›`ª S ( , ) , w`Kv¶ ax by c 0 GesGi Dr‡Kw›`ªKZv e ( 1). P ( x, y ) Dce„‡Ëi
Dci GKwU we›`y| S, P †hvM Kiæb Ges w`Kv‡¶i Dci PM j¤^ Uvbyb|
P (x, y)
msÁvbymv‡i, SP e PM ev, SP 2 e 2 PM 2 M
Z
A S
KwbK c„ôv 128
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
2
ev, ( x )2 ( y ) 2 e 2 ( ax 2 by 2 c) .
a b
D`vniY2: 16 x 2 25 y 2 400 Dce„‡Ëi Dr‡Kw›`ªKZv, Dc‡K›`ª,Dc‡Kw›`ªªK j‡¤^i ˆ`N©¨ Ges j‡¤^i I w`Kv‡¶i
mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb|
x2 y 2
mgvavb:Dce„‡Ëi mgxKiY 1. AZGe, a 5 Ges b 4
25 16
a2 b2 25 16 3
Dr‡Kw›`ªKZv, e
a 5 5
3 3
Dc‡K‡›`ªi ¯’vbv¼ (ae, 0) I ( ae, 0); GLv‡b Dc‡K›`ª 5 , 0 (3 , 0) Ges 5 , 0 (3 , 0)
5 5
2 2
2b 2 4 32
Dc‡Kw›`ªK j‡¤^i ˆ`N©¨
a 5 5
3
Dc‡Kw›`ªK j‡¤^i mgxKiY x ae A_©vr, x 5 3
5
a 5 25
w`Kv‡¶i mgxKiY x ev, x ev, x
e 3 3
a
5
l
D`vniY3: p -Gi gvb KZ n‡j 4 x 2 py 2 80 Dce„ËwU (0 , 4) we›`y w`‡q AwZµ‡g Ki‡e? Dce„ËwUi A¶
ha
`yBwUi ˆ`N¨© Ges Dr‡Kw›`ªKZv wbY©q Kiæb|
s
mgvavb:hw` 4 x 2 py 2 80 Dce„ËwU (0 , 4) we›`y w`‡q AwZµg K‡i, Z‡e 0 16 p 80 ev, p 5 n‡e|
th
2 2
x2 y2
myZivs Dce„‡Ëi mgxKiY n‡e 4 x 2 5 y 2 80 ev, x y 1 ev, 1
Pa
20 16 (2 5 )2 42
myZivs a 2 5 Ges b 4
AA
AZGe, A¶ `yBwUi ˆ`N©¨ n‡e 4 5 Ges 8
a2 b2 20 16 2 1
Dce„‡Ëi Dr‡Kw›`ªKZv, e
a 20 2 5 5
2 2
D`vniY4: x y 1 Dce„‡Ëi Dc‡K›`ª `yBwU wbY©q Kiæb|
144 169
mgvavb:GLv‡b, a 12 Ges b 13 j¶bxq †h, a b | myZivs Dce„ËwUi e„nr A¶ y -A‡¶i Dci Aew¯’Z|
b2 a2 169 144 5
AZGe, e
b 13 13
myZivs, Dc‡K›`ª `yBwUi ¯’vbv¼ (0 , be ) A_©vr 0 , 13 5 (0 , 5)
13
D`vniY5:GKwU Dce„‡Ëi mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæbhvi Dc‡K›`ª (1 , 1), w`Kv‡¶i mgxKiY x y 2 0 Ges
Dr‡Kw›`ªKZv 1 ; Gi Dr‡Kw›`ªK j¤^I wbY©q Kiæb|
2
mgvavb:g‡b Kiæb, P ( x, y ) Dce„‡Ëi Dci †h‡Kv‡bv we›`y, Dce„‡Ëi Dc‡K›`ª S (1, 1) Ges PM Zvi wbqvgK‡iLv
x y 2 0 -Gi Dci j¤^ |
Zvn‡j msÁvbymv‡i, SP e PM
BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 129
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
ev, x 12 y 12 1 x y 2 x y 2
22 2
1 1 2
2
ev, x 12 y 12 (x y 2 )
4
ev, 3 x 3 y 2 xy 12 x 12 y 4 0 , GwUB
2 2
Dce„‡Ëi mgxKiY|
Dc‡Kw›`ªK j¤^ LL 2e. SZ
GLb, SZ S 1, 1 †_‡K x y 2 0 †iLvi j¤^ `~iZ¡
11 2 4
SZ 2 2
12 12 2
1
LL 2e. SZ 2. .2 2 4
2
3 15
D`vniY6:GKwU Dce„‡Ëi mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæbhvi Dc‡K›`ª `yBwU S ( 2 , 0) Ges S (2 , 0) Ges hv P ,
2 2
we›`y w`‡q AwZµg K‡i|
2 2
mgvavb:g‡b Kiæb, Dce„‡Ëi mgxKiY x 2 y 2 1
a b
a
2 2
3 15 49 15 l
PS 2 0 4
ha
2 2 4 4
2
s
2
3 15 1 15
Ges PS 2 0
th
2
2 2 4 4
Pa
P we›`yi †dvKvm `~iZ¡ `yBwUi †hvMdj e„nr A‡¶i ˆ`‡N©¨i mgvb|
2a PS PS 4 2 6 a 3
AA
2 2
AZGe, Dce„‡Ëi mgxKiY n‡e x y2 1
9 b
2
3
2 15
3 15 2
2
we›`y w`‡q hvq, AZGe, 2 1
†h‡nZz, Dce„Ë P ,
2 2 9 b
1 15 15 3
ev, 2 1 ev, 2 ev, 3b2 15 A_©vr, b 2 5
4 4b 4b 4
2 2
x y
wb‡Y©q mgxKiY 1.
9 5
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 5.7-
1. 5 x 2 4 y 2 1 Dce„‡Ëi w`Kv¶ `yBwUi mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb|
2. GKwU Dce„‡Ëi mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb hvi Dc‡K›`ª `yBwU S ( 2 , 0 ) Ges S ( 2 , 0) Ges Dr‡Kw›`ªKZv 3.
KwbK c„ôv 130
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV 5.8 Dce„‡Ëi †jLwPÎ
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
Dce„‡Ëi †jLwPÎ A¼b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã Dce„‡Ëi †jLwPÎ, cÖwZmg
g~jcvV-
Dce„‡Ëi †jLwPÎ
x2 y 2
1 mgxKi‡Y y 0 emv‡j x a Ges x 0 emv‡j y b cvIqv hvq| myZivs Dce„ËwU x -
a 2 b2
Aÿ‡K a , 0 we›`y؇q Ges y -Aÿ‡K 0 , b we›`y؇q †Q` K‡i (cvV-7 cÖ_g wPÎ `ªóe¨)|
x2 y2 y2 x2 a2 x2 a2 x2
Dce„‡Ëi mgxKiY 1 †_‡K cvB, 1 ev, y b
a 2 b2 b2 a2 a2 a2
l a
x a -Gi †h‡Kv‡bv gv‡bi Rb¨ y -Gi `yBwU mgvb wKš‘ wecixZ wPýwewkó gvb cvIqv hvq| AZGe, Dce„ËwU
ha
x -A¶ (e„nr A¶) eivei cÖwZmg|
Avevi, x -Gi m‡e©v”P gvb a Ges me©wb¤œ gvb a; Ab¨_vq y -Gi gvb `yBwU Aev¯Íe nq|
s
th
b2 y 2
Avevi Dce„‡Ëi mgxKiY †_‡K cvB, x a
Pa
b2
y b -Gi †Kv‡bv gv‡bi Rb¨ x -Gi `yBwU mgvb wKš‘ wecixZ wPýwewkó gvb cvIqv hv‡e | AZGe, Dce„ËwU
AA
y -A¶ (¶z`ª A¶) eivei cÖwZmg|
y -Gi m‡e©v”P gvb b Ges me©wb¤œ gvb b; Ab¨_vq x -Gi gvb `yBwU Aev¯Íe nq|
myZivs Dce„‡Ëi †Kv‡bv AskB x -A‡¶i Dci A I A we›`y `yBwUi evB‡i Ges y -A‡¶i Dci B I B Gi
evB‡i Aew¯’Z n‡e bv Ges Dce„Ë cyivcywi x a, y b mij‡iLv PZzóq Øviv mxwgZ Avq‡Zi g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z|
D`vniY1:†jLwPÎ A¼b Kiæb: 9 x2 16 y2 144
x2 y2
mgvavb:†`qv Av‡Q mgxKiYwU, 9 x2 16 y2 144 ev, 1; GwU GKwU Dce„Ë hvi e„nr A‡¶i ˆ`N©¨ 8
16 9
Ges ¶z`ª A‡¶i ˆ`N©¨ 6; e„nr A¶ x -A¶ eivei Ges ¶z`ª y -A¶ eivei Ges †K›`ª g~jwe›`y A_©vr (0,0).
x2
mgxKiY ‡_‡K cvB, y 91
2
16
3
ev, y 16 x2 , †hLv‡b 4 x 4
4
y2 4
Avevi, x 2 161 ev, x 9 y 2 , †hLv‡b 3 y 3
9 3
mgxKiY `yBwU †_‡K †j‡Li Dcwiw¯’Z K‡qKwU we›`yi ¯’vbv¼ wbY©q Kiæb|
BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 131
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
x 4 4 0 0 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3
y 0 0 3 3 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 1.98 1.98 1.98 1.98
†`Lv hv‡”Q, (4, 0) , (4, 0), (0, 3), (0, 3),
(2, 2 6), (2, 2 6), ( 2, 2 6), (2, 2 6), Y
(3, 1 98), (3, 1 98), (3, 1.98), (3, 1 98),
(0, 3)
......cÖf„wZ we›`y¸‡jv †j‡Li Dci Aew¯’Z|
(2, 2.6) (2, 2.6)
X OX I Y OY †iLv `yBwU‡K h_vµ‡g x -A¶
I y -A¶ a‡i QK KvM‡Ri ¶z`ªZg e‡M©i `yB
evû mgvb GK GKK wb‡q we›`y¸‡jv QK KvM‡R
¯’vcb Kiæb| GLb we›`y¸‡jv GKwU cÖwZmg
eµ‡iLv Øviv †hvM Ki‡j †jLwPÎwU cvIqv (4, 0) (4, 0)
X O (0, 0)
hvq|
9x2 + 16y2=144
(2, 2.6) (2, 2.6)
(0, 3)
Y
l a
ha
mvims‡ÿc-
s
th
x2 y2
Dce„‡Ëi mgxKiY 1 n‡j- (i) Dce„ËwU x -A¶ I y -A¶ eivei cÖwZmg; (ii) a b n‡j,
a 2 b2
Pa
x -A¶ n‡e e„nr A¶ I y -A¶ n‡e ¶z`ª A¶ Ges a b n‡j, y -A¶ n‡e e„nr A¶ I x -A¶ n‡e ¶z`ª
AA
A¶; (iii) †K›`ª g~jwe›`y A_©vr (0,0).
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 5.8-
x2 y2
1. 1 Dce„ËwU-
36 49
(i) g~jwe›`y A_©vr (0, 0) w`‡q hvq
(ii) x -A‡¶i mv‡c‡¶ cÖwZmg
(iii) y -A¶ n‡e e„nr A¶
Dc‡ii Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K †KvbwU mZ¨ ?
(K) i, ii (L) i, iii (M) ii, iii (N) †KvbwUB bv
2 2
x y
2. 1 Dce„ËwUi †jLwPÎ A¼b Kiæb|
9 4
KwbK c„ôv 132
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV 5.9 Dce„‡Ëi Dci¯’ †Kv‡bv we›`yi civwgwZK ¯’vbv¼
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
Dce„‡Ëi Dci¯’ †h‡Kv‡bv we›`yi civwgwZK ¯’vbv¼ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
Dce„‡Ëi civwgwZK mgxKiY wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã mnvqK e„Ë, Dr‡Kw›`ªK †KvY, civwgwZK ¯’vbv¼, civwgwZK mgxKiY
g~jcvV-
Dce„‡Ëi Dci¯’ †h‡Kv‡bv we›`yi civwgwZK ¯’vbv¼
mnvqK e„Ë(Auxiliary circle):†Kv‡bv Dce„‡Ëi †K›`ª Ges e„nr A¶‡K GKwU e„‡Ëi h_vµ‡g †K›`ª Ges e¨vm a‡i
Aw¼Z e„ËwU‡K Dce„‡Ëi mnvqK e„Ë ejv nq| wP‡Î APA Dce„Ë Ges AQA mnvqK e„Ë| GB e„‡Ëi e¨vmva© e„nr
A‡¶i ˆ`‡N©i A‡a©K|
a
Dr‡Kw›`ªK †KvY (Eccentric angle):Dce„‡Ëi Dci¯’ †h‡Kv‡bv Y
we›`y n‡Z e„nr A‡¶i Dci Aw¼Z j¤^‡K ewa©Z Ki‡j Zv mnvqK
l Q
ha
e„ˇK †h we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i Zvi mv‡_ †K‡›`ªi ms‡hvRK †iLv Ges
s
P (x, y)
e„nr A‡¶i ga¨eZx© †KvY‡K Dce„‡Ëi H we›`yi Dr‡Kw›`ªK †KvY
th
y
ejv nq|
XX
A C x N A
Pa
wP‡Î, θ XCQ n‡jv APA Dce„‡Ëi P( x, y) we›`yi Dr‡Kw›`ªK
†KvY| P we›`yi fyR CN x, †KvwU PN y.
AA
P( x, y) we›`yi civwgwZK ¯’vbv¼
x2 y 2
aiæb, Dce„‡Ëi mgxKiY 1, †hLv‡b a b 0 Ges P( x, y) Gi Dci †h‡Kv‡bv we›`y|mg‡KvYx wÎfzR,
a 2 b2
CN
QCN n‡Z cvB, cos θ ev, CN CQ cos θ a cosθ , A_©vr x a cos .
CQ
a 2 cos2 y 2
†h‡nZz P we›`ywU Dce„‡Ëi Dci Aew¯’Z, 2 1
a2 b
y2
ev, 2
1 cos 2 ev, y 2 b2 sin 2 ev, y b sin |
b
wewfbœ PZzf©v‡M sin Ges y Gi wPý we‡ePbv Ki‡j mKj †¶‡Î, y b sin .
AZGe P we›`yi fyR x a cos n‡j, †KvwU y b sin n‡e, †hLv‡b n‡jv civwgwZhv P we›`yi Dr‡Kw›`ªK
x2 y2
†KvY| (a cos , b sin ) †K P we›`yi civwgwZi ¯’vbv¼ Ges x a cos θ ,y b sin θ †K GK‡Î 1
a 2 b2
Dce„‡Ëi civwgwZK mgxKiY e‡j|
BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 133
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
x2 y 2 ay
`ªóe¨:1. 2
2 1 Ges a b 0 n‡j, x a cos , y b sin n‡Z cvB tan , hLb x 0 |
a b bx
ay
myZivs tan 1 , Z‡e GB m¤úK© n‡Z -Gi gvb wbY©‡qi Rb¨ P we›`yi Ae¯’vb†Kvb&PZzf©v‡M †mw`‡K j¶
bx
†i‡L -Gi mwVK gvb wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
x2 y 2 bx
2. 2
2 1 Ges b a 0 n‡j x a sin , y b cos n‡Z cvB tan , hLb y 0 |
a b ay
bx
myZivs tan 1 , Z‡e GB m¤úK© n‡Z -Gi gvb wbY©‡qi Rb¨ P we›`yi Ae¯’vb †Kvb&PZzf©v‡M †mw`‡K j¶
ay
ivL‡Z n‡e|
D`vniY1: 4 x2 25 y 2 100 Dce„‡Ëi Dci¯’ (5, 0), (0, 2) (3,1 6) Ges (4,1 2) we›`y¸‡jvi civwgwZK ¯’vbv¼
wbY©q Kiæb|
x2 y 2
mgvavb: cÖ`Ë Dce„Ë 4x2 25 y 100 ev, 1
52 2 2
x2 y 2
mgxKiYwU‡K 1 Gi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i cvB a 5, b 2 a b
a 2 b2
a
Avgiv Rvwb, Dce„„ËwUi Dci P( x, y) †h‡Kv‡bv we›`y Ges P -Gi Dr‡Kw›`ªK †KvY n‡j P -Gi civwgwZK ¯’vbv¼
l
ha
ay
P(a cos , b sin ), †hLv‡b tan 1
bx
s
th
(5, 0) we›`ywU x -A‡¶i abvZ¥K w`‡K Aew¯’Z; myZivs 00
(5, 0) we›`yi civwgwZK ¯’vbv¼ (a cos , b sin ) (5 cos 0, 2 sin 0), †hLv‡b 00
Pa
(0, 2) we›`ywU y -A‡¶i abvZ¥K w`‡K Aew¯’Z; myZivs 90
AA
(0, 2) we›`yi civwgwZK ¯’vbv¼ (a cos , b sin ) (5 cos 90, 2 sin 90), †hLv‡b 90
ay 5 1 6 4
(3, 1 6) we›`ywU cÖ_g PZzf©v‡M Aew¯’Z Ges x 3, y 1 6 ; myZivs tan
bx 23 3
4
ev, tan 1 GKwU m~²‡KvY, hvi Avmbœ gvb 536.
3
(3,1 6) we›`yi civwgwZK ¯’vbv¼ (5 cos , 2 sin ) , †hLv‡b 536 (cÖvq)
(4,1 2) we›`ywU wØZxq PZzf©v‡M Aew¯’Z Ges x 4, y 1 2; myZivs GKwU abvZ¥K ¯_~j‡KvY, hvi Rb¨
ay 5 1 2 6 3 3 3
tan Lv‡U| tan 1 GKwU FYvZ¥K †KvY, hvi g~L¨gvb tan1
bx 2 (4) 8 4 4 4
3 3
ev, tan 1 Gi g~L¨gvb GKwU FYvZ¥K m~²‡KvY| myZivs 180 tan 1
4 4
3
(4,1 2) we›`yi civwgwZK ¯’vbv¼ (5 cos , 2 sin ), †hLv‡b 180 tan 1
4
wkÿv_x©i 16x2 9 y 2 144 Dce„‡Ëi Dci¯’ 3,0 Ges 1, 3.77 we›`y `zwUi civwgwZK ¯’vbv¼
KvR wbY©q Kiæb| DËi: 3sin θ , 4 cosθ , †hLv‡b θ 270o , 19o 29
KwbK c„ôv 134
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
mvims‡ÿc-
x2 y 2
1 (†hLv‡b a b 0 ) Dce„‡Ëi Dci †h‡Kv‡bv we›`y Px,y Gi civwgwZK ¯’vbv¼ n‡e
a 2 b2
ay x2 y2
Pa cos θ , b sin θ , θ tan 1 Ges x a cos , y b sin GK‡Î 1 Dce„‡Ëi
bx a 2 b2
civwgwZK mgxKiY|
x2 y 2
1 (†hLv‡b b a 0 ) Dce„‡Ëi Dci †h‡Kv‡bv we›`y P( x, y) Gi civwgwZK ¯’vbv¼ n‡e
a 2 b2
bx x2 y2
P a sin θ , b cos θ , θ tan 1 Ges x a sin , y b cos GK‡Î 1 Dce„‡Ëi
ay a 2 b2
civwgwZK mgxKiY|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 5.9-
2 2
1. 16x 9 y 144 Dce„‡Ëi Dci¯’ (4, 0) we›`yi civwgwZK ¯’vbv¼ KZ?
(K) (3 sin ,4 cos ), †hLv‡b 90o
a
(L) (4 sin ,3cos ), †hLv‡b 90o
l
ha
(M) (3cos ,4 sin ), †hLv‡b 0o (N) (4 cos ,3sin ), †hLv‡b 0o
s
2 2
2. 4 x 9 y 36 Dce„‡Ëi civwgwZK mgxKiY †KvbwU?
th
(K) x 3sin , y 4 cos (L) x 3cos , y 2 sin
Pa
(M) x 4 sin , y 3cos (N) †KvbwUB bv
AA
cvV 5.10 Awae„Ë
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
Awae„Ë A¼b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
Awae„‡Ëi Av`©k ev cÖwgZ mgxKiY wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã Awae„Ë, Avo A¶, AbyeÜx A¶, cÖwgZ mgxKiY
BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 135
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
g~jcvV-
Awae„Ë A¼b
g‡b Kiæb Awae„‡Ëi Dc‡K›`ª S,wbqvgK‡iLv MZGes Gi Dr‡Kw›`ªKZv e 1| wbqvgK‡iLvi Dci SZj¤^ Uvbyb
GesSZ†K ewa©Z Kiæb| SZ†K A I A we›`y‡Z e t 1 Abycv‡Z h_vµ‡g AšÍwe©f³ I ewnwe©f³ Kiæb †hb
SA SA'
e nq| myZivs, A I A Awae„‡Ëi Dci `yBwU we›`y|
AZ A'Z
AA †iLvi Dci Se¨wZZ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv we›`y N wbb Ges AA
†iLvi Dci N we›`yMvgx j¤^ AuvKzb| S-†K›`ª K‡i e.NZ e¨vmva© E
P M P
wb‡q `yBwU e„ËPvc AvuKv n‡j Pvc `yBwU N we›`yMvgx D³
j¤^†iLv‡K P Ges Qwe›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i| Gfv‡e Awae„‡Ëi Dci
AviI `yBwU we›`y P Ges QcvIqv †Mj| A we›`yi †hw`‡K N
N1 N A Z A N S N1
Aew¯’Z Zvi Dëv w`‡K Aci GKwU we›`y N we›`y wbb †hb
N A AN nq | N †K †K›`ª K‡i e.NZ e¨vmva© wb‡q `yBwU Q Q
M
e„ËPvc AuvKzb; Pvc `yBwU N we›`yMvgx j¤^‡K P Ges Q we›`y‡Z E
†Q` K‡i| Gfv‡e Awae„‡Ëi Aci kvLvi Dci Aew¯’Z `yBwU we›`y
a
cvIqv †Mj|
l
GKBfv‡e, Awae„‡Ëi Aci kvLvi Dci wKQz we›`y wbY©q K‡i we›`y¸‡jv mylg eµ‡iLv Øviv mshy³ Kiæb| Zvn‡j
ha
Dc‡iv³ Awae„ËwU cvIqv hv‡e|
s
Awae„‡Ëi cÖwgZ mgxKiY(Standard Equcation of Hyperbola)
th
AA †iLvs‡kiga¨we›`y C-†K g~jwe›`y, AA mij‡iLv‡K x -A¶ Ges Cwe›`yMvgx j¤^‡iLv‡K y -A¶ we‡ePbv
Pa
Kiæb| g‡b Kiæb, A we›`yi ¯’vbv¼ (a, 0); Zvn‡j AA' 2a Ges CA CA' a | wPÎ n‡Z cvB,
AA
SA e.AZ ev, CS a e(a CZ) --------- (1) Y
SA' e.A'Z ev, CS a e(a CZ) -------- (2) M M
B P (x, y)
(1)I(2) †hvM K‡i cvB, 2CS 2ae ev, CS ae
a Z
(1) I (2)we‡qvM K‡i cvB, 2a 2e.CZ ev, CZ Z
e X
S A C A S N X
Awae„‡Ëi Dci †h‡Kv‡bv we›`y P x, y wbb; AX Gi Dci
PN Ges wbqvgK‡iLvi Dci PM j¤^ AuvKzb| B
Y
msÁvbymv‡i, SP e.PM e.NZ SP2 e 2.NZ 2
ev, SN 2 PN 2 e2 CN CZ 2 ev, CN-CS2 PN 2 e2 CN CZ 2
2
a
ev, ( x ae) y e x ev, x2 2aex a 2e2 y 2 e2 x2 2aex a2
2 2 2
e
ev, x2 (e2 1) y 2 a 2 (e2 1)
x2 y2 2 2
ev, 2
2 2
1, †h‡nZz e 1, a (e 1) abvZ¥K|
a a (e 1)
x2 y 2
GLb b2 a2 (e2 1) , ai‡j Dc‡iv³ mgxKiYwU `uvovq 1,
a 2 b2
GwUB Awae„‡Ëi cÖwgZ mgxKiY|
KwbK c„ôv 136
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
a
`ªóe¨: C A †K ewa©Z K‡i x -A‡¶i Dci S Ges Z `yBwU we›`y wbb†hb CS CS ae Ges C Z CZ . Z M
e
Ges PM h_vµ‡g AA I Z M Gi Dci j¤^ AuvKzb| Awae„‡Ëi mgxKiY †_‡K cÖgvY Kiv hvq †h,
S P 2 e2. PM 2 |AZGe, S Awae„‡Ëi wØZxq Dc‡K›`ª Ges Z M wØZxq wbqvgK‡iLv| A Ges A we›`y `yBwU‡K
Awae„‡Ëi kxl©we›`y I C-†K Awae„‡Ëi †K›`ª e‡j| AA †K Avo A¶(transverse axis), BB †K AbyeÜx
A¶(conjugate axis) e‡j| D‡jøL¨, CB CB b. Awae„‡Ëi †K›`ª‡K g~jwe›`y, AbyeÜx A¶‡K x -A¶, Avo
y 2 x2
A¶‡K y -A¶ ai‡j Awae„‡Ëi mgxKiY `uvovq 1. GwU‡KI Awae„‡Ëi cÖwgZ mgxKiY e‡j MY¨ Kiv
a 2 b2
nq| Awae„‡Ëi †ejvq a b, a b, a b Gi †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU n‡Z cv‡i|
mvims‡ÿc-
x2 y 2
Awae„‡Ëi cÖwgZ mgxKiY: 1, †hLv‡b x -A¶ n‡jv Avo A¶ I y -A¶ n‡jv AbyeÜx A¶|
a2 b2
y 2 x2
1 n‡jv Awae„‡Ëi cÖwgZ mgxKi‡Yi Ab¨ GKwU iƒc,†hLv‡b x -A¶ n‡jv AbyeÜx A¶ I y -
a 2 b2
A¶ n‡jv Avo A¶|
Awae„‡Ëi `yBwU Dc‡K›`ª Ges `yBwU wbqvgK‡iLv _v‡K| l a
ha
Awae„‡Ëi †¶‡Î a b ev, a b ev, a b Gi †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU n‡Z cv‡i|
s
th
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 5.10-
Pa
1. (i) Awae„‡Ëi †¶‡Î e 1
AA
(ii) Awae„‡Ëi Dc‡K›`ª memgq ( 0, 0 )
(iii) Awae„‡Ëi `yBwU kxl©we›`y _v‡K
Dc‡ii Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K †KvbwU mZ¨?
(K) i, ii (L) i, iii (M) ii, iii (N) †KvbwUB bv
cvV 5.11 Awae„Ë (wewfbœ mgxKiY)
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
Awae„‡Ëi Dc‡Kw›`ªK j‡¤^i ˆ`N©¨ I Dr‡Kw›`ªKZv wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
Awae„‡Ëi ˆewkó¨mg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
Awae„‡Ëi mvaviY mgxKiY wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
Awae„Ë m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ mgm¨v mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 137
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
gyL¨ kã Dc‡Kw›`ªK j‡¤^i ˆ`N©¨, Dr‡Kw›`ªKZv, kxl©we›`y, Dc‡K›`ª, Avo A¶, AbyeÜx A¶, wbqvgK‡iLv
g~jcvV-
Awae„‡Ëi Dc‡Kw›`ªK j¤^ (Latus rectum)
Dc‡K‡›`ªi ga¨ w`‡q Aw¼Z R¨v hv cÖavb A¶ ev Avo A‡¶i mv‡_ j¤^, Zv‡K Dc‡Kw›`ªK j¤^ e‡j| g‡b Kiæb,
LL' GKwU Dc‡Kw›`ªK j¤^‡iLv hv Awae„ˇK L I L' we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i| g‡b Kiæb, L we›`yi ¯’vbv¼ ae, l
x2 y2
hvAwae„Ë 1 Gi Dci Aew¯’Z|
a2 b2
a 2e 2 l 2 l2
AZGe, 2 2 1 ev, e2 1 2 L (ae, l)
a b b
b2 b2
ev, l 2 b2 e2 1 ev, l 2 b 2 . 2 e2 1 2
a a
F1 (ae, 0)
L
b2
ev, l
a
2b 2
Dc‡Kw›`ªK j‡¤^i ˆ`N©¨ LL' 2 F1L 2l
a l a
ha
Awae„‡Ëi Dr‡Kw›`ªKZv (Ecentricity)
Awae„‡Ëi mgxKi‡Y aiv n‡q‡Q b2 a 2 e2 1
s
th
b2 b2 b2
ev, e2 1 ev, e 2
1 ev, e 1
Pa
a2 a2 a2
AA
Awae„‡Ëi ˆewkó¨mg~n(Properties of Hyperbola)
x2 y2
Awae„‡Ëi mgxKiY 1 n‡j Gi †K›`ª, Dc†K›`ª, kxl© we›`y, wbqvgK †iLvi ˆ`N¨© I mgxKiY, AbyeÜx I
a 2 b2
y2 x2
Avo A‡ÿi ˆ`N¨© I mgxKiY BZ¨vw` wbY©q Kiv hv‡e| GKB fv‡e Awae„‡Ëi mgxKiY 2 2 1 n‡j Dc‡iv³
a b
Z_¨vewj wbY©q m¤¢e|
g‡b ivLvi welq:
x2 y2 y 2 x2
Awae„‡Ëi mgxKiY 1 1
a2 b2 a 2 b2
(i) †K‡›`ªi ¯’vbv¼ 0,0 0,0
(ii) kxl©we›`yi ¯’vbv¼ a,0 0, b
(iii) Dc‡K‡›`ªi ¯’vbv¼ ae,0 0,be
a b
(iv) wbqvgK ev w`Kv‡¶i mgxKiY x y
e e
(v) Dc‡Kw›`ªK j‡¤^i mgxKiY x ae y ae
2b 2 2a 2
(vi) Dc‡Kw›`ªK j‡¤^i ˆ`N©¨
a b
KwbK c„ôv 138
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
x2 y2 y 2 x2
Awae„‡Ëi mgxKiY 1 1
a2 b2 a 2 b2
(vii) Avo A‡¶i ˆ`N©¨ 2a 2b
(viii) AbyeÜx A‡¶i ˆ`N©¨ 2b 2a
(ix) Avo A‡¶i mgxKiY y0 x0
(x) AbyeÜx A‡¶i mgxKiY x0 y0
(xi) we‡Kw›`ªKZv ev Dr‡Kw›`ªKZv b2 a2
1 1
a2 b2
a b
(xii) wbqvgK‡iLv I cÖavb A‡¶i †Q`we›`y , 0 0,
e e
Awae„‡Ëi mvaviY mgxKiY (General equation of an Hyperbola)
g‡b Kiæb, S (l , m ) Awae„‡Ëi Dc‡K›`ª, wbqvgK‡iLv ax by c 0 Ges Gi Dr‡Kw›`ªKZv e ( 1) | P ( x , y )
Awae„‡Ëi Dci GKwU we›`y| S, P †hvM Kiæb Ges P ( x , y ) we›`y †_‡K wbqvgK‡iLvi Dci PM j¤^ Uvbyb (cvV-10
ax by c
Awae„‡Ëi cÖgxZ mgxKiY Aby‡”Q` wPÎ †`Lyb), Ges G†¶‡Î PM |
a 2 b2
Awae„‡Ëi msÁvbymv‡i, SP e PM ev, SP 2 e 2 PM 2
2 l a
ev, ( x l ) 2 ( y m ) 2 e 2 (ax 2 by 2 c ) , GwUB Awae„‡Ëi mvaviY mgxKiY|
ha
a b
s
th
GLb Awae„Ë m¤úwK©Z wKQy mgm¨vi mgvavb †`Lvb nj:
Pa
3
D`vniY1:Awae„‡Ëi mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb hvi Dc‡K›`ªØq 0,4 Ges 0,2 Ges Dr‡K›`ªZv .
2
AA
3 b2
mgvavb: GLv‡b, e 1 Ges S' 0, 2 Ges S 0, 4
2 a2
†K›`ª C, SS Gi ga¨we›`y n‡e| AZGe †K‡›`ªi ¯’vbv¼ 0,1.
†h‡nZz CS CS' (0 0)2 1 22 =3
3
Ges CS e .CA ev, 3 .CA ev, CA 2
2
9 b2 9 b2
A_©vr a 2 Ges 1 2 ev, 1 ev, 5 b2 b 5
4 a 4 4
†h‡nZz e„nr A¶ y-A¶ eivei, AZGe wb‡Y©q mgxKiY
y 12 x 2 1 ev, 5( y 1)2 4 x2 20.
4 5
2 2
x y
D`vniY2: 1 Awae„‡Ëi Dc‡K‡›`ªi ¯’vbv¼ Ges Dr‡Kw›`ªKZv wbY©q Kiæb|
144 25
mgvavb:GLv‡b, a2 144 Ges b 2 25 Ges b2 a2 (e2 1)
25 25 169 13
25 144(e2 1) A_ev, e2 1 A_ev, e2 1 A_ev, e
144 144 144 12
13
Dc‡K‡›`ªi ¯’vbv¼ ae, 0 (12. ,0) (13, 0).
12
BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 139
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
D`vniY3: x2 3 y2 2 x 8 Awae„‡Ëi A‡¶i ˆ`N©¨ Ges Dr‡Kw›`ªKZv Ges †K‡›`ªi ¯’vbv¼ wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb:Awae„‡Ëi mgxKiY x2 3 y2 2 x 8
ev, x2 2 x 1 3 y2 9
ev, ( x 1)2 3 y2 9
ev,
x 12 y 2
1
9 3
GLv‡b, a 2 9 Ges b2 3
AZGe, b2 a2 (e2 1) †_‡K cvB,
1 4 2
3 9(e2 1) ev, e2 1 ev, e2 e
3 3 3
Avo A¶ 2 a 6, AbyeÜx A¶ 2b 2 3
Awae„‡Ëi mgxKi‡Y x 1 X Ges y Y wj‡L cvB,
X2 Y2
1
9 3
†K‡›`ªi ¯’vbv¼ X 0 ev, x 1 0 ev, x 1 Ges Y 0 ev, y 0; AZGe †K›`ª (1, 0).
a
D`vniY4:GKwU Awae„Ë (6,4) Ges (3,1) we›`y w`‡q AwZµg K‡i| Gi †K›`ª g~jwe›`y‡Z Ges Avo A¶ x -eivei
l
ha
n‡j, Awae„‡Ëi mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb|
x2 y2
s
mgvavb:g‡b Kiæb, Awae„‡Ëi mgxKiY 1
th
a2 b2
†h‡nZz GwU (6,4) Ges (3,1) we›`y w`‡q hvq,
Pa
36 16
AZGe,
AA
2 1 --------------- (1)
a2 b
9 1
Ges 2 2 1 -----------------------(2)
a b
2 36
(1) I (2) mgvavb K‡i cvB, a , b2 4
5
2 2
5x y
AZGe, Awae„‡Ëi mgxKiY 1
36 4
wkÿv_x©i Dc‡K‡›`ªi ¯’vbv¼ (2,2), Dr‡Kw›`ªKZv 2 Ges w`Kv‡¶i mgxKiY x y 9 n‡j,
KvR Awae„‡Ëi mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb | DËi: x2 y2 32x 32 y 154 0
D`vniY5:Awae„Ë 9 x2 16 y 2 18x 32 y 151 0 Gi †K›`ª, Dc‡K‡›`ªi ¯’vbv¼ Ges w`Kv‡¶i mgxKiY wbY©q
Kiæb|
mgvavb: cÖ`Ë mgxKiY 9 x2 16 y 2 18x 32 y 151 0 †K wb¤œiƒ‡c †jLv hvq,
( x 1) 2 ( y 1) 2
9( x2 2 x 1) 16( y 2 2 y 1) 144 ev, 1
16 9
X2 Y2
Awae„‡Ëi mgxKi‡Y x 1 X Ges y 1 Y wj‡L cvB, 1 ----------------- (1)
16 9
KwbK c„ôv 140
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
x2 y 2
(1) †K Awae„‡Ëi cÖwgZ mgxKiY 1 Gi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i cvB, a 4,b 3.
a2 b2
2 2
5
Dr‡Kw›`ªKZv, e a b 16 9 5 ae 4. 5
a 4 4 4
AZGe, wb‡Y©q †K›`ª (0, 0) A_v©r X 0 , Y 0 ev, x 1 0, y 1 0 ev, x 1, y 1
A_©vr kxl©we›`yi ¯’vbv¼ (1, 1)
Dc‡K‡›`ªi ¯’vbv¼, ae,0 A_v©r X ae , Y 0 ev, x 1 5, y 1 0 ev, x 6,4 , y 1
AZGe, Dc‡K‡›`ªi ¯’vbv¼ (6, 1), ( 4, 1)
w`Kv‡¶i mgxKiY X a ev, x 1 4. 4 16 ev, x 1 16 , x 1 16 ev, 5x 21 0, 5x 11 0.
e 5 5 5 5
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 5.11-
1. 2 x 2 y 2 4 Awae„‡Ëi Gi †K›`ª, kxl©we›`y, Dc‡K›`ª, Dr‡Kw›`ªKZv, A¶ I Dc‡Kw›`ªK j‡¤^i ˆ`N©¨ Ges
w`Kv‡¶i mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb|
l a
ha
cvV 5.12 Awae„‡Ëi †jLwPÎ
s
th
Pa
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
AA
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
Awae„‡Ëi †jLwPÎ A¼b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã Awae„‡Ëi †jLwPÎ, cÖwZmg
g~jcvV-
Awae„‡Ëi †jLwPÎ
x2 y2
(i) 1 Awae„‡Ëi mgxKi‡Y y 0 emv‡j Avgiv cvB, x a | AZGe, Awae„ËwU x -A¶‡K A' (a, 0)
a 2 b2
Ges A (a, 0) we›`y `yBwU‡Z †Q` K‡i| A I A we›`y `yBwU Awae„‡Ëi kxl©we›`y Ges AA Awae„‡Ëi Avo A¶ Ges
Gi ˆ`N¨© 2a ( cvV-10 Awae„‡Ëi cÖgxZ mgxKiY Aby‡”Q‡`i wPÎ †`Lyb) |
x2 y2
(ii)Avevi, 1 mgxKi‡Y x 0 emv‡j y bi A_©vr y-Gi `ywU Aev¯Íe gvb cvIqv hvq| Avgiv y -
a 2 b2
A‡¶i Dci B' 0, b Ges B(0,b) `yBwU we›`y wbB | GLv‡b, BB' Awae„‡Ëi AbyeÜx A¶ Ges Gi ˆ`N¨© 2b |
BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 141
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
x2 y2 x2 y2
(iii) 2
2
1 Awae„ ‡ Ëi mgxKiY †_‡K cvB, 2
1 2
1 x 2 a 2 , AZGe x a | myZivs Awae„ËwU
a b a b
x a Ges x a GB mij‡iLv `yBwUi g‡a¨ Ae¯’vb Ki‡e bv| mgxKi‡Y x Gi cwie‡Z© x A_ev y Gi cwie‡Z©
y emv‡j mgxKiYwU AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K| myZivs Awae„ËwU Dfq A‡ÿi mv‡c‡ÿ cÖwZmg|
x2 y 2
D`vniY1: 1 Awae„‡Ëi †jLwPÎ A¼b Kiæb|
9 4
x 2
y 2
x2 y2
mgvavb: 1 A_ev, 1 1; AZGe x 2 9 ev, x 3 A_ev, 3 x 3 |AZGe, x 3 Ges
9 4 9 4
x 3 GB `y‡Uv Dj¤^ †iLvi g‡a¨ †j‡Li †Kv‡bv we›`y wbb| hw` ( x, y) †j‡Li Dci †Kv‡bv we›`y nq, Z‡e ( x, y)
Ges ( x, y) we›`y `yBwUI †j‡Li Dci Aew¯’Z| A_v©r, †jLwPÎwU x -A¶ Ges y -A‡¶i mv‡c‡¶ cÖwZmg| x -Gi
gvb e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ y -Gi gvbI Amxg ch©šÍ ev‡o| GLb†j‡Li Dci K‡qKwU we›`yi ¯’vbv¼ wbY©q Kiæb|
x 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5
y 0 0 1.76 1.76 1.79 1.79 2.67 2.67 2.67 2.67
†`Lv hv‡”Q, (3, 0), (3, 0), (4,1 76), (4, 1 76), (4,1 76), (4, 1 76), (5, 2 67), (5, 2 67), (5,2 67),
(5,2 67),.... cÖf„wZ we›`y¸‡jv †j‡Li Dci Aew¯’Z| GLb, XOX I YOY †iLv `yBwU‡K h_vµ‡g x -A¶ I
y -A¶ a‡i QK KvM‡Ri ¶z`ªZg e‡M©i GK evû mgvb GK GKK wb‡q we›`yy¸‡jv QK KvM‡R ¯’&vcb Kiæb Ges
l
cwi‡k‡l we›`y¸‡jv GKwU mylg eµ‡iLv Øviv †hvM Ki‡j †jLwPÎwU cvIqv hv‡e|
a
s ha
Y
th
Pa
AA
(5, 2.67) (5, 2.67)
(4, 1.76) (4, 1.76)
(3, 0) (3, 0)
X O (0, 0) X
(4, 1.76) (4, 1.76)
(5, 2.67) (5, 2.67)
x2 y 2
1
9 4
Y
mvims‡ÿc-
x2 y 2
Awae„‡Ëi mgxKiY 1 n‡j,1. Awae„ËwU x -A¶ I y -A¶ eivei cÖwZmg; 2. Awae„ËwUi `yBwU
a 2 b2
kxl©we›`y , `yBwU Dc‡K›`ª, Ges `yBwU wbqvgK‡iLv _v‡K|
KwbK c„ôv 142
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 5.12-
x2 y 2
1. 1 Awae„ËwU
36 49
(i) g~jwe›`y A_©vr ( 0, 0) w`‡q hvq
(ii) xA‡¶i mv‡c‡¶ cÖwZmg
(iii) yA¶ n‡e Avo A¶
Dc‡ii Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K †KvbwU mZ¨ ?
(K) i, ii (L) i, iii (M) ii, iii (N) †KvbwUB bv
2 2
2. 25x 16y 400 Awae„‡Ëi †jLwPÎ A¼b Kiæb|
cvV 5.13 Awae„‡Ëi AmxgZU I civwgwZK ¯’vbv¼ l a
s ha
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
th
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
Pa
Awae„‡Ëi AmxgZU wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
AA
Awae„‡Ëi Dci¯’ †h‡Kv‡bv we›`yi civwgwZK ¯’vbv¼ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
Awae„‡Ëi civwgwZK mgxKiY wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã AmxgZU, mnvqK e„Ë, Dr‡Kw›`ªK †KvY, civwgwZK ¯’vbv¼, civwgwZK mgxKiY
g~jcvV-
Awae„‡Ëi AmxgZU(Asymptotes of a Hyperbola)
x2 y2
Awae„‡Ëi AmxgZU wbY©‡qi j‡ÿ¨ Awae„‡Ëi mgxKiY 1 we‡ePbv Kiæb|Awae„‡Ëi mgxKiY n‡Z cvB
a2 b2
b 2 b
y x a 2 | GLv‡b y x , †Kbbv x 2 a 2 < x2 = x
a a
b
A_v©r Awae„‡Ëi Dci¯’ mKj we›`yi Rb¨ y x mZ¨| x -Gi ciggvb hZB eo †bqv n‡e, x 2 a 2 Gi gvb
a
ZZB x mwbœKUeZx© n‡e, wKš‘ KLbI x Gi mgvb n‡e bv| AZGe,
x2 y2 b
cÖ_gZ, 2
2 1 Awae„‡Ëi Dci¯’ mKj we›`y y x Ges Y
a b a b
y x
b a
y x
a
BDwbU cuvP X c„ôXv 143
O
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
b
y x mij‡iLv `yBwUi ga¨eZx© GjvKvq Aew¯’Z|
a
wØZxqZ, x -Gi abvZ¥K gvb e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ Awae„‡Ëi Dci¯’
b
cÖ_g PZz©fv‡M Aew¯’Z mswkøó we›`ywU y x mij‡iLvwUi
a
µgk mwbœKUeZx© nq, Ges PZz_© PZzf©v‡M Aew¯’Z mswkøó we›`y
b
y x mij‡iLvwUi µgk mwbœKUeZx© nq|
a
x -Gi gvb e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ Awae„‡Ëi †jLwPÎ Ges GB `yBwU mij‡iLvi ga¨eZ©x `~iZ¡ µgk n«vm cv‡e, wKš‘
KLbI Zviv ¯úk© Ki‡e bv| GKBfv‡e x -Gi FYvZ¥K gvb e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ GKB NUbv NU‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î mij‡iLv
`ywU Awae„‡Ëi AmxgZU e‡j AwfwnZ n‡e |
x2 y2 b
Avgiv †`Ljvg, 2
2 1 mgxKiY Øviv wbwY©Z Awae„‡Ëi `yBwU AmxgZU i‡q‡Q hv‡`i mgxKiY y x.
a b a
gšÍe¨: †h Awae„‡Ë a b Zv‡K AvqZ Awae„Ë (Rectangular Hyperbola) ejv nq, †Kbbv ZLb AmxgZU `yBwU
ci¯úij¤^ nq| A_©vr x 2 y 2 a 2 AvqZ Awae„‡Ëi AmxgZU `ywUi mgxKiY y x.
Awae„‡Ëi Dci¯’ †Kv‡bv we›`yi civwgwZK ¯’vbv¼ (Parametric co-ordinates of a point on Hyperbola)
a
mnvqK e„Ë(Auxiliary circle):†Kv‡bv Awae„‡Ëi †K›`ª Ges Avo A¶‡K GKwU e„‡Ëi h_vµ‡g †K›`ª Ges e¨vm a‡i
l x2 y 2
ha
Aw¼Z e„ˇK Awae„‡Ëi mnvqK e„Ë ejv nq|wP‡Î, ATA' mnvqK e„Ë Ges CT a e¨vmva©, †Kbbv 1
a2 b2
s
Gi †¶‡Î Avo A¶ 2a .
th
Dr‡Kw›`ªK †KvY(Eccentric Angle): Awae„‡Ëi Dci¯’
Pa
Y
†h‡Kv‡bv we›`y n‡Z Avo A‡¶i Dci Aw¼Z j¤^ Avo T
AA
A¶‡K †h we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i †m we›`y w`‡q mnvqK e„‡Ëi P (x, y)
a
¯úk©K mnvqK e„ˇK †h we›`y‡Z ¯úk© K‡i Zvi mv‡_ y
†K‡›`ªi ms‡hvRK †iLv Ges Avo A‡¶i ga¨eZx© †KvY‡K X
A X
C x A N
Awae„‡Ëi H we›`yi Dr‡Kw›`ªK †KvY ejv nq| wP‡Î
θ XCT n‡jv Awae„‡Ëi P x,y we›`yi Dr‡Kw›`ªK †KvY,
P we›`yi fyR CN x, †KvwU PN y.
Y
x2 y2
P x,y we›`yi civwgwZK ¯’vbv¼:aiv hvK, Awae„‡Ëi mgxKiY 1 Ges P x,y Gi Dci †h‡Kv‡bv we›`y|
a2 b2
CN
wPÎvbyhvqx, ΔCTN n‡Z cvB sec θ ev, CN CT sec θ a sec θ ev, x a sec
CT
a 2 sec2 y 2 y2
x -Gi gvb Awae„‡Ëi mgxKi‡Y ewm‡q cvB, 1 ev, sec 2 1
a2 b2 b2
ev, y 2 b2 tan2 ev, y b tan
GLv‡b y -Gi Ges tan Gi wPý cÖ‡Z¨K PZzf©v‡Mi †ÿ‡Î we‡ePbv K‡i †`Lv hvq, mKj †¶‡Î y b tan mZ¨|
KwbK c„ôv 144
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
†h‡nZz P x,y Awae„‡Ëi Dci¯’ †Kv‡bv we›`y, myZivs Gi civwgwZK ¯’vbv¼ n‡e Pa secθ,btanθ , †hLv‡b
y
tan 1 n‡jv civwgwZ, hv P we›`yi Dr‡Kw›`ªK †KvY| G‡¶‡Î x a sec , y b tan †K GK‡Î
b
x2 y2
1 Awae„‡Ëi civwgwZK mgxKiY e‡j|
a2 b2
x2 y2 y2 x2
Avevi 2 2 1 Awae„‡Ëi cwie‡Z© 2 2 1 Awae„Ë we‡ePbv Ki‡j G‡¶‡Î Awae„‡Ëi Dci¯’ P x,y
a b b a
x
we›`yi civwgwZK ¯’vbv¼ n‡e Pa tan θ,b sec θ , †hLv‡b θ tan 1 Ges G‡¶‡Î x a tan θ, y b sec θ †K
a
2 2
y x
GK‡Î 2 2 1 Awae„‡Ëi civwgwZK mgxKiY e‡j|
b a
x2 y2
D`vniY1: 1 Awae„‡Ëi Dci¯’ (5, 0), (6, 2 65), (5, 0), (6, 2 65), (6, 2 65) Ges (6,2 65)
25 16
we›`y¸‡jvi civwgwZK ¯’vbv¼ wbY©q Kiæb|
x2 y2 x2 y2
mgvavb:cÖ`Ë Awae„Ë 1 ev, 2 2 1. myZivs GLv‡b a 5, b 4
25 16 5 4
l a
Avgiv Rvwb, Awae„ËwUi Dci P x, y †h‡Kv‡bv we›`y Ges P we›`yi Dr‡Kw›`ªK †KvY n‡j P Gi civwgwZK ¯’vbv¼
ha
y
(a sec , b tan ), †hLv‡b tan 1 .
s
b
th
0
(5,0) we›`ywU x -A‡¶i abvZ¥K As‡k Aew¯’Z; myZivs tan 1 tan 1 0 0o
Pa
4
(5,0) we›`ywUi civwgwZK ¯’vbv¼ (5 sec ,4 tan ), †hLv‡b 0o
AA
(6,2 65) we›`ywU cÖ_g PZzf©v‡M Aew¯’Z; myZivs abvZ¥K m~²‡KvY|
2 65
GLv‡b tan 0 66 (cÖvq); AZGe, 33 31 (cÖvq)
o
4
(6,2 65) we›`yi civwgwZK ¯’vbv¼ (5 sec ,4 tan ), †hLv‡b 33o31 (cÖvq)
(5,0) we›`ywU x -A‡¶i FYvZ¥K As‡k Aew¯’Z; myZivs 180o
(5,0) we›`ywUi civwgwZK ¯’vbv¼ (5 sec ,4 tan ), †hLv‡b 180o
(6,2 65) we›`ywU wØZxq PZzf©v‡M Aew¯’Z; myZivs abvZ¥K ¯_~j‡KvY|
2 65
GLv‡b tan 0 66 (cÖvq);AZGe, 180 33 31 (cÖvq) 146 29 (cÖvq)
o o o
4
(6, 2 65) we›`yi civwgwZK ¯’vbv¼ (5 sec ,4 tan ), †hLv‡b 146o 29 (cÖvq)
(6,2 65) we›`ywU Z…Zxq PZzf©v‡M Aew¯’Z; myZivs abvZ¥K cÖe„× †KvY|
2 65
myZivs (6,2 65) we›`yi Rb¨ 180o tan 1 180 33 31 213 31 (cÖvq)
o o o
4
(6,2 65) we›`yi civwgwZK ¯’vbv¼ (5 sec ,4 tan ), †hLv‡b 213 31o (cÖvq)
BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 145
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
2 65
(6,2 65) we›`ywU PZz_© PZzf©v‡M Aew¯’Z; myZivs 360o tan1 360 33 31 326 29 (cÖvq)
o o o
4
(6,2 65) we›`yi civwgwZK ¯’vbv¼ (5 sec ,4 tan ), †hLv‡b 326 29 (cÖvq)
o
mvims‡ÿc-
x2 y2 b
1Awae„‡Ëi AmxgZU: y x; Gi Dci¯’ P x,y we›`yi civwgwZK ¯’vbv¼
a2 b 2 a
y
P a sec , b tan , †hLv‡b tan 1 . Ges x a sec , y b tan GK‡Î Awae„ËwUi civwgwZK
b
mgxKiY wb‡`©k K‡i|
y 2 x2 a
2
2 1 Awae„‡Ëi AmxgZU: x y; Gi Dci¯’ P x,y we›`yi civwgwZK ¯’vbv¼ a tan , b sec ,
b a b
x
†hLv‡b tan 1 Ges x a tan , y b sec GK‡Î Awae„ËwUi civwgwZK mgxKiY wb‡`©k K‡i|
a
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 5.13-
y 2 x2
l a
ha
1. 1 Awae„‡Ëi Dci¯’ (0, 2), (3.35, 3), (3.35, 3), (3.35, 3) we›`z¸‡jvi civwgwZK ¯’vbv¼ wbY©q
4 9
s
Kiæb|
th
Pa
AA
cvV 5.14 e¨envwiK
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
cive„Ë, Dce„Ë I Awae„‡Ëi †jLwPÎ A¼b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
g~jcvV-
cive„Ë A¼b
mgm¨v bs - 5.1 ZvwiL:
mgm¨v: cive„‡Ëi Dc‡K›`ª Ges wbqvgK‡iLv Av‡Q, cive„Ë A¼b Kiæb|
mgvavb: ZË¡: cive„Ë n‡”Q GKwU mgZ‡j †mB mg¯Í we›`yi †mU, GKwU wbw`©ówe›`y Ges GKwU wbw`©ó mij‡iLv †_‡K
hv‡`i `~iZ¡mgvb| wbw`©ó we›`ywU‡K cive„‡Ëi Dc‡K›`ª Ges wbw`©ó mij‡iLvwU‡K cive„‡Ëi wbqvgK‡iLv ejv nq|
KwbK c„ôv 146
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY: †¯‹j, K¤úvm, miæ wklhy³ †cwÝj, B‡iRvi|
Kvh©c×wZ:
1.SDc‡K›`ª Ges MZwbqvgK‡iLv wbb| wbqvgK‡iLvi Dci SZj¤^ E
P
A¼b Kiæb Ges SZ†K A we›`y‡Z mgwØLwÛZ Kiæb| M
R
†h‡nZzSA=AZ,myZivs Acive„‡Ëi Dci GKwU we›`y|
2.ASA_ev ASGi ewa©Zvs‡ki Dci NGKwU we›`y wbb Ges ASGi Z
A S N
DciPNQj¤^ A¼b Kiæb|
3.S†K †K›`ª K‡i Ges ZNGi mgvb e¨vmva© wb‡q `yBwU e„ËPvc A¼b
Kiæb| e„ËPvc `yBwU PNQ†K h_vµ‡g PGesQwe›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i| K
M
4.wbqvgK‡iLvi Dci PMGes QM j¤^ AuvKzb| Zvn‡j Q
F
SP=ZN=PM
msÁvbymv‡i cive„‡Ëi Dci PGKwU we›`y| SQ=ZN= QM Qcive„‡Ëi Dci P GKwU we›`y|
ASGes ewa©ZAS Gi Dci NGi wewfbœ Ae¯’vb wb‡q cive„‡Ëi Dci R,K,E,F,…..we›`y¸‡jv cvIqv hvq| me¸‡jv
we›`y GKwU mylg eµ‡iLvi Øviv mshy³ K‡i cive„ËwU A¼b Kiæb|
mgm¨v bs - 5.2 ZvwiL:
mgm¨v: y2 8( x 3) mgxKiYwewkó cive„‡Ëi †jLwPÎ A¼b Kiæb|
l a
mgvavb: ZË¡: cive„Ë n‡”Q GKwU mgZ‡j †mB mg¯Í we›`yi †mU, GKwU wbw`©ó we›`y Ges GKwU wbw`©ó mij‡iLv
ha
†_‡K hv‡`i `~iZ¡ mgvb| wbw`©ó we›`ywU‡K cive„‡Ëi Dc‡K›`ª Ges wbw`©ó mij‡iLvwU‡K ejv nq cive„‡Ëi
wbqvgK‡iLv|
s
th
cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY: †¯‹j, K¤úvm, miæ wklhy³ †cwÝj, B‡iRvi, QK KvMR BZ¨vw`|
Pa
Kvh©c×wZ:1.cive„ËwU (3,0) we›`y‡Z x -A¶‡K ‡Q` K‡i| GLv‡b x 3 n‡Z n‡e| x 3 n‡j y -Gi `yBwU mgvb
wKš‘ wecixZ wPýwewkó gvb A_©vr y 8( x 3) cvIqv hvq| Gi †_‡K cÖZxqgvb nq †h, x -A¶ A_©vr cive„‡Ëi
AA
wb‡Ri A‡¶i mv‡c‡¶ GwU cÖwZmg Ges cive„ËwUi kxl©we›`y (3,0)|
2.cive„ËwU m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c x 3 †iLvi Wvbw`‡K xy -Z‡ji cÖ_g I PZz_© PZzf©v‡M Aew¯’Z| GLb, x 3,4,....,9
gv‡biRb¨ y -Gi mswkøó gvb¸‡jv wbY©q Kiæb|
x 3 4 4 5 5 7 7 9 9
y 0 2.82 2.82 4 4 5.64 5.64 6.9 6.9
BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 147
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
3.†`Lv hv‡”Q, cive„ËwU (3, 0 ), ( 4, 2.82 ),
(4, 2.82), (5, 4 ), (5, 4 ), (7, 5.64), (7, 5.64), Y
(9, 6.9), (9, 6.9), ........... cÖf„wZ we›`y¸‡jv w`‡q (9, 6.9)
hvq| (7, 5.64)
4.QK KvM‡R X OX Ges Y OY †iLv `yBwU‡K
(5, 4)
h_vµ‡g x -A¶ I y -A¶ a‡i ¶z`ªZg e‡M©i GK (4, 2.8) 2
evûi mgvb GK GKK wb‡q we›`y¸‡jv QK KvM‡R y =8(x 3)
¯’vcb Kiæb| (3, 0)
X O X
5.GLb we›`y¸‡jv GKwU mylg eµ‡iLvi mvnv‡h¨
†hvM Ki‡j y2 8( x 3) cive„‡Ëi †jL cvIqv (4, 2.8)
(5, 4)
hvq|
(7, 5.64)
Y (9, 6.9)
Dce„Ë A¼b
mgm¨v bs - 5.3 ZvwiL:
mgm¨v: Dce„‡Ëi Dc‡K›`ª, wbqvgK‡iLv Ges Dr‡Kw›`ªKZv †`qv _vK‡j Dce„Ë A¼b Kiæb|
a
mgvavb: ZË¡: Dce„Ë n‡”Q GKwU mgZ‡j †mB mg¯Í we›`yi †mU, GKwU wbw`©ó we›`y Ges GKwU wbw`©ó mij‡iLv
l
ha
†_‡K hv‡`i `~i‡Z¡i AbycvZ 1-Gi †P‡q †QvU GKwU aªæeK| wbw`©ó we›`ywU‡K Dc‡K›`ª Ges wbw`©ó mij‡iLvwU‡K
Dce„‡Ëi wbqvgK‡iLv ejv nq| wbw`©ó AbycvZwU‡K ejv nq Dr‡Kw›`ªKZv Ges e Øviv wb‡`k© Kiv nq e 1 |
s
Dce„‡Ëi `yBwU Dc‡K›`ª Ges `yBwU wbqvgK‡iLv _v‡K|
th
cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY: †¯‹j, K¤úvm, miæ wklhy³ †cwÝj, B‡iRvi|
Pa
2
Kvh©c×wZ: 1.SDce„‡Ëi Dc‡K›`ª GeswbqvgK‡iLv MZM wbB Ges Dr‡Kw›`ªKZv e aiæb|
AA
3
2.wbqvgK‡iLvi Dci SZj¤^ AuvKzb Ges ZS†K ewa©Z Kiæb|
SA SA 2
3.SZ-†iLvwU‡K2 t 3Abycv‡ZAGes A we›`y‡Z h_vµ‡g AšÍwe©f³ I ewnwe©f³ Kiæb †hb GLv‡b
AZ AZ 3
nq| myZivs, msÁvbymv‡i AI A Dce„‡Ëi `yBwU we›`y|
4.A A Gi Dci N†h‡Kv‡bv we›`y wbb Ges A A Gi Dci PN P j¤^ AuvKzb|
2
5.S-†K †K›`ª K‡i Ges . NZe¨vmva© wb‡q `yBwU e„ËPvc AuvKzb †hb Pvc `yBwU PN P †K PI P we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i|
3
6.SPGes SP mshy³ Kiæb Ges wbqvgK‡iLvi Dci PMGes PM j¤^ AuvKzb|
2 2 SP 2
GLb SP ZN PM ev, ; AZGe, PDce„‡Ëi Dci GKwU we›`y| Abyiƒcfv‡e P Dce„‡Ëi Dci
3 3 PM 3
Av‡iKwU we›`y|
7.GKB cÖwµqvq Dce„‡Ëi Dci Q, Q, R, R, B, B,.......... we›`y¸‡jv wbY©q Kiæb| we›`y¸‡jv GKwU mylg
eµ‡iLv Øviv mshy³ Ki‡j Dce„ËwU cvIqv hvq|
P B Q
M R
X A
A S N C N1 N2
M R
P B Q
KwbK c„ôv 148
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
mgm¨v bs - 5.4 ZvwiL:
x2 y2
mgm¨v: 1 mgxKiYwewkó Dce„‡Ëi †jLwPÎ A¼b Kiæb|
9 4
mgvavb: ZË¡: Dce„Ë n‡”Q GKwU mgZ‡j †mB mg¯Í we›`yi †mU, GKwU wbw`©ó we›`y Ges GKwU wbw`©ó mij‡iLv
†_‡K hv‡`i `~i‡Z¡i AbycvZ 1-Gi †P‡q †QvU GKwU aªæeK| wbw`©ó we›`ywU‡K Dc‡K›`ª Ges wbw`©ó mij‡iLvwU‡K
Dce„‡Ëi wbqvgK‡iLv ejv nq| wbw`©ó AbycvZwU‡K ejv nq Dr‡Kw›`ªKZv Ges e Øviv wb‡`k© Kiv nq e 1 |
Dce„‡Ëi `yBwU Dc‡K›`ª Ges `yBwU wbqvgK‡iLv _v‡K|
cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY: †¯‹j, K¤úvm, miæ wklhy³ †cwÝj, B‡iRvi, QK KvMR BZ¨vw`|
x2 y 2
Kvh©c×wZ:1. mgxKiYwU 1; GwU GKwU Dce„Ë hvi e„nr A‡¶i ˆ`N©¨ 6 Ges ¶z`ª A‡¶i ˆ`N©¨ 4; e„nr
9 4
A¶ x -A¶ eivei Ges ¶z`ª Aÿ y -A¶ eivei Ges †K›`ª g~jwe›`y A_©vr (0,0)
x2 2
2.mgxKiY ‡_‡K cvB, y 2 41 ev, y 9 x 2 , †hLv‡b 3 x 3
9 3
a
2
y 3 l
Avevi, x 2 91 ev, x 4 y 2 , †hLv‡b 2 y 2
ha
4 2
3.Dc‡iv³ mgxKiY †_‡K †j‡Li Dcwiw¯’Z K‡qKwU we›`yi ¯’vbv¼ wbY©q Kiæb|
s
th
x 3 3 0 0 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1
Pa
y 0 0 2 2 1.49 1.49 1.49 1.49 1.89 1.89 1.89 1.89
†`Lv hv‡”Q (3, 0) , (0, 2), (2, 1.49), (2, 1.49), (1, 1.89), (1, 1.89),.....cÖf„wZ we›`y¸‡jv †j‡Li Dci
AA
Aew¯’Z|
4. X OX I Y OY †iLv `yBwU‡K h_vµ‡g x -A¶ I y -A¶ a‡i QK KvM‡Ri ¶z`ªZg e‡M©i `yB evû mgvb GK
GKK wb‡q we›`y¸‡jv QK KvM‡R ¯’vcb Kiæb|
5.we›`y¸‡jv GKwU cÖwZmg eµ‡iLv Øviv †hvM Ki‡j †jLwPÎwU cvIqv hvq|
(0, 2)
(2, 1.49) (2, 1.49)
(3, 0) (3, 0)
X O (0, 0) X
2 2
x y
+ =1
9 4
(2, 1.49) (2, 1.49)
(0, 2)
Y
BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 149
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
Awae„Ë A¼b
mgm¨v bs - 5.5 ZvwiL:
mgm¨v: Awae„‡Ëi Dc‡K›`ª, wbqvgK‡iLv Ges Dr‡Kw›`ªKZv †`qv _vK‡j Awae„Ë A¼b Kiæb|
mgvavb: ZË¡: Awae„Ë n‡”Q †Kv‡bv mgZ‡j H mg¯Í we›`yi †mU, mgZjwUi GKwU wbw`©ó we›`y Ges GKwU wbw`©ó
mij‡iLv †_‡K hv‡`i cÖwZwUi `~i‡Z¡i AbycvZ 1-Gi †P‡q eo GKwU aªæeK| wbw`©ó we›`y Ges wbw`©ó mij‡iLvwU‡K
ejv nq h_vµ‡g Dc‡K›`ª Ges wbqvgK‡iLv Ges wbw`©ó AbycvZwU‡K ejv nq Dr‡Kw›`ªKZv Ges e Øviv wb‡`k© Kiv
nq e 1 |
cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY: †¯‹j, K¤úvm, miæ wklhy³ †cwÝj, B‡iRvi|
3
Kvh©c×wZ: 1.S Awae„‡Ëi Dc‡K›`ª GeswbqvgK‡iLv MZM wbb Ges Dr‡Kw›`ªKZv e aiæb|
2
2. wbqvgK‡iLvi Dci SZ j¤^ AuvKzb Ges SZ †K ewa©Z Kiæb|
SA SA 3
3.SZ-†iLvwU‡K3 t 2 Abycv‡Z AGes A we›`y‡Z h_vµ‡g AšÍwe©f³ I ewnwe©f³ Kiæb †hb nq|
AZ AZ 2
myZivs, msÁvbymv‡i AI A Awae„‡Ëi `yBwU we›`y|
a
4.A A Gi Dci N †h‡Kv‡bv we›`y wbb Ges A A Gi Dci PNQ j¤^ AuvKzb|
l
ha
3
5.S-†K †K›`ª K‡i Ges . NZe¨vmva© wb‡q `yBwU e„ËPvc AuvKzb †hb Pvc `yBwU PNQ †K PI Qwe›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i|
2
s
th
3 3
6.SP Ges SQ mshy³ Kiæb Ges wbqvgK‡iLvi Dci PM Ges QM j¤^ AuvKzb| GLb SP ZN PM ev,
2 2
Pa
SP 3
; AZGe, PAwae„‡Ëi Dci GKwU we›`y| Abyiƒcfv‡e Q Awae„‡Ëi Dci Av‡iKwU we›`y|
AA
PM 2
7.GKB cÖwµqvq Dce„‡Ëi Dci P1 , Q1 , E , F ,......... ..... we›`y¸‡jv wbY©q Kiæb| we›`y¸‡jv GKwU mylg eµ‡iLv
Øviv mshy³ Ki‡jAwae„ËwU cvIqv hvq|
E
P1 M P
N1 N A Z A N S N1
Q1 Q
M
F
mgm¨v bs - 5.6 ZvwiL:
x2 y2
mgm¨v: 1 mgxKiYwewkó Awae„‡Ëi †jLwPÎ A¼b Kiæb|
25 16
mgvavb: ZË¡: Awae„Ë n‡”Q †Kv‡bv mgZ‡j H mg¯Í we›`yi †mU, mgZjwUi GKwU wbw`©ó we›`y Ges GKwU wbw`©ó
mij‡iLv †_‡K hv‡`i cÖwZwUi `~i‡Z¡i AbycvZ 1-Gi †P‡q eo GKwU aªæeK| wbw`©ó we›`y Ges wbw`©ó mij‡iLvwU‡K
KwbK c„ôv 150
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
ejv nq h_vµ‡g Dc‡K›`ª Ges wbqvgK‡iLv Ges wbw`©ó AbycvZwU‡K ejv nq Dr‡Kw›`ªKZv Ges G‡K e Øviv wb‡`k©
Kiv nq e 1 |
cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY: †¯‹j, K¤úvm, miæ wklhy³ †cwÝj, B‡iRvi, QK KvMR BZ¨vw`|
x2 y2 x2 y2
Kvh©c×wZ: 1. 1 A_ev, 1 1; AZGe x 2 25 ev, x 5 A_ev, 5 x 5
25 16 25 16
AZGe, x 5 Ges x 5 GB `y‡Uv Dj¤^ †iLvi g‡a¨ †j‡Li †Kv‡bv we›`y bvB|
2.hw` ( x, y) †j‡Li Dci †Kv‡bv we›`y nq, Z‡e ( x, y) Ges ( x, y) we›`y `yBwUI †j‡Li Dci Aew¯’Z| A_v©r,
†jLwPÎwU x -A¶ Ges y -A‡¶i mv‡c‡¶ cÖwZmg| x -Gi gvb e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ y -Gi gvbI Amxg ch©šÍ ev‡o|
3.GLb†j‡Li Dci K‡qKwU we›`yi ¯’vbv¼ wbY©q Kiæb|
x 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7
y 0 0 2.65 2.65 2.65 2.65 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92
†`Lv hv‡”Q, (5,0), (6, 2.65), (6, 2.65), (7, 3.92), (7, 3.92),.... cÖf„wZ we›`y¸‡jv †j‡Li Dci
Aew¯’Z|
4.GLb XO X I YO Y †iLv `yBwU‡K h_vµ‡g x -A¶ I y -A¶ a‡i QK KvM‡Ri ¶z`ªZg e‡M©i GK evû mgvb GK
GKK wb‡q we›`yy¸‡jv QK KvM‡R ¯’vcb Kiæb| we›`y¸‡jv GKwU mylg eKª‡iLv Øviv †hvM Ki‡j†jLwPÎwU cvIqv
hvq|
l a
ha
Y
s
th
Pa
(7, 3.92) (7, 3.92)
(6, 2.65) (6, 2.65)
AA
(5, 0)
X (5, 0) O (0, 0) X
(6, 2.65) (6, 2.65)
(7, 3.92) (7, 3.92)
x2 y2
=1
25 16
Y
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 5.14-
1. wb¤œwjwLZ cive„˸‡jvi †jLwPÎ A¼b Kiæb-
2 2 2
(i) y 4 x (ii) y 16x (iii) x 10 y
2
(v) y x 1
2 2
(iv) x y (vi) y 4 y 4x 8
2. wb¤œwjwLZ Dce„˸‡jvi †jLwPÎ A¼b Kiæb-
BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 151
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
2
2 2 x 2 y 1 2 2
(i) 25x 4 y 100 (ii) 1 (iii) 5x 9 y 30x 0
36 20
3. wb¤œwjwLZ Awae„˸‡jvi †jLwPÎ A¼b Kiæb-
2 2 5x 2 y 2 2 2
(i) 3 y x 9 (ii) 1 (iii) 4x 9 y 16x 18y 29 0
36 4
al
s ha
th
Pa
AA
KwbK c„ôv 152
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb-
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b (1 - 8):
1.†KvbwU g~jwe›`yMvgx cive„‡Ëi mgxKiY?
(K) y 7 ( x 3) 2 7 (L) y 2 2 y 4 x 1 0 (M) ( y 1) 2 4( x 3) (N) x 2 4 x 3 y 0
9
cv‡ki wPÎwU †`Lyb Ges 2-3bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b: M Y
2. cive„ËwU wbqvgK‡iLvi mgxKiY †KvbwU?
(K) x 3 (L) x 3 Z
A (0, 0)
X
S (3, 0)
(M) y 3 (N) †Kv‡bvwUB bv
3. cive„ËwU Dc‡Kw›`ªK j‡¤^i ˆ`N©¨ KZ?
(K) 10 (L) 6 (M) 12 (N) 24
4. †Kvb& Dce„ËwUi †K›`ª g~jwe›`y‡Z?
(K) 2 x 2 3 y 2 4 x 1 0 (L) 2 x 2 y 2 5
( x 1) 2 ( y 2) 2
(M) x2 2 y2 9 (N) 1
22 12
5. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Awae„‡Ëi mgxKiY? l a
ha
(K) x2 y 2 4 (L) 2 x 2 3 y 2 6 (M) x2 y 2 1 (N) y 2 4x
s
6. 5 y 2 2 x 0 cive„‡Ëi
th
1
(i)Dc‡K‡›`ªi ¯’vbv¼ ,0
Pa
10
1
AA
(ii)kxl©we›`yi ¯’vbv¼ ,0
10
2
(iii)Dc‡Kw›`ªK j‡¤^i ˆ`N©¨ GKK
5
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i (L) ii (M)iGes iii (N) iGes ii
2 2
x y
7. (i) 2
2 1 Dce„‡Ëi P( x, y) we›`yi civwgwZK ¯’vbv¼ (3 cos , 2 sin )
3 2
2
x y2
(ii) 2 2 1 Dce„‡Ëi Dc‡K›`ª (2,0)
2 3
x2 y 2 5
(iii) 2
2 1 Dce„‡Ëi Dr‡Kw›`ªKZv
2 3 3
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i Ges iii (L) i Ges ii (M) ii (N) iii
8. (i) e 2 n‡j KwbK Awae„Ë n‡e
x2 y 2
(ii) 1 Dce„‡Ëi mgxKiY
a 2 b2
(iii) e 1 n‡j KwbK Awae„Ë n‡e
BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 153
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i (L) ii (M) ii Ges iii (N) me¸‡jv
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
9. (K) †h cive„‡Ëi kxl©we›`y (4,0), Dc‡K›`ª (1,0), Zvi wbqvgK‡iLvi mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb|
(L) GKwU cive„‡Ëi kxl©we›`y (0,0) Ges wbqvgK‡iLvi mgxKiY x 1; cive„ËwUi mgxKiY Ges Dc‡Kw›`ªK
j‡¤^i ˆ`N©¨ wbY©q Kiæb|
(M) ÔLÕ G cÖvß cive„‡Ëi Dc‡K›`ª Ges wbqvgK‡iLv wPwýZ K‡i †jLwPÎ A¼b Kiæb|
10. 4 x 2 5 y 2 ax by c 0, †hLv‡b a, b, c aªæeK
(K) hw` a 16, b 10, Ges c 1 nq Z‡e †`Lvb †h, mgxKiYwU GKwU Dce„Ë wb‡`©k K‡i|
(L) ÔKÕ G ewY©Z kZ© †gvZv‡eK Dce„ËwUi Dr‡Kw›`ªKZv, A¶Ø‡qi ˆ`N©¨, Dc‡K‡›`ªi ¯’vbv¼ Ges wbqvgK‡iLvi
mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb|
(M) hw` x 2 , y 2 Gi mnM wewbgq nq, a b 0 Ges c 20 Z‡e Dce„ËwUi wbqvgK‡iLv؇qi mgxKiY
wbY©q KiæbGes Dce„‡Ëi Dci¯’ (2,0) we›`yi civwgwZK ¯’vbv¼ wbY©q Kiæb|
11. GKwU Kwb‡KiDc‡K›`ª (0, 2 2 ), Dr‡Kw›`ªKZv 2
(K) KwbKwU Awae„Ë bvwK Dce„Ë wb‡`©k K‡i Ges †Kb?
(L) KwbKwUi mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb|
l a
(M) KwbKwUi wbqvgK؇qi mgxKiY, ¯’vbv‡¼i A¶Ø‡qi mv‡_ †Q` we›`y Ges Kwb‡KiDci¯’ (4,2 3) we›`yi
ha
Dr‡Kw›`ªK †KvY wbY©q Kiæb|
s
th
Pa
AA
DËigvjv-
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 5.1
1. K 2.L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 5.2
1. M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 5.3
1. L 2. M 3. K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 5.4
3 5
1. 0,0, ,0 , y 0, 2 x 3 0, 2 x 3 0 2. 3,0 , ,0 , y 0, 2 x 7 0, 2 x 5 0
2 2
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 5.5
1. M 2.L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 5.6
1. L 2.K
KwbK c„ôv 154
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 5.7
5 x2 y 2
1. y 2. 1
2 4 3
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 5.8
1. M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 5.9
1. K 2. L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 5.10
1. L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 5.11
†K›`ª 0,0 , kxl©we›`y 2 ,0 ,
Dr‡Kw›`ªKZv 3 , Dc‡K›`ª 6 ,0 , Avo A‡¶i ˆ`N©¨ 2 2 ,
2
AbyeÜx A‡¶i ˆ`N©¨ 4 , Dc‡Kw›`ªK j‡¤^i ˆ`N©¨ 4 2 , w`Kv‡¶i mgxKiY x
3
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 5.12
1. M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 5.13
l a
ha
1. 3 tan ,2 sec (i) 0 o (ii) 131o51 (cÖvq), (iii) 228 o 9 (cÖvq), (iv) 311o 51 (cÖvq)
s
th
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
1. N 2. L 3. M 4. M 5. M 6. M 7. K
Pa
8. N
AA
BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 155
wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvskb I w·KvYwgwZK mgxKiY
(Inverse Trigonometric Functions and Trigonometric Equations) 6
f‚wgKv
B‡Zvc~‡e© Avcbviv w·KvYwgwZK dvskb Kx, w·KvYwgwZK dvsk‡bi †Wv‡gb, †iÄ, ch©vq BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© AeMZ
n‡q‡Qb| eZ©gvb BDwb‡U wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvskb m¤ú‡K© AeMZ n‡eb| w·KvYwgwZK dvskbI wecixZ
w·KvYwgwZK dvskb Gi g‡a¨ m¤úK© wK †mB m¤ú‡K© AeMZ n‡eb|
GK ev GKvwaK w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ mgwb¦Z mgxKiYB w·KvYwgwZK mgxKiY| GKwU w·KvYwgwZK mgxKiY
mgvavb Ki‡j AÁvZ †Kv‡Yi AmsL¨ gvb cvIqv hvq A_©vr †Kvb w·KvYwgwZK Abycv‡Zi wbw`©ó gv‡bi Rb¨ †h
†KvYwUi w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ †bqv nq Zvi A‡bK gvb _vK‡Z cv‡i| †Kvb w·KvYwgwZK mgxKiY mgvavb K‡i
AÁvZ †Kv‡Yi mKj gvb‡K †KejgvÎ GKwU ivwki mvnvh¨ wKiƒ‡c cÖKvk Kiv hvq †mB m¤ú‡K© GB BDwb‡U
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
BDwb‡Ui D‡Ïk¨ l a
ha
GB BDwbU †k‡l Avcwb -
s
wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvskb eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
th
wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvsk‡bi cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© wbY©q Ki‡Z Ges Zv cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
Pa
wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvsk‡bi A‡f`vejx cÖgvY I cÖ‡qvMKi‡Z cvi‡eb,
AA
w·KvYwgwZK mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
wbw`©ó e¨ewa‡Z w·KvYwgwZK mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvsk‡bi †jLwPÎ A¼b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡ev©”P mgq 25 w`b
GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV 6.1: wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvskb: msÁv I aviYv
cvV 6.2: wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvsk‡bi iƒcvšÍi
cvV 6.3: KZK¸‡jv we‡kl m~Î I Zv‡`i cÖgvY
cvV 6.4: wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvskb: mgm¨v I mgvavb
cvV 6.5: w·KvYwgwZK mgxKi‡Yi aviYv I msÁv
cvV 6.6: sin=r, cos=r, tan=rmgxKi‡Yi mgvavb
cvV 6.7: K‡qKwU we‡kl †ÿ‡Îw·KvYwgwZK mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb
cvV 6.8: wbw`©ó e¨ewa‡Z w·KvYwgwZK mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb
cvV 6.9: e¨envwiK
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
l a
s ha
th
Pa
AA
wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvskb I w·KvYwgwZK mgxKiYc„ôv 156
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV 6.1 wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvskb: msÁv I aviYv
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvsk‡bi msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb,
wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvsk‡bi gyL¨gvb m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvsk‡bi †Wv‡gb I †iÄ m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvsk‡bi †gŠwjK m¤úK© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
g~L¨ kã wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvskb, gyL¨gvb
g~jcvV-
wecixZw·KvYwgwZKdvskb
a
sinx(1x1 Ges x) n‡j Avgiv eywS GKwU †KvY hvi sine-Gi gvb x| G m¤úK©wU †Kvb †Kvb mgq
l
wecixZµ‡g sin–1x AvKv‡i †jLv nq| GLb f(x) sin–1x n‡j f(x) †K sine G wecixZ e„Ëxq ev wecixZ
ha
w·KvYwgwZK dvskb ejv nq| g~jZsin–1x cÖZxKwU GKwU †KvY wb‡`©k K‡i
s
hvisineGigvbx|AZGesinxGessin –
th
1xGB`ywUm¤úK©Awfbœ|hLbGKwUm¤úK©†`qv_v‡KZLbAciwUmivmwicvIqvhvq|Z‡eg‡bivL‡Zn‡e†h, sin–
Pa
1xGKwU†KvY, wKš‘s in`ywUevûiAbycvZweavqGwUGKwUweï×msL¨v|sin–1xms‡KZwU‡KmvaviYZÒmvBbBbfvimx(sine
inverse x)Óev ÒBbfvim mvBb Ad x (Inverse sine of x)Ó covnq|†Kvb†KvbmgqGUv‡Karc sinx-Iejvnq|cos–
AA
1x, tan–1x, cosec– 1xcÖf…wZms‡KZ¸‡jvsin–1xGigZGKBA_©enbK‡i|A_©vrcos–1xGKwU†KvYhvicosinex-Gimgvb,
tan–1xGKwU†KvYhvitangentx-GimgvbcÖf…wZ|G‡`i‡Kh_vµ‡gÒKmBbfvimxÓ, ÒU¨vbBbfvimxÓcÖf…wZcovnq|
j¶Yxq: sin–1xGes(sinx)–1GB`ywUivwkGKbq| KviY,sin–1xGKwU†KvYwb‡`©kK‡ihvisine-GigvbxwKš‘ (sinx)–
1
1
sinx
GKwUweï×msL¨v|
wecixZw·KvYwgwZKdvsk‡bigyL¨gvb
sinxn‡j, nGiwfbœwfbœgv‡biRb¨n+(–1)nivwk†_‡KcÖvßme¸‡jv†Kv‡YimvBb(sine)Abycv‡Zigvbxn‡e,
AZGe†`Lvhv‡”Qsin–1xGiAmsL¨gvb_vK‡Zcv‡iGesGRb¨Bsin–1xGKwUeûgvbwewkódvskbGessin–
1xGimvaviYgvbn +(–1)n.ev, n + (–1)n (sin–1x).
1
D`vniY¯^iƒc,sin2n‡jGi¶z`ªZgabvZ¥Kgvb30°
1
myZivs sin–12 30° 6
1
Avevisin2 sin 6 n‡jn +(–1)n 6 , hLb n †h‡Kv‡bv c~Y© msL¨v|
BDwbU Qq c„ôv 157
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
1 5 7
GLb nGi gvb 0, ±1, ±2, ±3,......... BZ¨vw` emv‡j sin–12 Gi gvb h_vµ‡g6, 6 , 6 , ......... BZ¨vw` n‡Z cv‡i|
1 1
2 , 2 e¨ewa‡Z sin 2 Gi gvb GKwU hv 6| GB 6 †K sin 2 Gi gyL¨gvb e‡j|
–1 –1
AZGe GimKjgv‡biRb¨¶z`ªZg (abvZ¥KA_evFYvZ¥K) msL¨vMZgvb‡KGigyL¨gvbe‡j|
1
= sin–1
2
n‡j, Gig~L¨gvb30°GesZvimvaviYgvbn+(–1)n6
Abyiƒcfv‡ecos =xn‡j, cos–1xGimvaviYgvb2n±Gestan= xn‡j, tan–1x-GimvaviYgvbn + .
msÁv:wecixZe„Ëxq ev wecixZ w·KvYwgwZKdvsk‡bi¶z`ªZgmsL¨vm~PK (abvZ¥KevFYvZ¥K) gvb‡KZvigyL¨gvbe‡j|
(i) mvBb (sine) dvsk‡bi †iÄ e× e¨ewa 1, 1 | mvBb dvskb‡K , e¨ewa‡Z msKzwPZ Ki‡j Zvi †iÄ
2 2
n‡e 1, 1 Ges D³ e¨ewa‡Z m¼zwPZ mvBb dvskb GK-GK n‡e| AZGe dvskb wn‡m‡e GB m¼zwPZ mvBb
dvsk‡bi wecixZ dvskb we`¨gvb, hvi †Wv‡gb 1, 1 Ges †iÄ , | GB wecixZ dvskbI GK-GK
2 2
1
dvskb| GB wecixZ dvskb‡K Bbfvim mvBb dvsk‡bi gyL¨gvb ejv nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc sin–12 Gi gyL¨gvb 6,
1
sin 1 Gi gyL¨gvb |
2 6
a
(ii) †KvmvBb (cosine) dvsk‡bi †iÄ e× e¨ewa 1, 1 | †KvmvBb dvskb‡K 0, e¨ewa‡Z msKzwPZ Ki‡j Zvi
l
ha
†iÄ n‡e 1, 1 Ges D³ e¨ewa‡Z m¼zwPZ †KvmvBb dvskb GK-GK n‡e| AZGe dvskb wn‡m‡e GB m¼zwPZ
†KvmvBb dvsk‡bi wecixZ dvskb we`¨gvb, hvi †Wv‡gb 1, 1 Ges †iÄ 0, | GB wecixZ dvskbI GK-GK
s
th
1
dvskb| GB wecixZ dvskb‡K Bbfvim †KvmvBb dvsk‡bi gyL¨gvb ejv nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc cos–12 Gi gyL¨gvb 3,
Pa
1 2
cos 1 Gi gyL¨gvb |
AA
2 3
(iii)U¨vb‡R›U(tangent) dvsk‡bi †iÄ mKj ev¯Íe msL¨vi †mU |U¨vb‡R›U dvskb‡K Dš§y³ , e¨ewa‡Z
2 2
msKzwPZ Ki‡j Zvi †iÄ n‡e Ges D³ e¨ewa‡Z m¼zwPZ U¨vb‡R›U dvskb GK-GK n‡e| AZGe dvskb wn‡m‡e
GB m¼zwPZ U¨vb‡R›U dvsk‡bi wecixZ dvskb we`¨gvb, hvi †Wv‡gb Ges †iÄ , | GB wecixZ
2 2
dvskbI GK-GK dvskb| GB wecixZ dvskb‡K Bbfvim U¨vb‡R›U dvsk‡bi gyL¨gvb ejv nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc
tan–11 Gi gyL¨gvb , tan 1 1 Gi gyL¨gvb |
4 4
(iv) †Kv‡bv ev¯Íe msL¨v x, 1 x 1 kZ© wm× Ki‡j , e¨ewa‡Z Bbfvim †Kv‡m‡K›U ( cosec 1 x )
2 2
dvsk‡bi †h gvb we`¨gvb Zv‡K cosec 1 x -Gi gyL¨gvb ejv nq|
D`vniY¯^iƒc cosec–12 Gi gyL¨gvb 6 , cosec 1 2 Gi gyL¨gvb |
6
(v)†Kv‡bv ev¯Íe msL¨v x, 1 x 1 kZ© wm× Ki‡j 0, e¨ewa‡Z Bbfvim †m‡K›U ( sec 1 x ) dvsk‡bi †h
gvb we`¨gvb Zv‡K sec 1 x -Gi gyL¨gvb ejv nq|
2
D`vniY¯^iƒc sec–12 Gi gyL¨gvb 3, sec 1 2 Gi gyL¨gvb 3 |
wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvskb I w·KvYwgwZK mgxKiYc„ôv 158
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
(vi)†Kv‡bv ev¯Íe msL¨v x, x kZ© wm× Ki‡j , e¨ewa‡Z Bbfvim †KvU¨vb‡R›U( cot 1 x )
2 2
dvsk‡bi †h gvb we`¨gvb Zv‡K cot 1 x -Gi gyL¨gvb ejv nq|
D`vniY¯^iƒc cot–11 Gi gyL¨gvb 4, cot 1 1 Gi gyL¨gvb |
4
gšÍe¨: (i) hw` sin 1 x Gi gyL¨gvb Arc sin x nq, Z‡e sin 1 x Gi mvaviY gvb Arc sin x n 1n |
(ii)wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvskb¸‡jv GKvwaK gvb wewkó †KvY wb‡`©k K‡i Ges GKvwaK †KvY ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †h
†KvYwUi gvb mvswL¨Kfv‡e ÿz`ªZg †mB †KvYwU‡K (FYvZ¥K ev abvZ¥K) wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvsk‡bi gyL¨gvb
aiv nq| hw` †Kv‡bv wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvsk‡bi †ÿ‡Î ÿz`ªZg gvbwU abvZ¥K ev FYvZ¥K DfBq nq hv‡`i
1 1
mvsL¨gvb mgvb, †m‡ÿ‡Î abvZ¥K gvbwU‡K gyL¨gvb aiv nq| †hgb: cos Ges cos | myZivs
3 2 3 2
1
cos 1 Gi gyL¨gvb |
2 3
gyL¨gvb wbY©q Kiæb:
wkÿv_x©i 3 1 1
KvR (i) sin 1 (ii) cos 1 (iii) tan 1
2 2 3
wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvsk‡bi mxgv l a
ha
wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvsk‡bi mxgv wb‡¤œ †`Iqv n‡jv-
s
1. sin 1 x 2. 0 cos 1 x 3. tan 1 x
th
2 2 2 2
4. cosec 1x , cosec 1x 0 5. 0 sec 1 x , sec 1 x 6. cot 1 x , cot 1 x 0
Pa
2 2 2 2 2
AA
we‡kl †Kv‡bv wKQy D‡jøL bv _vK‡j sin x, cos x, tan x BZ¨vw` cÖZxK¸‡jv H dvsk‡bi gyL¨gvb wb‡`©k K‡i|
1 1 1
wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvsk‡bi †Wv‡gb I †iÄ
dvskb †Wv‡gb †iÄ †gŠwjK ag©vejx
sin x ev Arc sinx
1 1,1 1 x 1
2 , 2
y
2 2
cos 1 x ev Arc cosx 1,1 0, 1 x 1
0 y
tan 1 x ev Arc tanx , x, mKj ev¯Íe msL¨v
,
2 2
y
2 2
cot 1 x ev Arc cotx , x, mKj ev¯Íe msL¨v, x 0
2 ,0 0, 2
y , y0
2 2
sec 1 x ev Arc secx ,1 1, x 1 Ges x 1
0, 2 2 ,
0 y A_ev y
2 2
BDwbU Qq c„ôv 159
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
cosec 1 x ev Arc cscx ,1 1, x 1 Ges x 1
2 ,0 0, 2
y 0 A_ev 0 y
2 2
wecixZw·KvYwgwZKdvskb¸‡jvig‡a¨†gŠwjKm¤úK©
(i)g‡b Kiæb, sinx sin–1x sin–1(sin)
AZGe, sin–1(sin)
Abyiƒcfv‡e, cos–1(cos) tan–1(tan)BZ¨vw`|
(ii)hw`sinxnq, Z‡e, sin–1x
sinxmgxKi‡Y, Gigvbewm‡q,x sin sin (sin–1x)
AZGe, x sin (sin–1x)
Abyiƒcfv‡e, x cos (cos–1x), x tan (tan–1x)BZ¨vw`|
(iii) sinxn‡j sin–1x
1 1 1
Avevisinxcosec x cosecx cosec 1
x
1
sin–1x cosec–1
x
Avevi, cosecxn‡jcosec–1x
a
1 1 1
GLb, cosecxsin xsin x sin–1x l
ha
1
cosec–1x sin–1
s
x
th
1 1
Zvn‡jAvgivcvB,sin–1x cosec–1x , cosec–1x sin–1x
Pa
1 1 1 1
Abyiƒcfv‡e, cos–1x sec–1x , sec–1x cos–1x Gestan–1x cot–1x , cot–1x tan–1x
AA
mvims‡ÿc-
sinx n‡j Avgiv eywS GKwU †KvY hvi sine-Gi gvb x Ges wecixZµ‡g sin–1x AvKv‡i †jLv
nq| GLb f(x) sin–1x n‡j f(x) †K sine G wecixZ e„Ëxq ev wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvskb ejv nq|
sin–1x Ges (sinx)–1 GB `ywU ivwk GK bq| KviY,sin–1x GKwU †KvY wb‡`©k K‡i hvi sine-Gi gvb xwKš‘
1
(sinx)–1
sinx
GKwU weï× msL¨v|
wecixZ e„Ëxq ev wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvsk‡bi ¶z`ªZg msL¨v m~PK (abvZ¥K ev FYvZ¥K) gvb‡K Zvi
gyL¨gvb e‡j|
sinx n‡j sin–1sin Ges x sin sin–1x| Abyiƒcfv‡e, cos–1cos tan–1tan BZ¨vw`
Ges x cos cos–1x, x tan tan–1x BZ¨vw`|
1 1 1 1 1
sin–1x cosec–1 , cosec–1x sin–1 , cos–1x sec–1 , sec–1x cos–1 , tan–1x cot–1 , cot–1x
x x x x x
1
tan–1
x
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 6.1-
wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvskb I w·KvYwgwZK mgxKiYc„ôv 160
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
1. wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvskb m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2. wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvsk‡bi gyL¨gvb m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Kiæb|
3. wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvskb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †gŠwjK m¤úK© wbY©q Kiæb|
cvV 6.2 wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvsk‡bi iƒcvšÍi
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
†h †Kvb wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvskb‡K Ab¨ †h †Kvb wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvsk‡b iƒcvšÍi
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã iƒcvšÍi
a
g~jcvV-
wecixZ e„Ëxq dvsk‡bi iƒcvšÍi
l
ha
g‡b Kiæb, sin–1x, Zvn‡j sinx
s
(i) cos 1–sin2 1–x2cos–1 1–x2
th
sin sin x –1
x
(ii) tan= = = tan
Pa
cos 1–sin2 1–x2 1–x2
1 1 1
AA
(iii) cosec = = = cosec–1
sin x x
1 1 1 1
(iv) sec = = = = sec–1
cos 2
1–sin 1–x2 1–x 2
cos 1–sin2 1–x2 1–x2
(v) cot = = = = cot–1
sin sin x x
x 1 1 1–x2
myZivs, sin–1x = cos–1 1–x2= tan–1 2
= cosec–1 = sec–1
x 2
= cot–1
x
1–x 1–x
GKB cÖwµqvq †h†KvbwecixZw·KvYwgwZKdvskb‡KAb¨†h†KvbwecixZw·KvYwgwZKdvsk‡bcwiewZ©ZKivhvq|
R¨vwgwZKc×wZ: A
g‡b Kiæbsin–1x =,AZGe, sin= x
1
g‡bKiæb, ABCGKwUmg‡KvYxwÎfzRhviC†KvYmg‡KvYGesABC = x
†h‡nZz, sin= x, AZGe, AC = x, AB =1
AZGeBC = AB2–AC2 = 1–x2 B C
1–x2
BC 1–x2
GLb, cos= AB = 1
cos = 1–x2 = cos–1 1–x2
BDwbU Qq c„ôv 161
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
AC x x
tan = = = tan–1
BC 1–x2 1–x2
AB 1 1
cosec = = = cosec–1
AC x x
AB 1 1
sec = = = sec–1
BC 1–x2 1–x2
BC 1–x2 1–x2
cot = = = cot1
AC x x
mvims‡ÿc-
x 1 1 1–x2
sin–1x = cos–1 1–x2 = tan–1 = cosec–1 = sec–1 = cot –1
1–x2 x 1–x2 x
cvV 6.3 KZK¸‡jv we‡kl m~Î I Zv‡`i cÖgvY
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
l a
ha
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
s
th
wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvsk‡bi KZK¸‡jv we‡kl m~Î eY©bv Ki‡Z Ges cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Pa
gyL¨ kã we‡kl m~Î
AA
g~jcvV-
x+y x–y
m~Î 1: (i) tan–1x + tan–1ytan–11–xy (ii) tan–1x –tan–1y tan–1
1+xy
x+y+z–xyz
(iii) tan–1x + tan–1y+tan–1z tan–1
1–yz–zx–xy
cÖgvY: g‡b Kiæb, tan–1x Gestan–1y
Zvn‡jtanx Gestany
tan+tan x+y
(i) GLbtan () = 1–tan tan = 1–xy
x+y
tan–1
1–xy
x+y
A_©vr, tan–1x + tan–1y tan–11–xy
tan–tan x–y
(ii) Avevi, tan () = =
1+tan tan 1+xy
x–y
tan–1
1+xy
wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvskb I w·KvYwgwZK mgxKiYc„ôv 162
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
x–y
A_©vr, tan–1x –tan–1y = tan–11+xy
x+y
+z
– 1 – 1 – 1 – 1
x+y – 1 – 1
1–xy
(iii) tan x +tan y + tan z= tan + tan z= tan
1–xy x+y
1–
1–xy . z
x+y+z(1–xy)
1–xy x+y+z–xyz
= tan–1 = tan–1
1–xy–z(x+y) 1–yz–zx–xy
1–xy
`ªóe¨:wecixZw·KvYwgwZKdvskb¸‡jveûgvbwewkódvskbe‡jw·KvYwgwZKmgm¨vmgvav‡bgyL¨gvbe¨enviK‡imemgq
mwVKmgvavbcvIqvhvqbv|(i)bsm~‡ÎgyL¨gvbe¨enviK‡imwVKmgvavbcvIqvhv‡ehw`xy1nq|Abyiƒcfv‡e(iii)bsm~‡Îgy
L¨gvbe¨enviK‡imwVKmgvavbcvIqvhv‡ehw`yz+zx+xy1nq|
m~Î 2: (i) sin–1x+cos–1x = 2 (ii)tan–1x + cot–1x =
2
(iii) cosec–1x + sec–1x =
2
cÖgvY: (i)g‡b Kiæb, sin–1x = Zvn‡jsin = x
– = x
GLbsin = cos 2 – cos
a
2
A_©vr, cos–1x = 2 – = 2 – sin–1x
l
ha
s
AZGesin–1x +cos–1x = 2
th
(ii)g‡b Kiæb, tan–1x=,Zvn‡jtan= x
Pa
GLbtan = cot 2 –
AA
cot
– = xA_©vr, cot–1x = – = – tan–1x
2 2 2
AZGe tan–1x+cot–1x = 2
(iii)g‡b Kiæb, cosec–1x =, Zvn‡jcosec =x
GLbcosec = sec 2 – sec 2 – =x
A_©vrsec–1x = 2 – = 2 – cosec–1x
AZGecosec–1x + sec–1x = 2
2x 1–x2 2x
m~Î 3: 2tan–1x = sin–11+x2 = cos–11+x2 = tan–11–x2
cÖgvY: g‡bKiæb, tan–1x = ,
Zvn‡j, tan= x.
2tan 2x
GLb, sin2 = 1+tan2 = 1+x2
BDwbU Qq c„ôv 163
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
2x 2x
= sin–1
1+x2
A_©vr 2tan–1x = sin–11+x2
1–tan2 1–x2
Avevi, cos 2= =
1+tan2 1+x2
1–x2 1–x2
cos–1
1+x 2 A_© v r 2tan–1x= cos–1
1+x2
2tan 2x
Ges tan2= =
1– tan2 1–x2
2x 2x
2 = tan–1
1–x 2 A_©
v r 2tan–1x = tan–1 2
1–x
2x 1–x2 2x
myZivs 2tan–1x = sin–11+x2 = cos–11+x2 = tan–11–x2
m~Î 4: (i)sin–1x + sin–1y sin–1{x 1–y2 + y 1–x2}
(ii) sin–1x –sin–1y sin–1{x 1–y2 – y 1–x2}
(iii) cos–1x+cos–1y cos–1{xy– (1–x2)(1–y2)}
(iv) cos–1x – cos–1y cos–1{xy+ (1–x2)(1–y2)}
cÖgvY: g‡b Kiæb, sin–1xGessin–1y;
Zvn‡j, sinxGessiny.
(i)GLb, sin() sincos+ cossin l a
ha
sin. 1–sin2 + sin. 1–sin2 x 1–y2 + y 1–x2
s
sin–1{x 1–y2 + y 1–x2}
th
A_©vr, sin–1x + sin–1y sin–1{x 1–y2 + y 1–x2}
Pa
(ii)sin() sincos– cossin
AA
sin 1–sin2 – sin 1–sin2 x 1–y2 – y 1–x2
sin–1{x 1–y2 y 1–x2}
A_©vr, sin–1x–sin–1y sin–1{x 1–y2 y 1–x2}
Avevig‡bKiæb, cos–1xGescos–1y;
Zvn‡j, cosxGescosy.
(iii)GLb, cos(+) coscos –sinsin
coscos – 1–cos2 . 1–cos2xy – (1–x2)(1–y2)
cos–1{xy (1–x2)(1–y2)}
A_©vr, cos–1x + cos–1y cos–1{xy (1–x2)(1–y2) }
(iv)Avevicos() coscos + sinsin
cos cos + 1–cos2 . 1–cos2xy+ (1–x2)(1–y2)
cos–1{xy+ (1–x2)(1–y2)}
A_©vr, cos–1x–cos–1y cos–1{xy+ (1–x2)(1–y2) }
m~Î 5: (i)2sin–1x sin–1 (2x 1–x2) (ii) 2cos–1x cos–1 (2x2–1)
2x
(iii) 2tan–1x tan–1
1–x2
wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvskb I w·KvYwgwZK mgxKiYc„ôv 164
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
cÖgvY:(i)g‡b Kiæb, sin–1x
sinx cos 1–sin2 1–x2
GLb sin2 2sin cos 2sin 1–sin2 2x 1–x2
2 sin–1(2x 1–x2 )
A_©vr, 2sin–1x sin–1(2x 1–x2)
(ii)g‡b Kiæbcos–1x cosx
GLb cos2 2cos2–1 2x2–1
2 cos–1(2x2–1)
A_©vr, 2cos–1x cos–1(2x2–1)
(iii)g‡b Kiæb tan–1x tanx
2tan 2x
GLb tan21–tan2 1–x2
2x
2 tan–1
1–x2
2x
A_©vr, 2tan–1x tan–11–x2
3x–x3
a
m~Î 6: (i) 3sin–1x sin–1 (3x–4x3) (ii) 3cos–1x cos–1(4x3–3x) (iii) 3tan–1x tan–1
1–3x2
l
ha
cÖgvY:(i) g‡b Kiæb, sin–1x sinx
GLbsin3 3sin – 4sin3 3x – 4x3
s
3 sin–1 (3x–4x3)
th
A_©vr, 3sin–1x sin–1 (3x – 4x3)
Pa
(ii)g‡b Kiæb,cos–1x cosx
AA
GLbcos3 4cos3 –3cos 4x3–3x
3cos–1 (4x3–3x)
A_©vr, 3cos–1x cos–1 (4x3–3x)
(iii)g‡b Kiæb,tan–1x tanx
3tan–tan3 3x–x3
GLbtan3 = 1–3tan2 = 1–3x2
3x–x3
3 tan–1
1–3x2
3x–x3
A_©vr, 3tan–1x tan–11–3x2
j¶Yxq:wecixZe„Ëxqdvskb¸‡jveûgvbwewkódvskb|GKvi‡YGBDwb‡UcÖwZwôZm~θ‡jve¨enviK‡iA‡bKmgqmKjm
sL¨vevPKAs‡KimgvavbcvIqvhvqbvGesm~θ‡jvicwieZ©bcÖ‡qvRbnq|cwieZ©b¸‡jvwb¤œiƒc
x+y
(i) hw`x>0,y>0Gesxy>1nqZ‡e,tan–1x + tan–1y+ tan–11–xy
x+y
(ii) hw`x<0, y<0Gesxy>1nqZ‡e,tan–1x + tan–1y – +tan–1
1–xy
x+y+z–xyz
(iii) hw`yz + zx + xy>1nqZ‡e,tan–1x+tan–1y+tan–1z + tan–1
1–yz–zx–xy
(iv) hw`x2+y2>1nqZ‡e, sin–1x+sin–1y– sin–1 (x 1–y2 + y 1–x2)
BDwbU Qq c„ôv 165
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
(v) hw`x<0,y<0Gesx2+y2>1nq, Z‡e, sin–1x+sin–1y – – sin–1(x 1–y2 + y 1–x2)
(vi) hw`x+y<0nq, Z‡e,cos–1x+cos–1y 2–cos–1(xy– 1–x2 1–y2 )
cvV 6.4 wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvskb: mgm¨v I mgvavb
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvskb msµvšÍ wewfbœ mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã mgm¨v I mgvavb
g~jcvV-
a
3 l 1 2
D`vniY 1:gyL¨gvb wbY©q Kiæb: (i) sin 1 (ii) cos 1 (iii) tan 1 sin cos 1
ha
2 2 3
3
s
mgvavb: (i)g‡b Kiæb sin 1 , Zvn‡j Gi gyL¨gvb GKwU abvZ¥K m~²‡KvY|
th
2
3 3
Pa
GLb, sin 1 sin sin ,
2 2 3 3
AA
1
(ii)g‡b Kiæb cos 1 , Zvn‡j Gi gyL¨gvb GKwU abvZ¥K ¯_~j‡KvY|
2
1 1 3 3
GLb, cos 1 cos cos ,
2 2 4 4
2
(iii)g‡b Kiæb cos 1 Zvn‡j Gi gyL¨gvb GKwU abvZ¥K m~²‡KvY|
3
2 2
GLb, cos 1 cos
3 3
2 1 2 1
sin 1 cos 2 1 sin cos 1
3 3 3 3
2 1
tan 1 sin cos 1 tan 1
3 3 6
5 1 49
D`vniY2:cÖgvY Kiæb,tan–16 – tan–111 = tan–171
wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvskb I w·KvYwgwZK mgxKiYc„ôv 166
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
5 1 55–6
–
5 1 6 11 66 49
mgvavb: tan–16 – tan–111 = tan–1 5 1 = tan–166+5 = tan–171
1+ .
6 11 66
1 1 1
D`vniY3:cÖgvYKiæb,tan–17 + tan–18 + tan–118 = cot–13.
1 1
+
1 1 1 7 8 1 15 1
mgvavb: tan 7 + tan 8 + tan 18 = tan
– 1 – 1 – 1 – 1
1 1
+ tan–1 = tan–1
18 55
+ tan–1
18
1– .
7 8
3 1
+
3 1 11 18 54+11 65 1
= tan–1 + tan–1 = tan–1 = tan–1 = tan–1 = tan–1 = cot–13
11 18 3 1 198–3 195 3
1– .
11 18
1 1
D`vniY4:cÖgvYKiæb,4tan–15 –tan–1239 = 4
1 1 1 1
mgvavb: 4tan–15 – tan–1239 = 2.2 tan–15 – tan–1239
2
a
5 1 2x
= 2tan–1
1
– tan–1
239
[ 2 tan 1 x tan 1 l
2
]
ha
1– 1 x
25
s
2 10
th
5 1 5 1 12 1
= 2tan–1 – tan–1 = 2tan–1 – tan–1 = tan–1 – tan–1
24 239 12 239 25 239
Pa
1–
25 144
10 120 1
AA
–
12 1 120 1 119 239
= tan–1 – tan–1 = tan–1 – tan–1 = tan–1
119 239 119 239 120 1
1+ .
144 119 239
120239–119
199239 28680–119 28561
= tan–1 = tan–1 = tan–1 = tan–1 1=
119239+120 28441+120 28561 4
119239
12 13 177
D`vniY5:cÖgvY Kiæb,cos–113 + sec–1 5 –tan–1 7 = tan–1391
12 13 AB = AC2–BC2
mgvavb:cos–113 +sec–1 5–tan–1 7 A
13 = 169–144
5 13 5
= tan–1 + tan–12–tan–1 = 25 = 5
12 7 C B
5 12
+2 12 5
–
12 13 cos–1 =tan–1
= tan 1 – tan–1 13 12
5 7
1 – .2
12
BDwbU Qq c„ôv 167
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
29 13 AB = AC2–BC2
– A
29 13 2 7 = 5–1
= tan–1 – tan–1 = tan–1 5
2
2 7 29 13 = 4 =2
1+ .
2 7
C B
297–132 203–26 177 1
= tan–1 = tan–1 =tan–1
14+2913 14+377 391 sec–1 5 =tan–12
63 1 3
D`vniY6:cÖgvY Kiæb,cos–165 + 2tan–15 = tan–14
2
A
63 1 16 5
mgvavb: cos–1
65
+ 2tan–1 = tan–1 + tan–1
5 63 1
65
16
1–
25 C B
16 5 63
+
16 5 63 12
= tan–163 + tan–1 = tan–1 AB = AC2–BC2
12 16 5
1– . = 652–632
63 12
192+315 507 = (65+63)(65–63)
= tan–1 = tan–1
756–80 676 = 1282 = 256 = 16
3 63 16
= tan–1 cos–1 = tan–1
a
4 65 63
l
ha
1 2
D`vniY7:cÖgvYKiæb,sin–13 +cos–1 3
= tan–1 2
s
mgvavb: cÖ_‡g Arc sin Ges Arc cos †K Arc tan Gi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Ki‡Z n‡e|
th
Arc sin †K Arc tan Gi gva¨‡g cÖKvk
Pa
BC = AC2–AB2 A
= 32–12 = 9–1 = 8 = 2 2 3
AA
1
1 1
sin–1 = tan–1
3 2 2 C B
2 2
Arc cos †K Arc tan Gi gva¨‡g cÖKvk
AB = AC2–BC2 A
= 3–2= 1=1 3
1
2 1
cos–1 =tan–1 C B
3 2 2
1 1
+
1 2 1 1 2 2 2 3 2
GLb, sin–13 +cos–1 3
= tan–1 +tan–1 = tan–1
1 1
= tan–1
3
= tan–1 2
2 2 2
1– .
2 2 2
1 2 1 3
D`vniY8:cÖgvY Kiæb, tan–14 + tan–19 = 2 cos–15
1 2 17
+
1 2 4 9 36 1 1 1
mgvavb: tan–14 + tan–19 = tan–1 1 2 = tan–134 = tan–12 = 2 . 2tan–12
1– .
4 9 36
wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvskb I w·KvYwgwZK mgxKiYc„ôv 168
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
1
1–
1 4 1 3
= cos–1 = cos–1
2 1 2 5
1+
4
3 1 5 28
D`vniY9:cÖgvYKiæb,sin–15 +2 cos–113 – cot–1 2 = tan–129
5 5
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, cos–113 = cos=
13
25 144 12
sin = 1–cos2 = 1– = =
169 169 13
1 1 1 12
sin 2sin cos
1 2 2 2 sin 13 12 2
GLb, tan 2= 1
=
1
= = =
5 18 3
=
2 1+cos
cos 2cos 1+
2 2 13
1 2 1 5 2
= tan–1 cos–1 = tan–1
2 3 2 13 3
A
3 1 5 BC = AC2–AB2
sin–1 + cos–1 –cot –12
5
5 2 13 3 = 25–9
3 2 1
= tan–1 + tan–1 –tan–1 C B = 16 = 4
4 3 2
a
4
3 2
+
l 3
sin–1 = tan–1
3
ha
4 3 1 17 1 5 4
= tan–1 – tan–1 = tan–1 – tan–1
3 2 2 6 2
s
1– .
4 3
th
17 1 14
–
Pa
6 2 6 28
= tan–1 = tan–1 = tan–1
17 1 29 29
AA
1+ .
6 2 12
D`vniY10: cÖgvY Kiæb,tan(2tan–1x) = 2tan(tan–1x + tan–1x3)
2x 2x
mgvavb:evgc¶ = tan (2tan–1x)= tan tan–1 1–x2 = 1–x2
x+x3 x (1+x2)
Wvbc¶ =2tan (tan–1x+tan–1x3)= 2tan tan–1 1–x.x3= 2tan tan–1 (1+x2)(1–x2)
x x 2x
= 2tan tan–1 = 2. =
1–x2 1–x2 1–x2
tan(2tan–1x) = 2tan(tan–1x+tan–1x3)
D`vniY11:cÖgvYKiæb,{cos(sin–1x)}2 = {sin(cos–1x)}2
mgvavb:evgc¶={cos(sin–1x)}2= {cos(cos–1 1–x2)}2= ( 1–x) 2 = 1–x2
Wvbc¶={sin(cos–1x)}2= {sin(sin–1 1–x2 )}2= ( 1–x2 )2 = 1–x2
{cos(sin–1x)}2 = {sin(cos–1x)}2
1 2x 1 1–x2 2x
D`vniY12:cÖgvY Kiæb,tan 2 sin–1 1+x2 + 2 cos–1 1+x2 = 1–x2
1 2x 1 2
mgvavb: tan sin–1 + cos –1 1–x = tan 1 . 2tan–1x + 1 . 2tan–1x
2 1+x2 2 1+x2 2 2
BDwbU Qq c„ôv 169
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
2x 2x
= tan {tan–1x + tan–1x }= tan{2tan–1x}= tan tan–1 2 = 1–x2
1–x
x–b a–x x–b
D`vniY13:cÖgvY Kiæb,sin–1 a–b
= cos–1
a–b
= tan–1
a–x
x–b x–b
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb,sin–1 a–b = sin= a–b
x–b a–x
GLbcos= 1–sin2 = 1 – a–b = a–b
a–x
= cos–1
a–b
x–b
sin a–b x–b
Avevi tan= cos = =
a–x
a–x
a–b
x–b
= tan–1
a–x
x–b a–x x–b
= sin–1 = cos–1 = tan–1
a–b a–b a–x
a
3 3 l
D`vniY14:cÖgvY Kiæb, cot cos–1sin tan–14 = 4
ha
3 AC = AB2+BC2 = 9+16 = 25 = 5
mgvavb: cot cos–1sin tan–14 A
s
3 3
tan–1 = sin–1
th
5
3 3 4 5
= cot cos–1sin sin–1
5 C B
Pa
4
3
= cot cos–1 A
5
AA
AB = AC2–BC2 = 25–9 = 16 = 4
3 3 5
4 3 3
= cot cot–1 = cos–1 = cot–1
4 4 5 4
C B
3
D`vniY15:cÖgvYKiæb, sec2(tan–12)+cosec2(cot–13)
= 15
mgvavb: sec (tan 2) + cosec (cot 3)= 1+tan (tan 12) + 1+cot2(cot–13)
2 – 1 2 – 1 2 –
= 1+{tan(tan–12)}2 + 1+ {cot(cot–13)}2= 1+22+1+32= 1+ 4+1+9= 15
D`vniY16: hw` cos–1x +cos–1y +cos–1zZ‡e cÖgvY Kiæb,x2+y2+z2+2xyz =1
mgvavb: cos–1x+cos–1y+cos–1z
ev, cos–1x+cos–1y–cos–1z
ev, cos–1{xy (1–x2)(1–y2)} –cos–1z
ev, xy – (1–x2)(1–y2) cos (–cos–1z)
ev, xy – (1–x2)(1–y2) – cos cos–1z
ev, xy– (1–x2)(1–y2) – z
ev, xy + z (1–x2)(1–y2)
ev, (xy+z)2 (1–x2)(1–y2)
ev, x2y2 + 2xyz+z2 1–x2–y2+x2y2
ev, x2+y2+z2 +2xyz1
wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvskb I w·KvYwgwZK mgxKiYc„ôv 170
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
D`vniY17:hw`tan–1x+tan–1y +tan–1z = 2nq Z‡e, cÖgvY Kiæbyz+zx+xy=1.
mgvavb: tan–1x + tan–1y + tan–1z = 2
x+y+z–xyz
ev, tan–11–yz–zx–xy = 2
x+y+z–xyz
ev, 1–yz–zx–xy = tan 2=
1–yz–zx–xy 0
yz+zx+xy 1
1
D`vniY18: hw` sin( cos) = cos ( sin)nq Z‡e †`Lvb †h, = ± 4 + cos–1
2 2
mgvavb: sin( cos) = cos( sin)sin (cos) = sin ( 2 ± sin)
1 1
cos = ± sincos = ± sincos±sin =
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
cos± sin= cos cos ± sin sin =
2 2 2 2 4 4 2 2
1 1
a
cos( ) = = cos–1
4 2 2 4 2 2 l
ha
1
= ± + cos–1
4 2 2
s
th
1
D`vniY19: mgvavb Kiæb,tan–1(x–2)+tan–1(x+2) = tan–12
Pa
1
mgvavb: tan–1(x–2) + tan–1 (x+2) = tan–12
AA
x–2+x+2 1
ev, tan–11–(x–2)(x+2) = tan–12
2x 1
ev, 1 – (x2– 4)= 2
2x 1
ev, 1 – x2 + 4 = 2
ev, 1 –x2+4 4x
ev, x2+4x–5 0
ev, (x+5)(x–1) 0
x –5, 1
wKš‘x –5 cÖ`Ë mgxKiY‡K wm× K‡i bv| x =1.
x–1 x+1
D`vniY20: mgvavbKiæb,tan–1x–2+ tan–1x+2 = 4
x–1 x+1
mgvavb: tan–1x–2+ tan–1x+2 = 4
x–1 x+1
+
x–2 x+2
ev, tan– 1 =
x–1 x+1 4
1– .
x–2 x+2
BDwbU Qq c„ôv 171
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
(x–1)(x+2)+(x+1)(x–2)
ev, tan–1(x–2)(x+2)–(x–1)(x+1) = 4
x2+x–2+x2–x–2
ev, tan–1 (x2–4)–(x2–1) = 4
2x2–4 2x2–4
ev, tan–1 –3 = tan–11ev, –3
= 1ev, 2x2–4 = –3
1
ev, 2x2 = 1ev, x2 = 2
1
x = ±
2
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 6.4-
cÖgvYKiæb (1-12):
1 1 1 1 1 3
1. (i)tan–1 + tan–1 = (ii)tan–1 – tan–1 + tan–1 = tan–1
2 3 4 3 5 7 11
1 1 1 2 1 1
(iii)2tan–1 + tan–1 = (iv)tan–1 + tan–1 + tan–1 +tan–1 =
3 7 4 4 9 5 8 4
a
x x l a–b b–c
(v)tan–1 2 + tan–1 2 = (vi)tan–1a –tan–1c= tan–1 + tan–1
ha
x +1 +1 x +1 –1 4 1+ab 1+bc
xr yr zr
s
(vii) tan–1 + tan–1 + tan–1 = †hLv‡brx+y+z
yz zx xy
th
3 3 27 13 5 2
2. (i) tan–1 + sin–1 = tan–1 (ii) sec–1 – cosec–1 = tan–1
Pa
5 5 11 5 2 29
1 1 3 1 2 13
AA
(iii) cos–1 – sin–1 + tan–1 = tan–12 (iv) tan–1 = – sec–1
5 2 5 3 3 2 2
3 8 77 5 17
3. (i) sin–1 + sin–1 = sin–1 (ii) sin–1 + cot–1 =
5 17 85 13 7 4
3 11 1 5 2 6+1
(iii) sin–1 + cos–1 + sin–1 = (iv) cos–1 – cos–1 =
73 146 2 12 3 2 3 6
1 79 41 2
4. (i) 4sin–1 – tan–1 = (ii) cos–1 = 2sin–1
17 401 4 49 7
1 47 1
(iii) 3tan–1 = tan–1 (iv)4(sin–1 + cot–13 ) =
4 52 5
(v) 4(cot–13 + cosec–1 5) =
5. (i)sin(2sin–1x) = 2x 1–x2 (ii)sin (3sin–1x) = 3x–4x3
(iii)2sin–1x = sin(2x 1–x2)
1 1
6. cos(2 tan–1 ) = sin(4 tan–1 )
7 3
1
7. tan–1 ( tan2) + tan–1 (cot) + tan–1(cot3) = 0
2
1 1+x2 1 1–x
8. (i) tan–1x = cosec–1 (ii) tan–1 x = cos–1
2 2x 2 1+x
wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvskb I w·KvYwgwZK mgxKiYc„ôv 172
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
1+x2
(iii) cot cos–1 sin tan–1xx (iv)cos tan–1 sin cot–1x =
2+x2
x 2y2–x2
(v)sin cos–1 tan sec–1 = (vi)cos tan–1cot sin–1xx
y y
sin cos
9. (i) 2 tan 1 tan tan tan 1
2 4 2 sin cos
2
1 1 2 1 2x 1 1 1 x 2x
(ii) sin2(cos–1 ) – cos2 (sin–1 ) = (iii) tan sin 1 cos 2
3 3 9 2
1 x 1 x2
2 1 x 2
10. tan–1{( 2 +1) tan } – tan–1{( 2–1) tan } = tan–1(sin2)
11. 2tan–1(cosec tan–1x – tan cot–1x) tan–1x
12. hw`sin–1x +sin–1y= 2nq, Z‡e†`Lvb†h, (i)x2+y2 =1 (ii)x 1–y2 +y 1–x2 = 1
13. hw`cos–1x +cos–1y= 2 nq, Z‡e†`Lvb†h, (i)x2+ y21 (ii)xy – 1–x2 1–y2 = 0
14. hw`tan–1x +tan–1y +tan–1znq, Z‡e†`Lvb†h, x+y+zxyz.
15. hw`sin–1x+sin–1y+sin–1znqZ‡e†`Lvb†h, x 1–x2+ y 1–y2+z 1–z2 2xyz
1 3
16. (i)hw`sin( cos) cos( sin)nq, Z‡e†`Lvb†h, = ± sin–1
2 4
a
x y x2 2xycos y2
l
(ii)hw`cos–1a +cos–1b = nq, Z‡e†`Lvb†h, a2 – ab +b2 = sin2
ha
17.hw`A+B+C=, tan–12 = AGestan–13 = BnqZ‡e†`Lvb†h, C =
s
4
th
18.mgvavbKiæb:
Pa
x–1 2x–1 23 3
(i)tan–1x+1 + tan–12x+1= tan–136 (ii)2cot–12 + cos–15 = cosec–1x
AA
2
(iii)tan–1x +2cot–1x= 3 (iv)sin–1x +sin–12x = 3
x x
(v)sec–1a– sec–1b = sec–1b–sec–1a (vi)tan(cos–1x) = sin(tan–12)
2x 1–x2
(vii)tan–11–x2+ cot–1 2x =3
BDwbU Qq c„ôv 173
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV 6.5 w·KvYwgwZK mgxKi‡Yi aviYv I msÁv
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
w·KvYwgwZK mgxKi‡Yi msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb,
w·KvYwgwZK mgxKiY m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ, w·KvYwgwZK mgxKiY, mgvavb
g~jcvV-
GK ev GKvwaK w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ mgwb¦Z mgxKiY‡K w·KvYwgwZK mgxKiY e‡j| GKwU w·KvYwgwZK
mgxKi‡Yi mv‡_ mswkøó ARvbv †Kv‡Yi ev †KvY mg~‡ni K‡qKwU wbw`©ó gvb Øviv mgxKiYwU wm× n‡e| myZivs
†hmg¯Í †KvY Øviv w·KvYwgwZK mgxKiY wm× nq Zv‡`i gvb wbY©q KivB w·KvYwgwZK mgxKi‡Yi mvaviY
mgvavb|
†Kvb w·KvYwgwZK Abycv‡Zi gvb wbw`©ó _vK‡j Abycv‡Zi m‡½mswkøó †Kv‡Yi AmsL¨ gvb cvIqv hvq|
sin =
1 l a
n‡j Gi ¶z`ªZg abvZ¥K gvb 45°| m¤úyiK †Kv‡Yi sine mgvb e‡j sin135°=sin45°| Avevi 45° I
ha
2
135° †Kv‡Yi mv‡_ †h mg¯Í †Kv‡Yi cv_©K¨ 360° A_ev 360° †Kv‡Yi ¸wYZK Zv‡`i sine Ges 45° †Kv‡Yi sine
s
th
1
mgvb A_©vr sin = | myZivs GB mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb =45°, 135°, 405°, 495°, 765°, – 225°, –315°, –
2
Pa
675°, .........BZ¨vw`| Ab¨ †Kv‡bv w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ Øviv MwVZ mgxKiY n‡Z GKBfv‡e †`Lvb hvq,
mgxKi‡Yi ARvbv †Kv‡Yi Rb¨ AmsL¨ gvb cvIqv hvq|GLb w·KvYwgwZK mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb, A_©vr ARvbv
AA
†Kv‡Yi Rb¨ cÖvß mg¯Í gvb GKwU ivwki mvnv‡h¨ wKfv‡e cÖKvk Kiv hvq Zv wb‡¤œ Av‡jvPbv K‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|
sin= 0mgxKi‡Yi mvaviY mgvavb
j¤^
†h‡nZz,sin=0; msÁvbymv‡isin=e¨vmva©†f±i = 0. Y
myZivs GKwU †Kv‡Yi mvBb AbycvZ k~b¨ n‡j j‡¤^i `~iZ¡ k~b¨ n‡e| Bnv ZLbB m¤¢e P(x,y)
hLb †KvY DrcbœKvix N~Y©vqgvb †iLvwU Ny‡i G‡m Avw` Ae¯’v‡bi †iLvwUi mv‡_ wgwjZ AwZfzR
j¤^
nq| N~Y©vqgvb †iLv Avw` Ae¯’v‡bi †iLvi mv‡_ cybivq wgwjZ n‡e, hw` Zv Avw`
Ae¯’v‡bi †iLvi mv‡_0, ±, ±2, ±3, ±4;BZ¨vw` †KvY Drcbœ K‡i Ges ZLb O f~wg
X
†KvY¸‡jvi Rb¨ mvBb Abycv‡Zi gvb k~b¨ n‡e|
= 0, ±, ±2, ±3, ±4 ;BZ¨vw`|
hw`nGi gvb k~b¨, A_ev †h †Kvb ALÛ msL¨v (abvZ¥K ev FYvZ¥K) nq, Z‡e nivwki mvnv‡h¨ Dc‡i cÖvß mg¯Í
†KvY, A_©vr mgxKi‡Yi mvaviY mgvavb cÖKvk Kiv hvq|
sinn‡j,=n,hLbnGi gvb k~b¨ A_ev †h †Kvb ALÛ msL¨v (abvZ¥K ev FYvZ¥K)|
cos 0mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb
f‚wg
†h‡nZz,cos=0,msÁvbymv‡i,cos =e¨vmva© †f±i =0.
BDwbU Qq c„ôv 173
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
myZivs, GKwU †Kv‡Yi †KvmvBb AbycvZ k~b¨ n‡j f‚wgi `~iZ¡ k~b¨ n‡e| Bnv ZLbB m¤¢e hLb †KvY DrcbœKvix
N~Y©vqgvb †iLvwU Ny‡i G‡m Avw` Ae¯’v‡bi †iLvi Dci j¤^ nq|
N~Y©vqgvb †iLv Avw` Ae¯’v‡bi †iLvi Dci j¤^ n‡e, hw` Zv Avw` Ae¯’v‡bi †iLvi mv‡_ ± 2, ± 3 2, ± 5 2 ,
.......BZ¨vw` †KvY Drcbœ K‡i Ges ZLb †KvY¸‡jvi Rb¨ †KvmvBb Abycv‡Zi gvb k~b¨ nq|
= ± , ± 3 , ± 5 , .............
2 2 2
hw` kGi gvb we‡Rvo Ges ALÛ msL¨v (abvZ¥K ev FYvZ¥K) nq, Z‡e k . 2ivwki mvnv‡h¨ Dc‡i cÖvß mg¯Í †KvY,
A_©vr mgxKi‡Yi mvaviY mgvavb cÖKvk Kiv hvq|
cos = 0 n‡j = k .
2
ev, = (2n+1) 2, hLbnGi gvb k~b¨ A_ev †h †Kvb ALÛ msL¨v (abvZ¥K ev FYvZ¥K)|
tan= 0Icot= 0mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb
sin
†h‡nZz, tan =0AZGe, cos = 0 A_©vrsin= 0ev = n
myZivs tan=0n‡j = n,hLbnGi gvb k~b¨ A_ev †h †Kvb ALÛ msL¨v (abvZ¥K ev FYvZ¥K)
a
cos
Avevi, cot = 0A_©vr, sin = 0A_©vrcos=0 l
ha
= (2n+1)
2
s
th
`ªóe¨: cosecIsecGi gvb KLbI 1A‡c¶v ¶z`ªZi ev –1A‡c¶v e„nËi n‡Z cv‡i bv| d‡j Zv‡`i gvb KLbI
k~b¨ n‡Z cv‡i bv|
Pa
D`vniY1:mgvavb Kiæb,sin3+sin5+sin7+sin9= 0
AA
mgvavb: sin3+sin5+sin7+sin9=0ev, (sin9+sin3) + (sin7+sin5) =0
ev,2sin6cos3+2sin6cos=0ev,2sin6(cos3+cos) =0
ev,2sin62cos2cos =0ev,4sin6cos2cos =0
n
sin6=0 ev, 6=nev, 6
cos2=0ev,=(2n+1) ev,= (2n+1) 4
2
Ges cos = = n.
hLb nGi gvb k~b¨ A_ev †h †Kvb ALÛ abvZ¥K ev FYvZ¥K msL¨v|
D`vniY 2:mgvavb Kiæb,sin5cos = sin6cos2
mgvavb: sin5cos = sin6cos2ev,2sin5cos = 2sin6cos2
ev,sin6+ sin4 = sin8+ sin4 ev,sin8 – sin6 = 0
ev,2cos7sin = 0
nq cos7 = 0 (2n + 1)
2
(2n + 1)
14
A_ev, sin = 0 n
hLb nGi gvb k~b¨ A_ev †h †Kvb ALÛ abvZ¥K ev FYvZ¥K msL¨v|
wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvskb I w·KvYwgwZK mgxKiYc„ôv 174
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
D`vniY 3: mgvavb Kiæb, tanx+tan2x+tan3x = tanx tan2x tan3x
mgvavb:tanx + tan2x + tan3x = tanx tan2x tan3x.
ev,tanx + tan2x = – tan3x + tanxtan2xtan3x
tanx + tan2x
ev, tanx + tan2x = – tan3x (1–tanxtan2x)ev, 1–tanxtan2x = – tan3x
ev,tan(x + 2x) = –tan3xev,tan3x = –tan3x
ev,2tan3x = 0ev,tan3x = 0
n
3x = nx =
3
hLb nGi gvb k~b¨ A_ev †h †Kvb ALÛ abvZ¥K ev FYvZ¥K msL¨v|
mvims‡ÿc-
GK ev GKvwaK w·KvYwgwZK AbycvZ mgwb¦Z mgxKiYB w·KvYwgwZK mgxKiY|
sinn‡j,=n,hLbnGi gvb k~b¨ A_ev †h †Kvb ALÛ msL¨v (abvZ¥K ev FYvZ¥K)|
cos = 0 n‡j, = (2n+1) , hLbnGi gvb k~b¨ A_ev †h †Kvb ALÛ msL¨v (abvZ¥K ev FYvZ¥K)|
2
tan=0n‡j = n,hLbnGi gvb k~b¨ A_ev †h †Kvb ALÛ msL¨v (abvZ¥K ev FYvZ¥K)|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 6.5-
l a
s ha
mgvavb Kiæb:
th
1. cos3 = cos2 2. sinm+ sinn = 0
3. cos9x cos7x = cos5x cos3x
Pa
AA
cvV 6.6 sin=r, cos=r, tan=rmgxKi‡Yi mgvavb
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
sin= r, cos= r, tan= rmgxKi‡Yi mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
AcÖvmw½K g~j wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã AcÖvmw½K g~j
g~jcvV-
mvBb (sine)-Gi Abycv‡Zi GKwU wbw`©ó gv‡bi Rb¨ cÖvß mg¯Í †KvY‡K GKwU mvaviY ivwki mvnv‡h¨ cÖKvk
g‡b Kiæb,GKwU ¶z`ªZg abvZ¥K †KvY hvi mvBb(sine)-Gi gvbr (r-Gi gvb1A‡c¶v e„nËi n‡e bv)| Avevi g‡b
Kiæb,†h †Kv‡bv GKwU †KvY hvisine-Gi gvbIrA_©vr, sin= r.
AZGe,sin = r = sin
BDwbU Qq c„ôv 175
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
A_ev, sin = sinev, sin – sin = 0
+
ev,2cos 2 sin 2 = 0
nq,sin 2 = 0 ev, 2 = m
ev, = 2mev, = 2m+
ev, = 2m +( – 1)2m----------------(1)
+ +
A_ev,cos 2 = 0 ev, 2 = (2m + 1) 2
ev,+ = (2m+1)ev, = (2m+ 1) –
ev, = (2m+1)+( – 1)2m+1----------------- (2)
n
(1)bs I(2)bs mgxKiY GKwÎZ K‡i cvIqv hvq,= n +(–1)
n-Gi gvb k~b¨ A_ev abvZ¥K I FYvZ¥K †h †Kvb †Rvo A_ev we‡Rvo c~Y© msL¨v n‡Z cv‡i|
hw` cosec= cosecnq Z‡esin=sin
n
n+(–1) ,†hLv‡bn-Gi gvb k~b¨ A_ev †h †Kvb ALÛ msL¨v (abvZ¥K ev FYvZ¥K)|
†KvmvBb(cosine)-Gi Abycv‡Zi GKwU wbw`©ó gv‡bi Rb¨ cÖvß mg¯Í †KvY‡K mvaviY ivwki mvnv‡h¨ cÖKvk
g‡b Kiæb,GKwU ¶z`ªZg abvZ¥K †KvY hvi †KvmvBb(cosine)-Gi gvbr (r-Gi msL¨vgvb1A‡c¶v e„nËi n‡e bv)|
Avevi aiæb†h †Kv‡bv GKwU †KvY hvicosine-Gi gvbrA_©vrcos= r
AZGe,cos = r = cosA_©vrcos = cos al
ha
+
ev,cos–cos = 0 ev,2 sin 2 sin 2 = 0
s
th
+ +
nq,sin 2 =0 AZGe, 2
= m
Pa
ev, + = 2m
AA
= 2m – ---------------- (1)
A_ev,sin 2 = 0AZGe, 2 = m
ev, – = 2m
= 2m + ------------------ (2)
(1)I (2)bs mgxKiY GKwÎZ K‡i cvIqv hvq= 2n±
†hLv‡b,n-Gi gvb k~b¨ A_ev †h †Kvb ALÛ msL¨v (abvZ¥K ev FYvZ¥K)
sec= secn‡j,cos= cos,
myZivs = 2n±†hLv‡bn-Gi gvb k~b¨ A_ev †h †Kvb ALÛ msL¨v (abvZ¥K ev FYvZ¥K)|
†Ub‡R›U(Tangent)-Gi GKwU wbw`©ó gv‡bi Rb¨ cÖvß mg¯Í †KvY‡K GKwU mvaviY ivwki mvnv‡h¨ cÖKvk
g‡b Kiæb,GKwU ¶z`ªZg abvZ¥K †KvY hvi U¨vb‡R›U(tangent)-Gi gvbr-Gi mgvb| Avevi aiæb†h †Kv‡bv
GKwU †KvY hvi U¨vb‡R›U-Gi gvbIrA_©vrtan= r.
AZGe,tan= r = tanA_©vrtan– tan = 0
sin sin sincos–cossin
ev,cos – cos = 0 ev, =0
coscos
sin()
ev,coscos = 0ev, secsec sin() = 0
wKš‘ secev,secKLbI k~b¨ n‡Z cv‡i bv|
AZGe,sin() =0AZGe,nev,= n +
wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvskb I w·KvYwgwZK mgxKiYc„ôv 176
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
†hLv‡bn-Gi gvb k~b¨ A_ev †h †Kvb ALÛ msL¨v (abvZ¥K ev FYvZ¥K)|
hw`cot = cotnq Z‡etan= tan
n + , †hLv‡bn-Gi gvb k~b¨ A_ev †h †Kvb ALÛ msL¨v(abvZ¥K ev FYvZ¥K)|
D`vniY 1:mgvavb Kiæb,coseccot = 2 3
1 cos
mgvavb: cosec cot= 2 3 ev, . =2 3
sin sin
ev,cos = 2 3 sin2 = 2 3 (1– cos2)
ev, 2 3 cos2 + cos – 2 3 = 0ev, ( 3 cos+ 2) (2cos– 3 ) = 0
wKš‘ 3cos+ 2 ≠ 0,KviYcosGi msL¨vm~PK gvb– 1A‡c¶v ¶z`ªZg n‡Z cv‡i bv|
2cos – 3 = 0.
3
cos= = cos = 2n ±
2 6 6
D`vniY 2:mgvavb Kiæb,sin22– 3cos2= 0
mgvavb:sin22–3cos2=0ev, (2sincos)2– 3cos2 = 0
ev, 4sin2cos2 – 3cos2= 0ev, cos2(4sin2– 3) =0
nq, cos2= 0 cos= 0
a
= (2n + 1)
2 l
ha
3
bvnq,4sin2– 3 = 0ev,4sin2= 3ev,sin2= 4
s
3
ev,sin= ± 2 = ± sin 3 ev,sin= sin ± 3
th
Pa
= n + (–1)n
3
AA
A_©vr= n± 3
AcÖvmw½K g~j (Extraneous roots):
w·KvYwgwZK mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb GKvwaK c×wZ‡Z Kiv hvq| mgvav‡bi c×wZ¸‡jv wfbœ n‡jI cÖK…Zc‡¶
mgvavb¸‡jv †_‡K Awfbœ †KvYmg~n cvIqv hvq| wKš‘ †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †¶‡Î ÎæwUc~Y© c×wZi Rb¨ mgvav‡bi mv‡_
Ggb KZK¸‡jv g~j cvIqv hvq †h¸‡jv cÖ`Ë mgxKiY‡K wm× K‡i bv| GB g~jmg~n‡K AcÖvmw½K g~j e‡j|
D`vniY 3:mgvavb Kiæb, cos+sin = 2
mgvavb:cÖ_g c×wZ:cos+ sin = 2
Dfq c¶‡K cosIsinGi mn‡Mi e‡M©i †hvMd‡ji eM©g~j A_©vr 12+12 = 2Øviv fvM K‡i cvIqv hvq-
1 1
cos+ sin=1ev, cos cos+ sin sin=1
2 2 4 4
ev, cos = 1 = cos
4
= 2n±0 = 2n +
4 4
wØZxq c×wZ:Dfq c¶‡KcosI sinGi mn‡Mi e‡M©i †hvMd‡ji eM©g~j Øviv fvMK‡i,
BDwbU Qq c„ôv 177
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
1 1
cos+ sin= 1 ev, sin cos+ cos sin= 1
2 2 4 4
ev, sin = 1 = sin
4
2
= m + (–1)m
4 2
g‡b Kiæb, m†Rvo msL¨v Gesm =2n
+ = 2n + (–1)2n
4 2
= 2n + – = 2n +
2 4 4
mwe‡Rvo n‡j g‡b Kiæb, m = 2n + 1
+ = (2n + 1) + (–1)2n+1 = 2n + –
4 2 2
= 2n + – –
2 4
= 2n+
4
l
A_©vr= 2n + , hLbnGi gvb k~b¨ A_ev †h‡Kv‡bv ALÛ msL¨v(abvZ¥K ev FYvZ¥K)| a
ha
4
Z…Zxq c×wZ: cos+sin= 2ev, sin= 2 – cos
s
ev, sin2 = 2 cos ev, sin2 = 2–2 2 cos + cos2
th
ev, 1–cos2= 2–2 2cos+ cos2ev, 2cos2– 2 2 cos + 1= 0
Pa
2
ev,( 2cos–1) = 0ev, 2 cos–1 = 0
AA
1
cos= = cos
2 4
= 2n±
4
wKš‘=2n – Øviv mgxKiYwU wm× nq bv|
4
wb‡Y©q mgvavb = 2n+
4
j¶Yxq: Z…Zxq c×wZ‡Z mgvavb Ki‡j ï× mgvavb2n + QvovI AviI GKwU AcÖvmw½K g~j2n – cvIqv
4 4
hvq, hv mgxKiYwU‡K wm× K‡i bv| mgxKiYwU‡K eM© Kivi d‡j GB mgm¨vi m„wó n‡q‡Q| Dfq c¶‡K eM© Kivi
d‡j wbw`©ó mgxKi‡Yicos–sin= 2mgxKiYwU AšÍf©y³ nq Ges cÖK…Z c‡¶2n+ g~jwU D³ mgxKiYwUi
4
mgvavb|
D`vniY 4:mgvavb Kiæb,sin+ cos = 2 sin 2
mgvavb: sin+ cos= 2 sin 2 ev, sin
2
cos =
2
2.2 sin cos
ev, sin
2
cos –2
2
sin cos =0
wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvskb I w·KvYwgwZK mgxKiYc„ôv 178
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
ev, sin cos = 0 ev, sin cos = 0
2
ev, sin cos ev, sin = cos
sin
ev, 1 ev, tan = 1 = tan
cos 4
k +
4
wKš‘ k Gi gvb we‡Rvo n‡j mgxKiYwU wm× nq bv|
myZivs wb‡Y©q mgvavb = k + hLb k Gi gvb ïb¨ A_ev k †Rvo msL¨v|
4
= 2n +
4
D`vniY 5:mgvavb Kiæb, cosec + sec = 2 2
1 1
mgvavb:cosec + sec = 2 2ev, sin + cos = 2 2
1 1
ev, cos + sin = 2 2 sin cosev, cos + sin = 2sincos
2 2
ev, sin cos + cos sin= sin2
a
4 4
ev, sin = sin2
l
ha
4
s
k
+ = k + (–1) 2
th
4
hLb k †Rvo, g‡b Kiæb,k = 2m
Pa
2m
+ = 2m + (–1) .2 = 2m+ 2
AA
4
= – 2m + = 2n + = (8n + 1) [ m = – n ewm‡q]
4 4 4
hLbk we‡Rvo, g‡b Kiæb,k = 2m + 1
+ = (2m + 1)– 2
4
3
ev, 3= 2m + – = 2m+ = (8m + 3)
4 4 4
(8m + 3) [ m = n ewm‡q]
12
D`vniY 6:mgvavb Kiæb, sinx + sin2x + sin3x = 0
mgvavb: sinx + sin2x + sin3x = 0ev, (sinx + sin3x) + sin2x = 0
ev, 2sin2x cosx + sin2x = 0ev, sin2x (2cosx + 1) = 0
n
nq, sin2x =0 2x = nx =
2
1 2
bvnq,2cosx + 1 = 0ev, cosx = – 2 = cos
3
BDwbU Qq c„ôv 179
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
2
x = 2n ±
3
n 2
AZGe, x = , 2n ±
2 3
1
D`vniY 7: mgvavb Kiæb, sin22– sin2 = 3 sin3
1
mgvavb: sin22– sin2 = 3 sin3
1
ev, (2sincos)2 – sin2 = (3 sin 4 sin 3 )
3
4
ev, 4sin2cos2– sin2 = sin – 3 sin3
4
ev, 4sin2 (1 – sin2) – sin2 – sin + 3 sin3 = 0
4
ev, 4sin2 – 4sin4 – sin2 – sin + 3 sin3 = 0
4
ev, 3sin2 – 4sin4 – sin+ 3 sin3 = 0
4 4
ev, 3sin2 (1 sin 2 ) – sin (1 sin 2 ) = 0
a
3 3 l
4
ha
ev, (3sin2– sin) (1 – 3 sin2) = 0
s
4
ev, sin (3sin– 1) (1 sin 2 ) = 0
th
3
hLb sin = 0 ZLb = n
Pa
hLb 3sin – 1 = 0 ZLb3sin=1
AA
1 1
ev, sin =3 = sin, †hLv‡b sin = 3
n
= n + (–1)
4 4 3
Avevi, hLb 1 – 3 sin2 = 0ev, 3 sin2 = 1ev, sin2 = 4
3
sin = ± 2 = sin
3
n
= n + (–1)
3
1
AZGe, = nn + (–1) hLb sin = 3 , n + (–1)
n n
3
D`vniY 8:mgvavb Kiæb,sin+ sin2+ sin3= 1 + cos+ cos2
mgvavb:sin+ sin2+ sin3= 1 + cos+ cos2
ev, sin+ sin3+ sin2 = cos+ 1 + cos2
ev, 2sin2cos + sin2 = cos+ 2cos2
ev, 2.2sincoscos+ 2sincos– cos– 2cos2= 0
ev, 4sincos2+ 2sincos– cos– 2cos2= 0
ev, 2cossin – cos+ 4cos2sin – 2cos2 = 0
wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvskb I w·KvYwgwZK mgxKiYc„ôv 180
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
ev, cos(2sin– 1) + 2cos2(2sin– 1) = 0
ev, (2cos2+ cos) (2sin– 1) = 0
ev, cos(2cos+ 1) (2sin– 1) = 0
hLb cos= 0 ZLb (2n +1)
2
1 n
hLb2sin – 1 = 0 ZLb sin = 2 = sin = n + (–1)
6 6
1 2
hLb2cos + 1 = 0 ZLbcos= – 2 = cos = 2n±
3 3
n
AZGe, (2n +1) , n + (–1) , 2n±
2 6 3
D`vniY 9:mgvavb Kiæb,a cos+ b sin=c,hLb a, b, caªæeK|
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb,a = r cosGesb = r sin,†hLv‡b GKwU ¶z`ªZg abvZ¥K †KvY GesrabvZ¥K|
a b
r = a2+b2, cos= Ges sin=
a2+b2 a2+b2
GLb cÖ`Ë mgxKi‡YaIbGi gvb ewm‡q cvIqv hvq,
r coscos+ r sin sin = c
ev,r(coscos + sinsin) = c
a
ev,r cos() = c l
ha
c
cos() = = cos
r
s
c c c
†hLv‡bGKwU ¶z`ªZg abvZ¥K †KvY hvicosineAbycvZr = A_©vrcos = 2 2
th
a2+b2 a +b
AZGe, – = 2n±
Pa
n+
AA
D`vniY 10:mgvavb Kiæb, sin7 – 3 cos4 = sin
mgvavb:sin7– 3 cos4 = sinev, sin7 – sin – 3 cos4= 0
7 7
ev, 2cos sin – 3 cos 4 = 0
2 2
ev, 2cos4sin3 – 3 cos4 = 0ev, cos4 (2sin3 – 3 ) = 0
nq,cos4 = 02n + 1) = (2n + 1)
2 8
3
A_ev, 2sin3 – 3 = 0ev, sin3 = 2 = sin
3
n n n n
3= n + (–1)
3
=
3
+ (–1) = 3n 1
9 9
2mp
D`vniY 11: m tan n sec p mgxKi‡Yi `yBwU g~j I n‡j cÖgvY Kiæb †h, tan( )
m2 n2
mgvavb:cÖ`Ë mgxKiYwU, m tan n sec p
ev, n sec p m tan ev, n sec 2 p m tan 2
ev, n 2 (1 tan 2 ) p 2 2mp tan m 2 tan 2
ev, (m 2 n 2 ) tan 2 2mp tan ( p 2 m 2 ) 0 -------------- (i)
BDwbU Qq c„ôv 181
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
(i) nj tan Gi GKwU wØNvZ mgxKiY| †h‡nZz kZ©vbymv‡i I cÖ`Ë mgxKi‡Yi `yBwU g~j,
myZivs, tan I tan G mgxKi‡Yi `yBwU g~j|
2mp p 2 n2
tan tan 2 2
Ges tan tan 2 2
m n m n
2 mp
tan tan 2 2 2 mp
GLb, tan( ) m 2 n 2 2
1 tan tan p n m p2
1 2
m n2
mvims‡ÿc-
n
sin = r = sin, n‡jn +(–1) ,†hLv‡bn-Gi gvb k~b¨ A_ev †h †Kvb ALÛ msL¨v (abvZ¥K ev
FYvZ¥K)|
cos=r = cos n‡j= 2n±†hLv‡bn-Gi gvb k~b¨ A_ev †h †Kvb ALÛ msL¨v (abvZ¥K ev
FYvZ¥K)|
tan = r= tan n‡jn+ , †hLv‡bn-Gi gvb k~b¨ A_ev †h †Kvb ALÛ msL¨v|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 6.6-
l a
ha
mgvavb Kiæb:
1. tan3 – sec2= 4tan2 – 5tan 2. cot 2 cos sin
s
3. 5sin2x + cos2x = 4 4. sec2 + tan2 = 3tan
th
cos
5. + tan = 2 6.sinx + 3cosx = 2
Pa
1+sin
7. tan+ tan2+ tan3 = 0 8. 2 sin tan 1 tan 2 sin
AA
cvV 6.7 K‡qKwU we‡kl †ÿ‡Î w·KvYwgwZK mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
sin= 1 n‡j mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
cos= 1 n‡j mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã AbycvZ
g~jcvV-
sine A_ev cosine Abycv‡Zi gvb 1 ev –1 Gi mgvb n‡j, †mB mgxKiY mgvavb K‡i ARvbv †Kv‡Yi Rb¨ †h
gvbmg~n cvIqv hvq Zv‡`i‡K GKwU Avjv`v ai‡bi ivwki mvnv‡h¨ cÖKvk Kiv hvq| wb‡¤œ GB ai‡bi PviwU `„óv‡šÍi
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvskb I w·KvYwgwZK mgxKiYc„ôv 182
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
(i) g‡b Kiæb, sin=1 Zvn‡j, sin= sin
2
m
= m +(–1) , hLb m Gi gvb k~b¨, A_ev GKwU ALÛ msL¨v|
2
hw` m Gi gvb †Rvo nq, A_©vr m = 2n (n GKwU ALÛ msL¨v) nq, Zvn‡j,
= 2n + = (4n + 1)
2 2
hw` m Gi gvb we‡Rvo nq, A_©vr m = 2n + 1 (n GKwU ALÛ msL¨v) nq, Zvn‡j,
= (2n + 1)– = 2n+ – = 2n + = (4n + 1)
2 2 2 2
myZivs sin=1 n‡j = (4n + 1) , hLb n Gi gvb k~b¨, A_ev †h †Kvb ALÛ msL¨v|
2
(ii) g‡b Kiæb, sin= – 1
Zvn‡j, sin= – sin = sin
2 2
m + (–1)m. , hLb m Gi gvb k~b¨, A_ev †h †Kvb ALÛ msL¨v|
2
a
hw` m Gi gvb †Rvo nq. A_©vr m = 2n (n GKwU ALÛ msL¨v) nq, Zvn‡j,
l
ha
= 2n – = (4n – 1)
2 2
s
hw` m Gi gvb we‡Rvo nq, A_©vr m = 2n–1 (n GKwU ALÛ msL¨v) nq, Zvn‡j
th
= (2n – 1)– = 2n – + = 2n– = (4n – 1) .
Pa
2 2 2 2
AA
myZivs, sin = – 1 n‡j, = (4n – 1) , hLb n Gi gvb k~b¨ A_ev †h †Kvb ALÛ msL¨v|
2
Abyiƒcfv‡e mn‡RB †`Lv‡bv hvq,
(iii) hw` cos= 1 nq, Z‡e = 2n;
(iv) hw` cos= – 1 nq, Z‡e = (2n + 1).
D`vniY1:mgvavb Kiæb,cos+ sin+ 2 = 0
mgvavb: cos+ sin+ 2 = 0 ev, cos+sin = – 2
1 1
ev, cos+ sin = –1ev, coscos + sin sin = – 1
2 2 4 4
ev, cos (– ) = –1
4
– = (2n + 1) (2n + 1) +
4 4
5
ev, = 2n + + = 2n + (8n + 5)
4 4 4
D`vniY 2: mgvavb Kiæb,sin– 2 = cos2
mgvavb: sin– 2 = cos2
ev, sin– 2 = 1 – 2sin2ev,2sin2+ sin –3=0
BDwbU Qq c„ôv 183
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
ev, 2sin2– 2sin+ 3sin– 3 = 0ev, 2sin(sin– 1) + 3(sin– 1) = 0
ev, (sin– 1) (2sin+ 3) = 0
wKš‘2sin+ 3 ≠ 0, KviY sin Gi msL¨vg~jK gvb 1 A‡c¶v e„nËi n‡Z cv‡i bv|
sin– 1 = 0ev, sin= 1
(4n + 1)
2
mvims‡ÿc-
sin=1 n‡j = (4n + 1) , hLb n Gi gvb k~b¨, A_ev †h †Kvb ALÛ msL¨v|
2
sin= – 1 n‡j, = (4n – 1) , hLb n Gi gvb k~b¨, A_ev †h †Kvb ALÛ msL¨v|
2
hw` cos= 1 nq, Z‡e = 2n, hLb n Gi gvb k~b¨, A_ev †h †Kvb ALÛ msL¨v|
hw` cos= – 1 nq, Z‡e = (2n + 1), hLb n Gi gvb k~b¨, A_ev †h †Kvb ALÛ msL¨v|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 6.7-
a
mgvavb Kiæb: l
ha
1. tan+ cot= 2 2. cotxtanx = 2
3. 3cos– sin= 2 4.sin2x tanx + 1 = sin2x + tanx
s
th
Pa
AA
cvV 6.8 wbw`©ó e¨ewa‡Z w·KvYwgwZK mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
†Kv‡bv wbw`©ó e¨ewa‡Z w·KvYwgwZK mgxKi‡Yi mgvavbKi‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã e¨ewa, mgvavb wbY©q
g~jcvV-
c~e©eZx© cvV¸‡jv‡Z w·KvYwgwZK mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb A_©vr ARvbv †Kv‡Yi Rb¨ cÖvß mg¯Í gvb GKwU ivwki
mvnv‡h¨ cÖKvk Kiv n‡qwQj| eZ©gv‡b cv‡V wbw`©ó e¨ewa‡Z w·KvYwgwZK mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb A_©vr wbw`©ó e¨ewai
g‡a¨ cÖvß †Kv‡Yi gvbmg~n wKfv‡e wbY©q Kiv nq Zv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
D`vniY 1:mgvavb Kiæb,cos+ cos3+ cos5+ cos7= 0 hLb 0 <<
mgvavb:cos+ cos3+cos5 +cos7 = 0
ev, (cos7+ cos) + (cos5+ cos3) = 0
wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvskb I w·KvYwgwZK mgxKiYc„ôv 184
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
ev, 2cos4cos3 + 2cos4cos = 0ev, 2cos4(cos3+ cos) = 0
ev, 2cos4. 2cos2cos = 0ev, 4cos4cos2cos = 0
cos4 = 0 4 = (2n + 1) = (2n + 1)
2 8
cos2 = 0 2n + 1) (2n + 1)
2 4
Ges cos= 0 (2n + 1)
2
†hLv‡b n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ...................
hLb n = 0, ZLb = , ,
8 4 2
3 3 3
hLb n = 1, ZLb = , ,
8 4 2
5 5 5
hLb n = 2, ZLb = , ,
8 4 2
7 7 7
hLb n = 3, ZLb = , ,
8 4 2
wKš‘ 0 <<
a
3 5 7 3
= , , , , , Ges l
8 8 8 8 4 4 2
ha
D`vniY 2:mgvavb Kiæb,2sinx sin3x= 1 hLb 0<x<2
s
mgvavb:2sinx sin3x = 1ev, cos(3x – x) – cos(3x + x) = 1
th
ev, cos2x – cos4x = 1 ev, cos2x – (1 + cos4x) = 0
Pa
ev, cos2x – 2cos22x =0ev, cos2x (1 – 2cos2x) = 0
AA
GLb cos2x = 0 n‡j2x = (2n + 1)
2
x = (2n + 1)
4
1
hLb 1 – 2cos2x = 0ev, cos2x = 2 = cos
3
2x = 2n± x = n±
3 6
hLbn = 0, ZLb x = , ±
4 6
3 5 7
hLb n = 1, ZLb x = 3 , ± A_©vr x = , ,
4 6 4 4 4
5 5 11 13
hLb n = 2, ZLb x = , 2 ± A_©vr x = , ,
4 6 4 6 6
7 7 17 19
hLb n = 3, ZLb x = , 3 ± A_©vr x = , ,
4 6 4 6 6
wKš‘ 0<x<2
3 5 7 7 11
x = , , , , , ,
4 4 4 4 6 4 6
BDwbU Qq c„ôv 185
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
D`vniY 3:mgvavb Kiæb, 2sin2x + sin22x = 2 hLb –<x<
mgvavb:2sin2x + sin22x = 2ev, 2sin2x – 2 + sin22x = 0
ev, – 2(1 – sin2x) + (2sin x cosx)2 = 0
ev, – 2cos2x + 4sin2x cos2x = 0ev, – 2cos2x (1 – 2sin2x) = 0
ev, – 2cos2x. cos2x = 0
nq cos2x = 0ev, cosx = 0
x = (2n + 1)
2
Avevi, cos2x = 0 2x = (2n+1) x = (2n+1)
2 4
hLb n = 0, ZLb x = ,
2 4
3 3
hLb n = 1, ZLb x = ,
2 4
hLb n = – 1, ZLb x = – , –
2 4
5 5
hLb n = 2, ZLb x = ,
2 4
a
3 3 l
hLb n = – 2, ZLb x = – , –
ha
2 4
wKš‘ –<x <
s
3
th
x=± ,± ,±
4 2 4
Pa
D`vniY 4:mgvavb Kiæb, 3sin – cos = 2, hLb –2<<2
AA
3 1
mgvavb: 3sin – cos = 2ev, 2 sin–2 cos= 1
ev, sin cos – cos sin = 1
6 6
ev, sin (– ) = 1
6
= (4n +1)
6 2
4 2
= (4n + 1) + = 2n+ + = 2n + = 2n + = (6n + 2)
2 6 2 6 6 3 3
2
hLb n = 0, ZLb =
3
8
hLb n = 1, ZLb =
3
4
hLb n = –1, ZLb = –
3
wKš‘ –2<< 2
4 2
= – ,
3 3
wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvskb I w·KvYwgwZK mgxKiYc„ôv 186
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
D`vniY 5:mgvavb Kiæb,1+ 3 tan2 = (1+ 3 )tan hLb 0<<360°
mgvavb:1 + 3 tan2 = (1 + 3 ) tan ev, 1 + 3 tan2 = tan+ 3 tan
ev, 1 – tan + 3 tan2– 3 tan = 0ev, (1 – tan) (1 – 3 tan) = 0
hLb 1 – tan= 0 tan= 1 = tan
4
= n +
4
1
Avevi hLb, 1 – 3 tan= 0 tan= = tan
3 6
= n +
6
†hLv‡b n = 0, 1, 2, 3, .......................
hLb n =0, ZLb = ,
4 6
5 7
hLbn = 1, ZLb = + , + A_©vr = ,
4 6 4 6
9 13
hLbn = 2, ZLb = 2+ , 2 + A_©vr = ,
4 6 4 6
a
wKš‘,0°<<2 l
ha
5 7
= , , ,
4 4 6 6
s
th
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 6.8-
Pa
AA
1. mgvavb Kiæb,hLb 2 2
(i) cot tan 2 sec (ii) 3 cos sin 1
(iii) sin– 2 = cos (iv) sin 3 cos 3
(v) sin 3 cos 2 (vi) 4(sin2+cos) = 5
(vii) cos 3 sin 2
2. 4sin cos = 1 – 2sin+ 2coshLb0°<< 180°
3. cos7 = cos3 + sin5hLb–90°<< 90°
4. 4cosx cos2x cos3x =1 hLb 0 <x<
5. 4cot2= cost2– tan2hLb0°<< 360°
x x
6. sec2 = 2 2 tan hLb0 <x < 2
2 2
BDwbU Qq c„ôv 187
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
cvV 6.9 e¨envwiK
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvsk‡bi †jLwPÎ A¼b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
GKB QK KvM‡R w·KvYwgwZK dvskb Ges Gi wecixZ dvsk‡bi †jLwPÎ A¼b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã w·KvYwgwZK dvskb, wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvskb, †jLwPÎ
g~jcvV-
wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvsk‡bi †jLwPÎ A¼b
mgm¨v bs - 6.1 ZvwiL:
mgm¨v: ïay gyL¨gvb wb‡q y sin 1 x Gi dvsk‡bi †jLwPÎ A¼b Kiæb|
a
mgvavb: g~jZË¡: mvBb (sine) dvskbwUi †iÄ 1,1 Ges , e¨ewa‡Z m¼zwPZ mvBb dvskb GK-GK|
l
ha
2 2
AZGe mvBb dvsk‡bi wecixZ dvskb y sin 1 x , hvi †Wv‡gb 1,1 Ges †iÄ , |
s
th
2 2
cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY: QK KvMR, miæ wklhy³ †cwÝj, †¯‹j, B‡iRvi, kvc©bvi, mv‡qw›UwdK K¨vjKz‡jUi BZ¨vw`|
Pa
Kvh©c×wZ: 1. y sin 1 x mgxKiY n‡Z x-Gi wfbœ wfbœ ev¯Íe
Y
AA
gvb 1,1 e¨ewai Rb¨ y-Gi gvb wbY©q Kiæb Ges x-Gi (1, )
2
wewfbœ gv‡bi Rb¨ y-Gi cÖvß gv‡bi QK msKjb Kiæb|
2.GKwU QK KvM‡R ¯’vbv‡¼i Aÿ †iLv XOX I YOY
A¼b Kiæb|
3. QK KvM‡Ri x-Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg 20 e‡M©i ˆ`N©¨ =1
GKK Ges y-Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg 20 e‡M©i ˆ`N©¨ = 90o
O
2 X X
a‡i †¯‹j wbe©vPb Kiæb|
4. cÖvß mKj x, y we›`y QK KvM‡R ¯’vcb Kiæb Ges
we›`y¸‡jv gy³n‡¯Í mshy³ Kiæb| mshy³ †iLvB wb‡Y©q
y sin 1 x -Gi†jLwPÎ wb‡`©k K‡i|
(1, )
2
Y
dj msKjb:
x 0 .26 .50 .71 .87 .97 1
1 .97 .87 .71 .50 .26
90o 75o 60o 45o 30o 15o 0o 15o 30o 45o 60o 75o 90o
y sin 1 x
wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvskb I w·KvYwgwZK mgxKiYc„ôv 188
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
†jLwP‡Îi ˆewkó¨:
1. †jLwPÎwU g~jwe›`yMvgx|
2. †jLwPÎwU 1g I 3q PZzf©v‡M Aew¯’Z|
3. †jLwPÎwU Dfq A‡ÿi mv‡c‡ÿ cÖwZmg|
4. 1,1 e¨ewa‡Z †jLwPÎ Awew”Qbœ|
5. 1 x 1 e¨ewa‡Z †jLwPÎwU mxgve×|
mgm¨v bs - 6.2 ZvwiL:
mgm¨v: ïay gyL¨gvb wb‡q y cos1 x Gi dvsk‡bi †jLwPÎ A¼b Kiæb|
mgvavb: g~jZË¡: †KvmvBb (cosine) dvskbwUi †iÄ 1,1 Ges 0, e¨ewa‡Z m¼zwPZ †KvmvBb dvskb GK-
GK| AZGe †KvmvBb dvsk‡bi wecixZ dvskb y cos1 x , hvi †Wv‡gb 1,1 Ges †iÄ 0, |
cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY: QK KvMR, miæ wklhy³ †cwÝj, †¯‹j, B‡iRvi, kvc©bvi, mv‡qw›UwdK K¨vjKz‡jUi BZ¨vw`|
Kvh©c×wZ: 1. y cos1 x mgxKiY n‡Z x-Gi wfbœ wfbœ (1, 180o) Y
ev¯Íe gvb 1,1 e¨ewai Rb¨ y-Gi gvb wbY©q Kiæb Ges
x-Gi wewfbœ gv‡bi Rb¨ y-Gi cÖvß gv‡bi QK msKjb
Kiæb|
2.GKwU QK KvM‡R ¯’vbv‡¼i Aÿ †iLv XOX I YOY
A¼b Kiæb| l a
ha
3. QK KvM‡Ri x-Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg 20 e‡M©i ˆ`N©¨ =1
s
GKK Ges y-Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg 5 e‡M©i ˆ`N©¨ = 5o
th
36
a‡i †¯‹j wbe©vPb Kiæb|
Pa
4. cÖvß mKj x, y we›`y QK KvM‡R ¯’vcb Kiæb Ges
AA
we›`y¸‡jv gy³n‡¯Í mshy³ Kiæb| mshy³ †iLvB wb‡Y©q X O (1, 0o) X
y cos1 x -Gi†jLwPÎ wb‡`©k K‡i| Y
dj msKjb:
x 1 .87 .71 .50 0 .50 .71 .87 1
y cos1 x 180o 150 o 135 o 120 o 90 o 60 o 45 o 30 o 0o
†jLwP‡Îi ˆewkó¨:
1. †jLwPÎwU g~jwe›`yMvgx bq|
2. †jLwPÎwU 1g I 2q PZzf©v‡M Aew¯’Z|
3. †jLwPÎwU Dfq A‡ÿi mv‡c‡ÿ cÖwZmg|
4. 1,1 e¨ewa‡Z †jLwPÎ Awew”Qbœ|
mgm¨v bs - 6.3 ZvwiL:
mgm¨v: ïay gyL¨gvb wb‡q y tan 1 x Gi dvsk‡bi †jLwPÎ A¼b Kiæb|
BDwbU Qq c„ôv 189
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
mgvavb: g~jZË¡: †Ub‡R›U (tangent) dvskbwUi †iÄ mKj ev¯Íe msL¨vi †mU Ges , e¨ewa‡Z m¼zwPZ
2 2
†Ub‡R›U dvskb GK-GK| AZGe †Ub‡R›U dvsk‡bi wecixZ dvskb y tan x , hvi †Wv‡gbGes†iÄ
1
, |
2 2
cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY: QK KvMR, miæ wklhy³ †cwÝj, †¯‹j, B‡iRvi, kvc©bvi, mv‡qw›UwdK K¨vjKz‡jUi BZ¨vw`|
11 7
Kvh©c×wZ: 1. y tan x mgxKi‡Y x 0, , , , , , BZ¨vw` wb‡q gvb y tan x Gi gvb `yB
12 6 4 36 3 18
11 7
`kwgK ¯’vb ch©šÍ wbY©q Kiæb| tan x tan x m~Î cÖ‡qvM K‡i x , , , , ,
12 6 4 36 3 18
gvb¸‡jvi Rb¨ mswkøó tan x Gi gvb¸‡jv wbY©q Kiæb|
2. y tan x x tan 1 y weavq DcwiD³ cÖwµqvq cÖvß gvb¸‡jvi x-Gi ¯’v‡b y Ges y-Gi ¯’v‡b x wj‡L Bbfvm©
†Ub‡R›U ( tan 1 x ) dvsk‡bi gv‡bi QK msKjb Kiæb|
2.GKwU QK KvM‡R ¯’vbv‡¼i Aÿ †iLv XOX I YOY A¼b Kiæb|
3. QK KvM‡Ri x-Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg 10 e‡M©i ˆ`N©¨ =1 GKK Ges y-Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg 5 e‡M©i ˆ`N©¨ = 5o
36
a‡i †¯‹j wbe©vPb Kiæb|
a
4. cÖvß mKj x, y we›`y QK KvM‡R ¯’vcb Kiæb Ges we›`y¸‡jv gy³n‡¯Í mshy³ Kiæb| mshy³ †iLvB wb‡Y©q
l
ha
y tan 1 x -Gi†jLwPÎ wb‡`©k K‡i|
s
7
th
Y (2.74, )
18
Pa
AA
(1, )
4
X O X
(1, )
4
7
(2.74, )
18 Y
dj msKjb:
x 0 .27 .58 1 1.43 1.76 2.74
y tan 1 x 0o 11 7
12 6 4 36 3 18
GKB QK KvM‡R w·KvYwgwZK dvskb Ges Gi wecixZ dvsk‡bi †jLwPÎ A¼b
GKB QK KvM‡R †Kv‡bv w·KvYwgwZK dvskb Ges Gi wecixZ dvsk‡bi †jLwPÎ A¼b Ki‡Z n‡j wb‡¤œi wel‡qi
cÖwZ jÿ¨ ivLv cÖ‡qvRb|
wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvskb I w·KvYwgwZK mgxKiYc„ôv 190
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
o g~j dvsk‡bi †Wv‡gb I †iÄ Ges †mwU †Kvb †Kvb e¨ewa‡Z GK-GK Zv wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e|
o g~j dvskb †h e¨ewai Rb¨ GK-GK ïaygvÎ †mB e¨ewa‡ZB dvsk‡bi wecixZ dvsk‡bi †jLwPÎ A¼b Ki‡Z
n‡e|
o y x †iLvi mv‡c‡ÿ †Kv‡bv dvsk‡bi †jLwP‡Îi cÖwZdwjZ wPÎB Zvi wecixZ dvsk‡bi †jLwPÎ|
mgm¨v bs - 6.4 ZvwiL:
mgm¨v: GKB QK KvM‡R y sin x Ges y sin 1 x (gyL¨gvb) dvsk‡bi †jLwPÎ A¼b Kiæb|
mgvavb: g~jZË¡: y sin x dvskbwUi †Wv‡gb mKj ev¯Íe msL¨vi †mU Ges †iÄ 1, 1 | wKš‘ ,
2 2
e¨ewa‡Z m¼zwPZ y sin x dvskbwU GK-GK| myZivs wecixZ dvskb y sin 1 x -Gi †Wv‡gb 1, 1 Ges †iÄ
2 , 2 Ges dvskb؇qi †jLwPÎ y x †iLvi mv‡c‡ÿ cÖwZmg|
cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY: QK KvMR, miæ wklhy³ †cwÝj, †¯‹j, B‡iRvi, kvc©bvi, mv‡qw›UwdK K¨vjKz‡jUi BZ¨vw`|
Kvh©c×wZ: 1. y sin x mgxKi‡Y x 0o , 15o , 30o , 45o , 60o , 75o , 90o BZ¨vw` gvb wb‡q y sin x Gi gvb `yB
`kwgK ¯’vb ch©šÍ wbY©q Kiæb| sin x sin x m~Î cÖ‡qvM K‡i x 15o , 30o , 45o , 60o , 75o , 90o
gvb¸‡jvi Rb¨ mswkøó sin x Gi gvb¸‡jv wbY©q Kiæb|
a
2. cÖvß mvBb ( sin x ) dvsk‡bi gv‡bi QK msKjb Kiæb|
dj msKjb - 1:
l
ha
x 90o 75o 60o 45o 30o 15o 0o 15o 30o 45o 60o 75o 90o
s
y sin x 0 .26 .50 .71 .87 .97 1
th
1 .97 .87 .71 .50 .26
3. y sin x x sin 1
y weavq DcwiD³ cÖwµqvq cÖvß gvb¸‡jvi x-Gi ¯’v‡b y Ges y-Gi ¯’v‡b x wj‡L Bbfvm©
Pa
mvBb ( sin x ) dvsk‡bi gv‡bi QK msKjb Kiæb|
1
AA
dj msKjb - 2:
x 1 .97 .87 .71 .50 .26 0 .26 .50 .71 .87 .97 1
y sin 1 x 90o 75o 60o 45o 30o 15o 0o 15o 30o 45o 60o 75o 90o
4.GKwU QK KvM‡R ¯’vbv‡¼i Aÿ †iLv XOX I YOY
Y (1, )
2
A¼b Kiæb|
y = sinx
5. QK KvM‡Ri x-Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg 20 e‡M©i ˆ`N©¨ =
2
Ges y-Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg 20 e‡M©i ˆ`N©¨ =1GKK a‡i
y = sin1x
†¯‹j wbe©vPb Kiæb|
6. dj msKjb - 1 G cÖvß mKj x, y we›`y QK KvM‡R
¯’vcb Kiæb Ges we›`y¸‡jv gy³n‡¯Í mshy³ Kiæb| mshy³ X O X
†iLvB wb‡Y©q y sin x -Gi †jLwPÎ wb‡`©k K‡i| 1
y = sin x
7. Avevi QK KvM‡Ri x-Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg 20 e‡M©i ˆ`N©¨
=1 GKK Ges y-Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg 20 e‡M©i ˆ`N©¨ =
2 y = sinx
a‡i †¯‹j wbe©vPb Kiæb|
(1, ) Y
2
BDwbU Qq c„ôv 191
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
8. dj msKjb - 2 G cÖvß mKj x, y we›`y QK KvM‡R ¯’vcb Kiæb Ges we›`y¸‡jv gy³n‡¯Í mshy³ Kiæb| mshy³
†iLvB wb‡Y©q y sin 1 x -Gi †jLwPÎ wb‡`©k K‡i|
gšÍe¨: †jLwPÎ n‡Z †`Lv hvq, cÖ‡Z¨‡K y x †iLvi †cÖwÿ‡Z cÖwZmg (KviY, cÖwZwU dvskb AciwUi wecixZ
dvskb)|
†jLwP‡Îi ˆewkó¨:
1. †jLwPθ‡jv g~jwe›`yMvgx|
2. †jLwPÎwU 1g I 3q PZzf©v‡M Aew¯’Z|
3. y sin x Ges Gi wecixZ dvsk‡bi †jLwPÎ `yBwU y x †iLvi mv‡c‡ÿ cÖwZmg|
mZK©Zv:
1. †jLwPθ‡jv GKB †¯‹‡j A¼b Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. we›`y¸‡jvi cÖwZ”Qwe AZ¨šÍ mZK©Zvi mv‡_ wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e, Zv bv n‡j wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvsk‡bi
†jLwPÎ mwVKfv‡e cvIqv hv‡e bv|
mgm¨v bs - 6.5 ZvwiL:
mgm¨v: GKB QK KvM‡R y cos x Ges y cos1 x (gyL¨gvb) dvsk‡bi †jLwPÎ A¼b Kiæb|
mgvavb: g~jZË¡: y cos x dvskbwUi †Wv‡gb mKj ev¯Íe msL¨vi †mU Ges †iÄ 1, 1 | wKš‘ 0,
l a
e¨ewa‡Z m¼zwPZ y cos x dvskbwU GK-GK| myZivs wecixZ dvskb y cos1 x -Gi †Wv‡gb 1, 1 Ges †iÄ
ha
0, Ges dvskb؇qi †jLwPÎ y x †iLvi mv‡c‡ÿ cÖwZmg|
s
cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY: QK KvMR, miæ wklhy³ †cwÝj, †¯‹j, B‡iRvi, kvc©bvi, mv‡qw›UwdK K¨vjKz‡jUi BZ¨vw`|
th
Kvh©c×wZ: 1. y cos x mgxKi‡Y x 0o , 30o , 45o , 60o , 90o , 120o , 135o , 150o , 180o BZ¨vw` gvb wb‡q
Pa
y cos x Gi gvb `yB `kwgK ¯’vb ch©šÍ wbY©q Kiæb|
AA
2. cÖvß †KvmvBb ( cos x ) dvsk‡bi gv‡bi QK msKjb Kiæb|
dj msKjb - 1:
x 180o 150 o 135 o 120 o 90 o 60 o 45 o 30 o 0o
y cos x 1 .87 .71 .50 0 .50 .71 .87 1
3. y cos x x cos1 y weavq DcwiD³ cÖwµqvq cÖvß gvb¸‡jvi x-Gi ¯’v‡b y Ges y-Gi ¯’v‡b x wj‡L Bbfvm©
†KvmvBb ( cos 1 x ) dvsk‡bi gv‡bi QK msKjb Kiæb|
dj msKjb - 2:
x 1 .87 .71 .50 0 .50 .71 .87 1
o o o o o o o o
y cos x 1
180 150 135 120 90 60 45 30 0o
4.GKwU QK KvM‡R ¯’vbv‡¼i Aÿ †iLv XOX I YOY A¼b Kiæb|
5. QK KvM‡Ri x-Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg 15 e‡M©i ˆ`N©¨ = Ges y-Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg 10 e‡M©i ˆ`N©¨ =1GKK a‡i
2
†¯‹j wbe©vPb Kiæb|
6. dj msKjb - 1 G cÖvß mKj x, y we›`y QK KvM‡R ¯’vcb Kiæb Ges we›`y¸‡jv gy³n‡¯Í mshy³ Kiæb| mshy³
†iLvB wb‡Y©q y cos x -Gi †jLwPÎ wb‡`©k K‡i|
wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvskb I w·KvYwgwZK mgxKiYc„ôv 192
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
7. Avevi QK KvM‡Ri x-Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg 10 e‡M©i ˆ`N©¨ =1 GKK Ges y-Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg 15 e‡M©i ˆ`N©¨ =
a‡i †¯‹j wbe©vPb Kiæb|
2
8. dj msKjb - 2 G cÖvß mKj x, y we›`y QK KvM‡R ¯’vcb Kiæb Ges we›`y¸‡jv gy³n‡¯Í mshy³ Kiæb| mshy³
†iLvB wb‡Y©q y cos1 x -Gi †jLwPÎ wb‡`©k K‡i|
(1, 180o) Y
y = co1x
(0o, 1)
X O (1, 0o) X
a
y = cosx
Y
l (180o, 1)
ha
gšÍe¨: †jLwPÎ n‡Z †`Lv hvq, cÖ‡Z¨‡K y x †iLvi †cÖwÿ‡Z cÖwZmg (KviY, cÖwZwU dvskb AciwUi wecixZ
s
th
dvskb)|
Pa
†jLwP‡Îi ˆewkó¨:
1. cos x -Gi †jLwPÎ 0, 1 we›`y‡Z y-Aÿ‡K †Q` K‡i Ges Gi wecixZ dvskb cos 1 x -Gi †jLwPÎ 1, 0
AA
we›`y‡Z x-Aÿ‡K †Q` K‡i|
2. y cos x Ges Gi wecixZ dvsk‡bi †jLwPÎ `yBwU y x †iLvi mv‡c‡ÿ cÖwZmg|
mgm¨v bs - 6.6 ZvwiL:
mgm¨v: GKB QK KvM‡R y tan x Ges y tan 1 x (gyL¨gvb) dvsk‡bi †jLwPÎ A¼b Kiæb|
mgvavb: g~jZË¡: y tan x , dvskbwUi †iÄ mKj ev¯Íe msL¨vi †mU Ges , e¨ewa‡Z m¼zwPZ †Ub‡R›U
2 2
dvskb GK-GK| AZGe †Ub‡R›U dvsk‡bi wecixZ dvskb y tan 1 x , hvi †Wv‡gb Ges †iÄ , |
2 2
cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY: QK KvMR, miæ wklhy³ †cwÝj, †¯‹j, B‡iRvi, kvc©bvi, mv‡qw›UwdK K¨vjKz‡jUi BZ¨vw`|
11 7
Kvh©c×wZ:1. y tan x mgxKi‡Y x 0, , , , , , BZ¨vw` wb‡q gvb y tan x Gi gvb `yB `kwgK
12 6 4 36 3 18
11 7
¯’vb ch©šÍ wbY©q Kiæb| tan x tan x m~Î cÖ‡qvM K‡i x , , , , , gvb¸‡jvi
12 6 4 36 3 18
Rb¨ mswkøó tan x Gi gvb¸‡jv wbY©q Kiæb|
2. cÖvß †Ub‡R›U ( tan x ) dvsk‡bi gv‡bi QK msKjb Kiæb|
BDwbU Qq c„ôv 193
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
dj msKjb - 1:
x 0o 11 7
12 6 4 36 3 18
y tan x 0 .27 .58 1 1.43 1.76 2.74
3. y tan x x tan 1 y weavq DcwiD³ cÖwµqvq cÖvß gvb¸‡jvi x-Gi ¯’v‡b y Ges y-Gi ¯’v‡b x wj‡L Bbfvm©
†Ub‡R›U ( tan 1 x ) dvsk‡bi gv‡bi QK msKjb Kiæb|
dj msKjb - 2:
x 0 .27 .58 1 1.43 1.76 2.74
y tan 1
x 0 o 11 7
12 6 364 3 18
4.GKwU QK KvM‡R ¯’vbv‡¼i Aÿ †iLv XOX I YOY A¼b Kiæb|
5. QK KvM‡Ri x-Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg 5 e‡M©i ˆ`N©¨ = 5o Ges y-Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg 10 e‡M©i ˆ`N©¨ =1GKK
36
a‡i †¯‹j wbe©vPb Kiæb|
6. dj msKjb - 1 G cÖvß mKj x, y we›`y QK KvM‡R ¯’vcb Kiæb Ges we›`y¸‡jv gy³n‡¯Í mshy³ Kiæb| mshy³
†iLvB wb‡Y©q y tan x -Gi †jLwPÎ wb‡`©k K‡i|
7. Avevi QK KvM‡Ri x-Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg 10 e‡M©i ˆ`N©¨ =1 GKK Ges y-Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg 5 e‡M©i ˆ`N©¨ =
5o a‡i †¯‹j wbe©vPb Kiæb|
l a
ha
36
8. dj msKjb - 2 G cÖvß mKj x, y we›`y QK KvM‡R ¯’vcb Kiæb Ges we›`y¸‡jv gy³n‡¯Í mshy³ Kiæb| mshy³
s
th
†iLvB wb‡Y©q y tan 1 x -Gi †jLwPÎ wb‡`©k K‡i|
Pa
Y y = tanx
AA
y = tan1x
X O X
y = tan1x
y = tanx
Y
gšÍe¨: †jLwPÎ n‡Z †`Lv hvq, cÖ‡Z¨‡K y x †iLvi †cÖwÿ‡Z cÖwZmg (KviY, cÖwZwU dvskb AciwUi wecixZ
dvskb)|
wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvskb I w·KvYwgwZK mgxKiYc„ôv 194
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 6.9-
1. †jLwPÎ A¼b Kiæb:
(i) y 2 sin 1 x (ii) y 2 cos 1 x (iii) y cot 1 x
2. GKB QK KvM‡R w·KvYwgwZK dvskb Ges Gi wecixZ dvsk‡bi †jLwPÎ A¼b Kiæb:
x x x x x x
(i) y sin I y sin 1 (ii) y cos I y cos 1 (iii) y tan I y tan 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb-
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b (1 - 19):
1. tan 1 1 Gi gyL¨ gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU?
3 3
(K) (L) (M) (N)
a
4 4 l 4 4
ha
7
2. tan 1 6 tan 1 Gi gvb KZ?
5
s
3 3
th
(K) (L) (M) (N)
2 2 4 4
Pa
1 1
3. tan 1 1 tan 1 tan 1 Gi gvb KZ?
2 3
AA
3
(K) (L) (M) (N)
2 2 4
4. sin tan 1 2 Gi gvb KZ?
1 1 2
(K) (L) 5 (M) (N)
2 5 5
5. sin cos 1 tan cos 1 x KZ?
1 x2
(K) x (L) x 1 x 2 (M) 1 x 2 (N)
x
6. wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvsk‡bi †ÿ‡Î-
1
(i) sin 1 Gi gyL¨ gvb 30 o
2
x
(ii) sin 1 x tan 1
1 x2
(ii) sin 1 x cos 1 x
2
Dc‡ii Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii (M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii
BDwbU Qq c„ôv 195
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
7. x cos n‡j-
(i) cos 1 x
(ii) cos 1 cos
(ii) cos 1 cos x
Dc‡ii Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii (M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii
wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 8 - 9bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b:
A sin 1 x, B sin 1 y
8. A 0 n‡j wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) x 0 (L) x 1 (M) x 2 (N) x 3
9. A B n‡j wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
2
(K) xy 1 x 2 1 y 2 (L) xy 1 x 2 1 y 2
(M) x 1 y 2 y 1 x 2 (N) x 1 y 2 y 1 x 2
10. tan AmsÁvwqZ n‡j -Gi mvaviY gvb †KvbwU?
(K) 2n (L) (2n 1) (M) (2n 1) (N) (2n 1)
a
2 2
11. cot x cot n‡j x -Gi gvb †KvbwU?
l
ha
(K) 2n (L) 2n (M) n (N) n
s
12. 2 tan 2 x tan 1 0 w·KvYwgwZK mgxKiY n‡j Gi mswkøó Pjivwk †KvbwU?
th
(K)0 (L) (M) x (N) tan
Pa
13. wb‡Pi †KvbwU cos 0 mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb?
AA
(K) (2n 1) (L) 2n (M) 2n (N) (4n 1)
2 2
14. wb‡Pi †KvbwU w·KvYwgwZK mgxKiY?
(K) 2 x 2 3x 1 0 (L) 2 x 3 y 9 (M) x sin 45 2 0 (N) 3 sin 2 0
wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 15 I 16 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b
f ( x ) cos x 1 GKwU w·KvYwgwZK dvskb
15. f ( x ) 0 n‡j mvaviY mgvavb †KvbwU?
(K) x 0 (L) x n , n (M) x 2n , n (N) x (2n 1)
16. f ( x ) 1 n‡j wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) x (L) (2n 1) , n (M) x 45 (N) x 180
2 2
1
17. cos n‡j 2 2 e¨ewa‡Z cos ec Gi gvb †KvbwU?
2
3 2 2 3
(K) (L) (M) (N)
2 3 3 2
18. sin 3 cos 3 n‡j Gi gvb †KvbwU?
(K) (4n 1) ,n (L) (4n 1) , n (M) (4n 1) , n (N) (4n 1) , n
12 6 4 2
wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvskb I w·KvYwgwZK mgxKiYc„ôv 196
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
1
19. sin x n‡j x Gi gvb-
2
(i) x hLb 0 x (ii) x n ( ) n hLb n (iii) x 2n hLb n †Rvo msL¨v
6 2 6 2
Dc‡ii Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii (M) i I iii (N) i , ii I iii
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:
x y
20. (i) 4 sin cos 1 2 sin 2 cos (ii) cos 1 cos 1
a b
(K) sin 1 x sin 1 y
n‡j †`Lvb †h x 1 y 2 y 1 x 2 1 |
2
x 2 2 xy cos y 2
(L)(ii) bs †_‡K cÖgvY Kiæb †h, 2 2 sin 2
a ab b
(M)(i) bs mgxKiYwU 0 e¨ewa‡Z mgvavb Kiæb|
21. w·KvYwgwZK dvskb, f ( x ) sin 2 x
(K)hw` tan 2 sec 1; 0 2 nq, Z‡e Gi gvb wbY©qKiæb|
(L)mgvavb Kiæb, 2 sin 2 x f 2 ( x) 2 hLb
(M)mgvavb Kiæb,
cos 2 x
cos x sin x |
l a
ha
f x
22. w·KvYwgwZK dvskb, f ( ) sin sin 2 sin 3
s
th
3
(K) Gi jwNô †Kvb gv‡bi Rb¨ cos Zv nq wbY©q Kiæb|
Pa
2
(L) f ( ) 0 n‡j mgxKiYwUi mgvavb Kiæb|
AA
(M) f ( ) 1 cos cos 2 n‡j mgxKiYwUi mgvavb Kiæb|
23. wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Kiæb Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi w`b:
A cos , B sin , C cos 2 , D sin 2
(K)gvb wbY©q Kiæb: cos tan 1 cot sin 1
(L) 3 A B 2 n‡j, mgxKiYwU mgvavb Kiæb|
(M) A B C D n‡j mgxKiYwUi 0, e¨ewa‡Z mgvavb Av‡Q wKbv hvPvB Kiæb|
2
DËigvjv-
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 6.4
4 25 1 5
18. (i)3 (ii)24 (iii) 3 (iv)14 21 (v)ab (vi) 3
(vii) 2– 3
BDwbU Qq c„ôv 197
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 6.5
2 2k 2k 1 n n
1. n , 2n 2. , 3. ,
5 mn mn 4 12
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 6.6
1. n , n hLb tan 2 3 Ges n hLb tan 2 3
4
n n 5 1 1
2. n , 1 hLb sin 3. n 4. n , n hLb tan
4 2 2 2 3 4 2
5 1
5. 2n 6. 2n , 2n 7. , n hLb tan
3 12 12 3 2
n
8. n , n 1
4 6
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 6.7
1. 4n 1 2. 4n 1 3. 2n 4. 4n 1 , n
4 8 6 4 4
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 6.8
a
11 7 5 3 11 3
1. (i) , , , (ii). , , ,
l (iii). ,
6 6 6 6 2 6 2 6 2 2
ha
5 19 5 23 5
(iv). , 0, (v). , , , (vi). ,
s
3 3 12 12 12 12 3 3
th
o o o
2. 30 , 120 , 150 3. 75 , 72 , 36 , 15 , 0 , 36 , 72o
o o o o o o
Pa
3 5 7 2
4. , , , , , 5. 45o , 135o , 180o , 225o , 315o
8 8 8 8 3 3
AA
3
6. , ,
4 4 4
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
1. L M K N K L
KK M 10. M M L K
N
N K M K N
wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvskb I w·KvYwgwZK mgxKiYc„ôv 198
w¯’wZwe`¨v
(Statics) 7
f‚wgKv: c„w_ex c„‡ô Avgiv Avgv‡`I Pvwiw`‡K bvbv ai‡bi e¯‘ †`L‡Z cvB hvi †KvbwU w¯’i Avevi †KvbwU
MwZkxj| w¯’i Ges MwZkxj GB `yBwU Ae¯’v‡K h_vµ‡g e¯‘i Ro Ae¯’v Ges MwZkxj Ae¯’v ejv nq| MwYZ
kv‡¯¿i †h kvLvq e¯‘i w¯’i Ae¯’v ev MwZkxj Ae¯’v Ges Zv‡`i ˆewkó¨ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv nqZv ‡Kej we`¨v ev
ejweÁvb (Mechanics) ejv nq| ej we`¨v Avevi `yBwU kvLvq wef³, GKwU w¯’wZwe`¨v (Statics) Ges AciwU
MwZwe`¨v (Dynamics) | eZ©gvb BDwb‡U w¯’wZwe`¨v wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
BDwb‡Ui D‡Ïk¨
GB BDwbU †k‡l Avcwb -
ejwe`¨vi cÖv_wgK aviYv I e‡ji wµqvwe›`yi ¯’vbvšÍiwewa eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
†Kv‡bv KYvi Dci Kvh©iZ `yBwU e‡ji jwä wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
wbw`©ó w`‡K GKwU e‡ji AskK wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
l a
ha
j¤^vsk‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ †Kv‡bv KYvi Dci Kvh©iZ mgZjxq ej‡Rv‡Ui jwä wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
†Kv‡bv KYvi Dci Kvh©iZ ej‡Rv‡Ui mvg¨ve¯’v Kx eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
s
th
†Kv‡bv KYvi Dci Kvh©iZ mgZjxq ej‡Rv‡Ui mvg¨ve¯’vi kZ© wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
e‡ji mvg¨ve¯’vi wÎfzR m~Î I jvwgi m~Î eY©bv, cÖgvY I cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
Pa
Roe¯‘i Dci wµqvkxj mgvšÍivj e‡ji jwä wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
AA
†j‡Li mvnv‡h¨ GKvwaK e‡ji jwä wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡ev©”P mgq 25 w`b
GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV 7.1: ejwe`¨vi cÖv_wgK aviYv
cvV 7.2: wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii ej
cvV 7.3: e‡ji wµqvwe›`yi ¯’vbvšÍi wewa
cvV 7.4:mgwe›`y `yBwU e‡ji jwä
cvV 7.5:wbw`©ó w`‡K `yBwU e‡ji AskK
cvV 7.6:e‡ji j¤^vskK
cvV 7.7:ej‡Rv‡Ui mvg¨ve¯’v
cvV 7.8:mvg¨ve¯’vi jvwgi Dccv`¨
cvV 7.9:mgZjxq ej‡Rv‡Ui mvg¨ve¯’vi kZ©
cvV 7.10:e¨envwiK
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
cvV 7.1 ejwe`¨vi cÖv_wgK aviYv
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
ejwe`¨v m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
w¯’wZwe`¨v I MwZwe`¨v m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
gyL¨ kã ej, ejwe`¨v, w¯’wZwe`¨v, MwZwe`¨v, wµqv‡iLv, cÖ‡qvMwe›`y
g~jcvV-
ejwe`¨vicÖv_wgKaviYv(Elementary idea of Mechanics)
mg‡qicwieZ©‡bimv‡_cvwicvwk¦‡© Kimv‡c‡¶hw`†Kv‡bve¯‘iAe¯’v‡bicwieZ©bbvN‡U,
ZLbHe¯‘wU‡Kw¯’ie¯‘ejvnq|Avevihw`mg‡qicwieZ©‡bimv‡_cvwicvwk¦‡© Kimv‡c‡¶e¯‘wUiAe¯’v‡bicwieZ©bN‡UwKs
ev NU‡Z _v‡K
ZLbHe¯‘wU‡KMwZkxje¯‘ejvnq|†Kv‡bve¯‘w¯’ievMwZkxj†h‡Kv‡bvGKAe¯’vq_vK‡Zcv‡i|w¯’iGesMwZkxjGB`yBwU
Ae¯’v‡Ke¯‘iRoAe¯’v Ges MwZkxjAe¯’v ejvnq| l a
ha
ej(Force):
s
ejGgbGKwUevwn¨Kwµqvhv†Kv‡bvw¯’ie¯‘iDciwµqvK‡ie¯‘wU‡KMwZkxjK‡iwKsevKi‡ZPvqA_evMwZkxje¯‘iDciw
th
µqvK‡ie¯‘wUiMwZicwieZ©bK‡iwKsevcwieZ©bNUv‡ZPvq|
Pa
ejwe`¨v(Mechanics):
AA
ejwe`¨vg~jZtMwYZkv‡¯¿iGKwUkvLv|MwYZkv‡¯¿i†hkvLvq†Kv‡bve¯‘iw¯’wZkxjwKsevMwZkxjAe¯’vwb‡qAv‡jvPbvKivn
qZv‡Kejwe`¨ve‡j|ejwe`¨v‡KcÖavbZt`yBfv‡MfvMKivhvq|h_v: (K) w¯’wZwe`¨v(Statics) (L)
MwZwe`¨v(Dynamics)|
(K)
w¯’wZwe`¨v:ejwe`¨vi†hAs‡k†Kv‡bvKYvevRoe¯‘iDciGKevGKvwaKe‡jiwµqvqïaygvÎZviw¯’wZkxjAe¯’vAv‡jvPbvK
ivnqZv‡Kw¯’wZwe`¨ve‡j|GBDwb‡Uw¯’wZwe`¨vm¤ú‡K©Av‡jvPbvKivn‡q‡Q|g~jZtGkvLvqe‡jicÖfv‡ew¯’ie¯‘iw¯’iAe¯’v
iAv‡jvPbvKivn‡q‡Q|
(L)MwZwe`¨v:
ejwe`¨vi†hAs‡k†Kv‡bvKYvevRoe¯‘iDciGKevGKvwaKe‡jiwµqvqïaygvÎZviMwZkxjAe¯’vAv‡jvPbvKivhvqZv‡K
MwZwe`¨ve‡j|GcvV¨cy¯Í‡KiAógBDwb‡UMwZwe`¨vm¤ú‡K©Av‡jvPbvKivn‡q‡Q|MwZwe`¨v‡KAvevi`yBfv‡MfvMKivn‡q‡
Q|h_v : (i) m~wZwe`¨v (kinematies) ev weï× MwZweÁvb, (ii) ej MwZweÁvb(kineties)
(i) m~wZwe`¨v: MwZwe`¨vi †h As‡k e¯‘i wewfbœ cÖKvi MwZ I MwZi d‡j Ae¯’v‡bi cwieZ©b Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq Zv‡K
m~wZwe`¨v e‡j| m~wZwe`¨vq g~jZ : †Kv‡bv KviY AbymÜvb Kiv nq bv A_©vr e¯‘i Dci cÖhyË ej‡K AMÖvn¨ Kiv nq|
(ii)ej MwZweÁvb: MwZwe`¨vi †h As‡k e¯‘i Dci cÖhy³ e‡ji m¤úK© I ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j Drcbœ MwZ wb‡q
Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq, Zv‡K ej MwZweÁvb e‡j|
e¯‘IAbpe¯‘(Body and Rigid
body):c`v‡_©i†h‡Kv‡bvmxgve×Ask‡Ke¯‘e‡j|Acic‡¶hLb†Kv‡bve¯‘iwewfbœAs‡kiDci†h‡Kv‡bvejcÖ‡qvMKivnq
w¯’wZwe`¨v c„ôv 200
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
ZLbhw`e¯‘iAvqZ‡bi†Kv‡bvcwieZ©bbvnqZvn‡jZv‡KAbpe¯‘e‡j|Abpe¯‘i`yBwUKYvi`~iZ¡me©`vBGKB_v‡K|w¯’wZw
e`¨viAv‡jvwPZmKje¯‘Abpe¯‘e‡jMY¨Kivhvq|
e‡jim~Pbv(Representation of force):
†Kv‡bvej‡Km¤ú~Y©fv‡eRvb‡Zn‡jGiPviwUwe‡kl¸Yevˆewkó¨m¤ú‡K©aviYv_vKvcÖ‡qvRb|†hgb:
(i)cÖ‡qvMwe›`y:ej†hwe›`y‡ZwµqvK‡i|
(ii)wµqviw`K:ej†hw`‡KKvRK‡i|
(iii)wµqv‡iLv:ej†hmij‡iLveiveiwµqvK‡i|
(iv)e‡jigvb:ej†hkw³‡ZwµqvK‡i Zv‡KB GK K_vq e‡ji gvb ejv nq|
ejGKwU†f±iivwk|†Kv‡bvKYviDci†h†hwe›`y‡ZejwµqvkxjnqZv‡KcÖ‡qvMwe›`ye‡j|†Kv‡bvGKwUejOwe›`y
n‡ZAGiw`‡KwµqviZn‡jOwe›`ywU‡KcÖ‡qvMwe›`yejvnqGesOn‡ZA-
Giw`Keivei†iLv‡Ke‡jiwµqviw`KejvnqGesZvOA Øvivm~wPZKivnq|Avevi OA †iLvskev OA
Øvive‡jigvbm~wPZnq|AO ØvivGLv‡be‡jiwecixZwµqviw`Kwb‡`©kK‡i|
mvims‡ÿc-
MwYZ kv‡¯¿i †h kvLvq †Kv‡bv e¯‘i w¯’wZkxj wKsev MwZkxj Ae¯’v wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq Zv‡K ejwe`¨v
a
l
e‡j| ejwe`¨v‡K cÖavbZt `yBfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v: (K) w¯’wZwe`¨v (Statics) (L) MwZwe`¨v
ha
(Dynamics)|
ejwe`¨vi †h As‡k †Kv‡bv KYv ev Ro e¯‘i Dci GK ev GKvwaK e‡ji wµqvq ïaygvÎ Zvi w¯’wZkxj
s
th
Ae¯’v Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq Zv‡K w¯’wZwe`¨v e‡j|
ejwe`¨vi †h As‡k †Kv‡bv KYv ev Ro e¯‘i Dci GK ev GKvwaK e‡ji wµqvq ïaygvÎ Zvi MwZkxj
Pa
Ae¯’v Av‡jvPbv Kiv hvq Zv‡K MwZwe`¨v e‡j|
AA
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 7.1-
1. ej ej‡Z wK eySvq? Av‡jvPbv Ki|
2. e‡ji ˆewkómg~n e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
cvV 7.2 wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii ej
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 201
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii ej m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
e‡ji wµqv I cÖwZwµqv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã Pvc, Uvb, Nl©Y, AvKl©Y, weKl©Y, IRb, wµqv, cÖwZwµqv
g~jcvV-
e‡jicÖKvi‡f`: †gvUvgywUfv‡eej‡K`yBfv‡MfvMKivhvq|h_v : (i) GKai‡bie‡jiKvRn‡jvMwZmÂviKiv;
GwUmwµqej| †hgb:mPje¯‘iUvbev†Vjv, cZbkxje¯‘iIRb, Py¤^KcÖf…wZiAvKl©YevweKl©YBZ¨vw`| (ii)
wØZxqai‡biejcÖZ¨¶fv‡eMwZDrcv`bK‡ibv, Zviv†KejMwZ‡K†ivaevcwieZ©bKi‡Zmg_© nq; †hgb: evav,
Nl©YcÖf…wZGBai‡Yiej|†Uwe‡jiDciGKwUeBivL‡j, eB-GiIRbeBwU‡Kwb¤œw`‡KMwZw`‡ZPvq,
wKšÍz†Uwe‡jicÖwZwµqvHMwZ‡Kevav†`q|GKwU`woiGKcÖvšÍnv‡Za‡iAcicÖv‡šÍGKwUcÖ¯ÍiLІeu‡awb‡PSzwj‡qw`‡j,
ZvifvievIRbwb‡Piw`‡KMwZmÂviKi‡ZPvq,
wKšÍz`woiUvbZv‡Zevav†`q|gvwU‡ZGKwUe¯‘Mov‡qw`‡jgvwUiNl©YcÖ_‡ge¯‘wUiMwZn«vmKi‡e,
†klch©šÍNl©YRwbZevavGiMwZKgv‡ZKgv‡ZZv‡KG‡Kev‡i_vwg‡q†`q|mvaviYfv‡eZv‡`i†Kv‡bvmwµqAw¯‘Z¡†bB|Zv
BGai‡biej‡Kwbw®ŒqevcÖwZwµqvejejvnq|cÖavbZt, GBwØZxq†kªYxie‡jiAv‡jvPbvBw¯’wZwe`¨vig~L¨welq|
e‡ji†kªYxwefvM:
w¯’wZwe`¨viAv‡jvPbvKv‡j†hmg¯Íe‡jimv‡_Avgv‡`icwiPqN‡U†mej¸‡jv‡KmvaviYZtK‡qKwUiƒ‡cfvMKivhvq|h_v:
l a
(i) Pvc: `yBwU e¯‘ cici ms¯ú‡k© Avm‡j G‡`i mvaviY ¯úk©we›`y‡Z †h ej m„wó nq ZvnvB Pvc| cv‡¤úi mvnv‡h¨
ha
dzUe‡j evZvm XzKv‡bv n‡j, dzUe‡ji wfZi n‡Z Pvwiw`‡K evZvm Pvc cÖ‡qvM K‡i| GKwU iwki `yBcÖv‡šÍ `yBwU
fvwi e¯‘ GKwU cywji Dci w`‡q Szjv‡j iwkwU cywji Dci Pvc m„wó K‡i|
s
th
(ii) Uvb (Pull or tension):†h ej Øviv `„k¨ gva¨‡g GKwU e¯‘ Aci GKwU e¯‘‡K GKm‡½ ivL‡Z †Póv K‡i, Zv‡K
Pa
Uvb e‡j| †hgb: `woi Øviv †Kv‡bv e¯‘‡K †eu‡a Uvb‡j `woi gva¨‡g †h ej cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq GwUB Uvb|
Avevi `„k¨ gva¨‡g †h ej Øviv GKwU e¯‘ Aci GKwU e¯‘‡K `~‡i mwi‡q †`q Zv‡K NvZ (Thrust) e‡j| †hgb:
AA
†Uwe‡ji Dci ivLv GKwU eB‡K nvZ w`‡q †V‡j w`‡j nv‡Zi gva¨‡g †h ej cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq GwUB NvZ|
(iii) Nl©Y ej (Friction): `yBwU e¯‘ G‡K Aci‡K ¯úk© Ki‡j ¯úk© we›`y‡Z Ggb GKwU e‡ji D™¢e nq| hv GKwU
e¯‘‡K Aci e¯‘i Dci w`‡q Mwo‡q †h‡Z ev PjvP‡ji euvavi m„wó K‡i †mB euvav ej‡KB Nl©Y ej e‡j| †hgb:
†Kv‡bv †Uwe‡ji Dci w`‡q †Kv‡bv ej‡K Mwo‡q w`‡j Nl©Y e‡ji Kvi‡Y ejwU wKQy`~i wM‡q †_‡g hvq| Agm„Y e¯‘i
Nl©Y ej †ewk Ges e¯‘Øq hZ †ewk gm„Y n‡e Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Nl©Y ej ZZ Kg|
(iv)AvKl©Y(Attraction) I weKl©Y(Repulsion): †hA`„k¨e‡jiKvi‡YhLb`yBwUe¯‘¯úk© ev
ms‡hvMQvovBci¯ú‡iiw`‡KAMÖminq evGKwUe¯‘iDci`~in‡ZejcÖ‡qv‡MiØvivwKsevci¯úi‡KwbK‡UUvb‡ZPvq,
ZLb†mBej‡KAvKl©Ye‡j|GKwUPy¤^K-kjvKvGKLÛ†jŠn-kjvKv‡K†hejØvivAvKl©YK‡i, †jŠn-
kjvKvZviwecixZgyLxmgvbejØvivAvKl©YK‡i|
Avevi†hA`„k¨e‡jiKvi‡Y`yBwUe¯‘†Kv‡bv¯úk©evms‡hvMQvovBci¯úin‡Z`~‡im‡ihvqevGKwUe¯‘AciGKwUe¯‘‡K`~‡i
mwi‡qivL‡ZPvq, ZLbHej‡KweKl©Ye‡j|†hgb`yBwUab-Zworhy³A_evFY-Zworhy³†jŠn-
kjvKvci¯úi‡KmgvbejØviv`~‡imwi‡q†`q|GwU‡KweKl©Ye‡j|
(v)IRb (Weight):†Kv‡bv e¯‘i Dci wµqvkxj AvKl©Y ej‡K e¯‘i IRb ev fvi ejv nq| e¯‘i IRb me©`vB e¯‘i
†Kv‡bv wbw`©ó we›`y w`‡q Lvov wb‡Pi w`‡K wµqvkxj nq; GLv‡b wbw`©ó we›`ywU‡Ke¯‘wUi fvi‡K›`ª ejv nq(centre of
gravity)| M.K.S.c×wZ‡Z e¯‘i IR‡bi GKKwK‡jvMÖvg|
w¯’wZwe`¨v c„ôv 202
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
(v)e‡ji wµqv I cÖwZwµqv(Action and Reaction): hLb †Kv‡bv `yBwU e¯‘ ci¯úi‡K ¯úk© ev AvNvZ K‡i ZLb
cÖ_g e¯‘ wØZxq e¯‘‡K †h Pvc ev †Vjv †`q,Zv‡K wµqv (Action) e‡j Avevi †mB mgq wØZxq e¯‘wUI mgvb I
wecixZgyLx GKwU Pvc cÖ_g e¯‘i w`‡K †`q, ZLb G‡K cÖwZwµqv (Reaction) e‡j|ÒcÖ‡Z¨K wµqviB GKwU mgvb
I wecixZ cÖwZwµqv Av‡QÓ hv wbDU‡bi Z…Zxq m~Î wn‡m‡e weL¨vZ n‡q Av‡Q|
gšÍe¨:(i) ms¯úk©RwbZ Kvi‡Y m„ó wµqv Ges cÖwZwµqv me mgqB mgvb I wecixZgyLx n‡q _v‡K|
(ii) hLb GKwU e¯‘ Aci †Kv‡bv e¯‘i mv‡_ ev gm„Y Z‡ji Dci Pvcm„wó K‡i ev e¯‘i IRb ZjwUi Dci w`‡K
wµqv K‡i wKsev †Kv‡bv Kâv Øviv ej¸‡jv mshy³ nq ZLb cÖwZwµqv mvaviY Z‡ji Dci j¤^fv‡e wµqv K‡i|
†Uwe‡jiDciGKwUeBivL‡jeBwUiIR‡biRb¨†Uwe‡jiDciwb¤œw`‡KGKwUPvc†`qGes†Uwe‡jIwecixZw`‡KA_©vrDc‡
iiw`‡KGKwUPvc†`q|GLv‡bGKwUAciwU‡KPvc†`qe‡jDf‡q¯úk©we›`y‡ZGKwUejAbyfeK‡i|†h‡Kv‡bvGKwUej‡Kw
µqvGesAciwU‡KcÖwZwµqvejvnq| hw` wµqv cÖwZwµqvi †_‡K †ewk nq Zvn‡j †UwejwU †f‡½ eB wb‡P co‡e|
mvims‡ÿc-
`yBwU e¯‘ cici ms¯ú‡k© Avm‡j G‡`i mvaviY ¯úk©we›`y‡Z †h ej m„wó nq ZvnvB Pvc|
†h ej Øviv `„k¨ gva¨‡g GKwU e¯‘ Aci GKwU e¯‘‡K GKm‡½ ivL‡Z †Póv K‡i, Zv‡K Uvb e‡j| †hgb:
`woi Øviv †Kv‡bv e¯‘‡K †eu‡a Uvb‡j `woi gva¨‡g †h ej cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq GwUB Uvb|
`yBwU e¯‘ G‡K Aci‡K ¯úk© Ki‡j ¯úk© we›`y‡Z Ggb GKwU e‡ji D™¢e nq| hv GKwU e¯‘‡K Aci e¯‘i
Dci w`‡q Mwo‡q †h‡Z ev PjvP‡ji euvavi m„wó K‡i †mB euvav ej‡KB Nl©Y ej e‡j|
†h A`„k¨ e‡ji Kvi‡Y hLb `yBwU e¯‘ ¯úk© ev ms‡hvM QvovB ci¯ú‡ii w`‡K AMÖmi nq ev GKwU e¯‘i
a
l
Dci `~i n‡Z ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi Øviv wKsev ci¯úi‡K wbK‡U Uvb‡Z Pvq, ZLb †mB ej‡K AvKl©Y e‡j|
ha
†h A`„k¨ e‡ji Kvi‡Y `yBwU e¯‘ †Kv‡bv ¯úk© ev ms‡hvM QvovB ci¯úi n‡Z `~‡i m‡i hvq ev GKwU e¯‘
Aci GKwU e¯‘‡K `~‡i mwi‡q ivL‡Z Pvq, ZLb H ej‡K weKl©Y e‡j|
s
†Kv‡bv e¯‘i Dci wµqvkxj AvKl©Y ej‡K e¯‘i IRb ev fvi ejv nq| e¯‘i IRb me©`vB e¯‘i †Kv‡bv
th
wbw`©ó we›`y w`‡q Lvov wb‡Pi w`‡K wµqvkxj nq; GLv‡b wbw`©ó we›`ywU‡K e¯‘wUi fvi‡K›`ª ejv nq|
Pa
hLb †Kv‡bv `yBwU e¯‘ ci¯úi‡K ¯úk© ev AvNvZ K‡i ZLb cÖ_g e¯‘ wØZxq e¯‘‡K †h Pvc ev †Vjv †`q,
Zv‡K wµqv (Action) e‡j Avevi †mB mgq wØZxq e¯‘wUI mgvb I wecixZgyLx GKwU Pvc cÖ_g e¯‘i w`‡K
AA
†`q, ZLb G‡K cÖwZwµqv (Reaction) e‡j|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 7.2-
1. wewfbœ cÖKvi e‡ji msÁv wjLyb|
2. e‡ji wµqv I cÖwZwµqv Av‡jvPbv Ki|
cvV 7.3 e‡ji wµqvwe›`yi ¯’vbvšÍi wewa
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
†f±i ivwk wn‡m‡e ej‡K cÖKvk Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 203
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
e‡ji wµqvwe›`yi ¯’vbvšÍi m~Î eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
mgvb ej I e‡ji mvg¨e¯’v eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
e‡ji wewfbœ GKK eY©bv Ki‡Z ci‡eb|
gyL¨ kã †f±i, ¯’vbvšÍi m~Î, mvg¨e¯’v, GKK
g~jcvV-
†f±iivwkwnmv‡eej(Force as a vector Quantity):
e‡jicÖK…wZevag©we‡kølYKi‡j†`Lvhv‡e†h, Gi(i)w`K, (ii)gvbI(iii)cÖ‡qvM-
we›`y;GBwZbwUwe‡klZ¡Av‡Q|†hivwkiw`KIgvbDfqBAv‡QZv‡K†f±iivwke‡j|e‡jiIw`KGesgvbAv‡Q,
Kv‡RBDnvGKwU†f±iivwk|GLb,
GKwU†iLvs‡kiIˆ`N©¨Iw`K_v‡KGes†Kv‡bvwbw`©ówe›`yn‡ZBnvA¼bKivhvq|myZivsGiGKwUwbw`©óAe¯’vbAv‡Q|AZGe
mij‡iLvI†f±iivwkÁvcK|cÖ‡Z¨Ke‡jiGKwUwbw`©ógvb_v‡KGesGKwUwbw`©ówe›`y‡ZZvwµqvK‡i|mij‡iLvA¼bKi‡
Zn‡j†Kv‡bvwbw`©ówe›`yn‡ZAvi¤¢K‡i†Kv‡bvwbw`©ów`‡Kwbw`©óˆ`‡N©¨imgvbK‡iA¼bKi‡Znq|myZivsmij‡iLvev†iLvs‡k
imvnv‡h¨†h‡Kv‡bvej‡KcÖKvkKivhvq|G¯’‡jmij‡iLv†hwe›`yn‡ZAw¼Znq, †mBwe›`y‡Ke‡jicÖviw¤¢Kwe›`y,
†iLviˆ`N©¨Øvive‡jigvbGescÖviw¤¢Kwe›`yn‡Z†iLvwU†hw`‡Kwe¯ÍvwiZ†mBwbw`©ów`KØvive‡jiw`Kwb‡`©wkZnq|
a
e‡ji¯’vbvšÍim~Î(The principle of transmissibility of a force):
l
GKwUej†Kv‡bv`„pe¯‘i†Kv‡bvGKwUwe›`y‡Zwµqvkxjn‡j
ha
hw`Giwµqv‡iLveiveie¯‘wUiAciGKwe›`y‡Zhw`GicÖ‡qvMwe›`yi¯’vbvšÍiKivnq,
s
Zvn‡je¯‘wUiDciejwUiwµqvd‡ji†Kv‡bvcwieZ©bn‡ebv|GwUBe‡jicÖ‡qvMwe›`y ¯’vbvšÍim~Î|
th
g‡bKiæb†Kv‡bvGKwU`„pe¯‘iDciAwe›`y‡ZAX eiveiPGKwUejwµqvkxj| GLb hw` AX †iLvi DciBwe›`y‡ZBA
Pa
GesAB eivei`yBwecixZw`‡Khw``yBwUci¯úimgvbIwecixZgyLxejPcÖ‡qvMKivnq,
AA
Zvn‡jH`yBwUmgvbejmvg¨ve¯’vq_vKvqci¯úi‡KwµqvnxbKi‡eGescÖ_gcÖhy³ejP-
GiDciG‡`i†Kv‡bvcÖfve†dj‡ebv|
GLbAwe›`y‡ZwµqvkxjejPGesBwe›`y‡ZwµqvkxjGiwecixZ mgvbejPDf‡qwg‡jmvg¨ve¯’vim„wóK‡i| Zvn‡jAX
Awfgy‡LevBXeiveiBwe›`y‡ZwµqvkxjAewkóPejwUAwe›`y‡ZwµqviZcÖ_gcÖh³ y ejP-
imgvbejwn‡m‡ewµqvKi‡Z_v‡K|AZGee‡ji¯’vbvšÍi‡YiwbqgcÖgvwYZn‡jv|
gšÍe¨:†Kv‡bve‡jiwµqv‡iLviDcwi¯’†h‡Kv‡bvwe›`y‡KGe‡jiwµqvwe›`ywn‡m‡eMY¨Kivhvq|
mgvbejIe‡ji mvg¨e¯’v(Equal forces and equilibrium of forces):
ejwe`¨vq`yBwUmgvbejej‡ZGgb`yBwUejeySvqhv‡`icÖ‡Z¨‡Kmgvbmgvbf‡iiDciwµqvkxjn‡jmgvbmgvbZ¡iYDrcbœ
nq|w¯’wZwe`¨vqmgvb ejej‡Z–wecixZgyLx`yBwUe‡jiwµqvm‡Ë¡Ihw`GKwUe¯‘-KYvw¯’i_v‡K,
Z‡eHej`yBwU‡Kmgvbejvnq|
`yBwUmgvbe‡jiwecixZgyLxwµqvqwKsev, `yB-GiAwaKe‡jiwµqv‡ZIe¯‘we‡klw¯’ievmvg¨e¯’vq_vK‡Zcv‡i|myZivs
hw``yBevZ‡ZvwaKe‡jiAaxbGKwUe¯‘w¯’i_v‡K, ZLb
ejmvg¨(equilibrium)cÖwZwôZnq|GBiƒc†¶‡Îej¸‡jv‡Kmvg¨ve¯’vqAv‡Qejvnq|mvg¨ve¯’vqwµqvkxjejmg~‡nijwä
ejk~b¨|
w¯’wZwe`¨v c„ôv 204
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
†eM
e‡ji GKK(Units of Fore): Avgiv Rvwb ej F = ma A_©vr, ej = fi Z¡iY = fi mgq
(i) M. K. S. c×wZ‡Z e‡ji cig GKK wbDUb| A_©vr 1 N = 1 kg 1 m/sec2; GwU‡K e‡ji Ab¨‡c¶ GKK ejv
nq|
(ii) F. P. S. c×wZ‡Z e‡ji cig GKK cvDÛvj (Poundal) A_©vr 1 cvDÛvj = 1 cvDÛ 1 dzU/†m.2
(iii) C. G. S. c×wZ‡Z e‡ji cig GKK WvBb (Dyne)| A_©vr 1 WvBb = 1 MÖvg 1 †m.wg./†m.2
cvDÛvj I WvB‡bi g‡a¨ m¤úK©:
1 cvDÛvj = 1 cvDÛ 1 dzU/†m.2 = 453.6 MÖvg 30.48 †m.wg./†m.2= 13825.728 WvBb|
wbDUb I WvB‡bi g‡a¨ m¤úK©:
1 wbDUb = 1 wK‡jvMÖvg 1 wgUvi/†m.2 = 1000 MÖvg 100 †m. wg./†m.2= 105WvBb|
106 WvBb = 10 wbDUb = 1 †gMvWvBb|
(iv) AwfKl©xq GKK:C. G. S. c×wZ‡Z e‡ji cig GKK WvBb Ges AwfKl©xq GKK MÖvg-IRb| c„w_ex Gi
gva¨Kl©Y kw³i Rb¨ †h cwigvY ej Øviv GK MÖvg fi‡K AvKl©Y K‡i Zv‡K MÖvg-IRb e‡j| GB c×wZ‡Z GK
MÖvg-IRb ej GK MÖvg f‡ii Dci Kvh©iZ n‡jg cwigvY Z¡iY m„wó nq| GLv‡bg-Gi gvb (cÖvq) 980 †m.
wg./†m.2| WvBb‡K MÖvg-IR‡b cÖKvk Ki‡Z n‡j 980 Øviv G‡K fvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
M. K. S. c×wZ‡Z e‡ji cig GKK wbDUb Ges AwfKl©xq GKK wK‡jvMÖvg-IRb|myZivs 1 wK‡jvMÖvg-IRb =
9.80 wbDUb| l a
ha
eZ©gv‡b cwigv‡ci Rb¨ SI GKK e¨envi nq †hLv‡b ˆ`‡N©¨i GKK wgUvi, f‡ii GKK wK‡jvMÖvg Ges mg‡qi
GKK †m‡KÛ|
s
th
mvims‡ÿc-
Pa
e‡ji cÖK…wZ ev ag© we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e †h, Gi (i)w`K, (ii)gvb I (iii)cÖ‡qvM-we›`y; GB wZbwU
AA
we‡klZ¡ Av‡Q| †h ivwki w`K I gvb DfqB Av‡Q Zv‡K †f±i ivwk e‡j| e‡jiI w`K Ges gvb Av‡Q,
Kv‡RB Dnv GKwU †f±i ivwk|
GKwU ej †Kv‡bv `„p e¯‘i †Kv‡bv GKwU we›`y‡Z wµqvkxj n‡j hw` Gi wµqv‡iLv eivei e¯‘wUi Aci GK
we›`y‡Z hw` Gi cÖ‡qvMwe›`yi ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv nq, Zvn‡j e¯‘wUi Dci ejwUi wµqvd‡ji †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b n‡e
bv| GwUB e‡ji cÖ‡qvMwe›`yi ¯’vbvšÍi m~Î|
hw` `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e‡ji Aaxb GKwU e¯‘ w¯’i _v‡K, ZLb ejmvg¨ (equilibrium) cÖwZwôZ nq| GBiƒc
†¶‡Î ej¸‡jv‡K mvg¨ve¯’vq Av‡Q ejv nq| mvg¨ve¯’vq wµqvkxj ejmg~‡ni jwäej k~b¨|
†eM
Avgiv Rvwb ej F = ma A_©vr, ej = fi Z¡iY = fi mgq
(i) M. K. S. c×wZ‡Z e‡ji cig GKK wbDUb, F. P. S. c×wZ‡Z e‡ji cig GKK cvDÛvj, C. G. S.
c×wZ‡Z e‡ji cig GKK WvBb|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 7.3-
1. e‡ji wµqvwe›`yi ¯’vbvšÍi wewa m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2. e‡ji GKKmg~n eY©bv Kiæb|
BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 205
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
cvV 7.4 mgwe›`y `yBwU e‡ji jwä
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
mgwe›`y ej Kx eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
e‡ji jwä eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
e‡ji mvgvšÍwiK m~Î eY©bv I e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
e‡ji wÎf‚R m~Î eY©bv I e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã mgwe›`y ej, jwä, mvgvšÍwiK m~Î, wÎfzR m~Î
l a
ha
g~jcvV-
s
th
mgwe›`y ej (Concurrent Forces):
hw` `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e‡ji wµqv‡iLv GKwU we›`y‡Z wgwjZ nq, ZLb wµqviZ H ej mg~n‡K
Pa
mgwe›`y ej e‡j| wP‡Î P, Q, Rgv‡bi ejÎq †Kv‡bv e¯‘KYvi O we›`y‡Z wµqvkxj| GLv‡b
AA
P, Q, RejÎq mgwe›`y, †Kbbv G‡`i wµqv‡iLv ci¯úi O we›`y‡Z wgwjZ n‡q‡Q| O
we›`ywU‡K wµqvwe›`y ejv nq|
e‡ji jwä(Resultant of Forces)IDcvsk(Conponents):
hLb`yBevZ‡ZvwaKej†Kv‡bvRoe¯‘iDcihyMcrfv‡e(simultaneously)
wµqvkxjnqGesG‡`iwµqvidjvdj‡KGKwUgvÎejØvivm~wPZKivhvq, ZLb †mBcÖvßGKK(single) ejwU‡Kjwä
ejejvnq|hLb jwäe‡jicÖfveHe¯‘iDcicÖ‡qvMK…Zej¸‡jvimw¤§wjZwµqvimgvbnq ZLb
Hwµqvkxjej¸‡jv‡KBjwäe‡jiDcvsk(Component)ejvnq| R
Q
g‡b Kiæb, wP‡Î O we›`y‡Z P, Q, R ejÎq wµqv Kivq G‡`i wµqvi djvdj
S
GKwUgvÎ ej S Øviv m~wPZ Kiv hvq; Zvn‡j S ejwU P, Q, R ej·qi jwä ej
Ges P, Q, R ejÎq S e‡ji AskK| wµqvkxj KZK¸‡jv e‡ji jwä wbY©‡qi
c×wZ‡K ej ms‡hvRb Ges jwä e‡ji AskK wbY©‡qi c×wZ‡K ej we‡kølY ejv O P
nq|
gšÍe¨: GKvwaKe‡jiwµqvidjvdjB†hGKKe‡ji(single force) Øvivm~wPZnq†mBGKKejwU‡Kjwäej(Resultant
Force) ejvnqGesjwäejDrcbœKi‡Z†hwµqvkxjej¸‡jvAskMÖnYK‡i, †mBej¸‡jvicÖ‡Z¨K‡Kjwä
e‡jiAskK(Component)evDcvskeje‡j|
w¯’wZwe`¨v c„ôv 206
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
e‡jimvgvšÍwiKm~Î(Parallelogram Low of forces)
†Kv‡bve¯‘iGKwUwe›`y‡Zwµqvkxj`yBwUejhw` Hwe›`yw`‡qAw¼ZGKwUmvgvšÍwi‡Ki`yBwUmwbœwnZevûØvivgv‡b,
wµqv‡iLvq I w`‡K wb‡`©wkZnqZvn‡jej؇qijwäigvb, wµqv‡iLvIw`KmvgvšÍwiKwUi D³ mwbœwnZ
evû؇qiH†KŠwYKwe›`yMvgxKY©Øvivwb‡`©wkZn‡e|
g‡b Kiæb, †Kv‡bv e¯‘i Owe›`y‡Z wµqvkxj `yBwU ej PI QGes G‡`i‡K
h_vµ‡g OAGes OBØviv gv‡b I w`‡K m~wPZ Kiv n‡jv| GLb hw` OAGes
OB-†K mwbœwnZ evû a‡i OACBmvgvšÍwiKwU m¤ú~Y© Kiv nq, Zvn‡j Aw¼Z
KY© OCØviv ej `yBwUi jwä RGi gvb I w`K wb‡`©k Ki‡e|
†f±icÖZx‡Kimvnv‡h¨ejvnq, OA+OB=OC A_©vr P + Q = R
†h‡nZzACGesOBme©mgImgvšÍivj|AC= OB;myZivsPIQej`yBwUijwäR. OA+AC=OC
gšÍe¨: hw`Dwe›`y‡ZOC GesAB KY©Øq†Q`K‡i, Z‡eOC = 2 OD
GKBwe›`y‡ZwµqviZ`yBwUe‡jijwäigvbIw`KwbY©q(To find the resultant of two forces acting at a point in
a
magnitude and direction)
l
g‡b Kiæb,Owe›`y‡Z wµqviZ `yBwU ej P I Q, G‡`i ga¨eZx© †KvY Ges ej `yBwU h_vµ‡g OA
Ges OB Øviv
ha
w`‡K, gv‡b I wµqv‡iLvq wb‡`©wkZ nq|
s
GLb mvgvšÍwiK OACBm¤ú~Y© K‡i OChy³ Kiv n‡jv|
th
Zvn‡j, e‡ji mvgvšÍwiK m~Î Abymv‡i P I Qej`yBwUi
Pa
jwäOACBmvgšÍwi‡KiKY© OC = RØviv wb‡`©wkZ
n‡e|g‡bKiæbHjwäOA-
AA
imwnZ†KvYDrcbœK‡i|Zvn‡jAOC =
hvjwäiw`Kwb‡`©kK‡i|Cn‡ZOA evewa©ZOA -iDciCD
j¤^Uvbvn‡jv|
wPÎ I:GLbm~²‡KvYn‡j∆CADn‡Z, AC = OB = QGes CAD =
AD= ACcosCAD = QcosGesCD = ACsinCAD = Qsin
myZivs OD = OA + AD = P + Qcos
wPÎ II: ¯’yj‡KvY n‡jCD= CAsinCAD = Qsin (– ) = Qsin
GesAD= ACcosCAD = Qcos(180° – ) = – Qcos
OD= OA– AD= P – ( –Qcos) = P + Qcos
GLb (DfqwP‡Î) CODmg‡KvYxwÎfzRn‡ZcvBOC2 = OD2 + CD2
ev, R2 = (P + Qcos)2 + (Qsin)2= P2 + 2PQcos + Q2 (cos2 + sin2)
= P2 + Q2 + 2PQcos------------------ (i)
mgxKiY(i) n‡Zjwäej R GigvbcvIqvhv‡e|
CD Q sin Q sin
Avevi, tan = OD = P + Q cos = tan1P + Q cos ----------------- (ii)
mgxKiY(ii)n‡Zjwäej R Giw`KcvIqvhv‡e|
BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 207
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
Abywm×všÍ1:hw` = 0nq, Zvn‡jPGes Qej؇qi jwäR = P + Q, hvej؇qie„nËgjwäwb‡`©kK‡i|G‡¶‡Î ejØq
GKB †iLvq GKB w`‡K wKsev mgvšÍivj fv‡e GKB w`‡K wµqvkxj nq|
cÖgvY: †h‡nZz = 0, myZivs, R2 = P2 + Q2 + 2.PQcos0° = P2 + Q2 + 2PQ= (P + Q)2R = P + Q.
Abywm×všÍ 2: hw` = nq, Z‡eR = P ~ Q (P>Q), hvej؇qi¶z`ªZgjwäwb‡`©kK‡i|G‡¶‡Î ejØq GKB †iLvi
ci¯úi wecixZ w`‡K wKsevmgvšÍivjfv‡e wecixZ w`‡K wµqvkxj nq|
Abywm×všÍ3:hw` = 90° nq, A_©vr ejØq j¤^ nq Zvn‡jR2 = P2 + Q2 (... cos90° = 0)
Q sin 90° Q Q
Gestan = P + Q cos 90° = P = tan1 P
Abywm×všÍ4:P = Qn‡j, A_©vr ejØq mgvb n‡j R2 = P2 + P2 + 2P. Pcos
= 2P2 + 2P2cos = 2P2 (1 + cos) = 4P2cos2 R = 2Pcos
2 2
2 sin cos
P sin sin 2 2
Gestan = P + P cos = 1 + cos = = tan =
2 2
2 cos2
2
myZivsG‡¶‡Îjwä-ejcÖ`Ë ej`yBwUiga¨eZx©†KvY‡KmgwØLwÐZK‡i|
e‡ji wÎfyR m~Î (Law of Triangle of Forces)
a
†Kv‡bv e¯‘KYvq GKB we›`y‡Z hyMcrfv‡e wµqvkxj `yBwU ej‡K, hw` †Kv‡bv wÎfy‡Ri
l
`yBwU evû Øviv w`‡K, gv‡b I GKB µ‡g m~wPZ Kiv hvq, Zvn‡j D³ wÎfy‡Ri Z…Zxq
ha
evû Øviv ej `yBwUi jwäi w`K I gvb wecixZ µg Abyhvqx m~wPZ nq|
s
†Kv‡bv e¯‘KYvi GKwU we›`y‡Z Kvh©iZP GesQ ej `yBwU‡K h_vµ‡g ABCGiAB I
th
BC †iLvsk Øviv w`‡K, gv‡b I GKB µ‡g m~wPZ Kiæb GesABCD mvgšÍwiKwU c~Y©
Pa
Kiæb|
GLb BC †iLvsk Øviv m~wPZ ej‡K BC evûi mgvb I mgvšÍivj †iLvskADØviv cÖKvk Kiv hvq| myZivs e‡ji
AA
mvgšÍwiK m~Î Abyhvqx,AB GesAD Øviv m~wPZ e‡ji jwä AC †iLvsk Øviv w`‡K I gv‡b m~wPZ n‡e| myZivsAB I
BCevûØq Øviv m~wPZ e‡ji jwä‡K ABC wÎfy‡Ri Z…Zxq evû AC Øviv w`‡K I gv‡b cÖKvk Kiv hvq|†f±i
mgxKi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ hvq,AB + BC = ACØviv m~wPZ Kiv hvq|
gšÍe¨: †Kv‡bv e¯‘KYvi Dci GKBms‡M Kvh©iZ wZbwU ej‡K hw` †Kv‡bv GKwU wÎfy‡Ri wZbwU evû Øviv w`‡K,
gv‡b I GKB µ‡g cÖKvk Kiv hvq, Z‡e e¯‘ KYvwU w¯’ive¯’vq _vK‡e A_©vr ejÎq mvg¨e¯’v m„wó K‡i|
hvi †f±i mgxKiY,AB + BC+CA = 0
e‡ji eûfyR m~Î (Law of Polygon of Forces)
hw` †Kv‡bv e¯‘KYvi Dci GKBm‡½ Kvh©iZ (n 1) msL¨K ej‡K nevûwewkó eûfz‡Ri (n 1) msL¨K evû Øviv
w`‡K, gv‡b I GKB µ‡g cÖKvk Kiv hvq, Zvn‡j D³ eûfy‡Ri me©‡kl evûwU wµqviZ ejmg~‡ni wecixZ-µg
Abyhvqx, cÖ`Ë ejmg~‡ni jwä‡K m~wPZ Ki‡e|
cÖgvY:g‡b Kiæb, †Kv‡bv we›`y‡Z Kvh©iZ QqwU ejp1, p2, p3, p4, p5, p6 †K ABCDEFG eûfy‡Ri h_vµ‡g QqwU
evûAB, BC, CD, DE, EF, FG Øviv w`‡K, gv‡b I GKB µ‡g wb‡`©k Kiv hvq| cÖgvY Ki‡Z nB‡e †h,
ABCDEFG eûfy‡Ri Aewkó evû AG Øviv w`‡K I gv‡b G‡`i jwä-ej‡K m~wPZ Ki‡e|
AC, AD, AE, AF mshy³ Kiæb|myZivs jwä-ej ejmg~‡ni †f±i mgwó
= AB + BC + CD + DE + EF + FG
w¯’wZwe`¨v c„ôv 208
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
= AC + CD +DE + EF + FG e‡ji wÎfyR-m~Î Abyhvqx AB + BC = AC
= AD + DE + EF + FG [ AC + CD = AD]
= AE + EF + FG [ AD + DE = AE]
= AF + FG = AG [ AE + EF = AF]
gšÍe¨: †Kv‡bv e¯‘KYvq GKB mg‡q Kvh©iZ ejmg~n‡K w`‡K, gv‡b I GKB µg Abyhvqx †Kv‡bv e× eûfy‡Ri
me¸‡jv evû Øviv hw` cÖKvk Kiv hvq, Zvn‡j ej¸‡jvmvg¨e¯’v m„wó K‡i|
D`vniY 1:PGesQ`yBwU ej GKwU KYvi Dci wµqvkxj Ges G‡`i AšÍ©eZx© †KvY I G‡`i jwä ej R.
(i) hw` P = 3, Q = 5, R = 7 nq, Z‡e wbY©q Kiæb|
(ii) hw` P = 7, Q = 8, = 60° nq, Z‡e R-Gi gvb wbY©q Kiæb|
(iii) hw` P = 12, Q = 5, = 90° nq, Z‡e R-Gi gvb wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: (i) R2 = P2 + Q2 + 2PQ cos 72 = 32 + 52 + 2.3.5 cos ,
15 1
ev, 30 cos = 49 – 9 – 25 = 15; ev, cos = 30 = 2 , = 60°
1
(ii) R2 = 72 + 82 + 2.7.8 cos 60° = 49 + 64 + 2 56 = 49 + 64 + 56 = 169 R = 13 GKK
2
a
(iii) R = 12 + 5 + 2.12.5 cos 90° = 12 + 5 = 13 R = 13 GKK [ cos 90° = 0 ]
2 2 2 2 2 2
l
ha
D`vniY 2: hw` GKwU we›`yi Dci wµqvkxj `yBwU e‡ji jwä G‡`i GKwUi mv‡_ j¤^fv‡e Aew¯’Z nq Ges Gi gvb
Aci ejwUi gv‡bi GK-Z…Zxqvsk nq, Z‡e †`Lvb †h, e„nËi ej I ¶z`ªZi e‡ji gv‡bi AbycvZ 3 t 2 2 |
s
Q
th
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb ej `yBwUi gvb P I QGes G‡`i jwäi gvb 3 , hvP-Gi Dci j¤^|
Pa
P Ges Qej؇qi gvb wb‡`©kKvix †iLvskØq‡K mwbœwnZ evû ai‡j, Aw¼Z mvgvšÍwi‡Ki KY©
Q 2 Q
( )
AA
G‡`i jwä wb‡`©k K‡i| wPÎ n‡Z cvB, Q2 = 3 + P2, [jwä 3 I Q-Gi ga¨eZx© †KvY =
90°]
8 Q2 9
A_©vr9 Q2 = P2 P2 = 8 ; ev, Qt P = 3 t 2 2 .
D`vniY 3:GKwU e¯‘KYvi Dci wµqvkxj PGes Qgv‡bi `yBwU e‡ji jwäi gvb 3 QGes Dnvi w`K Pe‡ji
w`‡Ki mv‡_ 30° †KvY Drcbœ K‡i| †`Lvb †h, nq P = Q, A_ev P = 2Q.
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb PI Qgv‡bi ejØq OA Ges OB Øviv wb‡`©wkZ| OACB mvgvšÍwiKwU m¤ú~Y© Kiæb Zvn‡j
KY©OC Øviv PI Q-Gi jwä wb‡`©wkZ nq|
GLb cÖkœ g‡Z, AOC = 30°
Ges jwäi gvb, R = OC = 3Q, Zvn‡j wÎfz‡Ri †KvmvBb m~Î n‡Z cvB
OA2 + OC2 – AC2
cos30° =
2 . OA . OC
3 P + ( 3Q)2 – Q2
2 3 P2 + 3Q2 – Q2 P2 + 2Q2 3 P2 + 2Q2
ev, 2 = ev, 2 = = ; ev,
2
=
2P. 3 Q 2 3P.Q 2 3 P.Q 2 3 PQ
ev, P2 + 2Q2 = 3PQ; ev, P2 – 3PQ + 2Q2 = 0,
ev, (P – Q) (P – 2Q) = 0; P = Q, A_ev P = 2Q
BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 209
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
D`vniY 4:ci¯úi †Kv‡Y bZ `yBwU ej PI Q-Gi jwä (2m + 1) (P2 + Q2) ; ej؇qi AšÍM©Z †KvY (90° )
m–1
n‡j jwä (2m – 1) (P2 + Q2) ; cÖgvY Kiæb, tan = m + 1
mgvavb: GLbPGes Qgv‡bi ejØq †Kv‡Y wµqvkxj n‡j jwä (2m + 1) P2 + Q2
(2m + 1)2 (P2 + Q2) = P2 + Q2+ 2PQ cos
ev, (4m2 + 4m + 1) (P2 + Q2) = P2 + Q2 + 2PQ cos
ev, (4m2 + 4m) (P2 + Q2) = 2 PQ cos ------------------- (i)
Avevi, PGes Qgv‡bi ej؇qi (90° – ) †Kv‡Y wµqvkxj n‡j jwä = (2m – 1) P2 + Q2
(2m – 1)2 (P2 + Q2) = P2 + Q2 + 2PQ cos (90° – )
ev, (4m2 – 4m + 1) (P2 + Q2) = P2 + Q2+ 2PQsin
ev, (4m2 – 4m) (P2 + Q2) = 2PQ sin ------------------- (ii)
GLb (ii) †K (i) Øviv fvM K‡i cvB,
4m2 – 4m 4m (m – 1) m – 1
tan = 2 = =
4m + 4m 4m (m + 1) m + 1
D`vniY 5:PGes Qgv‡bi ej؇qi jwäi gvb R; Q†K wظY Ki‡j, RwظY nq Ges Q-Gi w`K wecixZgyLx Ki‡j
Rcybivq wظY nq| cÖgvY Kiæb, PtQtR = 2 t 3 t 2 .
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb PGes Qe‡ji AšÍM©Z †Kv‡bv ; myZivs, e‡ji mvgvšÍwiK m~Îvbymv‡i,
a
R2 = P2 + Q2 + 2PQ cos ---------------- (i)
l
Avevi Q†K hw` wظY A_©vr 2QKiv nq, Zvn‡j kZ©g‡Z RcwiewZ©Z n‡q 2R nq|
ha
(2R)2= P2 + (2Q)2 + 2P. 2Q. cos
ev, 4R2 = P2 + 4Q2 + 4PQ cos ------------------ (ii)
s
th
Avevi Q-Gi w`K wecixZgyLx n‡j Rn‡e 2RGes Q-Gi AšÍM©Z †KvY (180° – )
(2R)2 = P2 + Q2 + 2PQ cos (180° )
Pa
ev, 4R2 = P2+ Q2 – 2PQ cos ----------------- (iii)
AA
(i) I (iii) †hvM K‡i cvB, 5R2 = 2P2 + 2Q2------------------- (iv)
(iii) 2 + (ii) K‡i cvB, 12R2 = 3P2 + 6Q2, ev, 4R2 = P2 + 2Q2 --------- (v)
(iv) n‡Z (v) we‡qvM K‡i cvB, R2= P2R = P
(v) n‡Z cvB, 4P2 = P2 + 2Q2 [R2 = P2 ]
P2 Q2 R2 P Q R
ev, 3P2 = 2Q2 3P2 = 2Q2 = 3R2 ; ev, 2 = 3 = 2 ev, = = ;
2 3 2
A_©vr PtQtR = 2 t 3 t 2 .
weKí c×wZ: mgxKiY (iv) Ges (v) †_‡K cvB, 2P2 + 2Q2 – 5R2 = 0 Ges P2 + 2Q2 – 4R2 = 0
P2 Q2 R2
eRª¸Yb c×wZ‡Z cvB, = =
– 8 + 10 –5 + 8 4–2
P2 Q2 R2 P Q R
ev, 2 = 3 = 2 ev, = = PtQtR = 2 t 3 t 2 |
2 3 2
D`vniY 6:ci¯úi mg‡Kv‡Y `yBwU ej GKwU KYvq wµqv Ki‡Q| G‡`i ¶z`ªZiwU 8 NGes G‡`i jwä I e„nËi
e‡ji mgwó 288 N| jwä Ges e„nËi ejwUi gvb wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: wµqvkxj ejØq PGes Q, †hLv‡b P>Q; GLv‡b ej؇qi jwä R, Zvn‡j
cÖkœvbymv‡i, R + P = 288 --------------- (i)
Avevi e‡ji mvgšÍwiK m~Îvbymv‡i, R2 = P2 + Q2 + 2PQcos 90°
ev, R2= P2 + 82 + 2.P.Q.0 [ cos 90° = 0 ]
w¯’wZwe`¨v c„ôv 210
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
ev, R2 = P2 + 82ev, R2 – P2 = 82 = 64 ---------------- (ii)
(R + P) (R – P) 64 2
GLb (ii) †K (i) Øviv fvM K‡i cvB, R+P
= = ;
288 9
2
ev, R – P = 9 --------------- (ii)
8 1
(i) Ges (ii) mgvavb K‡i cvB, P = 143 NGes R = 144 N.
9 9
D`vniY 7:`yBwU ej ci¯úi j¤^vwfgy‡L wµqv Ki‡j Zv‡`i jwä 10 wK‡jvMÖvg IRb nq| hw` Zviv 60° †KvY
K‡i wµqv K‡i Zvn‡j jwä 13 wK‡jvMÖvg IRb nq| ej `yBwUi gvb wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, ej `yBwUi gvb PGes Q| G‡`i ga¨eZx© †KvY 90° n‡j jwä 10wK‡jvMÖvg IRb Ges
ga¨eZx© †KvY 60° n‡j jwä 13wK‡jvMÖvg IRb nq|
cÖ_g †¶‡Î: ( 10 )2 = P2 + Q2 ; A_©vr P2 + Q2 = 10 -------------- (i)
wØZxq †¶‡Î: ( 13 )2 = P2 + Q2 + 2PQ cos 60°
A_©vr, 13 = P2 + Q2 + PQ --------------- (ii)
3
GLb (i) Ges (ii) n‡Z cvB, 13 = 10 + PQ; ev, PQ = 3 ------------- (iii) P = Q
2
3
GLb, P Gi gvb (i) bs ewm‡q cvB, Q + Q2 = 10 ev, 9 + Q4 = 10Q2ev, Q4 – 10Q2 + 9 = 0
a
Q2 = 9, 1Q = 3, 1 l
GLb (iii) n‡Z, Q = 3 n‡j P = 1 Ges Q = 1 n‡j P = 3
ha
myZivs P = 3, Q = 1, A_ev P = 1, Q = 3
s
ej `yBwUi gvb 3 Ges 1 wK‡jvMÖvg IRb|
th
1. ci¯úi †Kv‡Y bZ P I Qej `yBwUi jwä Q| Avevi, ci¯úi †Kv‡Y bZ PGes
Pa
wkÿv_x©i 2Qej `yBwUi jwäI Q| cÖgvY Kiæb †h, = 150°.
AA
KvR 2. GKwU KYvq `yBwU ej wµqv Ki‡j Zv‡`i e„nËg I ¶z`ªZg jwä h_vµ‡g 16NI 4
Nn‡j ej `yBwUi gvb wbY©q Kiæb| DËi: P = 10NGes Q = 6N|
mvims‡ÿc-
hw` `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e‡ji wµqv‡iLv GKwU we›`y‡Z wgwjZ nq, ZLb wµqviZ H ej mg~n‡K mgwe›`y ej
e‡j|
hLb `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK ej †Kv‡bv Ro e¯‘i Dci hyMcrfv‡e (simultaneously) wµqvkxj nq Ges G‡`i
wµqvi djvdj‡K GKwU gvÎ ej Øviv m~wPZ Kiv hvq, ZLb †mB cÖvß GKK (single) ejwU‡K jwä ej ejv
nq|
wµqvkxj KZK¸‡jv e‡ji jwä wbY©‡qi c×wZ‡K ej ms‡hvRb Ges jwä e‡ji AskK wbY©‡qi c×wZ‡K
ej we‡kølY ejv nq|
g‡b Kiæb Owe›`y‡Z wµqviZ `yBwU ej P I Q,G‡`i ga¨eZx© †KvY |hw` G‡`i jwä R nq Ges jwä P
Q sin
e‡ji mv‡_ †KvY Drcbœ K‡i Z‡e, R2= P2 + Q2 + 2PQcos Ges = tan1P + Q cos
†Kv‡bv e¯‘KYvi Dci GKBms‡M Kvh©iZ wZbwU ej‡K hw` †Kv‡bv GKwU wÎfy‡Ri wZbwU evû Øviv w`‡K,
gv‡b I GKB µ‡g cÖKvk Kiv hvq, Z‡e e¯‘ KYvwU w¯’ive¯’vq _vK‡e A_©vr ejÎq mvg¨e¯’v m„wó K‡i, hvi
†f±i mgxKiY,AB + BC + CA = 0
BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 211
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 7.4-
1. ci¯úi mg‡Kv‡Y Aew¯’Z `yBwU e‡ji cwigvY 6N Ges 8N| jwäi gvb I w`K wbY©q Kiæb|
2. GKwU we›`y‡Z `yBwU ej 60°†Kv‡Y mwµq Ges Zv‡`i jwä 7N| hw` GKwU e‡ji gvb 7N nq, Z‡e Aci
ejwUi gvb wbY©q Kiæb|
3. mgwe›`y `yBwU mgvb e‡ji jwäi gvb Zv‡`i GKwUi mgvb n‡j Zv‡`i AšÍf‚©Z †KvY wbY©q Kiæb|
4. mgwe›`y `yBwU e‡ji jwä GKwU e‡ji mg‡Kv‡Y Aew¯’Z Ges Zvi gvb Aci ejwUi A‡a©K| cÖgvY Kiæb †h,
ej `yBwUi AšÍf‚©Z †KvY 150° n‡e|
5. GKwU KYvq mg‡Kv‡Y wµqviZ `yBwU e‡ji ¶z`ªZiwU 8N Ges Zv‡`i jwä I e„nËi e‡ji mgwó 288N| jwä
Ges e„nËi ej wbY©q Kiæb|
6. GKwU we›`y‡Z ci¯úi mg‡Kv‡Y wµqvkxj `yBwU e‡ji jwä 30N Ges Zv e„nËi e‡ji AwfgywLZvi mv‡_ 30°
†Kv‡Y wµqv K‡i| ej `yBwU wbY©q Kiæb|
7. GKwU KYvq cÖhy³ wecixZgyLx `yBwU e‡ji jwä 34 wK. MÖv. IRb Ges hw` Zviv ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ mg‡Kv‡Y
wµqv K‡i Zvn‡j Zv‡`i jwä 50 wK. MÖv. IRb n‡Zv| ej `yBwUi gvb wbY©q Kiæb|
8. `yBwU e‡ji e„nËg jwä 17N| hw` Zviv ci¯úi j¤^vwfgy‡L wµqv K‡i, Zvn‡j Zv‡`i jwä 13N nq| ej
`yBwUi gvb KZ?
9. `yBwU e‡ji e„nËg jwä 14N | hw` Zviv ci¯úi j¤^fv‡e wµqv K‡i, Zvn‡j jwä 10N nq| ej `yBwU wbY©q
a
Kiæb|
l 1
ha
10. ci¯úi 60° †Kv‡Y bZ `yBwU ej P Ges Q,ej؇qi jwä Rn‡j cÖgvY Kiæb †h, P + 2Q = (4R2 – 3P)2 .
s
11. `yBwU ej GKwU KYvq wµqv K‡i| GKwU‡K wظY Ges AciwU 20N ewa©Z Ki‡j Zv‡`i jwäi w`K AcwiewZ©Z
th
_v‡K| †k‡lv³ ejwU wbY©q Kiæb|
12. `yBwU ej P I Q-Gi ga¨eZx© †KvY ; hw` PGes Q-Gi Ae¯’vb ci¯úi cwieZ©b nq, Zvn‡j Zv‡`i jwä
Pa
1 P–Q 1
cwigvY †KvY Ny‡i hvq| †`Lvb †h, tan = tan (P>Q)|
AA
2 P+Q 2
13. `yBwU ej P I Q-Gi jwä R| hw` P-†K RcwigvY e„w× Kiv nq Ges QAcwiewZZ ivLv nq, Zvn‡j bZzb jwä
R, P + R-Gi m‡½ †h †KvY K‡i, Zv jwä Rc~‡e© P-Gi m‡½ †h †KvY KiwQj Zvi A‡a©K nq| bZzb jwäi gvb
wbY©q Kiæb| Rhw` P-Gi m‡½ †KvY K‡i, †`Lvb †h bZzb jwä = 2R cos 2 |
14. †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó †Kv‡Y ci¯úi bZ `yBwU ej P I Q-Gi jwä P-i w`‡Ki mv‡_ †KvY Drcbœ Ki‡j, †`Lvb †h
1
GKB †Kv‡Y wµqvkxj `yBwU ej P + RI Q-Gi jwä P + R-Gi mv‡_ 2†Kv‡Y bZ n‡e|
15. ci¯úi 2†Kv‡Y bZ n‡j `yBwU mgcwigvY e‡ji jwä hv nq, †mwU 2†Kv‡Y bZ n‡j G‡`i jwäi wظY nq,
Zvn‡j †`Lvb †h, cos = 2 cos
16. †Kv‡Y wµqvkxj P I Q ej `yBwUi jwä R| hw` cÖ‡Z¨K ej‡K RcwigvY ewa©Z Kiv hvq, Z‡e cÖgvY Kiæb
(P – Q) sin
†h, GwU bZzb jwä R-Gi mv‡_ †h †KvY Drcbœ K‡i Zvi U¨vb‡R›U Gi gvbP + Q + R + (P + Q) cos
17. `yBwU ej P + QGes P – Qci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ 2†KvY K‡i wµqvkxj Ges G‡`i jwä `yB e‡ji mgwØLÐK †iLvi
m‡½ †KvY K‡i| †`Lvb †h, P tan = Q tan
18. `yBwU ej P Ges Q-Gi jwä P-Gi j¤^vwfgy‡L; Avevi GKB †KvY K‡i Av‡Q Ggb PGes Q-ej؇qi jwä Q -
Gi j¤^vwfgy‡L| †`LvI †h QQ = P2.
19. GKwU we›`y‡Z cÖhy³ wbw`©ó gv‡bi `yBwU e‡ji Mwiô Ges jwNô jwä h_vµ‡g 16N Ges 4N| hLb Zviv
ci¯úi 60° †Kv‡Y bZ †_‡K wµqvkxj nq, ZLb Zv‡`i jwä wbY©q Kiæb|
w¯’wZwe`¨v c„ôv 212
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
20. GKwU we›`y‡Z wµqviZ `yBwU e‡ji e„nËg I ¶z`ªZg jwä h_vµ‡g P I Q, ej `yBwUi AšÍM©Z †KvY n‡j,
1
[ ]
†`Lvb †h, H `yBwU e‡ji jwä P2 cos22 + Q2 sin22 2 |
21. j¤^vwfgy‡L wµqviZ 20N GKwU ej‡K `yBwU e‡j we‡køwlZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| Zv‡`i GKwU Abyf‚wgK Ges Zv 10N
mgvb| AciwUi gvb I w`K wbY©q Kiæb|
22. GKwU we›`y‡Z wµqvkxj `yBwU ej P Ges R-Gi jwä P; †`Lvb †h P-†K wظY Ki‡j bZzb jwä Q-Gi
j¤^vwfgy‡L wµqv Ki‡e|
l a
s ha
th
Pa
AA
BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 213
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
cvV 7.5 wbw`©ó w`‡K `yBwU e‡ji AskK
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
e‡ji Dcvsk ev AskK eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
w·KvYwgwZi mvBb m~Î e¨envi K‡i e‡ji AskK wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
e‡ji AskK m~Î e¨envi K‡i wewfbœ mgm¨v mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã Dcvsk ev AskK
g~jcvV-
e‡jiwe‡kølY (Resolution of Forces)
`yBevZ‡ZvwaKe‡jims‡køl‡Yevms‡hvR‡b†hgbGKwUgvÎejevjwäejcvIqvhvq,
†ZgbGKwUgvÎej‡K†f‡½evwefvRbK‡i`yBevZ‡ZvwaKe‡jcwiYZKiv‡Ke‡jiwe‡kølYe‡j|Gfv‡ewewkøóej¸‡jv‡KcÖ
a
_‡gv³HejwUiDcvskevAskKIcÖ_‡gv³ejwU‡KGBDcvsk¸‡jvijwäeje‡j|
l
†h‡Kv‡bvGKwUwbw`©óej‡KGKwU†iLvØvivw`‡KIgv‡bm~wPZKivhvq|†mB†iLv‡KKY©a‡iAmsL¨mvgvšÍwiKA¼bKivhvq|
ha
mvgvšÍwiKm~ÎAbymv‡iGBiƒcK‡Y©imwbœwnZ`yBwUevûiØvive‡ji`yBwUDcvskw`‡KIgv‡bwb‡`©wkZn‡e|
s
th
†Kv‡bv cÖ`Ë ej‡K `yBwU wbw`ó w`‡K `yBwU Dcvs‡k we‡kølY
Pa
g‡b Kiæb †Kv‡bv wbw`ó ej R hvOC Øviv wb‡`©wkZ nq Ges OC Dfq cv‡k OX Ges OY mij‡iLv `yBwUi, mv‡_
AA
h_vµ‡g I †Kv‡Y bZ| GLb OX IOY -Gi eivei Re‡ji Dcvsk wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
GLb OX I OY †iLv eivei mwbœwnZ evû wb‡q OC -†K KY© wb‡q OACBmvgvšÍwiK
A¼b Kiæb| e‡ji mvgvšÍwiK m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ OX Ges OY eivei R-Gi Dcvsk Ges
ej `yBwU PI Qh_vµ‡g OA Ges OB Øviv wb‡`©wkZ n‡e|
†h‡nZz AC I OB ci¯úi mgvb I mgvšÍivj, myZivs AC †iLvsk Qe‡ji gvb I w`K wb‡`©k Ki‡e|
OA AC OC
GLb OACwÎfzR n‡Z cvB, sinOCA = sinCOA = sin OAC
OA OB R
A_©vr sin = sin = sin {180° – (+)} [ AC = OB ]
P Q R R sin R sin
= = P = OA = Ges Q = OB = sin ( + ) .
sin sin sin ( + ) sin ( + )
P Q R
gšÍe¨: sin = sin = sin ( + ) n‡Z cÖZxqgvb nq †h, Dcvsk؇qi Ges G‡`i jwäi g‡a¨ Ggb m¤úK©
we`¨gvb †h, cÖ‡Z¨K ej Aci `yB e‡ji ga¨eZx© †Kv‡Yi mvB‡bi mgvbycvwZK|
w¯’wZwe`¨v c„ôv 214
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
D`vniY 1: GKwU KYvi Dci 2PI Pgv‡bi `yBwU ej `ywUB wfbœ w`‡K wµqviZ| hw` cÖ_gwU wظY Ges wØZxqwUi
gvb 12Nevov‡bv nq, Z‡e Zv‡`i jwäi w`K AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K| P-Gi gvb wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb A we›`y‡Z 2PI PejØq ci¯úi A we›`y‡Z wµqvkxj Ges G‡`i‡K h_vµ‡g ABGes ADØviv
Ges, jwä ACØviv m~wPZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| hLb AE= 4Pnq, ZLb AC= (P + 12N) Ges Zv‡`i jwä ACeivei AFØviv
wb‡`©wkZ nq|
2P P P sinA
GLb ∆ABC†_‡K Sine Rule Abymv‡i cvB, sinC = sinA ev, 2P = sinC ---------- (i)
4P P + 12N P + 12N sinA sinA
Avevi ∆AEF†_‡K Sine Rule Abymv‡i cvB, sinF = sinA ev, 4P
= =
sinF sinC
---------- (ii)
P P + 12N
GLb (i) Ges (ii) †_‡K cvB, 2P = 4P N
ev, 4P = 2P + 24Nev, P = 12N.
weKí:∆ACDGes ∆AFGci¯úi m`„k|
AD AG P + 12N P P + 12N
=
DC GF
=
4P
A_©
v r, 2P
=
4P
; P = 12 N
D`vniY 2: PI Q`yBwU e‡ji (2Q>P>Q) jwä RGes Rej؇qi AšÍM©Z †KvY‡K 1 t 2 Abycv‡Z wef³ K‡i| cÖgvY
P2 – Q2 P
Kiæb, jwäi gvb Q Ges ej `yBwUi AšÍM©Z †KvY = 3 cos12Q|
l a
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb P I Qej `yBwUi AšÍM©Z †KvY 3; myZivs cÖkœvbymv‡i jwä ej R, Pe‡ji mv‡_ †Kv‡Y I
ha
Qe‡ji mv‡_ 2†Kv‡Y bZ (GLv‡b P>QnIqvq jwäej e„nËi e‡ji wbKUeZx© nq) i‡q‡Q|
s
P Q R P Q R
Zvn‡j Sinc Rule Abymv‡i, sin2 = sin = sin( – 3) ; ev, sin2 = sin = sin3
th
P sin2 2 sin cos
Pa
= = = 2 cos
Q sin sin
AA
P
cos = ------------------ (i)
2Q
R2= P2 + Q2 + 2PQ cos 3
= P2 + Q2 + 2PQ (4 cos3 – 3 cos)
P3 P
(
= P2 + Q2 + 2PQ 4 3 – 3
8Q 2Q
)
2 2
P4 2 2
P4 2
Q4 + P4 – 2P2Q2 P2 – Q22 P2 – Q2
= P + Q + 2 – 3P = Q + 2 – 2P = 2 = R = .
Q Q Q Q Q
P P
Avevi (i) n‡Z = cos12QP I Q ej؇qi AšÍM©Z †KvY, 3 = 3 cos12Q. cÖgvwYZ|
wkÿv_x©i Owe›`y‡Z wµqvkxj `yBwU ej PI Q-ej؇qi jwä R|GKwU †Q`K‡iLv Zv‡`i
P Q R
KvR wµqv‡iLv‡K h_vµ‡g L, M I Nwe›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i| †`Lvb †h, OL + OM = ON .
mvims‡ÿc-
`yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e‡ji ms‡køl‡Y ev ms‡hvR‡b †hgb GKwU gvÎ ej ev jwäej cvIqv hvq, †Zgb
GKwUgvÎ ej‡K †f‡½ ev wefvRb K‡i `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e‡j cwiYZ Kiv‡K e‡ji we‡kølY e‡j| Gfv‡e
wewkøó ej¸‡jv‡K cÖ_‡gv³ H ejwUi Dcvsk ev AskK I cÖ_‡gv³ ejwU‡K GB Dcvsk¸‡jvi jwä ej
e‡j|
BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 215
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
P Q R
†Kv‡bv cÖ`Ë ej‡K `yBwU wbw`ó w`‡K `yBwU Dcvs‡k we‡kølY Ki‡j, sin = sin = sin ( + )
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 7.5-
1. GKwU mgevû wÎfz‡Ri µgvbymv‡i M„nxZ evû¸‡jvi mgvšÍivjfv‡e h_vµ‡g 3P, 7P I 5Pej GKwU we›`y‡Z
mwµq| Zv‡`i jwäi w`K I gvb wbY©q Kiæb|
2. 1, 2, 3 I 4 wK‡jvMÖvg IR‡bi GKwU eM©‡¶Î ABCD-i †K›`ª O we›`y‡Z cÖhy³ n‡q‡Q Ges Giv h_vµ‡g A, B,
CI D†KŠwYK we›`yi Awfgy‡L wµqv K‡i| ejmg~‡ni jwä wbY©q Kiæb|
3. P Ges Qej `yBwU wfbœ mij‡iLv OA Ges OB eivei wµqvkxj Ges G‡`i jwä OA -i Dci j¤^| Aci
`yBwU ej PGes Qh_vµ‡g H `yBwU mij‡iLvq wµqvkxj n‡j, hw` Zv‡`i jwä OB -i Dci j¤^ nq| Zvn‡j
cÖgvY Kiæb †h, PP = QQ.
cvV 7.6 e‡ji j¤^vskK
l a
ha
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
s
th
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
Pa
e‡ji j¤^vskK m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb,
AA
GKwU wbw`©ó w`‡K ej‡K j¤^fv‡e `yBwU Dcvs‡k we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
j¤^vsk‡Ki Dccv`¨ eY©bv I cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
j¤^vsk‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ mgZjxq e‡ji jwä wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
j¤^vsk‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ wewfbœ mgm¨v mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã j¤^vskK, mgZjxq e‡ji jwä
g~jcvV-
j¤^vskK:mvaviYZt GKwU wbw`©ó ej‡K ci¯úi j¤^fv‡e Aew¯’Z `yBwU Dcvs‡k we‡kølY Ki‡j †h `yBwU Dcvsk ev
AskK ej cvIqv hvq Zv‡K j¤^vsk ev j¤^vskK ej ejv nq|
GKwUwbw`©óej‡Kci¯úij¤^fv‡e`yBwUDcvs‡kwe‡kølY
g‡b KiæbRejwUAC †iLvØvivw`‡KIgv‡bwb‡`©wkZ|AC †iLvAX -Gimv‡_†Kv‡YbZ|GLbCwe›`yn‡ZAX -
GiDciCB j¤^Uvbvn‡jvGesABCDmvgvšÍwiKm¤ú~Y©Kivn‡jv|Zvn‡jAB IAD
Øvivwb‡`©wkZej`yBwURe‡jiDcvsk|G‡`ig‡a¨AB Øvivwb‡`©wkZDcvskAX eiveiRe‡jij¤^vskK ev
we‡køwlZAskGesAD Øvivwb‡`©wkZDcvskwUAYeiveiRe‡ji j¤^vskK evwe‡køwlZAsk|
w¯’wZwe`¨v c„ôv 216
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
1g wPÎ:m~²‡KvY n‡jAB = ACcos = Rcos
GesAD = BC = AC sin = Rsin
AX eivei Re‡ji j¤^vskK ev we‡køwlZ Ask = Rcos
Ges AYeivei Re‡ji we‡køwlZ Ask = Rsin
2q wPÎ:¯’~j‡KvYn‡jGwU – AB = – ACcos(180° – ) = Rcos
AX -Giw`‡KR-Giwe‡køwlZAskFYvZ¥Kn‡eGesGesAY-Giw`‡KRe‡ji j¤^vskK evwe‡køwlZAskAD = BC= AC
sin(180° – ) = Rsin
myZivs, Dfq‡¶‡ÎBRe‡ji j¤^vskK evwe‡køwlZAskwUAvbyf‚wgKAX eivei= RcosGesDj¤^ AY eivei=Rsin
e‡ji j¤^vskK m¤úwK©Z GKwU Dccv`¨
GKB we›`y‡Zwµqvkxj `yBwUmgwe›`ye‡ji †h‡Kv‡bv wbw`©ó w`K eiveij¤^vsk‡KiexRMwYZxq †hvMdj
HGKBw`‡Kej¸‡jvijwäij¤^vsk‡Kimgvb|
cÖgvY:g‡bKiæbAwe›`y‡ZwµqvkxjPIQgv‡biej`yBwUijwäigvbR; GLbP, QGesRejÎq‡Kh_vµ‡gAB ,AD IAC
Øvivw`‡KIgv‡bwb‡`©wkZKiæb GesABCDmvgvšÍwiKwUc~Y©Kiæb|Zvn‡jAX eiveiP,
l
QGesRe‡jij¤^vskK‡Kh_vµ‡g AL , AN IAM Øvivm~wPZ Kiv n‡jv| a
ha
cÖgvYKi‡Zn‡e†h, AX eiveiPIQgv‡bie‡jij¤^vsk‡KiexRMwYZxq†hvMdj,H†iLveivei
s
th
jwäRe‡jij¤^vsk‡Kimgvb, A_©vr AM = AL + AN
Pa
AA
GLb Bwe›`yn‡ZAX †iLvimgvšÍivjK‡iBKUvbvn‡jv, †hbZvCM-
†KKwe›`y‡Z†Q`K‡i|†h‡nZzBLMKGKwUAvqZ‡¶Î, BK = LM
Avevi, BC, AD-imv‡_mgvšÍivjGesmgvbnIqvq∆DANGes∆CBKm`„k|
AB BC
myZivs, = AN =BKwKšÍzBK = LM, AN = BK = LM.
AN BK
GLb(i) wP‡ÎAX eiveiPIQA_©vrAB IAD Gij¤^vsk‡KiexRMwYZxq †hvMdj = AL + AN = AM
Ges(ii) wP‡ÎAXeiveiPIQej؇qij¤^vsk‡Ki exRMwYZxq†hvMdj=AL – AN = AL –LM = AM
myZivs, Dfq wP‡ÎOX eiveijwäR-Gij¤^vsk, PIQ-e‡jij¤^vs‡kiexRMwYZxqmgwóimgvb|
BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 217
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
gšÍe¨: GKB we›`y‡Z wµqvkxj †h‡Kv‡bv msL¨K GKZjxq e‡ji †¶‡Î j¤^vskK m¤úK©xq Dccv`¨wU mZ¨ n‡e A_©vr
GKB we›`yMvgx †h‡Kv‡bv msL¨K mgZjxq ej wµqvkxj n‡j wbw`©ó w`K eivei ej¸‡jvi j¤^svk‡Ki exRMvwYwZK
†hvMdj H GKB w`‡K jwäi j¤^vsk‡Ki mgvb|
Abywm×všÍ: hw`P Ges Q ej؇qi jwä R GKwU wbw`©ó †iLv OX Gi mv‡_ h_vµ‡g , Ges †KvY Drcbœ K‡i
Zvn‡jOX eivei j¤^vskK Rcos=Pcos+ QcosGesOX Gi mv‡_ j¤^ eivei j¤^vskKR sin=P sin + Q
cos.
GKBwe›`y‡ZhyMcrwµqvkxjK‡qKwUmgZjxqe‡jijwä:
g‡bKiæbP, Q,R, ................ ejmg~nGKBmgZ‡jOwe›`y‡Zwµqvkxj|Owe›`yw`‡qOXGes OY
`yBwUci¯úij¤^vwfgyLx†iLvHmgZ‡jAw¼ZKivn‡jv|
g‡bKiæbP, Q, R, .............. ejmg~nOX-GimwnZh_vµ‡g, , ,...... †KvYDrcbœ K‡i|aiæb,
ejmg~‡nijwäFGesGwUOX-Gimv‡_†KvYDrcbœ K‡i|Zvn‡jOXGesOY
eiveijwäFGij¤^vskKh_vµ‡gFcosGesFsin|
Avevi, OXGesOY-Gi w`K eivei P, Q, R ejmg~n‡K we‡kølY Ki‡j
G‡`i j¤^vskKmg~‡ni mgwó wb‡q cvB,
Pcos + Qcos + Rcos +........ = Fcos = X(aiæb)
Psin + Qsin + Rsin +........ = Fsin = Y(aiæb) l a
ha
wKšÍz Avgiv Rvwb GKB we›`y‡Z wµqvkxj †h‡Kv‡bv msL¨K
e‡jij¤^vskKmg~‡ni exRMwYZxq mgwó H GKB w`‡K G‡`i jwäi
s
th
j¤^vsk‡Ki mgvb|
GLbOXeiveiej¸‡jvij¤^vskKwb‡jcvB, Fcos = Pcos + Qcos + Rcos+........ = X(aiæb)
Pa
Fcos = X----------------- (i)
AA
GesOYeiveiej¸‡jvij¤^vskKwb‡jcvB, Fsin = Psin + Qsin + Rsin+ ............= Y(aiæb)
Fsin= Y----------------- (ii)
(i)Ges(ii)-Gie‡M©imgwówb‡qcvB, F2 (cos2 + sin2) = X2+ Y2F = X2 + Y2 -------------- (iii)
Y Y
Avevi, (ii)-†K(i)ØvivfvMK‡icvB, tan = X ev, = tan1X ---------------- (iv)
mgxKiY(iii) n‡Zejmg~‡nijwäF-GigvbGes(iv)n‡ZjwäGiw`KcvIqvhv‡e|
Owe›`y‡ZOA GesOB eiveiwµqvkxj`yBwUe‡jigvbh_vµ‡gm. OA Gesn.OB Øviv m~wPZ n‡jG‡`ijwäOC
eiveiwµqvkxjn‡eGesGigvb(m+n) OC n‡e, †hLv‡bAB -GiDciCAew¯’ZGesm.AC =n.BC . A_©vr C we›`ywU
AB †K ntm Abycv‡Z AšÍwe©f³ K‡i|
cÖgvY: g‡b Kiæb,Owe›`y w`‡q BA -i mgvšÍivj K‡i ML A¼b Kiv nj Ges
OCALI OCBMmvgvšÍwiKØq m¤ú~Y© Kiv n‡jv| GLb OA eivei wµqvkxj
m.OA e‡ji Dcvsk m.OL Ges m.OC h_vµ‡g OL Ges OC eivei
wµqvkxj|
w¯’wZwe`¨v c„ôv 218
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
AveviOB eiveiwµqvkxjn.OB e‡jiDcvskn.OM Gesn.OC h_vµ‡g OM Ges OC eivei wµqvkxj|†h‡nZz,
m.AC = n.BC GesAC = LO IBC = MO , m.OL = n.OM
myZivsm. OA-GiDcvskOL eiveiGesn.OB-GiDcvskOM eiveigv‡bmgvb,
wKšÍzwecixZw`‡Kwµqvkxj|myZivsm.OAGesn.OBe‡jijwä(m + n). OC GesZvOC eiveiwµqvkxj|
gšÍe¨:m=n = 1 n‡j OA + OB = 2OC A_©vr OAGesOB ej`yBwUi jwäi wµqv †iLvOAB GiABevûi
mgwØLÐK ga¨gv eivei wµqv K‡i Ges jwäi gvb n‡e ga¨gvwUi ˆ`‡N©¨i wظY|
D`vniY 1: GKB KYvq hyMcr wµqviZ mvgZwjK wZbwU ej P, QI Rci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ , I †KvY Drcbœ K‡i|
1
cÖgvY Kiæb, Zv‡`i jwä = (P2 + Q2 + R2 + 2PQ cos + 2QR cos + 2RP cos ) 2
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb P e‡ji wµqv‡iLv OXeivei wµqvkxj myZivsOX†iLvP, QGes R-e‡ji wµqv‡iLvi mv‡_
h_vµ‡g 0°, Ges (2 – ) †KvY Drcbœ K‡i|
g‡b Kiæb, P, Q, R ej wZbwUi jwä Fhv OX-Gi mv‡_ A_©vr P-Gi wµqv‡iLvi mv‡_ †KvY Drcbœ K‡i|
Avgiv Rvwb †h‡Kv‡bv wbw`©ó w`‡K `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e‡ji Dcvs‡ki exRMwYZxq mgwó H GKB w`‡K Zv‡`i jwäi
Dcvs‡ki mgvb| myZivs g‡b Kiæb, P, Q, R ej Îq wPÎvbymv‡i h_vµ‡g OX, OY Ges OZ eivei wµqvkxj|
F cos = P cos0° + Q cos + Rcos(2–) l a
ha
= P + Q cos + R cos--------------------- (i)
Avevi, F sin = P sin0° + Q sin + Rsin(2 – )
s
th
= Q sin – R sin------------------ (ii)
GLb, (i) + (ii)2†_‡K cvB,
2
Pa
F2 = (P + Q cos + R cos)2 + (Q sin – R sin)2
= P2 + Q2 cos2 + R2 cos2 + 2 PQ cos + 2 PR cos+ 2 QR cos cos
AA
+ Q2 sin2 + R2 sin2 – 2QR sin sin
= P2 + Q2 + R2 + 2PQ cos + 2PR cos + 2QRcos( + )
= P2+ Q2+ R2 + 2PQ cos + 2PR cos + 2QR cos [ + + = 2 ]
F = P2 + Q2 + R2 + 2PQ cos + 2QR cos + 2PR cos
1
A_©vr, F = (P2 + Q2 + R2 + 2PQcos + 2QRcos + 2PR cos) 2
GKwU KYvi Dci 10N Ges 6N ej ci¯ú‡ii j¤^vwfgy‡L GKwU we›`y‡Z wµqvkxj Ges
wkÿv_x©i GKwU 8N G‡`i AšÍe©Zx© †KvY‡K mgwØLwÐZ K‡i wµqv Ki‡Q; wµqvkxj we›`ywU n‡Z
KvR ewngy©Lx †h ejÎq‡K mvg¨ve¯’vq ivL‡Z cv‡i Zvi gvb wbY©q Kiæb|
DËi: P = 200 + 128 2 N
D`vniY 2:GKB mgZ‡j Aew¯’Z OA , OB, OC, OD †iLv eiveiP, 3P, 3P, 3Pgv‡bi ej¸‡jv wµqv K‡i|
hw`AOB = 60°,BOC = 90°Ges COD = 120°nq, Zvn‡j ejmg~‡ni jwäi gvb I w`K wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb P,3P, 3P, 3P h_vµ‡g OA,OB, OCIOD
Awfgy‡L wµqvkxj|
aiæb ej¸‡jv jwä Fhv OXev OA Gi mv‡_ †KvY Drcbœ K‡i|
OXGes OYeivei j¤^vs‡ki gvb h_vµ‡g F cosGes Fsinn‡j,
BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 219
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
F cos = P cos0° + 3P cos60° + 3P cos150° + 3 P cos270°
1 3 3
= P + 3P. – 3 P. = P ----------(i) [ cos 150° = –
2 2 2
Ges cos 270° = 0 ]
Ges F sin = P sin0°+3P sin60° + 3P sin150° + 3P sin270°
1 3 3P 3P
= 3P – 3P + 3 P 1 = – + 3P = 3P ---------------(ii)
2 2 2 2
F2 = P2 + ( 3 P)2 = 4P2F = 2PGes tan = 3 = tan 60° = 60°
D`vniY 3:ABCDEFGKwU mylg lofz‡Ri Dci 1, 3 Ges 3 gv‡bi wZbwU ej h_vµ‡g AC , AD Ges AE evû
eivei wµqvkxj| jwäi gvb wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: Avgiv Rvwb†Kv‡bv mylg lofz‡Ri †¶‡Î BAC = CAD = DAE = EAF = 30°;
myZivs AB I AE ci¯úi j¤^fv‡e Aew¯’Z| aiæb ejmg~‡ni jwä F hvAC Gi mv‡_ †Kv‡Y wµqvkxj|
GLb AC Ges Zvi j¤^vwfgy‡L ej¸‡jv‡K we‡kølY K‡i|
Fcos = X =1 . cos0° + 3cos30° + 3 cos60°
3 1
=1+ 3. + 3 = 4 ---------------- (i)
2 2
a
Ges Fsin = Y = 1 sin0° + 3sin30° + 3 sin60° l
1 3
ha
= 0 + 3 . + 3. = 2 3 ----------------- (ii)
2 2
s
(i) Ges (ii)-Gi e‡M©i mgwó wb‡q cvB,
th
F2 = 42 + (2 3 )2 = 16 + 12 = 28 F = 2 7
Pa
mvims‡ÿc-
AA
mvaviYZt GKwU wbw`©ó ej‡K ci¯úi j¤^fv‡e Aew¯’Z `yBwU Dcvs‡k we‡kølY Ki‡j †h `yBwU Dcvsk ev
AskK ej cvIqv hvq Zv‡K j¤^vsk ev j¤^vskK ej ejv nq|
Re‡ji j¤^vskK ev we‡køwlZ AskwU Avbyf‚wgK Askeivei =R cosGes Dj¤^ Ask eivei =R sin
GKB we›`y‡Z wµqvkxj `yBwU mgwe›`y e‡ji †h‡Kv‡bv wbw`©ó w`K eivei j¤^vsk‡Ki exRMwYZxq †hvMdj H
GKB w`‡K ej¸‡jvi jwäi j¤^vsk‡Ki mgvb|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 7.6-
1. Djø¤^w`‡Kimv‡_60°†Kv‡YbZGKwUe‡jiDjø¤^w`‡Kiwe‡køwlZvsk5N;
ejwUGesZviAvbyf‚wgKw`‡KiwewkóvskwbY©qKiæb|
2. ABCwÎfz‡RiA, B, C†KŠwYKwe›`yiwfZiw`‡qwµqvkxjwZbwUejwecixZevûij¤^vwfgy‡LGesej¸‡jvi
1
gvbh_vµ‡g†KvY¸‡jvi†KvmvB‡biAbycv‡Z|†`Lvb†hjwä(1 – 8 cosAcosBcosC) 2 -GiAbycv‡Z|
3. wZbwUmg-cwigvYejP, ∆ABC-iCA , CB , AB -
ievûimgvšÍivjfv‡eGKwUKYviDciwµqvkxj|cÖgvYKiæb†hGBwZbwUe‡jijwäP
3 – 2 cosA – 2 cosB – 2 cosC
4. mylglofz‡RiGKwU†KŠwYKwe›`y‡ZAcicuvPwU†KŠwYKwe›`yiw`‡Kh_vµ‡g2, 3, 5, 3
Ges2NwewkóejcÖhy³n‡q‡Q|Zv‡`ijwäigvbIw`KwbY©qKiæb|
w¯’wZwe`¨v c„ôv 220
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
5. GKwUmgevûwÎfz‡Riµgvbymv‡iM„nxZevû¸‡jvimgvšÍivjfv‡eh_vµ‡g2P,
3PI4PejGKwUwe›`y‡Zmwµq|Zv‡`ijwäigvbIw`KwbY©qKiæb|
6. PQ, PGesP + Qej wZbwUGKwUwe›`y‡ZwµqvK‡i;
Zv‡`iw`KGKwUmgevûwÎfz‡Riµgvbymv‡iM„nxZwZbwUevûimgvšÍivj n‡j ej·qijwäwbY©qKiæb|
cvV 7.7 ej‡Rv‡Ui mvg¨ve¯’v
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
†Kv‡bv KYv‡Z wµqvkxj ej‡Rv‡Ui mvg¨ve¯’v Kx Zv eY©bv I e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
†Kv‡bv KYv‡Z wµqvkxj mgZjxq ej‡Rv‡Ui mvg¨ve¯’vi cÖ‡qvRbxq kZ© wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
mvg¨ve¯’vq e‡ji wÎfzR m~Î I Zvi wecixZ m~‡Îi eY©bv I cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
m~θ‡jv cÖ‡qvM K‡i wewfbœ mgm¨v mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã ej‡RvU, mvg¨ve¯’v, wÎfzR m~Î
g~jcvV- l a
ha
ej‡Rv‡Ui mvg¨ve¯’v
s
GKBwe›`y‡ZwµqviZ†KvbKYviDciKZ¸‡jvejwµqvkxj_vK‡jhw`e¯‘KYvwU‡Z†KvbcÖKviMwZim„wóbvnqA_©vre¯‘KYvw
th
Uw¯’i_v‡KZ‡eej¸‡jvmvg¨ve¯’vq_vK‡e|G‡¶‡ÎwµqviZej¸‡jvijwäk~b¨n‡e|mgwe›`yejmvg¨ve¯’vq_vK‡j,
Pa
G‡`i†h†KvbGKwUe‡jigvbAciej¸‡jvijwäimgvbIwecixZgyLxn‡e|mvg¨ve¯’vq_vK‡jej¸‡jvijwäk~b¨nIqvq†h†
AA
Kvb†iLveiveijwäij¤^vskKk~b¨n‡e|myZivscÖ`Ëej¸‡jvij¤^vsk‡KiexRMwYZxq†hvMdjIk~b¨n‡e|
`ywUe‡ji†¶‡Îmvg¨ve¯’v:
g‡bKiæbOwe›`y‡ZwµqvkxjP IQejØqGKB†iLvAOBGiOAIOBeiveiKvh©iZ|ej؇qijwäRn‡j, R = P Q
(P>Q)
B Q O P A
mvg¨ve¯’vqjwäejR = 0, G‡¶‡ÎP = Q
A_©vrGKBwe›`y‡Z`ywUmgvbejci¯úiwecixZw`‡Kwµqvkxjn‡jGivmvg¨ve¯’vq_vK‡e|myZivs†Kvbwe›`y‡Z†Kvbe¯‘KYvi
Dci`ywUmgvbIwecixZgyLxejwµqvkxj_vK‡je¯‘KYvwUmvg¨ve¯’vq_vK‡e|
GKB we›`y‡Z wµqvkxj K‡qKwU mvgZwjK e‡ji mvg¨ve¯’vi kZ©
†Kv‡bv e¯‘KYvi Dci wµqvkxj GKvwaK e‡ji jwä k~b¨ n‡j ej¸‡jv mvg¨ve¯’vi m„wó K‡i| e‡ji mvg¨ve¯’v
wewfbœfv‡e n‡Z cv‡i|
†hgb: (i)`yBwU mgvb wecixZgyLx mgZjxq ej †Kv‡bv e¯‘KYvi Dci wµqv Ki‡j ej `yBwU mvg¨ve¯’vi m„wó K‡i|
(ii) †Kv‡bv e¯‘KYvi Dci `yB‡qi AwaK wµqvkxj mgZjxq ej hw` wµqvkxj e‡ji mgmsL¨K evûwewkó †Kv‡bv
eûfyR Øviv GKB µ‡g m~PxZ Kiv hvq Zvn‡j ej¸‡jv mvg¨ve¯’vi m„wó K‡i| (iii) wfbœ wfbœ †iLv eivei wµqvkxj
wZbwU ej mvg¨ve¯’vi m„wó K‡i hw` cÖ‡Z¨KwU ej Aci `yBwU e‡ji AšÍM©Z †Kv‡Yi mvB‡bi mgvbycvwZK nq|
Avevi wZbwU e‡ji †h‡Kv‡bv `yBwU e‡ji jwä Z…ZxqwUi mgvb I wecixZ n‡jI ejÎq mvg¨ve¯’vi m„wó K‡i|
BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 221
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
g‡b Kiæb Owe›`y‡Z wµqvkxj K‡qKwU e‡ji jwä FGesci¯úi j¤^‡”Q`x OXI OYeivei cÖ‡Z¨KwU e‡ji j¤^vskK
wbY©q Kiv n‡jv| g‡b Kiæb OXeivei ej¸‡jvi j¤^vsk‡Ki exRMwYZxq mgwó XGes OYeivei ej¸‡jvi
j¤^vsk‡Ki exRMwYZxq mgwó Y| Zvn‡j, F2 = X2 + Y2
GLb hw` jwä ej F = 0 nq, A_©vr ej¸‡jv mvg¨e¯’vq _v‡K Zvn‡j, X2 + Y2 = 0| wKšÍz X2I Y2Df‡qB eM©msL¨v
Ges eM©msL¨v gvÎB abvZ¥K| Kv‡RB G‡`i mgwó GKgvÎ ZLbB k~b¨ n‡e, hLb Giv cÖ‡Z¨‡K ¯^Zš¿fv‡e k~b¨ nq,
A_©vr hLb X = 0 Ges Y = 0 nq|
myZivs ej¸‡jvi mvg¨ve¯’vi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq kZ©, (i) X = 0 Ges (ii) Y = 0.
GKB we›`y‡Z wµqvkxj KZK¸‡jv mvgZwjK e‡ji mvg¨ve¯’vi Rb¨ H we›`y w`‡q ci¯ú‡ii j¤^-Awfgy‡L †h‡Kv‡bv
`yBw`‡K H ej¸‡jvi j¤^vsk‡Ki exRMwYZxq mgwó ¯^Zš¿fv‡e k~b¨ nIqvB cÖ‡qvRbxq kZ©|
e‡ji mvg¨ve¯’vi wÎfzR-m~Î (Triangle law of forces of equilibrium)
†Kv‡bv we›`y‡Z wµqvkxj wZbwU mgZjxq e‡ji gvb I w`K hw` †Kv‡bv wÎfz‡Ri µgvbymv‡i M„nxZ wZbwU evû Øviv
w`‡KI gv‡b m~wPZ nq, Zvn‡j ej wZbwU mvg¨ve¯’vq _vK‡e|
cÖgvY:g‡b KiæbP, Q I Rgv‡bi wZbwU mgZjxq ej GKwU we›`y O-†Z wµqv Ki‡Q Ges Zv‡`i gvb I w`K
ABCwÎfz‡Ri µgvbymv‡i M„nxZ wZbwU evû BC, CA, AB-i Øviv wb‡`©wkZ| cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e, P, QI Rgv‡bi ejÎq
mvg¨ve¯’vq Av‡Q|
l a
s ha
th
BCADmvgvšÍwiK m¤ú~Y© Kiv n‡jv| BD†iLv CA†iLvi mgvb I mgvšÍivj| AZGe BD†iLvskQe‡ji gvb I w`K
Pa
wb‡`©k K‡i| GLb BCADmvgvšÍwi‡Ki BCGes BDevû PGes Qe‡ji gvb I w`K wb‡`©k K‡i| AZGe e‡ji
AA
mvgvšÍwiK m~Î Abymv‡i BA†iLvsk PGes Qe‡ji jwäi gvb I w`K wb‡`©k K‡i| wKšÍz Owe›`y‡Z cÖhy³Re‡ji gvb
I w`K AB†iLvsk Øviv wb‡`©wkZ nq| myZivs PGes Qe‡ji jwä Re‡ji mgvb I wecixZgyLx| AZGe P, QI
Rej wZbwU mvg¨ve¯’vq Av‡Q|
†f±i c×wZ: GLv‡b P = BC , Q = CA I R = AB
myZivs †f±‡ii wÎfyR m~Îvbymv‡i,BC + CA = ABev, BC + CA + BA = 0 [AB = BA]
myZivs ej wZbwU mvg¨e¯’vq _vK‡e|
gšÍe¨:ej wZbwU †Kv‡bv GKwU we›`y‡Z wµqv K‡i,wKš‘ wÎfy‡Ri wZbwU evû eivei wµqv K‡i bv| wÎfy‡Ri evû
eivei wµqv Ki‡j ejÎq mvg¨e¯’vq m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
e‡ji mvg¨ve¯’vi wÎfzR-m~‡Îi wecixZ cÖwZÁv (Converse of the Law of triangle of forces of Equilibium)
†Kv‡bv GKwU we›`y‡Z wµqviZ wZbwU ej mvg¨e¯’vi m„wó Ki‡j ej wZbwUi gvb, w`K I AwfgywLZv GKwU wÎfz‡Ri
µgvbymv‡i M„nxZ wZbwU evû Øviv m~wPZ Kiv hv‡e|
cÖgvY:g‡b KiæbO we›`y‡Z wµqvkxjP, QI R wZbwU ej O we›`y‡Z mvg¨e¯’vq Av‡Q|cÖgvYKi‡Zn‡e†h,
Zv‡`igvbIw`KGKBµ‡g†KvbwÎfz‡RiwZbwUevûØvivm~wPZKivhv‡e|
w¯’wZwe`¨v c„ôv 222
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
P I Qe‡ji gvb, w`K I AwfgywLZv wb‡`©k K‡i Giƒc wbw`©ó †¯‹j
Abyhvqx P I Q-Gi mgvšÍivj K‡i h_vµ‡g BCI CA†iLvsk A¼b
Kiæb Ges BCADmvgvšÍwiK A¼b K‡i Gi KY© BAUvbyb|
G¶‡Y BDI CAmgvb I mgvšÍivj nIqvqBD†iLvsk Øviv Q e‡ji gvb, w`K I AwfgywLZv wb‡`©k Ki‡e| Avevi
BCI BDØviv P I Qej `yBwU wb‡`©wkZ nIqvq, mvgvšÍwiK m~Î Abyhvqx KY© BAZv‡`i jwä wb‡`©k Ki‡e| wKšÍz
†h‡nZz P, QI RejÎq mvg¨ve¯’vq Av‡Q| myZivs RejwU P I Q-Gi jwäe‡ji mgvb Ges wecixZgyLx n‡e|
AZGe ABKY© jwä RGi gvb, w`K Ges AwfgywLZv wb‡`©k Ki‡e|
myZivs Avgiv ABC Ggb GKwU wÎfzR cvB hvi BC, CAI ABevû¸‡jv h_vµ‡g P, QI Rej¸‡jv wb‡`©k Ki‡e|
myZivs Dccv`¨wU cÖgvwYZ n‡jv|
gšÍe¨: GKwU we›`y‡Z wµqvkxj mvg¨ve¯’v DrcbœKvix wZbwU ej G‡`i wµqvi †iLvi mgvšÍivj evû wewkó †h‡Kv‡bv
wÎfy‡Ri Abym½xevûi GKB µ‡g ˆ`‡N©¨i mgvbcvwZK|
wZbwU e‡ji j¤^vwfgyLx wÎfzR (Perpendicular triangle of three forces)
GKB we›`y‡Z wµqvkxj wZbwU ej hw` †Kv‡bv wÎfz‡Ri µgvbymv‡i M„nxZ wZbwU evûi mgvbycvwZK nq Ges H
a
evû¸‡jvi j¤^vwfgyLx (cÖ‡Z¨‡KB AšÍg©yLx A_ev cÖ‡Z¨‡KB ewngy©Lx) wµqvkxj nq, Zvn‡j ej wZbwU mvg¨ve¯’vq
l
_vK‡e|
ha
cÖgvY:g‡b KiæbP, Q I Rej wZbwU ABCwÎfz‡Ri wZbwU evû h_vµ‡g BC, CA I AB-Gi mgvbycvwZK Ges
s
evû¸‡jv j¤^vwfgyLx| ABCwÎfzRwU‡K GK mg‡Kv‡Y Nyiv‡j DEFwÎfzRwU cvIqv hv‡e| GB wÎfz‡Ri evû¸‡jv
th
µgvbymv‡i P, Q I Rej¸‡jvi mgvšÍivj n‡e| AZGe evû¸‡jvP, Q I Rej¸‡jv‡K gv‡b I w`‡K cÖKvk Ki‡e|
Pa
myZivs ej¸‡jv mvg¨ve¯’vq _vK‡e|
AA
mvg¨ve¯’vqe‡ji eûfzR m~Î (Polygon law of equilibrium forces)
†Kv‡bv we›`y‡Z cÖhy³ eûmsL¨K e‡ji gvb I w`K hw` GKwU eûfz‡Ri µgvbymv‡i M„nxZ evûmg~‡ni Øviv cÖ`wk©Z
nq, Zvn‡j H ejmg~n mvg¨ve¯’vq _vK‡e|
cÖgvY: g‡b Kiæb P, Q, R, SI Tej¸‡jvOwe›`y‡Z wµqvkxj i‡q‡Q Ges G ej¸‡jv‡K ABCDEeûfz‡Ri M„nxZ evû
AB, BC, CD, DE, EAØviv µgvbymv‡i G‡`i gvb I w`K wb‡`©wkZ K‡i| cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h, ej¸‡jv mvg¨ve¯’vq
Av‡Q| A,CIA,Dhy³ Kiv n‡jv|
hw` PGes Q e‡ji gvb I w`K ABGes BC†iLv Øviv m~wPZ nq, Z‡e
ACØviv GB `yB e‡ji jwä ej R1Gi gvb I w`K wb‡`©k K‡i| GB
R1ej Owe›`yi wfZi w`‡q hvq| Avevi R1Ges Re‡ji jwä R2e‡ji
gvb I w`K AD†iLvi Øviv m~wPZ nq, A_©vr AD†iLv P, QI Re‡ji
BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 223
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
jwäi gvb I w`K wb‡`©k K‡i Ges GB jwä ej Owe›`yi wfZi w`‡q
hvq|
Gfv‡e P, Q, RI Se‡ji jwäi gvb I w`K AE†iLvi Øviv wbw`©ó nq|
GB jwäej Owe›`yi wfZi w`‡q hvq| wKšÍz Owe›`y‡Z wµqvkxj Aewkó
Re‡ji gvb I w`K EA†iLvi Øviv wbw`©ó n‡q‡Q|
myZivs GwU P, Q, RI Se‡ji jwäi mgvb I wecixZgyLx| AZGe ejmg~n mvg¨ve¯’vq Av‡Q|
ej-eûfz‡Ri wecixZ cÖwZÁv
`yB‡qi AwaK mgwe›`y KZK¸‡jv ej hw` mvg¨ve¯’vq _v‡K, Z‡e GKwU c~Y© eûfz‡Ri µgvbymv‡i M„nxZ evû¸‡jv
Øviv Zv‡`i‡K w`‡K I gv‡b wb‡`©wkZ Kiv hv‡e|
P, Q, R, SI Tej¸‡jv †hb Owe›`y‡Z wµqvkxj I ej¸‡jv mvg¨ve¯’vq Av‡Q (wPÎ wb‡R A¼b Kiæb)|
cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h, H ej¸‡jv‡K GKwU c~Y© eûfz‡Ri µgvbymv‡i M„nxZ evû¸‡jv Øviv w`‡K I gv‡b wb‡`©wkZ Kiv
hv‡e|
P, Q, RI Se‡ji mgvšÍivj K‡i cici AB, BC, CDI DE†iLv¸‡jv Ggbfv‡e Aw¼Z †h, Giv h_vµ‡g H
ej¸‡jvi gvb m~wPZ K‡i| myZivs ABI BC†iLv Øviv h_vµ‡g P I Qe‡ji jwä ACØviv wb‡`©wkZ nq; ACØviv
wb‡`©wkZ ej Ges CDØviv wb‡`©wkZ Re‡ji jwä AE| myZivs P, Q, R I Se‡ji jwäB AE Øviv wb‡`©wkZ n‡e|
†h‡nZz ej¸‡jv mvg¨ve¯’vq Av‡Q, †mRb¨ AE Øviv wb‡`©wkZ ej wbðqB Aewkó Te‡ji mgvb I wecixZgyLx|
a
myZivs EA Aek¨B Tej‡K wb‡`©wkZ Ki‡e| l
ha
Gfv‡e cÖgvY nq †h, mvg¨ve¯’vq I mgwe›`y P, Q, R, SI TGB ej KqwU‡K ABCDEeûfz‡Ri µgvbymv‡i M„nxZ
evû¸‡jvi Øviv w`‡K I gv‡b wb‡`©wkZ Kiv hvq|
s
th
gšÍe¨: e‡ji eûfz‡Ri m~‡Îi wecixZ cÖwZÁv wÎfzR-m~‡Îi wecixZ cÖwZÁvi b¨vq e¨vcK mZ¨ bq| †Kv‡bv we›`y‡Z
cÖhy³ wZbwUi AwaK msL¨K ej hw` mvg¨ve¯’vq _v‡K Zvn‡j H ejmg~‡ni gvb I w`K wbw`©ó n‡Z cv‡i Giƒc evû-
Pa
wewkó GKwU eûfzR A¼b Kiv hvq| wKšÍz H ejmg~‡ni mgvšÍivj evû wewkó †h‡Kv‡bv eûfz‡Ri evûmg~n GB
AA
ejmg~‡ni wb‡`©kK n‡Z cv‡i bv|
D`vniY 1: (i) 3, 7, 10; (ii) 5, 7, 10; (iii) 5, 7, 15 Abycv‡Zi ej wZbwU GKwU KYv‡K w¯’ive¯’vq ivL‡Z cv‡i
wK? Dˇii ¯^c‡¶ KviY cÖ`k©b Kiæb|
mgvavb: (i) GLv‡b ej·qi AbycvZ 3 t 7 t 10 myZivs aiæb ejmg~n h_vµ‡g 3K, 7K, Ges 7K| Zvn‡j 3K, 7K,
10KejÎq †Kv‡bv KYvi Dci wµqvkxj n‡q KYvwU w¯’ive¯’vq _vK‡e| hLb 3K, 7Kej GKB w`‡K wµqv K‡i Ges
Zv‡`i jwä ej 10KwecixZ w`‡K|
(ii) 5K, 7K, 10Kej cÖhy³ n‡q KYvwU w¯’ive¯’vq _vK‡Z cv‡i| KviY Ggb GKwU wÎfzR A¼b Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i
hvi µgvbymv‡i M„nxZ evû wZbwU ej wZbwU‡K cÖ`k©b Ki‡e|
(iii) 5K, 7K, 15Kej cÖhy³ n‡q ejwU w¯’ive¯’vq _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| KviY 5K I 7Kej `yBwUi †hvMdj
15KA‡c¶v ¶z`ªZi e‡j GK †iLvq Zviv wµqv Ki‡jI mvg¨ve¯’vq _v‡K bv| Avevi Ggb wÎfzR A¼b KivI
Am¤¢e, †Kbbv wÎfz‡Ri †h †Kv‡bv `yB evûi †hvMdj Z…Zxq evû A‡c¶v e„nËi|
D`vniY 2:GKwU we›`y‡Z PviwU mvgZwjK ej 4, 2, 6 3Ges 8 wµqvkxj, †hLv‡b GKB µ‡g cÖ_g I wØZxq, wØZxq
I Z…Zxq Ges Z…Zxq I PZz_© e‡ji ga¨eZx© †KvY h_vµ‡g 60°, 90°I 150°; †`Lvb †h, ej¸‡jv mvg¨ve¯’vq Av‡Q|
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, ejmg~n O we›`y‡Z wµqvkxj Ges cÖ_g ejwU OXeivei wµqvkxj|
GLb OXeivei G ejmg~‡ni we‡køwlZvs‡ki exRMwYZxq †hvMdj
= 4 cos0° + 2 cos 60° + 6 3 cos (90° + 60°) + 8 cos (60° + 90° + 150°)
w¯’wZwe`¨v c„ôv 224
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
= (4 + 1 – 9 + 4) = 0
GLb OX-Gi j¤^vwfgy‡L we‡køwlZvs‡ki exRMwYZxq mgwó
= 4 sin 0° + 2 sin 60° + 6 3 sin (90° + 60°) + 8 sin (60° + 90° + 150°)
=( 3 +3 3 –4 3)= 0
myZivs ejmg~n mvg¨ve¯’vq Av‡Q|
D`vniY3:GKwU `‡Ûi fvi‡K›`ª `ÐwU‡K a Ges b As‡k wef³ K‡i| G‡K GKwU gm„Y †Mvj‡Ki g‡a¨ ivLv nj|
hw` mvg¨ve¯’vq `ÐwU f~wgi mwnZ †KvY Drcbœ K‡i Ges †Mvj‡Ki †K‡›`ª 2 †KvY ˆZwi K‡i, Z‡ecÖgvY Kiæb
b–a
†h, tan= b + a tan
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, `ÐwU AB Ges GwUO †K›`ª wewkó †Mvj‡Ki g‡a¨ f~wgi mv‡_
†Kv‡Y Aew¯’Z| `ÐwUiA GesB we›`y‡Z cÖwZwµqvR GesS h_vµ‡gAO GesBO eivei
wµqviZ| `ÐwUi IRbW `ÐwUi G-we›`y‡Z Luvov wb‡Pi w`‡K wµqv Ki‡e| †h‡nZz
`ÐwU mvg¨ve¯’vq Av‡Q, myZivsW Gi wµqv †iLv O we›`yMvgx n‡e|
GLb, AG = a, BG = b, AOC = BOC = , BAD =
COG = 90 – AGD =
a AG AC – CG OC tanAOC – OC tanCOG tan – tan
myZivs, b = BG = BC + CG = OC tanBOC – OC tanCOG = tan + tan
a
a tan a tan b tan b tan (b a ) tan (b a) tan
l
ha
b–a
tan = tan
b+a
s
th
mvims‡ÿc-
Pa
GKBwe›`y‡ZwµqviZ†KvbKYviDciKZ¸‡jvejwµqvkxj_vK‡jhw`e¯‘KYvwU‡Z†KvbcÖKviMwZim„wóbvnqA_©vre
AA
¯‘KYvwUw¯’i_v‡KZ‡eej¸‡jvmvg¨ve¯’vq_vK‡e|G‡¶‡ÎwµqviZej¸‡jvijwäk~b¨n‡e|
mvg¨ve¯’vq_vK‡jej¸‡jvijwäk~b¨nIqvq†h†Kvb†iLveiveijwäij¤^vskKk~b¨n‡e|myZivscÖ`Ëej¸‡jvij¤^vsk
‡KiexRMwYZxq†hvMdjIk~b¨n‡e|
†Kv‡bv e¯‘KYvi Dci wµqvkxj GKvwaK e‡ji jwä k~b¨ n‡j ej¸‡jv mvg¨ve¯’vi m„wó K‡i| e‡ji mvg¨ve¯’v
wewfbœfv‡e n‡Z cv‡i|
(i) `yBwU mgvb wecixZgyLx mgZjxq ej †Kv‡bv e¯‘KYvi Dci wµqv Ki‡j ej `yBwU mvg¨ve¯’vi m„wó K‡i|
(ii) †Kv‡bv e¯‘KYvi Dci `yB‡qi AwaK wµqvkxj mgZjxq ej hw` wµqvkxj e‡ji mgmsL¨K evûwewkó
†Kv‡bv eûfyR Øviv GKB µ‡g m~PxZ Kiv hvq Zvn‡j ej¸‡jv mvg¨ve¯’vi m„wó K‡i|
(iii) wfbœ wfbœ †iLv eivei wµqvkxj wZbwU ej mvg¨ve¯’vi m„wó K‡i hw` cÖ‡Z¨KwU ej Aci `yBwU e‡ji
AšÍM©Z †Kv‡Yi mvB‡bi mgvbycvwZK nq| Avevi wZbwU e‡ji †h‡Kv‡bv `yBwU e‡ji jwä Z…ZxqwUi mgvb I
wecixZ n‡jI ejÎq mvg¨ve¯’vi mywó K‡i|
GKB we›`y‡Z wµqvkxj KZK¸‡jv mvgZwjK e‡ji mvg¨ve¯’vi Rb¨ H we›`y w`‡q ci¯ú‡ii j¤^-Awfgy‡L
†h‡Kv‡bv `yBw`‡K H ej¸‡jvi j¤^vsk‡Ki exRMwYZxq mgwó ¯^Zš¿fv‡e k~b¨ nIqvB cÖ‡qvRbxq kZ©|
e‡ji mvg¨ve¯’vi wÎfzR m~Î: †Kv‡bv we›`y‡Z wµqvkxj wZbwU mgZjxq e‡ji gvb I w`K hw` †Kv‡bv wÎfz‡Ri
µgvbymv‡i M„nxZ wZbwU evû Øviv w`‡KI gv‡b m~wPZ nq, Zvn‡j ej wZbwU mvg¨ve¯’vq _vK‡e|
e‡ji mvg¨ve¯’vi wÎfzR m~‡Îi wecixZ m~Î: †Kv‡bv GKwU we›`y‡Z wµqviZ wZbwU ej mvg¨e¯’vi m„wó Ki‡j
ej wZbwUi gvb, w`K I AwfgywLZv GKwU wÎfz‡Ri µgvbymv‡i M„nxZ wZbwU evû Øviv m~wPZ Kiv hv‡e|
BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 225
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 7.7-
1. ABCDEGKwU mylg cÂfzR| GK we›`y‡Z cÖhy³ ej¸‡jvi gvb I w`K h_vµ‡g AB, AC, AD, AE, BC, BD,
BE, CD, CEGes DEØviv cÖKvwkZ n‡j, cÖgvY Kiæb †h G‡`i jwäi gvb n‡e 4AE + 2BD|
2. wÎfzR m~Î n‡Z cÖgvY Kiæb †h, hw` wZbwU ej GKwU we›`y O-†Z wµqv K‡i mvg¨ve¯’vq _v‡K Ges ej¸‡jv
ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ 120° †KvY K‡i, Z‡e ej¸‡jv mgvb|
3. GKwU PZzfz©‡R GKwU we›`y‡Z cÖhy³ ej¸‡jvi gvb I w`K h_vµ‡g AB, 2BC, 2CD, DAI DB Øviv cÖKvwkZ
n‡jv| †`Lvb †h ej¸‡jv mvg¨ve¯’vq Av‡Q|
4.(i) 5N, 7NI 8N ejÎq GKwU e¯‘i Dci wµqv K‡i fvimvg¨ m„wó Ki‡j 8NI 5N ej؇qi ga¨eZ©x †KvY wbY©q
Kiæb|
(ii) †Kv‡bv we›`y‡Z 1, 2 I 3 GKK ejÎq wµqv K‡i mvg¨ve¯’v m„wó K‡i| ej¸‡jvi ga¨eZ©x †KvY wbY©q
Kiæb|
cvV 7.8 mvg¨ve¯’vi jvwgi Dccv`¨ l a
s ha
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
th
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
Pa
jvwgi Dccv`¨ eY©bv I cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
AA
jvwgi Dccv‡`¨i wecixZ Dccv`¨ eY©bv I cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
m~θ‡jv e¨envi K‡i wewfbœ mgm¨v mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã jvwgi Dccv`¨
g~jcvV-
jvwgi Dccv`¨ (Lami’s Theorem)
†Kv‡bv GKwU we›`y‡Z wµqvkxj wZbwU mgZjxq ej hw` mvg¨ve¯’vq _v‡K, Zvn‡j cÖ‡Z¨KwU e‡ji gvb Aci `yBwU
e‡ji ga¨eZx© †Kv‡Yi mvB‡bi mgvbycvwZK n‡e|
cÖgvY: g‡b Kiæb O we›`y‡Z wµqvkxj P, Q Ges Rgv‡bi ej wZbwU h_vµ‡g OX, OY, OZeivei wµqv K‡i
P Q R
mvg¨ve¯’vq Av‡Q| cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h, sinQOR = sinROP = sinPOQ
GLb OX GesOY †iLvsk n‡Z OAGes OB Ask Ggb †¯‹‡j †K‡U wbb
†hb OAGes OB ˆ`N©¨ Øviv P Ges Qej `yBwU w`‡K I gv‡b wb‡`©k
K‡i| OACBmvgvšÍwiK m¤ú~Y© Kiæb Ges OChy³ Kiæb|
GLb e‡ji mvgvšÍwiK m~Î Abymv‡i OC†iLv PGes Qe‡ji jwä wb‡`©k K‡i|
w¯’wZwe`¨v c„ôv 226
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
wKšÍz †h‡nZz P, QGes RejÎq mvg¨ve¯’vq Av‡Q| AZGe Rej PGes
Qe‡ji jwäi mgvb I wecixZgyLx| myZivs CO†iLv Rej‡K wb‡`©k
K‡i| Avevi AC†iLv OB-i mgvb I mgvšÍivj e‡j AC†iLv Qe‡ji
gvb I w`K wb‡`©k K‡i|
OA AC CO
GLb OACwÎfzR n‡Z, sinOCA = sinCOA = sinCAO
wKšÍz sinOCA = sinCOB = sin(180° – QOR) = sinQOR
sinCOA = sinROPGessinCAO = sin(180° – POQ) = sinPOQ
Avevi OA, AC I COh_vµ‡g, P, QI Re‡ji gvb I w`K wb‡`©k K‡i|
P Q R
= =
sinQOR sinROP sinPOQ
myZivs cÖ‡Z¨K e‡ji gvb Aci ej؇qi AšÍM©Z †Kv‡Yi mvB‡bi mgvbycvwZK|
†f±i c×wZ:†h‡nZz P , Q , R ej wZbwU mvg¨ve¯’vq Av‡Q, myZivs P + Q + R = 0
R Øviv Dfq c‡¶ †f±i ¸Yb K‡i R P + R Q + R R = R 0
ev, R P – Q R + 0 = 0 [ R R = R R sin0n = 0]
ev, R P = Q R ev, R P sin (R^P) n = Q R sin (Q^R) n
GLv‡b n GKwU GKK †f±i hvi w`K ej¸‡jvi mgZ‡ji mv‡_ j¤^|
l a
ha
P Q P Q
= ev, =
s
sin(Q^R) sin(R^P) sinYOZ sinZOX
th
Q R P Q R
GKBfv‡e †`Lv‡bv hvq, sinZOX = sinXOYsinYOZ = sinZOX = sinXOY
Pa
myZivs cÖ‡Z¨K e‡ji gvb Aci ej؇qi AšÍM©Z †Kv‡Yi mvB‡bi mgvbycvwZK|
AA
jvwgi Dccv‡`¨i wecixZ Dccv`¨
GKwU we›`y‡Z cÖhy³ mgZjxq wZbwU ej hw` Giƒc nq †h, Zv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨KwU e‡ji gvb Aci `yBwUi e‡ji AšÍM©Z
†Kv‡Yi mvB‡bi mgvbycvZx, Z‡e ej wZbwU mvg¨ve¯’vq _vK‡e|
cÖgvY: g‡b Kiæb, Owe›`y‡Z cÖhy³ P, QI Rej wZbwU h_vµ‡g OX, OY I OZeivei wµqvkxj Ges
P Q R
= = ------------- (i)
sinYOZ sinZOX sinXOY
cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e P, Q, R ejÎq mvg¨ve¯’vq Av‡Q|
ZO-†K Dch©šÍ ewa©Z Kiæb †hb ODØvivRe‡ji gvb m~wPZ nq|
GLbOADBmvgvšÍwiK c~Y© Kiæb hvi KY© ODGes OAI OBevûØq
h_vµ‡g OXGes OYeivei Aew¯’Z n‡e|
OA AD OD R
GLb OADwÎfzR n‡Z, sinODA = sinAOD = sinOAD = sinOAD
wKšÍz sinODA = sinBOD = sin(180° – YOZ) = sinYOZ
sinAOD = sin(180° – ZOX) = sinZOX
Ges sinOAD = sin(180° – XOY) = sinXOY
OA DA R
myZivs sinYOZ = sinZOX = sinXOY-------------- (ii)
GLb (i) I (ii) †_‡K cvB, P = OAGes Q = AD = OB
BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 227
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
myZivs e‡ji mvgvšÍwiK m~Î Abymv‡i OAGes OBØviv wb‡`©wkZ PGes Qej؇qi jwä OCØviv wb‡`©wkZ n‡e Ges
GwU R-Gi mgvb I wecixZ| AZGe P, QI RejÎq mvg¨ve¯’vq _vK‡e|
†f±i c×wZ: cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h ej¸‡jv mvg¨e¯’v m„wó K‡i, A_©vr P + Q + R = 0
P Q R
GLb kZ©vbymv‡i, sinYOZ = sinZOX = sinXOY
PsinZOX = QsinYOZev,RPsinZOX = QRsinYOZ
ev, R P (sinZOX) n = Q R (sinYOZ) n
GLv‡b n GKwU GKK †f±i hvP, Q, R Gi wµqv‡iLvi mgZ‡ji mv‡_ j¤^|
ev, R P = Q R ev, R P = – R Q ev, R P + R Q + R R = 0 [ R R = 0 ]
ev, R ( P + Q + R ) = 0 P + Q + R = 0
AZGe,P, Q, R ej wZbwU mvg¨ve¯’v m„wó K‡i|
D`vniY 1: 17 wK‡jvMÖvg IR‡bi GKwU e¯‘ 16 †m.wg. Ges 30 †m.wg. `xN© `yBwU iwki mvnv‡h¨ Szwj‡q ivLv n‡q‡Q|
iwki `yBwUi Aci cÖvšÍØq Avbyf‚wgK †iLvq Aew¯’Z 34 †m.wg. e¨eav‡b `yBwU we›`y‡Z mshy³ Av‡Q| iwk `yBwUi Uvb
wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, AOGes BO`yBwU iwki AGes B cÖvšÍ 34 †m.wg.e¨eav‡b AGes B we›`y‡Z mshy³ Av‡Q Ges
l a
Owe›`y‡Z 17 wK‡jvMÖvg IR‡bi GKwU e¯‘ Szj‡Q| d‡j OAGesOBAs‡k iwki Uvb aiæb h_vµ‡g T1 Ges T2|
ha
Zvn‡jAO = 16 †m. wg., BO = 30 †m. wg. I AB = 34 †m. wg. B
s
†h‡nZz 34 = 16 + 30 ,
2 2 2
th
A_©vr, AB2 = AO2 + BO2AOB = 90°
aiæb, O-i wfZi w`‡q Djø¤^ †iLv PO, BO-i m‡½ †KvY K‡i Ges
Pa
†h‡nZz O we›`y‡Z OAI OBiwk‡Z Uvb h_vµ‡g T1, T2Ges 17wK‡jvMÖvg ejÎq mvg¨e¯’vq Av‡Q
AA
T1 T2 17
jvwgi m~Îvbymv‡i, = =
sin(180° – ) sin(90° + ) sin90°
T1 T2
ev, sin = cos = 17
BO 30
T1 = 17 sin = 17 = 17 = 15 wK‡jvMÖvg IRb|
AB 34
16
T2 = 17 cos = 17 = 8 wK‡jvMÖvg IRb|
34
D`vniY 2: ABCwÎfz‡Ri AšÍt‡K›`ª IGes IA, IBI ICeivei wµqvkxj P, Q, R gv‡bi wZbwU ej P, QI
A B C
Rmvg¨ve¯’vq _vK‡j, †`Lvb †h, PtQtR = cos t cos t cos
2 2 2
mgvavb: GLv‡b wÎfz‡Ri AšÍt‡K›`ª I we›`y‡Z wµqviZ P, Q, R ej wZbwU mvg¨ve¯’vq Av‡Q, myZivs jvwgi Dccv`¨
P Q R
Abymv‡i, sinBIC = sinCIA = sinAIB -------------- (i)
†h‡nZz wÎfz‡Ri AšÍt‡K›`ª I wÎfz‡Ri †KvY·qi AšÍwØ©LÛK·qi †Q`we›`y
1 1
IBC = ABC = B
2 2
1 1
ICB = ACB = C
2 2
w¯’wZwe`¨v c„ôv 228
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
1 1
BIC = 180° – (ABC + ACB) = 180° – (B + C)
2 2
1 1 A A
sin BIC = sin {180° – (B + C)} = sin (B + C) = sin –
2 2
(
2 2
= cos)2
B C
Abyiƒ‡c, sin CIA = cos 2 Ges sin AIB = cos 2 .
A B C
(i) n‡Z cvB,PtQtR = cos t cos t cos
2 2 2
D`vniY 3: 3 wg. Ges 4 wg. `xN© `yBwU `woi mvnv‡h¨ 20 †KwR IR‡bi GKwU e¯‘ Szwj‡q ivLv n‡q‡Q| `wo `yBwUi
Aci cÖvšÍØq Abyf‚wgK mij‡iLvi Dci 5 wg. e¨eav‡b Aew¯’Z `yB we›`y‡Z msjMœ Av‡Q| `wo `yBwUi Uvb wbY©q
Kiæb|
mgvavb: aiæb GLv‡b AB = 5 wg., AC = 3 wg. GesBC = 4 wg.| †h‡nZz `wo `yBwUi mvnv‡h¨ C we›`y‡K 20 †KwR
IR‡bi e¯‘wU CE eivei Szj‡Q| myZivs DEDjø¤^ †iLvq _vK‡e| g‡b Kiæb CBA = ;
†h‡nZz 52 = 32 + 42, myZivs ACBGKwU mg‡KvY|
myZivs ACD = 90° – BCD = CBD = .
g‡b Kiæb, CAGes CB`woi Uvb h_vµ‡g T1Ges T2
T1 T2 20
GLb jvwgi m~Îvbymv‡i, sinECB = sinECA = sinACB 4
wKšÍz sinECB = sin(180° – DCB) = sinDCB
Ges sinECA = sin(180° – ACD) = sinACD = sin l a kg
ha
T1 T2 20
= =
s
sinBCD sin sin90°
th
wKšÍz sinBCD = sin(90° – ) = cos
4
Pa
Ges cos = 5 [ABCmg‡KvYx wÎfyR n‡Z]
4
AA
T1 = 20 sinBCD = 20 cos = 20 = 16 †KwR IRb|
5
3
Ges T2 = 20 sin [ sin90° = 1 ] = 20 5 = 12 †KwR IRb|
D`vniY 4: mvg¨ve¯’vq Aew¯’Z wZbwU ej †Kv‡bv wÎfz‡Ri evû·qi Dci j¤^fv‡e Aew¯’Z mij‡iLvÎq eivei
mwµq| cÖgvY Kiæb †h, ej wZbwU sinA, sinBI sinC-i mgvbycvZx| AviI †`Lvb †h, ej wZbwU wÎfz‡Ri evû·qi
mgvbycvwZK|
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb P, QI Rej wZbwU h_vµ‡g ABC wÎfz‡Ri Af¨šÍi¯’ O we›`y‡Z OD, OEI OFGB j¤^
mij‡iLvÎq eivei wµqkxj|
GLb P I Qej `yBwU Owe›`y‡Z mwµq| Zvn‡j P I Qej؇qi jwä O we›`y‡Z wµqv Ki‡e| †h‡nZz ejÎq
mvg¨ve¯’vq Aew¯’Z, myZivs P I Qe‡ji jwä Z…Zxq ej R-Gi mv‡_ mvg¨ve¯’vq _vK‡e| AZGe jvwgi
Dccv`¨vbymv‡i,
P Q R
= = --------------- (i)
sinEOF sinFOD sinDOE
GLb sinEOF = sin(180° – A) = sinA,
Ges sinFOD = sin(180° – B) = sinB
Ges sinDOE = sin(180° – C) = sinC
P Q R
(i) n‡Z cvB, = =
sinA sinB sinC
BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 229
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
ej wZbwU sinA, sinBGes sinC- Gi mgvbycvZx|
GLb ABCwÎfzR n‡Z cvB,
a b c P Q R
= = = = .
sinA sinB sinC a b c
AZGe ejÎq wÎfzRwUi evû·qi mgvbycvwZK|
D`vniY 5: ABCwÎfz‡Ri cwi‡K›`ª Q|Owe›`y‡ZOA, OB, OCeivei wµqvkxj wZbwU ej mvg¨ve¯’vq Av‡Q| cÖgvY
P Q R
Kiæb †h, a2 (b2 + c2 – a2) = b2 (c2 + a2 – b2) = c2 (a2 + b2 – c2)
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, P,Q, Rgv‡bi ejÎq wÎfyR ABC Gi cwi‡K›`ª O †Z h_vµ‡g OA, OBGes OC eivei
wµqvkxj i‡q‡Q| myZivs mvg¨ve¯’vi Rb¨ jvwgi m~Î Abymv‡i
P Q R
= =
sinBOC sinCOA sinAOB
P Q R
ev, sin2A = sin2B = sin2C
[ †K›`ª¯’ †KvY cwiwai †Kv‡Yi wظY,
AZGe BOC = 2A, COA = 2A, AOB = 2C ]
P Q R
ev, 2 sinA cosA = 2 sinB cosB = 2 sinC cosC
a
P Q R
ev, sinA cosA = sinB cosB = sinC cosC l
ha
P Q R
ev, 2∆ b2 + c2 – a2 = 2∆ c2 + a2 – b2 = 2∆ a2 + b2 – c2
s
bc 2bc ca 2ca ab 2ab
th
b2 + c 2 – a2 c2 + a 2 – b 2 a2 + b2 – c2
[sin A = 2∆ , sinB =
2∆
, sinC =
2∆
Ges cosA = cosB = , cosC = ]
Pa
bc ca ab 2bc 2ca 2ab
P Q R
ev, b2 + c2 – a2 = c2 + a2 – b2 = a2 + b2 – c2
AA
∆
b2c2 ∆ c2a2 ∆ a2b2
P Q R
ev, b2 + c2– a2 =c2 + a2 – b2 = a2 + b2 – c2
b2c2 c2a2 a2 b2
cÖ‡Z¨KwU c`‡K a2b2c2Øviv fvM K‡i cvB,
P Q R
= 2 2 = 2 2
a (b + c – a ) b (c + a – b ) c (a + b2 – c2)
2 2 2 2 2 2
D`vniY 6:i¤^mvK…wZ GKwU mgcv‡Zi GKwU †KvY 120° GesGi GK evû Abyf‚wgKfv‡e Aew¯’Z| i¤^‡mi †K‡›`ª `yB
K‡Y©i w`‡K P I Qej cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j i¤^mvK…wZ cvZwU mvg¨ve¯’vq Aew¯’Z| P I Qej؇qi g‡a¨ Pe„nËi n‡j,
†`Lvb †h, P2 = 3Q2.
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb ABCDGKwU i¤^m, Gi AB evû Abyf‚wgK Ges ABC = 120°| aiæb, i¤^‡mi †K›`ª O; Gi
†K‡›`ª wµqvkxj P I Qej `yBwU ODGes OCeivei wµqvkxj nIqvq GwU mvg¨ve¯’vq Av‡Q| i¤^‡mi IRb Whv O
we›`y‡Z Lvov wb‡Pi w`‡K wµqviZ|
†h‡nZz i¤^‡mi KY©Øq ci¯úi‡K mg‡Kv‡Y mgwØLwÐZ K‡i, AZGe DOC = 90°.
Avevi †h‡nZz P, Q,WejÎq mvg¨ve¯’vq Av‡Q| myZivs P, Qej؇qi jwä i¤^‡mi IRb W-Gi mv‡_ mgvb Ges Zv
ROeivei wµqvkxj| GLv‡b DOR = 30°
P Q
jvwgi Dccv`¨ Abymv‡i, =
sinCOW sinDOW
w¯’wZwe`¨v c„ôv 230
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
P Q P Q
ev, sin(180° – 60°) = sin(180° – 30°) ; ev, sin60° = sin30°
1 3
ev, P. sin30° = Q. sin60°; ev, P. 2 = Q. 2
ev, P = 3Q
P2 = 3Q2.
D`vniY 7: GKwU iwk ACB-i `yB cÖvšÍ GKB Abyf‚wgK †iLvq A Ges B we›`y‡Z msjMœ Av‡Q| iwki Cwe›`y‡Z
Wb 2
Wfvi †eu‡a †`qv n‡q‡Q| cÖgvY Kiæb †h, iwki CAAs‡k Uvb = (c + a2 – b2)
4c∆
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb ACBiwk C-i wfZi w`‡q Djø¤^ PC†iLv CB-i m‡½ †KvY K‡i| CAGes CBAs‡k iwki Uvb
T1Ges T2ai‡j,
T1 W
= ;
sin(180° – ) sinC
T1 W
= ; GLv‡b = 90° – B.
sin(90° + B) sinC
T1 W
ev, cosB = sinC
W cosB c2 + a2 – b2 c2 + a2 – b2 (c2 + a2 – b2) ab
T1 = = W. [ cosB = ] = W.
a
sinC 2ca sinC 2ca 2ca. 2∆
=
Wb (c2 + a2 – b2)
[ ab sinC = 2∆ ]
l
ha
4c∆
s
D`vniY 8: Owe›`y‡Z wµqvkxj wZbwU ej P, QI Rmvg¨ve¯’vq Av‡Q| Owe›`y w`‡q GKwUe„Ë A¼b Kiv n‡jv, hv‡Z
th
e„ËwU ej¸‡jvi wµqv‡iLv‡K h_vµ‡g A, BI Cwe›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i| cÖgvY Kiæb †h, ej¸‡jvABCwÎfz‡Ri evû¸‡jvi
mv‡_ mgvbycvwZK|
Pa
mgvavb: †h‡nZz P, QI Rej¸‡jv mvg¨ve¯’vq Av‡Q|
AA
P Q R
jvwgi Dccv`¨ Abymv‡i = =
sinQOZ sinZOP sinPOQ
GLb QOZ = 180° – BOC = 180° – BAC[ AOBCe„˯’ PZzfz©R| ]
sinQOZ = sin(180° – BAC) =sinBAC = sinA
Abyiƒ‡c, sinZOP= sin (180° – COA) = sinCOA = sinB
Ges sinPOQ = sin(180° – BCA) = sinBCA = sinC.
P Q R
= =
sinA sinB sinC
a b c
wKš‘ †h‡Kv‡bv wÎfzR ABC n‡Z cvB, sinA = sinB = sinC
P Q R
= =
a b c
P Q R
A_©vr, BC = AC = AB .
D`vniY 9: WIR‡bi GKwU KYv‡K GKwU gm„Y bZZ‡ji Dci Abyf‚wgK †iLvq wµqvkxj †Kv‡bv ej PA_ev
1 1 1
bZZj eivei wµqvkxj GKwU ej QcÖ‡qv‡M w¯’Zve¯’vq _v‡K| cÖgvY Kiæb †h, P2 – Q2 = W2
mgvavb t g‡b Kiæb ZjwUi bZ‡KvY | myZivs, cÖ_g †¶‡Î bZ Zj eivei we‡kølY Ki‡j cvB P = W sin
wØZxq †¶‡Î jvwgi Dccv`¨ Abymv‡i,
BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 231
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
Q W Q W
= ev, = ; ev, Q = W tan
sin(180° – ) sin(90° + ) sin cos
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 – 2 = 2 2 – 2 2 = 2 (cosec2 – cot2) = 2 [ cosec2 – cot2 = 1)
P Q W sin W tan W W
mvims‡ÿc-
jvwgi m~Î:†Kv‡bv GKwU we›`y‡Z wµqvkxj wZbwU mgZjxq ej hw` mvg¨ve¯’vq _v‡K, Zvn‡j cÖ‡Z¨KwU
e‡ji gvb Aci `yBwU e‡ji ga¨eZx© †Kv‡Yi mvB‡bi mgvbycvwZK n‡e|
jvwgi m~‡Îi wecixZ m~Î:GKwU we›`y‡Z cÖhy³ mgZjxq wZbwU ej hw` Giƒc nq †h, Zv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨KwU
e‡ji gvb Aci `yBwUi e‡ji AšÍM©Z †Kv‡Yi mvB‡bi mgvbycvZx, Z‡e ej wZbwU mvg¨ve¯’vq _vK‡e|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 7.8-
1. 3 wK‡jvMÖvg GKwU e¯‘ †Kv‡bv w¯’i we›`y n‡Z 25 wg.j¤^v nvj&Kv `wo‡Z euvav Av‡Q| Abyf‚wgK ej FcÖhy³ n‡j
GwU H w¯’i we›`yi Dj¤^ †iLv n‡Z 20 wg.`~‡i w¯’ive¯’vq _v‡K| Fe‡ji gvb I `woi Uvb wbY©q Kiæb|
2. 7†KwR IRbGes 24 wg.`xN© GKwU fvinxb `wo 25 wg.`xN© GKwU `‡Ði `yB cÖv‡šÍ †eu‡a 10 cvDÛ f‡ii GKwU
a
e¯‘‡K Ggbfv‡e Szwj‡q ivLv n‡q‡Q †h e¯‘wU `‡Ûi ga¨we›`yi Ae¨ewnZ wb‡¤œ Aew¯’Z| `wo `yBwUi Uvb wbY©q
Kiæb|
l
ha
3. 10 wg. `xN© Ges 25†KwR IR‡biGKwU mg`‡Ûi GKcÖvšÍ GKwU Kâvq AvUKvb Av‡Q Ges Aci cÖvšÍ16 wg.
s
`xN© GKwU `wo‡Z hy³ K‡i Kâvi †mvRv 10 wg. Dc‡i GKwU we›`y‡Z †eu‡a †`Iqv Av‡Q| `woi Uvb Ges Kâvi
th
cÖwZwµqv wbY©q Kiæb|
Pa
4. l ˆ`N©¨wewkó GKwU `woi `yBcÖv‡šÍ GKwU Abyf‚wgK `‡Ûi a (a< 1) `~i‡Z¡i A Ges B we›`y‡Z Ave× Av‡Q| G‡Z
Wfv‡ii GKwU AvswU MovBqv Pj‡Z cv‡i Ges Abyf‚wgK ej PcÖhy³ n‡q GwU B we›`yi †mvRv bx‡P w¯’ive¯’vq
AA
W
Av‡Q| cÖgvY KiæbP = a. l
5. 6 wg. Ges 8 wg. `xN© `yBwU `wo‡Z †eu‡a GKwU 80†KwR IR‡bie¯‘ Szjvb n‡q‡Q; `wo `yBwUiAci cÖvšÍØq 10
wg. `xN© GKwU `‡Ûi `yB cÖv‡šÍ mshy³ n‡q‡Q| hw` `ÛwU Giƒcfv‡e ivLv nq †h, e¯‘wU `‡Ûi ga¨we›`yi wVK
bx‡P _v‡K, Zvn‡j `wo `yBwUi Uvb wK n‡e ?
6. `yBwU e‡ji Aš©ÍeZx© †KvY 150° Ges Zv‡`i jwä ¶z`ªZi Dcvs‡ki mv‡_ j¤^vwfgy‡L wµqviZ| e„nËi DcvskwU
100†KwR IRbwewkó| Aci DcvskwU Ges Zv‡`i jwä wbY©q Kiæb|
7. l-ˆ`N©¨wewkó GKwU `woi `yBcÖvšÍ GKB Abyf‚wgK Z‡j a `~i‡Z¡ Aew¯’Z `yBwU we›`y‡Z Ave× Av‡Q| GKwU gm„Y
fvinxb AvswU `wo‡Z MovBqv Pj‡Z cv‡i Ges AvswUn‡Z WIRb Aev‡a Szj‡Z cv‡i| †`Lvb †h, `woi Uvb
lW
2 l – a2
8. †Kv‡bv we›`y‡Z wµqviZP, Q, RejÎq mvg¨ve¯’vq Av‡Q| PI QGi AšÍM©Z †KvY P I RGi AšÍM©Z †Kv‡Yi
wظY n‡j, cÖgvY Kiæb †h, R2 = Q (Q–P).
9. ABCwÎfy‡Ri AšÍt†K›`ª O†_‡K OA, OB, OCeivei Kvh©iZ h_vµ‡g P,Q, Rej wZbwU mvg¨e¯’vq Av‡Q|
A B C
cÖgvY Kiæb †h, PtQtR = cos 2 tcos 2 tcos 2
10. †Kv‡bv jw¤^K Z‡j 10 kg-wt cwigv‡Yi GKwU e¯‘‡K 5kg-wt cwigv‡Yi GKwU Abyf~wgK ej, Abyf~wgi mv‡_
60†Kv‡Y Kvh©iZF kg-wt ej Ges F-Gi Dci j¤^fv‡e Kvh©iZ R kg-wt ej Øviv †U‡b ivLv n‡q‡Q|
w¯’wZwe`¨v c„ôv 232
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
†`Lvb †h, F = 3R + 10 = 0 Ges 3F + R 20 = 0.
11. GKwU †njv‡bv mgZ‡ji ˆ`‡N©¨ I f~wgi mgvšÍiv‡j wµqvkxj h_vµ‡g PI Q ejØq cÖ‡Z¨‡K GKKfv‡e W
1 1 1
IR‡bi †Kv‡bv e¯‘‡K Z‡ji Dci w¯’i ivL‡Z cv‡i| cÖgvY Kiæb †h, P2–Q2 = W2
12.(i) †Kv‡bv we›`y‡Z wµqviZ wZbwU mgvb ej mvg¨ve¯’v m„wó Ki‡j G‡`i ga¨eZ©x †KvY wbY©q Kiæb|
(ii) †Kv‡bv we›`y‡Z wµqviZ P, Q, RejÎq mvg¨ve¯’v Av‡Q| PI QGi AšÍM©Z †KvY 60Ges P I RGi
R
AšÍM©Z †KvY 150n‡j †`Lvb †h, P = Q =
3
cvV 7.9 mgZjxq ej‡Rv‡Ui mvg¨ve¯’vi kZ©
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
mgvšÍivj ej m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb, l a
ha
`yBwU m`„k mgvšÍivj e‡ji jwä I Gi cÖ‡qvM we›`y wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges ch©vqµ‡g G ZË¡
cÖ‡qvM K‡i †h †Kv‡bv msL¨K m`„k mgvšÍivj e‡ji jwä wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
s
th
`yBwU Am`„k Amgvb mgvšÍivj e‡ji jwä I Gi cÖ‡qvM we›`y wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
mgvšÍivj ej m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Pa
AA
gyL¨ kã mgvšÍivj ej, m`„k, Am`„k, mgvb, Amgvb
g~jcvV-
mgvšÍivj ej (Parallel forces)
†Kv‡bv e¯‘KYv ev KwVb e¯‘i Dci wµqvkxj GKvwaK mgwe›`y ej m¤ú‡K© c~‡e© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| †Kv‡bv KwVb
e¯‘i Dci wµqvkxj I ej¸‡jv mgwe›`y (†h ej¸‡jvi wµqv‡iLv ci¯úi GKwU we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i) bv n‡q
mgvšÍivjI n‡Z cv‡i|
hw` †Kv‡bv e¯‘i Dci wµqvkxj ejmg~‡ni wµqv‡iLv ci¯úimgvšÍivj nq, Zvn‡j H ej mg~n‡K mgvšÍivj ej
e‡j|
wP‡Î K‡qKwU mgvšÍivj ej †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|
mgvšÍivj ejmg~n `yB cÖKvi h_v:
(i) m`„k (like) ev mggyLx mgvšÍivj ejI (ii) Am`„k (unlike)ev wecixZgyLx mgvšÍivj ej|
`yBwU mgvšÍivj ej ci¯úi GKB Awfgy‡L wµqvkxj n‡j Zv‡`i‡K m`„k ev mggyLx (like) mgvšÍivj ej e‡j Ges
`yBwU mgvšÍivj ej ci¯úi wecixZ Awfgy‡L wµqvkxj n‡j Zv‡`i‡K Am`„k ev wecixZgyLx (unlike) mgvšÍivj
ej e‡j|
BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 233
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
wP‡Î P Ges, Q ej`yBwU mggyLx mgvšÍivj ej, AveviwP‡Î R GesS ej `yBwU wecixZgyLx mgvšÍivj ej|
`yBwU m`„k Amgvb mgvšÍivj e‡ji jwä I Gi cÖ‡qvM we›`y wbY©q (Resultant of two like and Parallel Forces)
g‡b Kiæb, PGes Q gv‡bi `yBwU Amgvb m`„k mgvšÍivj ej †Kv‡bv `„p e¯‘i Dci A Ges B-†Z wµqv Ki‡Q|
PGes Q (Amgvb) ej `yBwU‡K gv‡b I w`‡K h_vµ‡g ALGes BM†iLv Øviv m~wPZ Kiv n‡jv|
GLb A Ges B we›`y‡Z AB Ges BA-i w`‡K `yBwU mgvb ej FcÖ‡qvM Kiv
n‡jv| G `yBwU ej‡KADGes BEØviv wb‡`©wkZ n‡jv| G ej `yBwU
wecixZgy‡L GKB mij‡iLv‡Z wµqv Ki‡Q d‡j e¯‘i Dci G‡`i †Kv‡bv
cÖfve†bB|
ADHLGes BEKMmvgvšÍwiKØq m¤ú~Y© Kiv n‡jv| Zvn‡j AH†iLvi A
we›`y‡Z wµqvkxj PGes Fe‡ji jwä R1 Ges BK†iLvi Bwe›`y‡Z wµqvkxj
QGes Fe‡ji jwä R2 |
GLb aiæbAHGes BK†iLv ewa©Z Ki‡j Giv Owe›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i| ALA_ev BM-Gi mgvšÍivj OC†iLv A¼b Kiv
n‡jv hv AB-†K Cwe›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i| Avevi AB-i mgvšÍivj SOT†iLv A¼b Kiv n‡jv|
GLb R1e‡ji cÖ‡qvM-we›`y‡K Gi wµqv‡iLvi Dcwiw¯’Z O we›`y‡Z ¯’vbvšÍwiZ Kiv n‡jv| Abyiƒ‡c R2e‡ji cÖ‡qvM
we›`y‡K O we›`y‡Z ¯’vbvšÍwiZ Kiv n‡jv| Zvn‡j O we›`y‡Z R1ej‡K ALGes AB-i mgvšÍivj w`‡K we‡kølY Ki‡j
CO†iLvi ewa©Z w`‡K PGes OT†iLvi w`K eivei FDcvsk cvB| l a
ha
Abyiƒ‡c R2-†K BMGes BE-i mgvšÍivj w`‡K we‡kølY Ki‡j ewa©Z CO†iLvi w`‡K QGes OS†iLvi w`K eivei
FDcvsk cvB|
s
th
†h‡nZz Owe›`y‡Z wµqvkxj FejØq mgvbI wecixZgyLx e‡j G‡`i †Kv‡bv wµqv †bB| GLb Aewkó `yBwU ej P I
Q Df‡qB CO†iLv eivei GKB w`‡K mwµq|
Pa
myZivs A we›`y‡Z wµqvkxj Pej Ges Bwe›`y‡Z wµqvkxj Qe‡ji jwä GKwU m`„k mgvšÍiv‡j ej (P+Q), hv P I
AA
Q-Gi cÖ‡qvM we›`y؇qi ga¨w¯’Z Ges AB-i Dcwiw¯’Z Cwe›`y‡Z ej؇qi mgvšÍiv‡j cÖ`Ë mwµq| d‡j G‡`i
ga¨eZ©x †KvY 0| GLb ej؇qi jwä R n‡j R = P2 + Q2 + 2PQ cos0 = P + Q
jwäi wµqvwe›`y C Gi Ae¯’vb:
AD AC F AC
m`„k wÎfzR ADHGes ACOn‡Z cvB, DH = CO P = CO , A_©vr P.AC = F.CO------------ (i)
BE BC F BC
Avevi m`„k wÎfzR BEKGes BCOn‡Z EK = CO . Q = CO ; A_©vr, Q.BC = FCO------------- (ii)
AC Q
(i) Ges (ii) n‡Z cvB, P.AC = Q.BC; ev, =
BC P
A_©vr C we›`ywU AB-†K P I Q ej؇qi e¨¯Ívbycv‡Z AšÍwe©f³ K‡i‡Q|
†f±i c×wZ:†Kvb Abo e¯‘i AI B we›`y‡Z P I Q gv‡bi `yBwU m`„k
mgvšÍivj ej h_vµ‡g AL IBM eivei wµqvkxj|ABHL IBAKM
mvgvšÍwiKØq Ges Zv‡`iAH I BK KY©Øq A¼b Kiæb|AH IBK KY©Øq
ci¯úiO we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i|O we›`y w`‡q Aw¼Z P I Q e‡ji wµqv‡iLvi
mgvšÍivj †iLvAB †KC we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i| g‡b Kiæb P , Q ej؇qi jwä R
|
w¯’wZwe`¨v c„ôv 234
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
Zvn‡j, R = P + Q = AL + BM = AL + AB + BM + BA (AB + BA = 0)
= AL + LH + BM + MK = AH + BK = AO + OH + BO + OK
= AO + OK + BO + OH= O we›`y‡Z wµqviZ (AK + BH) = O we›`y‡Z wµqviZ (BM + AL)
= Owe›`y‡Z wµqviZ ( Q + P ) = P + Q
jwä R ejwUi wµqvwe›`y O n‡Z C we›`y‡Z ¯’vbvšÍi Kiæb| myZivs cÖ`Ë P , Q m`„k mgvšÍivj ej؇qi jwä R
ejwU C we›`y‡Z CO eivei wµqvkxj n‡e|
AB BH
Cwe›`yi Ae¯’vb wbY©q:ABHIAOC m`„k‡KvYx = -------------- (i)
AC CO
AB AK
Avevi ABKI BOC m`„k‡KvYx,BC = CO ------------------ (ii)
AC AK Q AC Q
(i) I (ii) n‡Z = = P.AC = Q.BC, ev, =
BC BH P CB P
C we›`ywUAB †iLv‡K Zvi cÖvšÍxq ej؇qi e¨¯Í Abycv‡Z AšÍwe©f³ K‡i|
myZivs †Kv‡bv Abo e¯‘i Dci wµqvkxj `yBwU ci¯úi mggyLx mgvšÍivj ej P I Q Gi jwä P+Q hvi w`K P I
Q ej؇qi cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki w`‡Ki mgvšÍivj Ges hvi wµqvwe›`y P I Q ej؇qi wµqvwe›`y؇qi ms‡hvRK †iLvs‡ki
a
Dci Aew¯’Z Ges H †iLvsk‡K ej؇qi e¨¯Í Abycv‡Z AšÍwe©f³ K‡i|
l
`ªóe¨: `yBwU m`„k mgvšÍivj ej mgvb ev Amgvb n‡Z cv‡i| †Kv‡bv e¯‘i cÖ‡Z¨KwU KYvi IRbwb¤œgyLx, ZvB Zviv
ha
mggyLx mgvšÍivj ej| Zv‡`i jwä ev mgwóB H e¯‘i IRb| mgiƒc `‡Ði IRb H `‡Ði ga¨we›`y‡Z Lvov wb¤œw`‡K
s
wµqvkxj| mgiƒc `‡Ði ga¨we›`yB Zvi fvi‡K›`ª (centre of gravity)|
th
Abywm×všÍ:(1) P Ges Q-Gi mvaviY w`K hvB †nvK bv †Kb, Cwe›`yi Ae¯’vb AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e, A_©vr Cwe›`yi
Pa
Ae¯’vb P I Q ej؇qi w`‡Ki Dci wbf©i K‡i bv|
AA
P Q P+Q R BC AC
(2) P = Qn‡j Cn‡e AB-i ga¨we›`y| (3) = = = P = R GesQ = R
BC AC AC + BC AB AB AB
`yBwU Am`„k Amgvb mgvšÍivj e‡ji jwä I Gi cÖ‡qvM we›`y wbY©q (Resultant of two unlike and unequal
parallel forces)
g‡b Kiæb, P I Q; (P>Q) gv‡bi `yBwU Am`„k Amgvb mgvšÍivj ej †Kv‡bv `„p e¯‘i Dci h_vµ‡g A I B
we›`y‡Z wµqvkxj| ALGes BM†iLvØviv G‡`i m~wPZ Kiv n‡jv| A I B we›`y‡Z ABI BA-eivei `yBwU wecixZgyLx
mgvb ej FcÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡jv| ejØq mgvb I wecixZgyLx nIqvq e¯‘i Dci G‡`i †Kv‡bv wµqv †bB| GLb
ejØq‡K ADGes BE-i Øviv m~wPZ Kiv n‡jv|
ADHLGes BEKMmvgvšÍwiK m¤ú~Y© Kiv n‡jv| Zvn‡j AH†iLv
Awe›`y‡Z cÖhy³ P I Fe‡ji jwä R1wb‡`©kK Ges BK†iLv Bwe›`y‡Z
cÖhy³ QI Fe‡ji jwäR2 wb‡`©kK|
HAGes BK†iLv ewa©Z Kiv n‡jv Ges (P I Q Amgvb e‡j) Giv O
we›`y‡Z †Q` Kij| GLb R1e‡ji cÖ‡qvM we›`y‡K Gi wµqv †iLvi
Dcwiw¯’Z O we›`y‡Z ¯’vbvšÍwiZ Kiv n‡jv Ges R2e‡ji cÖ‡qvM
we›`y‡K Bn‡Z Owe›`y‡Z ¯’vbvšÍwiZ Kiv n‡jv| Avevi O we›`y w`‡q
ALA_ev BM-Gi mgvšÍivj OC†iLv Aw¼Z Kiv n‡jv| GwU †hb
ewa©Z BA-†K Cwe›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i| AB-i mgvšÍivj K‡i SOT†iLv
Uvbv n‡jv|
BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 235
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
GLb O we›`y‡Z wµqvkxj R1ej‡K ALGes AB†iLvi mgvšÍivj w`‡K we‡kølY Ki‡j OC†iLvi w`‡K PGes
OT†iLvi w`‡K FDcvsk cvIqv hvq|
Abyiƒ‡c R2 ej‡K we‡kølY Ki‡j ewa©Z CO †iLvi w`‡K QGes QS†iLvi w`K eivei FDcvsk cvIqv hvq|
Owe›`y‡Z FejØq mgvb I wecixZgyLx e‡j G‡`i †Kv‡bv wµqv †bB| GLb Aewkó P I Q ejØq OCI COeivei
A_©vr GKB †iLvq ci¯úi wecixZ w`‡K wµqvkxj nIqvi ej؇qi wµqv‡iLvi ga¨eZ©x †KvY180|
GLb ej؇qi jwäR n‡jR = P2 + Q2 + 2 PQ cos180= P2 +Q2 + 2.P.Q.(–1)= (P – Q)2 = P – Q hv
e„nËi ej P Gi w`‡Ki mv‡_ m`„k|
AZGe A we›`y‡Z wµqvkxj ej PGes Bwe›`y‡Z wµqvkxj ej Q-Gi jwä GKwU mgvšÍivj ej (P–Q), hv P I Q-
Gi cÖ‡qvM we›`y؇qi ms‡hvRK †iLv AB Gi ewa©Zvs‡ki Dcwiw¯’Z Cwe›`y‡Z mwµq Ges Ÿ„nËi ej P Gi mv‡_
m`„k mgvšÍivj|
jwäi wµqvwe›`y CGi Ae¯’vb wbY©q:
AC AD F
m`„k wÎf‚R ACOGes ADHn‡Z cvB, CO = DH = P ; A_ev, P.AC = F.OC------------- (i)
BC BE F
Avevi m`„k wÎfzR BCOGes BEKn‡Z OC = EK = Q ; A_ev, Q. BC = F.OC------------- (ii)
AC Q
(i) Ges (ii) n‡Z cvB, P.AC = Q.BC; ev, =
BC P
A_©vr Cwe›`y AB-†K P I Q ej `yBwUi e¨¯Ívbycv‡Z ewnwe©f³ K‡i|
a
myZivs †Kv‡bv Abo e¯‘i Dci wµqvkxj `yBwU ci¯úi wecixZgyLx Amgvb mgvšÍivj ej P I Q(P>Q) Gi
l
jwäPQ; hvi w`K e„nËi ejPGi mgvšÍivj I mggyLx Ges hvi wµqvwe›`y P I Qej؇qi wµqvwe›`y؇qi ms‡hvRK
ha
†iLvi ewa©Zvs‡ki Dci Aew¯’Z Ges H †iLvsk‡K ej؇qi e¨¯Í Abycv‡Z ewnwe©f³ K‡i|
s
th
gšÍe¨:P I Qmgvb I wecixZgyLx n‡j ejØq GKwU †Rvo ev hyMj m„wó K‡i|
Pa
†f±i c×wZ: †Kvb Abo e¯‘i AI B we›`y‡Z wµqviZ P I Q (PQ) gv‡bi `yBwU Amgvb Am`„k mgvšÍivj e‡ji
AA
gvb I w`K h_vµ‡g h_vµ‡g AL IBM Øviv m~wPZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| ejØq Am`„k mgvšÍivj nIqvq, AL = P n‡j,
BM = Q n‡e|A I B we›`y‡Z h_vµ‡g ABIBA eivei `yBwU mgvb ejF cÖ‡qvM Kiæb|
ABDL IBAKM mgvšÍwiKØq I Zv‡`i KY©ØqAD I BK A¼b Kiæb|ewa©Z DA
IBK KY©Øq ci¯úiO we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i|O we›`y‡Z Aw¼Z cÖ`Ë e‡ji wµqv‡iLvi
mgvšÍivj †iLv ewa©ZBA †KC we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i| g‡b Kiæb P , Q ej؇qi jwä R |
Zvn‡j, R = AL + BM = AL + AB + BM + BA
= AL + LD + BM + MK = AD + BK
= OD–OA + BO–KO = BO + OD + AO + OK
= O we›`y‡Z wµqviZ(BD + AK) = O we›`y‡Z wµqviZ (AL + BM)
= Owe›`y‡Z wµqviZ ( P – Q )(OC eivei P Ges CO eivei Q) = P – Q
jwä R Gi cÖ‡qvM we›`y O n‡Z C we›`y‡Z ¯’vbvšÍi Kiæb| Cwe›`y‡Z wµqviZ P I Q ej؇qi AšÍM©Z †KvY 180;
ZvB Zv‡`i jwä R = P – Q Gi w`K e„nËi ej P Gi w`K A_©vr CO eivei wµqviZ|
w¯’wZwe`¨v c„ôv 236
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
AB BD
Cwe›`yi Ae¯’vb wbY©q:ABDIAOC m`„k‡KvYx = -------------- (i)
AC CO
AB AK
Avevi ABKI BOC m`„k‡KvYx,BC = CO--------------- (ii)
AC AK Q
(i) I (ii) n‡Z = = P.AC = Q.BC.
BC BD P
jwäi wµqv‡iLvAB †K C we›`y‡Z P, Q ej؇qi e¨¯Í Abycv‡Z ewnwe©f³ K‡i|
myZivs †Kv‡bv Abo e¯‘i Dci wµqvkxj `yBwU ci¯úi wecixZgyLx Amgvb mgvšÍivj ej P I Q (PQ) Gi jwä
P Q; hvi w`K e„nËi ej P Gi mgvšÍivj I mggyLx Ges hvi wµqvwe›`y P I Q ej؇qi wµqvwe›`y؇qi ms‡hvRK
†iLvi ewa©Zvs‡ki Dci Aew¯’Z Ges H †iLvsk‡K ej؇qi e¨¯Í Abycv‡Z ewnwe©f³ K‡i|
gšÍe¨:P I Q mgvb I wecixZgyLx n‡j ejØq GKwU †Rvo ev hyMj Drcbœ K‡i|
Abywm×všÍ:(i)PGes Q`yBwU Am`„k Amgvb mgvšÍivj ej (P>Q)-Gi jwäi cwigvY Rn‡j R = P – QGes Gi
AwfgywLZv e„nËi ej P-Gi AwfgywLZvq n‡e| Avevi jwäi wµqvwe›`y C(†hLv‡b PtQ = BCt AC) ewa©Z BA-i
Dci e„nËi ej P Gi wµqvwe›`y A-i wbKUZi n‡e|
(ii) hw` P I Q mgvšÍivj ejØq ci¯úi mgvb A_©vr P = Qnq, Z‡e ADHI BEKwÎfzRØq me©‡Zvfv‡e mgvb
ZLb DAH = EBK|myZivs AHI BKci¯úi mgvšÍivj n‡e Ges †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó `~i‡Z¡i g‡a¨ Zviv wgwjZ n‡Z
cv‡i bv| myZivs G‡¶‡Î R¨vwgwZK A¼‡bi mvnv‡h¨ G‡`i jwä wbY©q Kiv hv‡e bv| myZivs `yBwU mgvb Am`„k
a
mgvšÍivj ej‡K ms‡hvwRZ K‡i GKwU e‡j cwiYZ Kiv hvq bv| ZLb ej `yBwU‡K hyMj ev Ø›`¡ (couple) e‡j|
l
†Kv‡bv e¯‘i Dci hyMj ej wµqv Kivq e¯‘wU‡Z N~Y©b MwZi m„wó nq|
ha
P Q P–Q R
(iii) = = =
s
BC AC BC – AC AB
th
myZivs wZbwU mgvšÍivj ej mvg¨ve¯’vq _vK‡j GKwU Aci `yBwUi jwäi mgvb I wecixZ Ges cÖ‡Z¨KwU Aci
`yBwUi `~i‡Z¡i mgvbycvwZK nq|
Pa
(iv)C-we›`yi Ae¯’vb P I Q ej؇qi w`‡Ki Dci wbf©i K‡i bv| GwU A I B-Gi Ae¯’v‡bi Dci Ges QtPGB
AA
Abycv‡Zi Dci wbf©i K‡i|
†Kv‡bv e¯‘‡Z wµqviZ GKwU ej‡K H e¯‘i `yBwU wbw`©ó we›`y‡Z `yBwU m`„k mgvšÍivj Ask‡K wefvRb
g‡b Kiæb cÖ`Ë R ej †Kv‡bv GKwU `„p e¯‘i Cwe›`y‡Z wµqvkxj| H e¯‘i DciAIB`yBwU mgZjxq we›`y‡ZRe‡ji
mgvšÍivj AskK wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
g‡b Kiæb mgvšÍivj AskØq h_vµ‡g P I Q|
myZivsA I B we›`y‡Z wµqviZP I Q ej؇qi jwäR n‡e| AZGeR = P + Q
P Q P Q P+Q R
Ges P.AC = QBCBC = ACBC = AC = BC + AC = AB
R R
myZivsP = ABBCGesQ = ABAC
†Kv‡bv e¯‘‡Z wµqviZ wZbwU mgvšÍivj e‡ji myw¯’wZ
†Kv‡bv GKwU `„p e¯‘i Dci wµqviZ wZbwU mgvšÍivj ej P, Q, R fvimvg¨ m„wó Ki‡j Giv mK‡j m`„k n‡Z cv‡i
bv| G‡`i g‡a¨ GKwU Aek¨B wem`„k n‡e|
g‡b Kiæb P, Qm`„k Ges R wem`„k ejÎq h_vµ‡g e¯‘wUiA, B,
Cwe›`y·q wµqviZ|
GLb †h‡nZz ejÎq myw¯’Z myZivs m`„kP, Q ej؇qi jwäP + Q Aek¨B
C we›`y‡Z Aew¯’Z GesR Gi mgvb n‡e|
BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 237
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
P Q P+Q P Q R
P. AC = Q.BC = = = =
BC AC BC + AC BC AC AB
myZivs wZbwU mgvšÍivj ej †Kv‡bv `„p e¯‘i Dci wµqv K‡i myw¯’wZ i¶v Ki‡j ej·qi cÖ‡Z¨‡K Aci `ywUi
`~i‡Z¡i mgvbycvwZK Ges GKgyLx ejwU wecixZgyLx `ywUi g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z n‡e|
†h‡Kv‡bv msL¨K mgvšÍivj e‡ji jwä
(i) hLb mKj ej m`„k mgvšÍivj: g‡b KiæbP1, P2, ....................,Pn,nmsL¨K m`„k mgvšÍivj ej †Kv‡bv `„p e¯‘i
wewfbœ we›`y‡Z wµqvkxj| cÖ_gZt P1I P2-Gi jwä R1wbY©q Kiv n‡jv| Zvn‡j R1GKwU m`„k mgvšÍivj ej GesR1
= (P1 + P2)| Avevi R1Ges P3-i jwä R2†ei Kiv n‡jv| Zvn‡j R2 = R1 + P3 = P1 + P2 + P3Ges R2GKwU
m`„k mgvšÍivj ej|
Gfv‡e P~ovšÍ jwä RcvIqv hv‡e Ges GwU GKwU m`„k mgvšÍivj ej hvi gvb, R = P1 + P2 + P3 + .............. + Pn
(ii)hLb mKj ej¸‡jv m`„k mgvšÍivj bq
g‡b KiæbP1, P2, P3, ........, Pn, n msL¨K mgvšÍivj ej †Kv‡bv GKwU `„p e¯‘i wewfbœ we›`y‡Z wµqvkxj i‡q‡Q|
GLv‡b n msL¨K e‡ji wKQy msL¨K m`„k mgvšÍivj Ges evwK¸‡jv wem`„k mgvšÍivj| GLb G n msL¨K ej‡`i‡K
m`„k I wem`„k `yBwU MÖæ‡c wef³ Kiæb Ges c~‡e©i Dcv‡q `yB MÖæ‡ci e‡ji jwä wbY©q Kiæb, aiæb G jwä R1Ges
R2| GLv‡b R1Ges R2 jwäØq wem`„k| myZivs R1Ges R2 Gi PzovšÍ jwä = R1R2A_©vr R1 Ges R2 Gi AšÍid‡ji
mgvb Ges Gi w`K R1Ges R2 Gi g‡a¨ †hwU eo †mwUi w`K eivei n‡e|
gšÍe¨: hw` R1R2 nq, GKB we›`y‡Z GB †iLvi ci¯úi wecixZ w`‡K wµqvi d‡j e¯‘wU myw¯’wZ _vK‡e| Avi hw`
a
R1 =R2 Ges Giv GKB e¯‘i wfbœ `yBwU we›`y‡Z wµqvkxj nq Zvn‡j ejØq hyMj MVb Ki‡e Ges e¯‘wU‡Z N~Y©b
MwZi m„wó n‡e|
l
ha
D`vniY1: †Kv‡bv e¯‘i Dci wµqvkxj mgvšÍivj ej P GKK Ges Q GKK ej؇qi jwä R GKK| ej؇qi
s
ga¨eZ©x `~iZ¡|dGKK P n‡Z R Gi `~iZ¡ d1 GKK GesQn‡Z R Gi `~iZ¡ d2 GKK Ges jwäi wµqvwe›`yC AšÍt¯’
th
wKsev ewnt¯’ n‡jP, Q, R, d, d1, d2 BZ¨vw`i wewfbœ gv‡bi Rb¨ wb‡¤œi Lvwj Ni¸‡jv c~iY Kiæb|
Pa
P Q R d d1 d2 AšÍt¯’ ewnt¯’
AA
(i) 5 4 10
(ii) 6 9 10
(iii) 10 15 20
P Q R 5 4 9
mgvavb:(i) jwä, R = P + Q = 5 + 4 = 9 GKK; Avevid = d = d d = d = 10
2 1 2 1
40 50
d1 =
9
GKK, d2 = 9 GKK,jwäi wµqv we›`y C AšÍt¯’fv‡e wef³ K‡i|
P Q R 6 9 15
(ii)jwä,R = P + Q = 6 + 9 = 15 GKKAvevi = = ev, = =
d2 d1 d d2 10 d
150 60
d =
9
GKK, d2 = GKK,jwäi wµqv we›`y C AšÍt¯’fv‡e wef³ K‡i|
9
P Q R 10 5 15
(iii) jwä,R = P + Q 15 = 10 + Qev,Q = 5 GKKAvevi = = ev, = =
d2 d1 d 20 d1 d2
d1 = 10 GKK, d2 = 30 GKK,jwäi wµqv we›`y C AšÍt¯’fv‡e wef³ K‡i|
D`vniY 2:`yB e¨w³ GKwU nvjKv Kv‡Vi Z³vi Dci Aew¯’Z 311 †KwR IRb wewkó GKLvwb cv_i Ggbfv‡e enb
K‡ib †h GKRb AciRb A‡c¶v 205 †KwR AwaK IRb enb K‡i| Z³vwUi Dci cv_iLvwbi Ae¯’vb wbY©q
Kiæb|
mgvavb:aiæbAB Z³v Ges Gi C we›`y‡Z cv_iwU Av‡Q|
w¯’wZwe`¨v c„ôv 238
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
AviI g‡b Kiæb A I B-†Z Aew¯’Z `yB e¨w³‡K h_vµ‡g W1Ges W2 IRb enb
Ki‡Z nq (W1>W2)|C we›`y‡Z wµqvkxj cv_iLvwbi IRb n‡e W1I
W2mgvšÍivj ej؇qi jwä = W1 + W2|
W1 + W2 = 311 ---------- (i) Ges W1. AC = W2.BC------------ (ii)
Avevi kZ©vbymv‡i W1 – W2 = 205 ------------ (iii)
AC W2 53
(i) I (iii) n‡Z, W1 = 258 Ges W2 = 53 (ii) n‡Z = = ;
CB W1 25
cv_iLvwb Z³vi Dci Ggb we›`y‡Z ivL‡Z n‡e †h, H we›`y †hb Z³v‡K 53t25 Abycv‡Z wef³ K‡i|
D`vniY 3:8 wgUvi `xN© GKwU mij IRbnxb euvk hvi `yB cÖvšÍ `yBwU KxjK (†c‡iK) PGes Q-Gi Dci Abf~wgK
fv‡e Aew¯’Z Ges PQ`‡Ûi Rwe›`y‡Z GKwU fvwi e¯‘ Szj‡Q| hw` PR = 3RQ nq Ges PA‡c¶vQ-†Z 325 †KwR
†ewk IRb c‡o, Zvn‡j H e¯‘wUi IRb wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb:g‡b Kiæb KxjK PGi Dci Pvc =W†KwR IRb, Zvn‡j Q-Gi Dci Pvc =W + 325 †KwR IRb|
Zvn‡j P Ges Q Gi Dci Pvc (ej) ؇qi jwäB n‡e fvix e¯‘i IRb|
myZivs jwä R= W + W + 325 = 2W + 325 ------------ (i)
W W + 325 W + W + 325
Ges W.PR = (W + 325). RQev,RQ = PR
=
RQ + PR
A_ev, W.4RQ = (2W + 325) RQ [PR = 3RQ]
a
ev, 2W = 325
l
GLb (i) n‡Z R = 325 + 325 = 650, e¯‘wUi IRbR = 650 †KwR IRb|
s ha
D`vniY 4:GK e¨w³ 12 GKK `xN© GKwU IRbnxb `‡Ði `yB cÖv‡šÍ `yBwU e¯‘ Szwj‡q Kuv‡ai Dci enb Ki‡Q| hw`
th
Zvi Kuv‡ai Dci 154 †KwR IRb c‡o Ges Zvi Kuva n‡Z GK cÖvšÍ4 GKK `~‡i nq, Zvn‡j e¯‘ `yBwUi IRb wbY©q
Kiæb|
Pa
mgvavb:g‡b Kiæb12 GKK `xN© `ÐwU AB, hvi A Ges B we›`y‡Z h_vµ‡g W1 I W2†KwR IRb Szj‡Q Ges aiæb
AA
†jvKwUi KuvaC †Z i‡q‡Q †hb, W1 IRb Kuva n‡Z 4 GKK `~‡ii A cÖv‡šÍ _v‡K| Zvn‡j, A Ges B Szjv‡bv
IR‡bi jwä IRbB †jvKwUi Kv‡ai Dci Pvc w`‡e|
A_©vr jwä W1 + W2 = 154 ------------ (i)
W1 W2 W1 + W2 154
W1AC = W2BCA_©vr 4W1 = 8W2, ev, = = =
8 4 8+4 12
154 1 2
W2 = = 51 †KwR IRb Ges W1 = 102 †KwR IRb|
3 3 3
D`vniY 5:Avbyf‚wgK fv‡e GK wgUvi `~i‡Z¡ Aew¯’Z `yBwU Kxj‡Ki Dci 4 wgUvi `xN© GKwU mgiƒc`Û ivLv Av‡Q|
`ÛwUi GKcÖv‡šÍ10 †KwR IRb A_ev Aci cÖv‡šÍ4 †KwR IRb SzjšÍ Ae¯’vq `ÛwU‡K Dwë‡q w`‡Z m¶g nq |
`ÐwUi IRb I Zvi ga¨we›`y n‡Z KxjK `yBwUi `~iZ¡ wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb:g‡b Kiæb `ÛwU AB hvi IRb W †KwR| †h‡nZz `ÐwU Avbyf~wgKfv‡e Av‡Q, Zvn‡j Gi IRb W,AB-
`ÐwUi ga¨we›`y G†Z Lvov wb‡Pi w`‡K wµqv K‡i|
myZivs AG = GB = 2 wgUvi| g‡b Kiæb PGes Q`yBwU KxjK, †hLv‡b PQ = 1
wgUvi Ges GQ = xwgUvi| Zvn‡j PG = (1 – x) wgUvi|
Avevi AP = (1 + x) wgUvi Ges BQ = (2 – x) wgUvi|
g‡b Kiæb10 †KwR IRb hLb A we›`y‡Z Szjv‡bv nq ZLb `ÛwU Dwë‡q †h‡Z m¶g | myZivs ZLb †KejP-Gi
Dci PvcB `ÛwU‡K mvg¨ve¯’vq iv‡L, ZLb Q-Gi Dci †Kv‡bv Pvc _v‡K bv| Awe›`y‡Z 10 †KwR IRb Ges
Gwe›`y‡Z W†KwR IR‡bi jwä Pwe›`y‡Z wµqv Ki‡e| 10(1 + x) = W (1 – x) ------------ (i)
BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 239
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
Abyiƒ‡c, hLb B we›`y‡Z 4 †KwR IRb Szjv‡bv n‡e ZLb †KejgvÎ Qwe›`y‡ZB Pvc `ÛwU‡K mvg¨ve¯’vq ivL‡e G
Ae¯’vq P we›`y‡Z †Kv‡bv Pvc _v‡K bv| 4(2 – x) = Wx---------------- (ii)
myZivs (i) Ges (ii) n‡Z cvB, 10x (1 + x) = 4(2 – x) (1 – x); ev, 10x+10x2 = 8 – 12x+4x2
1
ev, 3x2 + 11x – 4 = 0; ev, (3x – 1)(x + 4) = 0. x = 3ev – 4.
1
x = wgUvi (`~iZ¡ FYvZ¥K gvb m¤¢e bq myZivs x = – 4 MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq)|
3
1 1 5 1
4(2 – ) = W. ev, 4 = W. ; ev, W = 20 †KwR IRb|
3 3 3 3
1 2
myZivs `ÐwUi IRb = 20 †KwR Ges Gwe›`y n‡Z Q Ges P KxjK؇qi `~iZ¡ h_vµ‡g 3 wgUvi Ges 3 wgUvi|
D`vniY 6:16 dzU `xN© GKwU †XuwKK‡ji IRb 1 n›`i| †XuwKwUi †Kv_vq Aej¤^b (support) ¯’vcb Ki‡j 44 †KwR
IRb Ges 68 †KwR IR‡bi `yBwU evjK Gi `yB cÖv‡šÍ e‡m †XuwKwU‡K Avbyf‚wgK †iLvq ivL‡Z cv‡i?
mgvavb:g‡b Kiæb †XuwKwU ABGes ga¨we›`y G, †hLv‡b †XuwKwU Avbyf~wgK _vKv Ae¯’vq (68 + 44) = 112 †KwR IRb
IRb wµqv Ki‡e| †XuwKwUi ˆ`N©¨ AB = 16 wgUvi| g‡b KiæbA we›`y‡Z 44 †KwR IR‡bi Ges Bwe›`y‡Z 68 †KwR
IR‡bi evjK `yBwU e‡m| aiæbC we›`y‡Z Aej¤^bwU ¯’vcb Kiv n‡j †UuwKwUi Avbyf~wgKfv‡e _v‡K, GLv‡b, BC =
x| GLb †h‡nZz G, ABGi ga¨we›`y, myZivsGwe›`y‡Z 112 †KwR IRb‡K `yBwU mgvb ej 56 †KwR IRb Ges 56
†KwR IR‡b we‡kølY Kiv hvq hv h_vµ‡g †XuwKwUi `yB cÖvšÍ A Ges B †Z wµqvkxj e‡j aiv hvq| Zvn‡j A Ges
a
B-†Z †gvU IRb h_vµ‡g (56 + 44) = 100 †KwR IRb Ges (56 + 68) = 124 †KwR IRb|
GLb jwä C we›`y‡Z wµqv K‡i| myZivs
l
ha
50 1
100.AC = 124 .BC; ev, 100 (16 – x) = 124xx = ev, 77dzU|
s
7
th
1
†XuwKwUi Aej¤^b B cÖvšÍ n‡Z 7 dzU `~‡i ivL‡j †XuwKwU mvg¨ve¯’vq _vK‡e|
7
Pa
D`vniY 7: (i)P Ges Q(P>Q) `yBwU m`„k mgvšÍivj ej †Kv‡bv `„p e¯‘i Dci `yBwU we›`y A Ges B-†Z wµqv K‡i|
AA
P Ges Q ci¯úi ¯’vb wewbgq Ki‡j †`Lvb †h, G‡`i jwäi cÖ‡qvMwe›`y AB eivei dcwigvY `~‡i m‡i hvq,
P–Q
†hLv‡b d = P + QAB.
P2
(ii) †`Lvb †h ej `yBwU ci¯úi ¯’vb wewbgq Ki‡j, jwäi wµqv‡iLv Ges Q-†K †Z cwieZ©b Ki‡j †h jwä
Q
cvIqv hvq Zvi wµqvwe›`y GKB|
mgvavb:g‡b KiæbA I B we›`y‡Z wµqvkxj P I Q m`„k I mgvšÍivj ej `yBwUi jwä AB-i Dcwiw¯’Z C we›`y‡Z
wµqv K‡i|
P.AC = Q.BC.
AC BC AC + BC AB Q
= = = AC = . AB
Q P Q+P P+Q P+Q
Avevi ejØq ¯’vb wewbgq Ki‡j aiæb, A I B we›`y‡Z wµqvkxj Q I P m`„k I mgvšÍivj ej؇qi jwä ABGi
Dcwi¯’ Dwe›`y‡Z wµqv K‡i|
AD BD AD + BD AB
Q.AD = P. BD = = =
P Q P+Q P+Q
P
AD = AB. GLb †h‡nZz P>Q, myZivsAD>ACn‡e
P+Q
P Q P–Q
d = AD – AC = .AB – . AB= . AB. (cÖgvwYZ)|
P–Q P+Q P+Q
w¯’wZwe`¨v c„ôv 240
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
P2
(ii) g‡b Kiæb, hLb m`„k mgvšÍivj ejØq PGes ; ZLb A we›`y n‡Z AB†iLvi Dci jwäi cÖ‡qvM we›`yi `~iZ¡
Q
x|
P2 P2 2 PQ + P2 P2
Zvn‡j,Px = Q (
(AB–x)ev, P +
Q
)x = PQ AB; ev, Q
x = . AB
Q
P
ev, (P + Q) x = P. ABev, x = P+QAB---------------- (i)
hLb A Ges B we›`y‡Z QGes Pm`„k mgvšÍivj ej wµqv K‡i, ZLb A n‡Z jwäi cÖ‡qvM we›`yi `~iZ¡ y n‡j,
Q P P+Q P
Qy = P (AB – y) ev , = = ; ev, y = AB------------- (ii)
AB – y y AB – y + y P+Q
(i) I (ii) bs n‡Z cvB, x = y.
D`vniY 8:GK e¨w³ GKwU jvwVi cÖv‡šÍ GKwU †evSv Szwj‡q GwU Kuv‡ai Dci enb Ki‡Q| †m jvwVi Aci cÖvšÍ
nvZ w`‡q †P‡c a‡i‡Q| Kuva I nv‡Zi g‡a¨ `~iZ¡ cwieZ©b Ki‡j wKfv‡e Kuv‡ai Dci Pv‡ci cwieZ©b nq?
mgvavb:g‡b Kiæb jwVwU ABhvi ˆ`N©¨lGes `ÛwUi A cÖvšÍ‡Z †h †evSv Szjvb Av‡Q Zvi IRb W| GLb AB
jvwVwUi C †Z Kuva †i‡L jvwVi Aci cÖvšÍB-†Z nvZ w`‡q wb¤œvwfgy‡L †h Pvc †`Iqv n‡”Q Zv PGes Kuv‡ai Dci
cÖwZwµqv REaŸ©vwfgy‡L mwµq|
g‡b Kiæb Kuva I nv‡Zi ga¨eZx© `~iZ¡ (BC) = x.
jvwVi Dci wµqvkxj ej¸‡jv n‡jv (i)Szjvb †evSvi IRb Wwb¤œvwfgy‡L,
a
(ii) Kuv‡ai cÖwZwµqv REaŸ©vwfgy‡L, l
(iii) nv‡Zi Pvc P wb¤œw`‡K|
ha
mvg¨ve¯’vi Rb¨ RGes Wwem`„k mgvšÍivj ej `yBwUi jwä P-Gi mgvb I wecixZgyLx|
s
l
th
wem`„k mgvšÍivj e‡ji myÎvbymv‡i RCB = WABev, Rx = Wlev, R = xW
Kuv‡ai Dci Pvc Kuva I nv‡Zi ga¨eZx© `~i‡Z¡i wecixZ Abycv‡Z cwiewZ©Z nq|
Pa
D`vniY 9:P IQ gv‡bi `yBwU m`„k mgvšÍivj e‡ji jwä O we›`„‡Z wµqv K‡i| ej `yBwUi gvb h_vµ‡gRI S Øviv
AA
ewa©Z Ki‡j A_ev ej `yBwU‡K h_vµ‡gQ IR gv‡bi `yBwU m`„k mgvšÍivj ej Øviv cÖwZ¯’vcb Ki‡j jwäO we›`y
(Q – R)2
w`‡q Mgb K‡i| cÖgvY Kiæb †h,R = S + P – Q
mgvavb: g‡b KiæbP IQ gv‡bi `yBwU m`„k mgvšÍivj ej †Kv‡bv `„pe¯‘i AI B we›`y‡Z wµqv K‡i|
G‡`i jwä P + Q, AB †iLvi Dci¯’O we›`y w`‡q Mgb K‡i|
P. AO = Q. BO-------------- (i)
Avevi cÖkœg‡Z ej `ywU‡K R I S Øviv ewa©Z Ki‡jI G‡`i jwä O we›`y w`‡q Mgb K‡i|
(P + R). AO = (Q + S). BO---------------- (ii)
P IQ ej `yBwU‡K Q, R gv‡bi `ywU m`„k mgvšÍivj ej Øviv cÖwZ¯’vcb
Ki‡jI G‡`i jwäO we›`y w`‡q Mgb K‡i|
Q. AO = R. BO------------- (iii)
GLb mgxKiY (i) †K (ii) n‡Z we‡qvM K‡i cvB,R. AO = S. BO------------
(iv)
Q R Q R Q–R
Ges mgxKiY (iii) †K (i) Øviv fvM K‡i cvB,P = Q P = Q = P – Q-------------- (v)
R S R S R–S
(iv) (iii) = = = ---------------- (vi)
Q R Q R Q–R
Q – R R – S (Q – R)2
GLb mgxKiY (v)I (vi) n‡Z cvB,P – Q = Q – Rev, P – Q = R – S
BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 241
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
(Q – R)2
myZivsR = S + P – Q (cÖgvwYZ)
D`vniY 10:P, Q, Rgv‡bi wZbwU m`„k mgvšÍivj ej h_vµ‡g ABC wÎfy‡RiA, B, C †KŠwYK we›`y‡Z wµqv K‡i|
ej¸‡jvi †h‡Kv‡bv mvaviY w`‡Ki Rb¨ jwä hw` wÎfyRwUi j¤^‡K›`ª w`‡q Mgb K‡i Z‡e cÖgvY Kiæb †h,
P (b2 + c2 – a2) = Q (c2 + a2 – b2) = R (a2 + b2 – c2)
mgvavb:g‡b KiæbABC wÎfy‡Ri †KŠwYK we›`yÎqA, B, C-†ZP, Q, R gv‡bi wZbwU m`„k mgvšÍivj ej wµqviZ
hv‡`i jwä wÎfyRwUi j¤^‡K›`ªH w`‡q Mgb K‡i|
GLbB we›`y‡Z wµqviZQ GesC we›`y‡Z wµqviZR ej؇qi jwäBC Gi
DciD we›`y‡Z wµqvkxj n‡e, †hLv‡bD, E, F n‡jv h_vµ‡gA, B, C
we›`yÎq n‡Z wecixZ evûi Dci Aw¼Z j¤^¸‡jvi cv`we›`y|
myZivsQ.BD = R. CD ---------------- (i)
Q CD CD/AD cotC tanB
= = = = ---------------- (ii)
R BD BD/AD cotB tanC
GKBfv‡e A I B we›`y‡Z wµqviZP I Q ej؇qi jwä AB Gi Dci Fwe›`y w`‡q hvq|
P tanA
myZivs,Q = tanB--------------- (iii)
P Q R
GLb mgxKiY (ii) Ges (iii) n‡Z cvB, tanA = tanB = tanC
a
P cosA Q cosB R cosC
ev, sinA = sinB = sinC ----------------- (iv)
l
ha
a b c a2 + b2 – c2
GLb †h‡nZz ABC wÎfyR n‡Z cvB,sinA = sinB = sinC = 2 Ges cosA = 2bc
s
P.2(b2 + c2 – a2) Q.2(c2 + a2 – b2) R.2(a2 + b2 – c2)
th
= =
2abc 2abc 2abc
Pa
myZivs P (b + c – a ) = Q (c + a – b ) = R (a + b2 – c2)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
AA
1.†Kv‡bv `„p e¯‘i Dci 0.5 wg. e¨eav‡b 15 N Ges 10 N gv‡bi `yBwU m`„k mgvšÍivj
ej wµqv Ki‡j G‡`i jwäi gvb I wµqvwe›`y wbY©q Kiæb|
DËi: jwä = 25 N hv cÖ`Ë ej؇qi mv‡_ m`„k mgvšÍivj| jwäi wµqvwe›`y 10 N
wkÿv_x©i ej n‡Z 0.3 wg. `~‡i Ges 15 N ej n‡Z 0.2 wg. `~‡i|
KvR 2.20 †m. wg. e¨eav‡b 10 N Ges 5 N gv‡bi `yBwU wem`„k mgvšÍivj ej †Kv‡bv
`„pe¯‘i Dci wµqvkxj n‡j ej؇qi jwäi gvb I wµqv we›`y wbY©q Kiæb|
DËi: jwä = 15 N hvi w`K 10 N gv‡bi e‡ji w`&K eivei, jwäi wµqv we›`y 10N
ej n‡Z 0.4wg. Ges 5 N ej n‡Z 0.8 wg. `~‡i wµqv K‡i|
mvims‡ÿc-
hw` †Kv‡bv e¯‘i Dci wµqvkxj ejmg~‡ni wµqv‡iLv ci¯úimgvšÍivj nq, Zvn‡j H ej mg~n‡K
mgvšÍivj ej e‡j| mgvšÍivj ejmg~n `yB cÖKvi h_v:(i) m`„k (like) ev mggyLx mgvšÍivj ej I (ii)
Am`„k (unlike)ev wecixZgyLx mgvšÍivj ej|
`yBwU mgvšÍivj ej ci¯úi GKB Awfgy‡L wµqvkxj n‡j Zv‡`i‡K m`„k ev mggyLx mgvšÍivj ej e‡j
Ges `yBwU mgvšÍivj ej ci¯úi wecixZ Awfgy‡L wµqvkxj n‡j Zv‡`i‡K Am`„k ev wecixZgyLx
mgvšÍivj ej e‡j|
†Kv‡bv Abo e¯‘i Dci wµqvkxj `yBwU ci¯úi mggyLx mgvšÍivj ej P I Q Gi jwä P+Q hvi w`K P I
w¯’wZwe`¨v c„ôv 242
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
Q ej؇qi cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki w`‡Ki mgvšÍivj Ges hvi wµqvwe›`y P I Q ej؇qi wµqvwe›`y؇qi ms‡hvRK
†iLvs‡ki Dci Aew¯’Z Ges H †iLvsk‡K ej؇qi e¨¯Í Abycv‡Z AšÍwe©f³ K‡i|
`yBwU m`„k mgvšÍivj ej mgvb ev Amgvb n‡Z cv‡i| †Kv‡bv e¯‘i cÖ‡Z¨KwU KYvi IRb wb¤œgyLx, ZvB
Zviv mggyLx mgvšÍivj ej| Zv‡`i jwä ev mgwóB H e¯‘i IRb| mgiƒc `‡Ði IRb H `‡Ði ga¨we›`y‡Z
Lvov wb¤œw`‡K wµqvkxj| mgiƒc `‡Ði ga¨we›`yB Zvi fvi‡K›`ª(centre of gravity)|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 7.9-
1. (i) †Kv‡bv e¯‘i Dci wµqvkxj P Ges Q `yBwU mgvšÍivj e‡ji jwä R, ej؇q ga¨eZ©x `~iZ¡ dGKK| P
n‡ZRGi `yiZ¡d1GKK Ges Qn‡ZRGi `yiZ¡ d2 GKK| jwäi wµqv we›`y C AšÍt¯’ wKsev ewnt¯’ n‡j P, Q, R,
d, d1, d2 BZ¨vw` wewfbœ gv‡bi Rb¨ wb‡¤œi Lvwj Ni¸‡jv c~iY Kiæb|
P Q R d d1 d2 AšÍt¯’/ewnt¯’
(i) 10 8 20
(ii) 5 10 15
(iii) 20 30 5
(iv) 10 –5 10
a
(v) 15 20 l 10
(vi) – 30 40 50
ha
(ii) 6 wgUvi j¤^v GKwU nvjKv Avbyf‚wgK jvwVi Dci h_vµ‡g A I B cÖv‡šÍ mwµq 7N I 5N `yBwU m`„k
s
mgvšÍivj e‡ji jwäi gvb I cÖ‡qvMwe›`y wbY©q Kiæb|
th
2. `yBwU m`„k mgvšÍivj ej 2 wgUvi I4 wgUvi `~i‡Z¡ Aew¯’Z `yBwU we›`y‡Z wµqvkxj| G‡`i jwäej 35N n‡j
Ges GKwU e‡ji wµqv‡iLv jwäi wµqv‡iLv n‡Z 16 †m.wg `~‡i _vK‡j ej `yBwU wbY©q Kiæb|
Pa
3. †Kv‡bv `„p e¯‘i Dci 16 wgUvi e¨eav‡b Aew¯’Z A Ges B we›`y‡Z wµqvgvb 20 †KwR IRb Ges 10 †KwR
AA
IR‡bi `yBwU wem`„k mgvšÍivj e‡ji jwäi gvb I wµqv‡iLv wbY©q Kiæb|
4. `yBRb †jvK GKwU mij mgiƒc`Ð enb Ki‡Q| Gi IRb 160 wK. MÖv. Ges GwU 16 wgUvi `xN©| hw` GKRb
†jvK GKcÖvšÍ n‡Z 2 wgUvi `~‡i Ges Aci †jvK Ab¨cÖvšÍ n‡Z 3 wgUvi `~‡i †_‡K `ÐwU enb K‡i Zvn‡j
cÖ‡Z¨‡K KZ fvi enb K‡i?
5. 0.2 †m.wg `xN© Ges 8 †KwR fvix GKwU †jvnvi mg`Û GK cÖv‡šÍ euvav Djø¤^ `woi Øviv Szjv‡bv i‡q‡Q| `woi
Uvb 3 ‡KwR IR‡bi n‡j, `ÛwUi †Kv_vq GKwU LyuwU ¯’vcb Ki‡j Zv Abyf‚wgK †iLvq w¯’i _vK‡e? LyuwUi Dci
ZLb KZ Pvc co‡e?
6. `yB wgUvi `xN© GKwU IRbnxb `Ð0.8 †m.wg. e¨eav‡b `yBwU Kxj‡Ki g‡a¨Av‡Q| GKwU KxjK `‡Ði GKcÖvšÍ
Av‡Q Ges `‡Ði Aci cÖv‡šÍ5 †KwR IRb Szjvb Av‡Q| KxjK `yBwUi Dci Pvc wbY©q Kiæb|
7. `yB e¨w³ 5 wgUvi `xN© GKwU fvinxb `‡Ði GKwU we›`y n‡Z 50 wK‡jvMÖvg IR‡bi GKwU †evSv Szwj‡q `yB cÖv‡šÍ
enb Ki‡Q| GKRb †h cÖv‡šÍ Av‡Q Zvi `~iZ¡ fvi n‡Z 3 wgUvi| cÖ‡Z¨‡K wK cwigvY IRb enb K‡i?
8. Ggb `yBwU Am`„k mgvšÍivj ej wbY©q Kiæb hv 0.72 wg. e¨eav‡b _vK‡j Zv‡`i jwä 30 †KwR n‡e, hLb
e„nËi ejwU jwä n‡Z 0.32 wg. `~‡i _v‡K|
9. PI Q `yBwU m`„k mgvšÍivj e‡ji jwäi Ae¯’vb Ges ejØq ¯’vb wewbgq Ki‡jI jwäi Ae¯’vb GKB _v‡K|
†`Lvb †h P I QGi gvb mgvb|
10. `yB e¨w³ GKwU 6 wgUvi `xN© Z³vi Dci 300 †KwR IRb en‡b mg_©| †evSvwU †Kv_vq ivL‡j Zvi Dci wVK
GB cwigvY Pvc co‡e?
BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 243
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
11. `yB e¨w³ 16 wgUvi `xN© Ges 160 †KwR IR‡bi GKwU mg`Û enb Ki‡Q| GK e¨w³ GKcÖvšÍ n‡Z 2 wgUvi
`~‡i Ges Aci e¨w³ Aci cÖvšÍ n‡Z 3 wgUvi `~‡i Dnv enb Ki‡Q| cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³ KZ fvi enb Ki‡Q?
12. 2 wgUvi j¤^v Ges 30 †KwR fvix GKwU mg`Û GKB Avbyf‚wgK †iLvq ci¯úi n‡Z 1 wgUvi e¨eav‡b `yBwU
†c‡i‡Ki Dci iw¶Z Av‡Q| †c‡iK `yBwUi Dci Pv‡ci AbycvZ 2 t 3 n‡j, `‡Ûi Ae¯’vb wbY©q Kiæb|
13. `yB e¨w³‡K GKwU Z³vi mvnv‡h¨ 200 †KwR IRbwewkó GKwU cÖ¯Íi LЇK miv‡Z n‡e| GK e¨w³‡K 140
†KwR IRb enb Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ¯Íi LÛwU‡K Z³vi †Kv_vq ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e?
14. 9 GKK j¤^v nvév GKLvwb euv‡ki `yB cÖvšÍ `yB e¨w³i Kuv‡a ¯’vwcZ| euv‡ki GKwU we›`y‡Z 225 †KwR IR‡bi
GKwU e¯‘ Szwj‡Z‡Q, †mB we›`ywU GK e¨w³ A‡c¶v Aci e¨w³i 1 GKK wbKUZg| Zv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki Kuv‡a KZ
Pvc c‡o?
15. 60 †m.wg. e¨eav‡b Aew¯’Z `yBwU Kxj‡Ki Dci 2 wgUvi j¤^v GKwU mij `Ð Abyf‚wgKfv‡e iw¶Z i‡q‡Q|
KxjK `yBwU GKwU `‡Ûi GKcÖv‡šÍ Aew¯’Z| `‡Ûi IRb 1 †KwR IRb n‡j KxjK `yBwUi Dci Pvc wbY©q
Kiæb|
16.AB-i Dci C GKwU we›`y Ges AC I BC-Gi ga¨we›`y‡Z h_vµ‡g PI Qm`„k mgvšÍivj ej wµqv Ki‡j,
Zv‡`i jwä C we›`y‡Z wµqv K‡i| hw` PI QGi Ae¯’vb cwieZ©b Kiv nq, wKšÍz AwfgywLZv c~‡e©i gZ _v‡K,
Z‡e †`Lvb †h Zv‡`i jwä AB-Gi ga¨we›`y‡Z wµqv Ki‡e|
17. GKRb AciRb A‡c¶v ejevb Giƒc `yB e¨w³‡K 60 cm. j¤^v GKwU nvév `‡Ûi mvnv‡h¨ 270 †KwR
IRbwewkó GKwU cÖ¯ÍiLЇK miv‡Z n‡e| ejevb e¨w³ 180 †KwR IRb enb Ki‡Z cv‡i| cÖ¯ÍiLÐwU‡K `‡Ûi
†Kvb& we›`y‡Z ¯’vcb Ki‡j Zvi Dci wVK H cwigvY IRb co‡e?
l a
18. GKwU e¯‘i Dci P I Q`yBwU m`„k ej mwµq Ges Zv‡`i ga¨eZx© `~iZ¡ b; hw` mgvb I Am`„k ej S, P I
ha
bS
QGi cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki mv‡_ mshy³ nq, Z‡e †`Lvb †h Zv‡`i jwä `~i‡Z¡i m‡i hv‡e|
P+Q
s
th
19.0.3wg. `~i‡Z¡ `yBwU m`„k mgvšÍivj ej GKwU e¯‘‡Z wµqv K‡i| hw` ej `yBwUi ¯’vb cwiewZ©Z nq, ZLb jwä
ej 0.5 wg. m‡i hvq| ej `yBwUi AbycvZ wbY©q Kiæb|
Pa
20. GKwU fvinxb `‡Ði GKcÖvšÍ n‡Z h_vµ‡g 20, 80 I 60 †m. wg. `~‡i h_vµ‡g, P, QI RwZbwU mgvšÍivj ej
AA
wµqv K‡i| `ÐwU hw` mvg¨ve¯’vq _v‡K, Zvn‡j †`Lvb †h, PtQtR = 1 t 2 t 3.
21. GKwU Avbyf‚wgK iv¯Ívq 36 wgUvi `xN© GKwU †mZzi (AB) IRb 5 Ub Ges GwU `yB cÖv‡šÍ `yBwU LyuwUi Dci
Aew¯’Z| 3 Ub fv‡ii GKwU gvjevnx UªvK A n‡Z iIbv n‡q †mZzi `yB-Z…Zxqvsk AwZµg K‡i _vgj| ZLb
LyuwU `yBwUi Dci KZ Pvc co‡e?
22. `yB e¨w³ GKwU 4 wgUvi j¤^v cÖvq fvinxb mg`‡Ûi mvnv‡h¨ 4 n›`‡ii GKwU fvi enb K‡i| `ÛwUi GK cÖvšÍ
1 1
n‡Z 12wgUvi `~‡i GKRb Ges Aci cÖvšÍ n‡Z 2dzU `~‡i Av‡iKRb _vK‡j Ges Zvi ga¨we›`y n‡Z IRbwU
Szjv‡bv n‡j, cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³ wK cwigvY fvi enb Ki‡e?
23. `yB e¨w³ GKwU 4 wgUvi j¤^v IRbk~b¨ `‡Ûi mvnv‡h¨ 60 wK. MÖv.IRb enb Ki‡Q Ges fviwU `‡Ûi gvSLv‡b
1
Szjvb Av‡Q| GK e¨w³ `‡Ûi GKcÖvšÍ n‡Z 2 wgUvi `~‡i Ges Aci e¨w³ Aci cÖvšÍ n‡Z 1 wgUvi `~‡i
i‡q‡Q| cÖ‡Z¨‡K KZ fvi enb Ki‡Q Zv wbY©q Kiæb|
24. wZbwU m`„k mgvšÍivj ej P, QI RGKwU wÎfzR ABC-i †KŠwYK we›`y‡Z wµqv K‡i| cÖgvY Kiæb †h, ej
wZbwU †h Awfgy‡LB _vKzK bv †Kb P = Q = Rn‡j jwäi wµqv‡iLv fi‡K›`ª w`‡q hvq|
25. wZbwU m`„k mgvšÍivj ej P, QI RGKwU wÎf‚‡Ri †KŠwYK we›`y wZbwU‡Z wµqv K‡i| hw` Zv‡`i jwäi
wµqv‡iLv (i) wÎfy‡Ri fi‡K›`ª w`‡q hvq Zvn‡j P = Q = R
P Q R P Q R
(ii) wÎfz‡Ri AšÍt‡K›`ª w`‡q hvq, Zvn‡jcÖgvY Kiæb, = = ; ev, a = b = c
sin A sin B sin C
w¯’wZwe`¨v c„ôv 244
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
P Q R P Q R
(iii) cwi‡K›`ª w`‡q hvq, Zvn‡j, cÖgvY Kiæb, = = ev, a cosA = b cosB = c cosC
sin2A sin2B sin2C
P Q R
ev, a2 (b2 + c2–a2) = b2(c2 + a2 – b2) = c2 (a2 + b2 – c2)
P Q R
(iv) j¤^we›`y w`‡q hvq, Zvn‡j cÖgvY Kiæb, = =
tanA tanB tanC
ev, PtQtR = asecAtbsecBtcsecCev, P(b2 + c2– a2) = Q (c2+ a2 – b2) = R (a2 + b2 – c2)
26. GKRb †jvK 6 †m. wg. j¤^v GKwU jvwVi GK cÖv‡šÍ GKwU †evSv Szwj‡q Zv Kuv‡ai Dci enb Ki‡Q| Kuva I
nv‡Zi g‡a¨ `~iZ¡ KZ n‡j Kuv‡ai Dci Pvc ¶z`ªZg n‡e?
l a
s ha
th
Pa
AA
BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 245
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
cvV 7.10 e¨envwiK
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
†jLwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ GKvwaK †e‡Mi jwä wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
g~jcvV-
†jLwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ GKvwaK e‡ji jwä wbY©q
mgm¨v bs - 7.1 ZvwiL:
mgm¨v:GKB mg‡q †Kv‡bv we›`y‡Z 45 †Kv‡Y wµqviZ 160N Ges 100N ej؇qi jwäi gvb I w`K wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb:ZË¡:GKB mg‡q †Kv‡bv we›`y‡Z †Kv‡Y wµqviZ P, Q ej؇qi jwäR hw`P Gi w`‡Ki mv‡_ †KvY Drcbœ
Q sin
K‡i Zvn‡j,R2 = P2 + Q2 + 2PQcos, Ges = tan1P + Q cos
cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY: QK KvMR, miæ wklhy³ †cwÝj, B‡iRvi, †¯‹j, Puv`v, kvc©bvi,K¨vjKz‡jUi BZ¨vw`|
a
Kvh©c×wZ:1.QK KvM‡RX'OX GesY'OY ci¯úi
j¤^fv‡e †Q`Kvix †iLvØq A¼b Kiæb hv, h_vµ‡gX l B
ha
GesY A¶|
s
2. ej؇qi gvb I w`K wb‡`©k Kivi Rb¨ QK KvM‡Ri
th
¶z`ª 1 eM© N‡ii ˆ`N©¨, ev 1 †m. wg.= 10N ej †¯‹j
wbe©vPb Kiæb|
Pa
3.OX †iLvsk †_‡KOA = 16 †m.wg. `xN© Ask †K‡U
AA
wbb GesOX †iLvs‡ki mv‡_ Nwoi KuvUvi AveZ©‡bi
wecixZ w`‡K 45 †KvY Drcbœ K‡i GiƒcOB †iLvsk
A¼b Kiæb|
4. GLb OB †_‡KOB = 10 †m.wg. Ask †K‡U wbb|
myZivs OA GesOBØviv h_vµ‡gO we›`y‡Z GKB mg‡q
wµqviZ 160N Ges 100N ej؇qi gvb I w`K m~wPZ nq|
5.GLbOA Ges OB †K mwbœwnZ evû a‡iOACBmvgvšÍwiKwU A¼b Kiæb| hvi GKwU KY©OC| myZivs e‡ji
mvgvšÍwiK m~Î Abymv‡iOC KY© Øviv cÖ`Ë ej؇qi jwäi gvb I w`K wb‡`©k n‡e|
6.C we›`y †_‡KOX Gi DciCD j¤^ A¼b Kiæb Ges aiæbDOC = |
7.GLbOC, OD GesCD Gi cÖK…Z ˆ`N©¨ †mw›UwgUv‡i wbY©q Kiæb Ges Puv`vi mvnv‡h¨COD †Kv‡Yi cwigvY
wWwMÖ‡Z wbY©q Kiæb| GLv‡b COD = 17
dj msKjb:jwä e‡ji gvb wbY©q
P Q R = P2 + Q2 + 2PQ cos OC OD CD OC = OD2 + CD2
160 100 45 (160)2 + (100)2 + 2.160.100.cos45 24c 22.96c 7cm (22.96)2 + (7)2
N N = 241.30N m m = 24
†¯‹‡ji gv‡c OC Gi cÖK…Z ˆ`N©¨ = 24 †m. wg. Øviv2410 = 240 N ej m~wPZ nq|
R¨vwgwZKfv‡eOC=2410 = 240NGes jwä ej = 241.30 N; myZivs †jLwPÎ A¼‡bi h_v_©Zv cixw¶Z n‡jv|
w¯’wZwe`¨v c„ôv 246
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
jwä e‡ji w`K wbY©q
P Q Q sin OD CD CD †KvY
= tan–1 = tan–1
P + Q cos OD cÖK…Z gv‡c
160 100 45 100 sin 45 22.96cm 7cm 7 16.96
N N tan–1 tan–1
160 + 100 cos 45 22.96
= 17.04 = 16.955
m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ = 17.04Ges Puv`vi gv‡c gv‡c = 17|
myZivs jwäi gvb I w`K cÖvq mwVK cixw¶Z nj|
mgm¨v bs - 7.2 ZvwiL:
mgm¨v:†Kv‡bv we›`y‡Z 6, 10, 12 Ges 8N cwigvY PviwU ej GKB mg‡q Ggbfv‡e wµqvkxj †h H we›`yMvgx †Kv‡bv
mij‡iLvi mv‡_ ej¸‡jv h_vµ‡g 15, 30, 55, Ges 100 †KvY Drcbœ K‡i| ej¸‡jvi jwäi gvb I w`K wbY©q
Ki‡Z n‡e| †jLwPÎ A¼b K‡i A¼‡bi h_v_©Zv cÖgvY Kiæb|
mgvavb: ZË¡:g‡bKiæb GKB mg‡q †Kv‡bv we›`y‡Z P1, P2, P3, ......... ej¸‡jv h_vµ‡g †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó mij‡iLvi
mv‡_ 1, 2, 3,....... †KvY Drcbœ K‡i Zvn‡j H †iLv eivei I H †iLvi mv‡_ j¤^ eivei ej¸‡jvi j¤^vs‡ki
exRMvwYwZK mgwó h_vµ‡g P1cos1 = X GesP1sin1 = Y ai‡j|
Y
jwä R = X2 + Y2 Ges H †iLvi mv‡_ jwä †h †KvY Drcbœ K‡i Zvi cwigvY= tan–1X .
a
cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY: QK KvMR, miæ wklhy³ †cwÝj, B‡iRvi, †¯‹j, Puv`v, kvc©bvi,K¨vjKz‡jUi BZ¨vw`|
Kvh©c×wZ:
l
ha
1.OX GesOY A¶Øq A¼b Kiæb|
s
2.1N ej = 1 †m. wg. eM© N‡ii ˆ`N©¨ †¯‹‡j ej¸‡jvi ˆ`N©¨ h_vµ‡g 6cm, 10cm 12cmGes 4cm wbY©q Kiæb|
th
3.OX Gi mv‡_ 15 †Kv‡Y 6 †m.wg. `xN© †iLvsk A¼b
Pa
K‡i 6N e‡ji gvb I w`K wb‡`©k Kiæb|
4.GKBfv‡e OX Gi mv‡_ 30 †Kv‡Y10 †m.wg. Ges 55 B
AA
†Kv‡Y12 †m.wg. Ges 100 †Kv‡Y8 †m.wg. `xN©
†iLvsk¸‡jv A¼b K‡i h_vµ‡g 10,12 I 8N ej¸‡jvi
gvb I w`K wb‡`©k Kiæb|
5.GLb OX eivei ej¸‡jvi j¤^vsk wbY©q K‡i †hvM
Kiæb GesOY eivei ej¸‡jvi j¤^vsk wbY©q K‡i †hvM
Kiæb|
6.OX IOY eivei j¤^vk¸‡jvi c„_K c„_K †hvMdj‡K
h_vµ‡gXIYaiæb GesX IY Gi AšÍM©Z †KvY 90
nIqvqR = X2 + Y2 wbY©q Kiæb|
7.g‡b Kiæb, XIY ejØq c~‡e©v³ †¯‹‡j (A_©vr2N = 1
†m. wg. = 1 eM© N‡ii ˆ`N©¨) OX IOY eivei
h_vµ‡gOA IOB †iLvskØq Øviv m~wPZ Kiæb|
8.GLbOA Ges OB †K mwbœwnZ evû a‡iOACB
AvqZ‡¶Î A¼b Kiæb Ges OC KY© AuvKzb|
Zvn‡j e‡ji mvgvšÍwiK m~Î Abymv‡iOC KY© Øviv cÖ`Ë ej¸‡jvi jwäi gvb I w`K wb‡`©k K‡i |
dj msKjb:OX eivei j¤^vsk¸‡jvi mgwó
= 6 cos 15 + 10 cos 30 + 12 cos 55 + 8 cos 100 = 19.95 N = X (aiæb)|
OY eivei j¤^vsk¸‡jvi mgwó
BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 247
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
= 6 sin 15 + 10 sin 30 + 12 sin 55 + 8 sin 100 = 24.26 N = Y (aiæb)|
P Q P2 + Q2 = R cÖK…Z gv‡cOC Gi ˆ`N©¨
19.95 N 24.26 N 2 2
(19.95) + (24.26) = 31.41 N 15.7 †m. wg.
OC †iLv jwäi gvb I w`K m~PxZ K‡i| m~Îvbymv‡i jwä31.41N
Avevi ˆ`N©¨ gv‡c OC= 15.7 × 2 = 31.4 †m. wg. Øviv = 31.4 N cwigvY ej m~wPZ|
24.26
OC IOX Gi AšÍM©Z †KvY= tan1 = 50.57cÖK…Z gv‡c (Puv`vi mvnv‡h¨) = 50
19.95
myZivs †`Lv hvq †h, m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ I cÖK…Zgv‡c wbY©xZ jwäi gvb I †Kv‡Yi cwigvY cÖvq KvQvKvwQ| myZivs
A¼‡bi h_v_©Zv cÖgvwYZ nj|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 7.10-
1. †Kv‡bv we›`y‡Z GKB mg‡q wµqviZ wb‡¤œv³ ej؇qi jwäi gvb I w`K wbY©q Kiæb| cÖ‡Z¨K †¶‡Î ˆjwLK
c×wZ‡Z AvbycvwZK wPÎ A¼b K‡i A¼‡bi h_v_©Zv cÖgvY Kiæb|
(i) 45†Kv‡Y 15N Ges 6 N. (ii) 50†Kv‡Y 11NGes 7 N.
(iii) 125†Kv‡Y 35N Ges 70 N. (vi) 145†Kv‡Y 68N Ges 37 N.
(v) 43†Kv‡Y wµqviZ 128N I 223 N. (vi) 65†Kv‡Y wµqviZ 80N Ges 40 N.
2.
l a
13 wgUvi `xN© GKwU i‡Wi `yB cÖv‡šÍ 7 wg. I 14 wg. `xN© `yBwU iwki mvnv‡h¨ 65 †KwR IR‡bi GKwU e¯‘‡K
ha
Szjv‡bv n‡q‡Q| iWwU Ggbfv‡e ivLv n‡q‡Q †h e¯‘wU wVK i‡Wi ga¨we›`yi Lvov wb‡P Ae¯’vb K‡i| †jLwP‡Îi
s
mvnv‡h¨ iwk؇qi Uvb wbY©q Kiæb|
th
3. ABCDEF mylg lofy‡RiA we›`y‡ZAB, AC, AD, AE, AF eivei h_vµ‡g 3, 2, 6, 2, 3 †KwR IR‡bi
ej¸‡jv wµqviZ Av‡Q| Zv‡`i jwäi gvb I w`K wbY©q Kiæb|
Pa
4. †Kv‡bv e¯‘KYvi Dci wµqviZ `yBwU †eM‡K uGes v Øviv Ges Zv‡`i AšÍf~©Z †KvY Øviv cÖKvk Kiv n‡j
AA
cÖwZ‡¶‡Î jwä †eM wbY©q Kiæb|
(i) u = 25 †mw›UwgUvi/†m‡KÛ, v = 35 †mw›UwgUvi/†m‡KÛ, = 60
(ii) u = 135 †mw›UwgUvi/†m‡KÛ, v = 75 †mw›UwgUvi/†m‡KÛ, = 45
(iii) u = 42 †mw›UwgUvi/†m‡KÛ, v = 34 †mw›UwgUvi/†m‡KÛ, = 130
5. 7, 13 I 15 †KwR IR‡bi wZbwU ej ci¯úi 130 †Kv‡Y GK we›`y‡Z wµqviZ| ˆjwLK c×wZ‡Z ej¸‡jvi
jwä wbY©q Kiæb|
w¯’wZwe`¨v c„ôv 248
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb-
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b (1-10):
1. †Kv‡bv we›`y‡Z P I 2Pgv‡bi `yBwU ej wµqvkxj| cÖ_gwU‡K wظY K‡i wØZxqwUi gvb 8 GKK e„w× Ki‡j
jwäi w`K AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K| P Gi gvb KZ?
(K) 8 GKK (L) 12 GKK (M) 4 GKK (N) 16 GKK
2. 3P Ges 2Pej؇qi jwä R| cÖ_g ej wظY Ki‡j jwäi cwigvYI wظY nq| ej؇qi AšÍM©Z †KvY KZ?
(K) 30 (L) 120 (M) 110 (N) 100
3. 3 GK‡Ki `yBwU mgvb ej 120 †Kv‡Y GK we›`y‡Z KvR K‡i| Zv‡`i jwäi gvb KZ?
(K) 3units (L) 4 3units (M) 3 units (N) 2 3units
4. †Kv‡bv we›`y‡Z 60 †Kv‡Y wµqviZ `yBwU mgvb ej‡K GKB we›`y‡Z wµqviZ 9N e‡ji mvnv‡h¨ fvimvg¨ ivL‡j
ej؇qi cÖwZwUi gvb KZ?
(K) 3 3N (L) 3 N (M) 3 N (N) 9 N
5. †Kv‡bv we›`y‡Z wµqviZ `yBwU e‡ji GKwUi gvb AciwUi wظY n‡j Ges Zv‡`i jwä ¶z`ªZiwUi Dci j¤^ n‡j
ej؇qi AšÍf³ © †KvY KZ n‡e?
(K) 60 (L) 120 (M) 90 l a (N) 210
ha
6. p Ges 4p gv‡bi `yBwU ej GKwU KYvi Dci †Kv‡Y wµqv K‡i| Zv‡`i jwä 21 p n‡j Gi gvb KZ?
(K) 30 (L) 60 (M) 90 (N) 120
s
th
7. GKwU we›`y‡Z 3N, 5N I 7N gv‡bi wZbwU ej wfbœ wfbœ †iLv eivei wµqviZ †_‡K mvg¨ve¯’vi m„wó K‡i‡Q|
ÿz`ªZi ej `yBwUi AšÍ©fy³ †KvY KZ?
Pa
(K) 30 (L) 60 (M) 90 (N) 120
AA
8. 8 I 3 WvB‡bi `yBwU Am`„k mgvšÍivj ej GKwU `‡Ði 12 cm e¨eav‡b `yBwU we›`y‡Z wµqviZ Av‡Q|
GKwUgvÎ e‡ji wµqvq iWwU mvg¨ve¯’vq ivL‡Z n‡j i‡Wi b~b¨Zg ˆ`N©¨ KZ?
(K) 15.2 cm (L) 17.2 cm (M) 18.2 cm (N) 19.2 cm
9. 7N, 13N I 19N Gi wZbwU ej ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ 120 †KvY Drcbœ K‡i| 7N e‡ji w`‡K jwäi j¤^vsk KZ?
o
(K) 0 (L) 9 (M) 4 (N) 9
10. PI Q`yBwU ej GKwe›`y‡Z ci¯úi †Kv‡Y wµqviZ?
(i) ej `yBwU GKB mij‡iLvq GKB w`‡K wµqv Ki‡j jwä e„nËg nq|
(ii) ej `yBwUi AšÍ©fz³ †KvY n‡j jwä ÿz`ªZg nq|
(iii) n‡j jwä ej؇qi e‡M©i mgwó eM©g~j nq|
2
Dc‡ii Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K †KvbwU mwVK
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii (M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
11. GKB Abyf‚wgK †iLvq C GKK `~i‡Z¡ Aew¯’Z `yBwU we›`y‡Z a b GKK `xN© GKwU miæ iwki cÖvšÍØq euvav
Av‡Q| Aev‡a Szjv‡bv W GKK IRb wewkó GKwU e¯‘‡K enb K‡i Ggb GKwU gm„Y IRbwenxb AvswU H
iwki Dci w`‡q Mwo‡q PjvPj Ki‡Z cv‡i|
(K) wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ mgm¨vwU Dc¯’vcb Kiæb|
BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 249
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
W a b
(L) †`Lvb †h, iwki Uvb
2 a b 2 c 2
(M) e¯‘wU‡K Ggb GKwU we›`y‡Z AvU‡K †`Iqv n‡jv †hb iwkwU I Abyf‚wgK †iLv Øviv Drcbœ wÎfz‡Ri evû
Wb 2
a, b I c Ges †ÿÎdj nq| †`Lvb †h, b As‡ki Uvb
4c
c a 2 b2
12. 5 wgUvi j¤^v Abyf‚wgK GKwU finxb `‡Ûi `yB cÖv‡šÍ `yBwU LuywU i‡q‡Q| GK cÖvšÍ †_‡K wfZ‡ii w`‡K 4 wgUvi
`~‡i 500 †KwR IR‡bi GKwU fvix e¯‘ Szjv‡bv i‡q‡Q|
(K) e¯‘wU‡K †Kvb Ae¯’v‡b Szjv‡j LyuwU؇qi Dc‡i mgvb Pvc co‡e?
(L) LuywUi †Vm we›`y `yBwUi cÖwZwµqv wbY©q Kiæb|
(M) GKwU LuywU hw` 200 †KwR Pvc mn¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i Z‡e LyuwU bv †f‡½ Aci LuywU †_‡K m‡e©v”P KZ `~‡i D³
e¯‘wU Szjv‡bv hv‡e?
DËigvjv-
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
1. M 2. L 3. K 4. K
al 5. N 6. N 7. L
ha
8. N 9. L 10. N
s
th
Pa
AA
w¯’wZwe`¨v c„ôv 250
mij‡iLvq ev mgZ‡j Pjgvb KYvi MwZ
(Motion of Particles in a Plane) 8
f‚wgKv
cvwicvwk^©K Ae¯’vi †cÖwÿ‡Z mgq cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ hw` †Kv‡bv e¯‘i Ae¯’v‡bi cwieZ©b bv N‡U ZLb H e¯‘‡K w¯’i
e¯‘ ejv nq, Avi Ae¯’v‡bi cwieZ©b NU‡j ZLb e¯‘wU‡K MwZkxj e¯‘ ejv nq| Avgv‡`i Pvwiw`‡K Avgiv †h mg¯Í e¯‘
†`L‡Z cvB Zvi †KvbUv w¯’i Avevi †KvbUv MwZkxj| c~e©eZx© BDwb‡U w¯’i e¯‘i wµqv‡iLv, jwä BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K©
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| eZ©gvb BDwb‡U †e‡Mi wewfbœ m~Î I Pjgvb e¯‘KYvi †¶‡Î MwZm~Î, Djø¤^ MwZ m¤úwK©Z m~Î I
Djø¤^ Z‡j cÖw¶ß e¯‘KYvi MwZ m¤úwK©Z m~Î I Gi e¨envwiK cÖ‡qvM m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
BDwb‡Ui D‡Ïk¨
GB BDwbU †k‡l Avcwb -
†e‡Mi mvgvšÍwiK I wÎfzR m~Î m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
Av‡cw¶K †e‡Mi eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb, l a
ha
Pjgvb e¯‘KYvi †¶‡Î MwZm~θ‡jv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
Djø¤^ MwZi †¶‡Î MwZm~Îmg~n e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
s
th
Djø¤^ Z‡j cÖw¶ß e¯‘KYvi MwZ m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
wewfbœ mgm¨v mgvav‡b m~θ‡jv cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Pa
AA
BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡ev©”P mgq 20 w`b
GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV 8.1: †eM
cvV 8.2: Av‡cwÿK †eM
cvV 8.3: Z¡iY
cvV 8.4: Djø¤^ MwZi †ÿ‡Î Z¡iY m¤úwK©Z m~Îmg~‡ni cÖ‡qvM
cvV 8.5: Djø¤^ Z‡j cÖwÿß e¯‘KYvi MwZ
cvV 8.6: e¨envwiK
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
†eM
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
†e‡Mi mvgvšÍwiK m~Î I wÎfzR m~ÎwU eY©bv I e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
†Kvb KYvi Dci wµqviZ GKvwaK †e‡Mi jwä wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
wewfbœ mgm¨v mgvav‡b m~θ‡jv cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã †eM, wÎfzR, mvgvšÍwiK, m~Î, jwä, Dcvsk, GKZjxq
g~jcvV-
†eM: mijc‡_ e¯‘i mi‡Yi nvi‡K †eM e‡j|
jwä †eM: †Kvb e¯‘i Dci GKB m‡½ GKvwaK †eM wµqviZ _vK‡j, Zv‡`i cÖfv‡e GKK †eM m„wó nq| GB m„ó †eM‡K
Zv‡`i jwä †eM ejv nq|
a
DcvskK ev AskK: Avw`‡eM¸‡jv‡K m„ó †e‡Mi Dcvsk ev AskK ejv nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq u I v †eM؇qi
l
ha
jwä w n‡j, w Gi DcvskK ev AskK n‡e u I v| †eMØq ci¯úi mg‡Kv‡Y wµqv Ki‡j, Zv‡`i‡K w Gi j¤^vsk
ejv nq|
s
th
†e‡Mi mvgvšÍwiK m~Î
Pa
hw` †Kvb we›`y‡Z wµqviZ `ywU †eM GKwU mvgvšÍwi‡Ki `ywU mwbœwnZ evû Øviv w`‡K I gv‡b m~wPZ nq, Z‡e Zv‡`i
jwäwU D³ evû؇qi †Q`we›`yMvgx KY© Øviv w`‡K I gv‡b m~wPZ n‡e|
AA
mvgvšÍwiK m~Î Abyhvqx wP‡Î O we›`y‡Z wµqviZ u I v B C
†eMØq h_vµ‡g OACB mvgvšÍwi‡Ki evû OA I OB M
v w
Øviv Ges Zv‡`i jwä‡eM w KY© OC Øviv w`‡K I gv‡b
m~wPZ|
O u A
mvgvšÍwiK m~‡Îi cÖgvY B C
g‡b Kiæb, GKwU e¯‘KYvi Dci wµqviZ u I v †eMØq h_vµ‡g OACB
mvgvšÍwi‡Ki evû OA I OB Øviv w`‡K I gv‡b m~wPZ| v
D
e¯‘KYvwU v †e‡Mi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z GKK mg‡q u †e‡Mi Kvi‡Y OA c_
AwZµg KiZ, Avi u †e‡Mi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z v †e‡Mi Kvi‡Y OB c_ O A
E u
AwZµg KiZ|
†eMØq GKB mg‡q wµqviZ _vKvq u †e‡Mi Kvi‡Y OA Gi w`K eivei mi‡Yi mv‡_ v †e‡Mi Kvi‡Y OB Gi w`K
eivei e¯‘wUi miY n‡e| ZvB GKK mgq ci Zvi Ae¯’vb n‡e C we›`y|
g‡b Kiæb, GKK mg‡qi †h †Kvb fMœvsk t mgq ci KYvwU D we›`y‡Z Ae¯’vb K‡i| BO Gi mgvšÍivj DE Uvbyb|
G‡¶‡Î OE ut Ges DE vt
Avevi OA u, OB v
OE ut u OA OA
GLb, DE = vt = v = OB = AC
mgZ‡j e¯‘KYvi MwZ c„ôv 250
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
AZGe DE mgvšÍivj AC| †h‡nZz E we›`ywU OA †iLvi Dci Aew¯’Z, myZivs D we›`y OC Gi Dci Aew¯’Z| myZivs
e¯‘KYvwU †h †Kvb mgq OC Gi Dci _vK‡e A_©vr OC n‡”Q jwäi †e‡Mi wµqv‡iLv| AZGe mvgvšÍwi‡Ki OC KY©B
jwä †e‡Mi gvb I w`K wb‡`©k K‡i|
jwä †e‡Mi gvb I w`K wbY©q
g‡b Kiæb, OACB mvgvšÍwi‡Ki evû OA I OB h_vµ‡g u I v †eMØq‡K Ges KY© OC Zv‡`i jwä w †K w`‡K I
gv‡b m~wPZ K‡i| g‡b Kiæb AOB = | OA Gi ewa©Zvsk ev OA Gi Dci CD j¤^ Uvbyb|
B C B C
v
w w
v
O O A
u A D u D
1g wPÎ 2q wPÎ
AD
1g wP‡Î, AD = AC. AC = AC. cosCAD = OB cos BOA = v cos
CD
Ges CD = AC. AC = OB. sinCAD = OB sin BOA = v sin
AD
2q wP‡Î AD = AC. AC = AC. cos CAD = OB cos (180° BOA) = OB. cos BOA = v cos
CD l
Ges CD = AC. AC = AC. sinCAD = OB sin (180° BOA) = OB sinBOA = v sina
ha
1g wP‡Î OC2 = OD2 + CD2 = (OA + AD)2 + CD2
s
2q wP‡Î OC2 = OD2 + CD2 = (OA AD)2 + CD2
th
w2 = (u + v cos)2 + (vsin)2
Pa
= u2 + 2uv cos + v2cos2+ v2sin2
AA
= u2 + 2uvcos+ v2(sin2+ cos2)
= u2 + v2 + 2uvcos
ev, w = u2 + v2 + 2uvcos
CD vsin
GLb AOC = n‡j, tan = OD = u + vcos
vsin
= tan1 u + vcos
G‡¶‡Î w jwäi gvb Ges jwäi w`K wb‡`©k K‡i|
2sin cos sin
usin sin 2 2 2
u = v n‡j, tan = = = = = tan 2
u + ucos 1+ cos
2cos2 cos
2 2
=2
A_©vr †eMØq mgvb n‡j jwä †eM؇qi AšÍfz©³ †KvY‡K mgwØLwÐZ K‡i|
BDwbU AvU c„ôv 251
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
= 0 n‡j, A_©vr †eMØq GKB w`‡K wµqv Ki‡j, cos= cos0 = 1, hv cosGi e„nËg gvb| ZvB jwä
e„nËg n‡e| G‡¶‡Î w2 = u2 + v2 + 2uv = (u + v)2 ev, w = u + v
= 180° n‡j, A_©vr †eMØq wecixZgyLx wµqv Ki‡j, cos= cos180° = 1, hv cosGi ¶z`ªZg gvb|
ZvB jwä ¶z`ªZg n‡e| G‡¶‡Î w2 = u2 + v2 2uv = (u v)2 ev, w = u ~ v
= 90° n‡j, A_©vr †eMØq ci¯úi j¤^fv‡e wµqv Ki‡j, cos = cos90° = 0, G‡¶‡Î w2 = u2 + v2 ev, w
= u2 + v2
†e‡Mi wÎfzR m~Î
hw` †Kvb KYvi Dci GKB mg‡q wµqviZ `ywU †eM GKwU wÎfz‡Ri `ywU evû Øviv w`‡K, gv‡b I GKB µ‡g m~wPZ nq,
Z‡e Zv‡`i jwäwU Z…Zxq evû Øviv w`‡K, gv‡b I wecixZµ‡g m~wPZ n‡e|
g‡b Kiæb †Kvb KYvi Dci GKB mg‡q wµqvkxj `ywU †eM h_vµ‡g AB I BC ‡ D C
†iLvØq Øviv w`‡K, gv‡b I GKB µ‡g m~wPZ nq| ABCD mvgvšÍwiKwU A¼b Kiæb
hvi KY© AC| AD I BC mgvb I mgvšÍivj e‡j AD I BC †iLvØq Øviv GKB
†e‡Mi gvb I w`K GKB µ‡g wb‡`©k K‡i| AZGe PjšÍ KYvi Dci GKB mg‡q
wµqvkxj `yBwU †e‡Mi gvb I w`K h_vµ‡g AB I AD evû Øviv m~wPZ nj| AZGe A B
†e‡Mi mvgvšÍwiK m~Î Abymv‡i Zv‡`i jwäi gvb I w`K AC evû Øviv m~wPZ n‡e|
myZivs †Kvb KYvi Dci GKB mg‡q wµqviZ `yBwU †e‡Mi gvb, w`K I µg ABC wÎf‚‡Ri AB I BC evû Øviv m~wPZ
a
n‡j Zv‡`i jwä wÎf‚RwUi Z…Zxq evû AC Øviv w`‡K, gv‡b I wecixZµ‡g m~wPZ n‡e|
l
ha
†f±‡ii mvnv‡h¨ cÖKvk Ki‡j
AB BC AC
s
ev, AB BC CA
th
ev, AB BC CA 0
Pa
A_©vr †Kvb KYvi Dci GKB mg‡q wµqvkxj wZbwU †eM w`‡K, gv‡b I GKB µ‡g †Kvb wÎfz‡Ri wZbwU evû Øviv
AA
m~wPZ n‡j Zv‡`i jwäi gvb k~b¨ n‡e A_©vr KYvwU w¯’i _vK‡e|
Dcvs‡ki m~Î
g‡b Kiæb, OACB mvgvšÍwi‡Ki evû OA I OB h_vµ‡g u I v †eM‡K w`‡K I gv‡b m~wPZ K‡i| Zvn‡j Zv‡`i jwä
w †K KY© OC w`‡K I gv‡b m~wPZ Ki‡e| B C
aiæb, AOC = I BOC=
OA AC OC v u w
wÎfz‡Ri ag© Abyhvqx, sinOCA = sinAOC = sinOAC
OA OB OC OC
ev, sinBOC = sinAOC = sin(180° AOB) = sinAOB O
u A
[OCA = BOC; GKvšÍi †KvY e‡j Ges AOB+OAC = 180°; mgvšÍivj †iLv؇qi †Q`‡Ki GKB cvk¦©¯’ †KvY
e‡j|]
u v w
sin = sin = sin( + ) BnvB Dcvs‡ki m~Î| w
GLb hw` = AOB = 90° ev, = 90° nq, A_©vr DcvskØq j¤^ nq Zvn‡j, v
u v w 90o
= = sin90°
sin(90° ) sin
u v u
ev, cos = sin = w
mgZ‡j e¯‘KYvi MwZ c„ôv 252
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
u wcos Ges v wsin
†Kv‡bv we›`y‡Z GKB mg‡q wµqviZ KZ¸‡jv GKZjxq †e‡Mi jwä
g‡b Kiæb, KZ¸‡jv GKZjxq †eM v1, v2, v3, v4, ...................... BZ¨vw` O we›`y‡Z GKB mg‡q wµqv K‡i O we›`y w`‡q
Aw¼Z mij‡iLv OX Gi mv‡_ h_vµ‡g 1, 2, 3, 4, ................... †KvY Drcbœ K‡i|
OY †iLvwU OX Gi Dci j¤^| v1 †eMwUi j¤^vskØq OX I OY eivei Y
h_vµ‡g v1cos I v1sin| Abyiƒcfv‡e OX eivei Ab¨vb¨
†eM¸‡jvi j¤^vsk v2cosv3cosv4cosGes OY B C
eivei v2sinv3sinv4sin| v2 v
AZGe cÖ`Ë †eM¸‡jv OX eivei v3
v1cosv2cosv3cosv4cos Ges OY eivei 3 2 v1
v1sinv2sinv3sinv4sin j¤^vsk؇qi mgZ‚j¨| 1
OX I OY eivei AskKØq h_vµ‡g OA I OB Øviv m~wPZ n‡j, Zv‡`i 4 O A X
jw× OC Øviv w`‡K I gv‡b m~wPZ n‡e| g‡b Kiæb jw× v, hv OX Gi v4
mv‡_ †KvY Drcbœ K‡i|
vcos v1cosv2cosv3cosv4cosv1cosx (aiæb)
Ges vsin v1sinv2sinv3sinv4sinv1siny (aiæb)
v2= x2+y2 ev v = x2 + y2
y
Ges = tan-1 x
l a
ha
`ªóe¨: GKB we›`y‡Z GKB mg‡q wµqviZ †h †Kvb msL¨K †e‡Mi jw× wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡j Zv‡`i †h †Kvb GKwUi w`K‡K
s
th
OX a‡i D³ w`‡K Ges Zvi mv‡_ jw¤^K w`‡K †eM¸‡jv‡K c„_K c„_Kfv‡e wefvwRZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
Pa
D`vniY 1: †mªv‡Zi †e‡Mi 2 ¸Y †e‡M muvZwi‡q GKRb muvZviæ b`xi Aci cv‡o hvÎvwe›`yi wecixZ we›`y‡Z †cŠu‡Q|
Zx‡ii mv‡_ mvZviæi MwZ‡e‡Mi bwZ wbY©q Kiæb|
AA
mgvavb: aiæb, †mªv‡Zi †eM u I †eM؇qi ga¨eZx© †KvY |
AZGe, mvZviæi †eM 2u n‡e|
G‡¶‡Î jwä‡e‡Mi MwZc_ b`xi cv‡oi mv‡_ 90° †KvY m„wó K‡i|
2usin
AZGe, = tan90°=
u + 2ucos
jwä †eM
ev, u+ 2 u cos = 0
ev, 1+ 2 cos = 0
1 2u 90o
ev, cos = = cos45° = cos(180°45°)=cos135°
2
u
= 135°
D`vniY 2: GKwU e¯‘KYv‡Z ci¯úi †Kv‡Y u I v gv‡bi `ywU †eM Kvh©iZ Av‡Q| G‡`i jwä u Gi mv‡_ †KvY
u v
m„wó Ki‡j, cÖgvY Kiæb †h, cot = cot+ v cosec
vsin
mgvavb: G‡¶‡Î tan = u + vcos jwä
†eM
1 u + vcos
ev, tan = vsin
u
BDwbU AvU c„ôv 253
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
vcos u
ev, cot= vsin + vsin
u
ev, cot= cot + v cosec
D`vniY 3: `ywU †e‡Mi e„nËg jwä ¶z`ªZg jwäi n ¸Y| †eM `ywUi MwZc‡_i ga¨eZx© †KvY n‡j, jwä †e‡Mi gvb
n2 + 2
Zv‡`i mgwói A‡a©K nq| cÖgvY Kiæb †h, cos = 2(1 n2)
mgvavb: aiæb, eo †eMwU u Ges †QvU †eMwU v| u+v
AZGe, †eM؇qi e„nËg jwä = u + v Ges ¶z`ªZg jwä = u v v jwä = 2
kZ©vbyhvqx, u + v = n(u v)
ev, (n + 1)v = (n 1)u
v n1 u
ev, u = n + 1 -------- (i)
u+v
†eM؇qi ga¨eZx© †KvY n‡j, jwä = 2
2
u+v
2 =u2 + v2 + 2uvcos
ev, (u + v)2 = 4u2 + 4v2 + 8uvcos
a
2 2
v
ev, 1 + u = 4 + 4 u + 8 u cos
v v
l
ha
n1 2
n1 2
n1
1+ n + 1 = 4 + 4n + 1 + 8 n + 1 cos, [(i) Gi mvnv‡h¨]
s
(n 1)2 n1
th
4n2
ev, (n+1)2 = 4 1 + (n + 1)2 + 2 n + 1 cos
Pa
ev, n2 = (n + 1)2 + (n 1)2 + 2(n 1)(n + 1)cos= 2(n2 + 1) + 2(n2 1)cos
ev, 2(1 n2)cos = n2 + 2
AA
n2 + 2
cos 2(1 n2)
D`vniY 4: GKwU e¯‘KYvi Dci GKB mg‡q wµqvkxj `ywU †e‡Mi jwä e„nËg †e‡Mi mv‡_ 60° †KvY Drcbœ K‡i|
e„nËi †eMwU‡K wظY Ki‡j, D³ †KvY 30° nq| †eM؇qi ga¨eZx© †KvY wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb O we›`y‡Z wµqvkxj u I v (u > v) †eM؇qi ga¨eZx© †KvY Ges G‡`i jwä u Gi mv‡_ 60°
†KvY Drcbœ K‡i|
vsin
u + vcos = tan60° = 3 v (i) jwä
ev, vsin = 3u + 3vcos
(ii) jwä
ev, v(sin 3 cos) = 3 u ----------- (i) 60o
o
30
cieZx© ch©v‡q †eM u Gi cwie‡Z© 2u n‡j, jwä 2u Gi mv‡_ 30° †KvY m„wó Ki‡e|
(i) u
vsin 1
2u + vcos = tan30° = ev, 3vsin = 2u + vcos (ii) 2u
3
ev, v ( 3sin cos) = 2u ---------- (ii)
(i) †K (ii) Øviv fvM Ki‡j Avgiv cvBÑ
sin 3cos 3
=
3sin cos 2
mgZ‡j e¯‘KYvi MwZ c„ôv 254
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
ev, 2sin2 3 cos = 3sin 3cos
ev, sin= 3cos
ev, tan = 3 = tan60° = tan (180° 60°) = tan120°
= 120°
D`vniY 5: 3 wgUvi/†m‡KÛ †e‡M GKwU e¯‘KYv GKwU mij‡iLv eivei 3 †m‡KÛ Pjvi ci Zvi j¤^ eivei 4
wgUvi/†m‡KÛ gv‡bi Av‡KiwU †eM Kvh©Ki nq| AviI 2 †m‡KÛ ci hvÎv we›`y n‡Z Zvi `~iZ¡ wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, e¯‘KYvwU O we›`y n‡Z hvÎv K‡i 3 †m‡KÛ mg‡q OA D C
= 33 wgUvi = 9 wgUvi Avmvi ci Zvi j¤^ AD eivei Av‡iKwU †eM cÖ‡qvM 4 m/sec
Kiv nj Ges †eM؇qi jwä‡e‡M cieZx© 2 †m‡KÛ mgq A‡šÍ C we›`y‡Z
e¯‘ KYvwU †cuŠQ‡jv|
G‡¶‡Î †eMØq j¤^ nIqvq †eM؇qi GKwU AciwUi w`‡K †Kvb cÖfve
O
†dj‡Z cvi‡e bv| myZivs miY Avbylw½K †e‡Mi Kvi‡Y n‡q‡Q| A 3 m/sec B
AD = BC = 4 wgUvi/†m‡KÛ 2 †m‡KÛ = 8 wgUvi Ges AB = 3 wgUvi/†m‡KÛ 2 †m‡KÛ = 6 wgUvi.
OC = OB2 + BC2 = (OA+AB)2+BC2 = (9+6)2+82 = 152 + 82
= 225+64 = 289 = 17 wgUvi
D`vniY 6: GKwU evm †mvRv c‡_ 12 gvBj/N›Uv †e‡M Pj‡Q| GKRb †jvK evm c‡_i j¤^ eivei 5 gvBj/N›Uv †e‡M
a
†`uŠwo‡q evmwU aivi †Póv Ki‡Q| evmwU hLb †PŠgv_v n‡Z 140 MR wcQ‡b †jvKwU ZLb †PŠgv_v n‡Z 80 MR `~‡i
l
_v‡K| †`Lvb †h, †jvKwU KL‡bvB evm n‡Z 20 M‡Ri †ewk wbK‡U Avm‡Z cvi‡e bv|
ha
1217603 88
mgvavb: ev‡mi †eM = 12 gv/N = dz / †m. = 5 dz/†m.
s
6060 A O M
th
517603 22 evm
Ges †jvKwUi †eM = 5 gv/N. = 6060 dzU/†m. = 3 dzU/†m.
Pa
N
g‡b Kiæb, O †PŠgv_v, OA=140 MR = 420 dzU Ges OB = 80 MR = 240 dzU| C
AA
kZ© Abyhvqx evm hLb A we›`y‡Z wQj, †jvKwU ZLb B we›`y‡Z wQj| B
AO 420 dzU 525 †jvK
AO c‡_ evmwUi mgq jv‡M = v = 88 = 22 †m‡KÛ
5
dzU/†m.
22 525
D³ mg‡q †jvKwUi AwZµvšÍ c_ BC = 5 2 = 175 dzU.
88 22
g‡b Kiæb, cieZx© t mg‡q evm OM = 5 t dzU Ges †jvKwU CN = 3 t dzU AwZµg Ki‡jv|
myZivs ON = OB (BC+CN) = 240 175 + 3 t = 65 3 t
22 22
88 2 22 2
GLb MN2 = OM2 + ON2 = 5 t + 65 3 t
. 65t + 4225 =
7744 2 484 2 22 7744 484 2 22
= t + t 2. + t 2. .65t + 4225
25 9 3 25 9 3
=
69696+12100 2
t 2 . 3 .65t+4225 = 225 t 22. 3 .65t + 4225
22 81796 22
225
286 2 2
= 15 t 2. 15 .25+(25)2+(60)2 = 15 t 25 + 602
286t 286
286 2515
MN Gi ¶z`ªZg gv‡bi Rb¨ 15 t 25 = 0 t = 286 †m‡KÛ n‡Z n‡e|
BDwbU AvU c„ôv 255
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
G Ae¯’vq MN = 60 dzU = 20 MR
D`vniY 7: 880 MR cÖk¯Í I 3 gvBj/N›Uv †e‡M cÖevwnZ b`x‡K 5 gvBj/N›Uv †e‡M Pjgvb `ywU †bŠKvi GKwU ¶z`ªZi
c‡_, AciwU ¶z`ªZg mg‡q cvi nq| Zviv †h mg‡qi e¨eav‡b b`xwU cvi nq Zv wbY©q Kiæb|
880 1
mgvavb: b`xwUi we¯Ívi = 880 MR = 1760 gvBj = 2 gvBj
(i) ¶z`ªZg mg‡q b`x cv‡ii Rb¨ †bŠKv‡K we¯Ívi eivei Pvjv‡Z n‡e|
KviY †mªv‡Zi j¶¨ w`‡K A_©vr b`xi we¯Ívi eivei †mªv‡Zi Dcvsk = 0| B C
1 5 m/h w
5 m/h
s 2 gvBj
1 90o 90o A
G‡¶‡Î b`x cv‡ii mgq t1= v = 5 gvBj/N›Uv = 10 N›Uv
3 m/h O 3 m/h
(ii) ¶z`ªZg c‡_ hvIqvi Rb¨ †eM؇qi jwä, w Gi MwZc_ ¶z`ªZg c_ A_©vr b`xi we¯Ívi eivei n‡Z n‡e| †eM
wb‡`©kK OACB mvgvšÍwiK A¼b Kiæb|
OC2+OA2 = AC2 ev, OC = AC2 OA2 = OB2 OA2 = 52 32 = 25 9 = 16
w = 16 = 4 gvBj/N›Uv|
1
s 2 gvBj 1
G‡¶‡Î b`x cv‡ii mgq t2 = w = 4 gvBj/N›Uv = 8 N›Uv
1 60 3
AZGe mg‡qi e¨eavb t2 t1 = 8 10 N›Uv = 40 N›Uv = 40 wgwbU = 2 wgwbU = 90 †m‡KÛ|
1 1
l a
ha
D`vniY 8: †mªvZnxb Ae¯’vq s wgUvi cÖk¯Í GKwU b`x GKRb muvZviæ t wgwb‡U cvi nq| †mªvZ _vKv Ae¯’vq †m GKB
s
th
1 1
c‡_ t1 wgwb‡U b`x cvi n‡Z cv‡i| †`Lvb †h, †mªv‡Zi †eM = s
t2 t 2
wgUvi/wgwbU|
Pa
1
s
mgvavb: mvZviæi †eM v= t wgUvi/wgwbU| g‡b Kiæb, †mªv‡Zi †eM u|
AA
s
G‡¶‡Î jwä †eM, w = t wgUvi/wgwbU
1 C
B
†eM wb‡`©kK OACB mvgvšÍwiK A¼b Kiæb| GLv‡bÑ
w
u OA, v OB AC I w OC v
90o
GLb OA2 + OC2 = AC2 ev, OA = AC2 OC2 O u A
2 2
u = v2 w2 = s s = s 1 1
t t1 t2 t2
1
1 1
†mªv‡Zi †eM, u = s wgUvi/wgwbU|
t2 t2
1
D`vniY 9: GKRb muvZviæ 3 gvBj/N›Uv †e‡M muvZwi‡q 5 gvBj/N›Uv †e‡M cÖevwnZ 176 MR cÖk¯Í GKwU b`x b~¨bZg
mg‡q cvi n‡Z Pvq| muvZviæi MwZc_ I mgqKvj wbY©q Kiæb| G
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, muvZviæ I †mªv‡Zi MwZc‡_i g‡a¨eZx© †KvY |
†eM wb‡`©kK ABDC mvgvšÍwiK A¼b Kiæb| AD †K ewa©Z Kivq Zv b`xi
C D
Aci cv‡o G we›`y‡Z wgwjZ nq| DE I GH j¤^ Uvbyb|
GKK mg‡q muvZviæ D we›`y‡Z †cŠuQ‡e|
myZivs GKK mg‡q b`xi we¯Ívi eivei miY n‡e ED|
A B E H
mgZ‡j e¯‘KYvi MwZ c„ôv 256
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
1
b`xi we¯Ívi, GH = 176 MR = 10 gvBj|
1
GH GH GH 10 1
b`x cv‡ii mgq, t = DE = DE = AC.sin = 3.sin = 30sin
DB.DB
1
t sin
A_©vr t Gi ¶z`ªZg gv‡bi Rb¨ sin Gi gvb e„nËg n‡Z n‡e|
ev, sin = 1 = sin90° = 90°
1
AZGe, muvZviæ‡K b`xi we¯Ívi eivei muvZvi KvU‡Z n‡e Ges cv‡ii Rb¨ ¶z`ªZi mgq = 30 N›Uv = 2 wgwbU|
D`vniY 10: GK we›`y‡Z u, v, w gv‡bi wZbwU †eM Kvh©iZ Av‡Q| ch©vqµ‡g Zv‡`i ga¨eZx© †KvY n‡j jwä
wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, O we›`y‡Z wµqvkxj u, v, w †e‡Mi MwZc_ h_vµ‡g OA, OB, OC Ges AOB = , BOC =
I COA =
aiæb, †eM·qi jwä V, OA-Gi mv‡_ †KvY m„wó K‡i|
OA eivei Ges OA Gi j¤^ eivei †eMmg~n‡K wefvRb K‡i h_vµ‡g cvBÑ
a
B
V cos = ucos0° + v cos + wcos() l jwä V
= u + v cos + w cos ---------------(i)
ha
v
Ges V sin = usin0° + vsin + wsin()
s
= vsin wsin ------------------ (ii) A
th
O
(i) I (ii) eM© K‡i †hvM K‡i cvB, u
V2 (cos2+sin2) = (u+v cos+wcos)2 +(v sin wsin)2
Pa
ev, V2 = u2+v2 cos2 + w2cos2+ 2vw coscos+ 2wu cos w
AA
+ 2uv cosv2sin2+ w2sin2 2vwsinsin
C
= u2 + v2(cos2sin2+ w2(cos2sin2uvcos
+ 2wucosvwcos(
ev, V2 = u2 + v2 + w2 + 2uvcos+ 2wucos+ 2wv cos
[= 360°, cos() = cos (360° )= cos]
V = u2+v2+w2+2uvcos+2vw cos + 2wucos
sin Vsin vsin wsin
Ges tan = cos = Vcos = u + vcos+ wcos
vsin wsin
= tan-1 u + vcos+ wcos
mvims‡ÿc-
mijc‡_ e¯‘i mi‡Yi nvi‡K †eM e‡j|
†Kvb e¯‘i Dci GKB m‡½ GKvwaK †eM wµqviZ _vK‡j, Zv‡`i cÖfv‡e GKK †eM m„wó nq| GB m„ó †eM‡K
Zv‡`i jwä †eM ejv nq|
Avw`‡eM¸‡jv‡K m„ó †e‡Mi Dcvsk ev AskK ejv nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq u I v †eM؇qi jwä w n‡j,
w Gi DcvskK ev AskK n‡e u I v| †eMØq ci¯úi mg‡Kv‡Y wµqv Ki‡j, Zv‡`i‡K w Gi j¤^vsk ejv
nq|
BDwbU AvU c„ôv 257
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
†e‡Mi mvgvšÍwiK m~Î: hw` ‡Kvb we›`y‡Z wµqviZ `ywU †eM GKwU mvgvšÍwi‡Ki `ywU mwbœwnZ evû Øviv w`‡K I
gv‡b m~wPZ nq, Z‡e Zv‡`i jwäwU D³ evû؇qi †Q`we›`yMvgx KY© Øviv w`‡K I gv‡b m~wPZ n‡e|
†e‡Mi wÎfzR m~Î: †Kvb KYvi Dci GKB mg‡q wµqviZ `yBwU †e‡Mi gvb, w`K I µg ABC wÎf‚‡Ri AB I
BC evû Øviv m~wPZ n‡j Zv‡`i jwä wÎf‚RwUi Z…Zxq evû AC Øviv w`‡K, gv‡b I wecixZµ‡g m~wPZ n‡e|
hw` OACB mvgvšÍwi‡Ki evû OA I OB h_vµ‡g u I v †eM‡K w`‡K I gv‡b m~wPZ K‡i Ges Zv‡`i jwä
u v w
w †K KY© OC w`‡K I gv‡b m~wPZ K‡i Zvn‡j Dcvs‡ki m~Î = =
sin sin sin( + )
u v w u
DcvskØq j¤^ n‡j = 90° A_©vr = 90° Zvn‡j, sin(90° ) = sin = sin90° ev, cos =
v
=w
sin
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 8.1-
1. GKwU Mvox 8 wK.wg./N›Uv †e‡M Pj‡Q| MvoxwU n‡Z 16 wK.wg./N›Uv †e‡M GKwU e¯‘‡K †Kvb& †Kv‡Y wb‡¶c Ki‡j,
e¯‘wU Mvwoi †e‡Mi mv‡_ mg‡Kv‡Y Pj‡e?
2. we¯Ívi eivei GKwU b`x cvi n‡Z GKRb muvZviæi t1 mgq jv‡M| †mªv‡Zi AbyK‚‡j Zxi eivei GKB `~iZ¡
AwZµg Ki‡Z Zvi t2 mgq jv‡M| muvZviæi †eM u I †mªv‡Zi †eM v n‡j, †`Lvb †h, t1 t t2= u+v t u v
3. l a
GKwU ÷xgvi mg‡e‡M †mªv‡Zi AbyK‚‡j t1 mg‡q Zxi eivei s c_ AwZµg K‡i Ges †mªv‡Zi cÖwZK‚‡j P‡j GKB
ha
1 1 1 1 1 1
c_ t2 mg‡q hvÎv¯’v‡b wd‡i Av‡m| †`Lvb †h, w÷gv‡ii †eM = 2 st + t I †mªv‡Zi †eM = 2 st t
1 2 1 2
s
th
4. GKwU e„‡Ëi cwiwa¯’ †h †Kvb we›`y n‡Z GKwU e¨v‡mi cÖvšÍwe›`yi ms‡hvRK mij‡iLv Øviv w`‡K I gv‡b m~wPZ `ywU
†e‡Mi jwä‡K D³ e„‡Ëi †mB we›`yMvgx e¨vm Øviv w`‡K I gv‡b m~wPZ Kiv hvq- Zv cÖgvY Kiæb|
Pa
5. †Kvb mgevû wÎfz‡Ri evû¸‡jvi mgvšÍivj MwZc‡_ †Kvb GK we›`y‡Z Kvh©iZ 1, 2, 3 GKK gv‡bi MwZmg~‡ni
AA
jwä wbY©q Kiæb|
6. wewfbœ MwZc‡_ 3, 7, 8 dzU cÖwZ †m‡KÛ MwZ‡eM wewkó GKwU e¯‘KYv w¯’i Av‡Q| e„nËg I ¶z`ªZg †e‡Mi
MwZc‡_i AšÍfz©³ †Kv‡Yi gvb wbY©q Kiæb|
7. `ywU j¤^vjw¤^ †ijc‡_i GKwU †ijc‡_ 30 wK.wg./N›Uv †e‡M Pjgvb GKwU Mvwo mKvj 10 Uvq Rskb AwZµg
K‡i| Aci GKwU Mvwo wØZxq †ijc‡_ 40 wK.wg./N›Uv †e‡M P‡j weKvj 3 Uvq Rsk‡b †cŠu‡Q| KLb Zv‡`i
ga¨eZx© `~iZ¡ ¶z`ªZg wQj?
8. †mªvZnxb Ae¯’vq 100 wgUvi cÖk¯Í GKwU b`x GKRb muvZviæ 4 wgwb‡U †mvRvmywR AwZµg Ki‡Z cv‡i| †mªvZ
_vKv Ae¯’vq †m GKB c‡_ 5 wgwb‡U b`xwU AwZµg Ki‡Z cv‡i| †mªv‡Zi †eM wbY©q Kiæb|
mgZ‡j e¯‘KYvi MwZ c„ôv 258
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
Av‡cw¶K †eM
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
Av‡cw¶K †eM eY©bv I e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
Av‡cwÿK †eM m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ mgm¨v mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã Av‡cwÿK †eM
g~jcvV-
w¯’i e¯‘ I Pjgvb e¯‘i ga¨eZx© `~i‡Z¡i cwieZ©‡bi nvi‡K †eM, Avi `ywU Pjgvb e¯‘i ga¨eZx© `~i‡Z¡i cwieZ©‡bi
nvi‡K GKwUi mv‡c‡¶ Av‡iKwUi Av‡cw¶K †eM ejv nq| ev¯Í‡e cÖK…Z †e‡Mi †Kvb Aw¯ÍZ¡ †bB, KviY mKj e¯‘B
Pjgvb| Avgiv m~‡h©i Pviw`‡K AveZ©bkxj c„w_ex‡K mvaviYZ: w¯’i Kíbv K‡i Ab¨vb¨ e¯‘i Ae¯’v‡bi cwieZ©‡bi
nvi‡K †eM e‡j _vwK, hv cÖK…Zc‡¶ MwZkxj c„w_exi mv‡c‡¶ e¯‘i Av‡cw¶K †eM| Pjgvb A Mvwo‡Z Ae¯’vb K‡i
a
B Mvwoi †h †eM cwijw¶Z n‡e ZvB n‡”Q A Mvwo mv‡c‡¶ B Mvwoi Av‡cw¶K †eM|
l
ha
g‡b Kiæb, c„w_ex‡K w¯’i Kíbv c~e©K `ywU mgvšÍivj c‡_ Pjgvb P I Q e¯‘؇qi †eM h_vµ‡g 50wgUvi/†m‡KÛ I 30
wgUvi/†m‡KÛ
s
P
th
(i) P I Q wecixZ w`‡K Pj‡j cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û ga¨eZx© e¨eavb e„w×i cwigvY n‡e
50 wgUvi/†m‡KÛ +30 wgUvi/†m‡KÛ = 80 wgUvi/†m‡KÛ Q (i)
Pa
(ii) P I Q GKB w`‡K Pj‡j cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û ga¨eZ©x e¨eavb e„w×i cwigvY n‡e P
50 wgUvi/†m‡KÛ 30 wgUvi/†m‡KÛ = 20 wgUvi/†m‡KÛ
AA
GB e¨eavb e„w×i nviB n‡”Q Q Gi mv‡c‡¶ P Gi Av‡cw¶K †eM| Q (ii)
j¶Yxq †h, Q Gi mv‡c‡¶ P Gi Av‡cw¶K †eM nj, P Gi cÖK…Z‡eM Ges Q Gi cÖK…Z †e‡Mi mgvb I wecixZ gv‡bi
ivwki †hvMdj|
AmgvšÍivj c‡_ Pjgvb `ywU e¯‘i Av‡cw¶K †eM wbY©q Y
g‡b Kiæb, †Kv‡Y AvbZ OX I OY eivei P I Q e¯‘Øq h_vµ‡g u I v B
†e‡M Pj‡Q Ges OA I OB h_vµ‡g u I v †eMØq‡K gv‡b I w`‡K cÖKvk
Ki‡Q| BO Gi ewa©Zvs‡ki Dci B' wbb †hb, OB = OB' nq| Zvn‡j OB' v
†iLv v †e‡Mi gvb I w`K cÖKvk Ki‡e|
u
Gevi OACB' mvgvšÍwiK A¼b Kiæb| †eM ms‡hvR‡bi mvgvšÍwiK m~Î Abyhvqx O
A X
OC KY© u I v Gi jwäi gvb I w`K cÖKvk Ki‡e| myZivs OC KY©B Q Gi
mv‡c‡¶ P Gi Av‡cw¶K †e‡Mi gvb I w`K cÖKvk Ki‡e| v
Av‡cw¶K †eM R I u Gi ga¨eZx© †KvY n‡j,
B
R= u2+v2+2uv cos(180° ) = u2 + v2 2uv cos C
vsin (180° ) v sin
Ges tanu+v cos(180° ) = u v cos
v sin
ev, tan1 u vcos
BDwbU AvU c„ôv 259
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
Abywm×všÍ: u I v Gi ga¨eZx© †KvY = 90° n‡j, cos = cos90° = 0 I sin = sin90° = 1
ZvB R = u2+v2 I = tan1 u
v
D`vniY 1: `yBwU e¯‘KYv 50 †mwg/†m‡KÛ I 70 †mwg/†m‡KÛ MwZ‡e‡M GKB w`‡K Pj‡Q| cÖ_gwUi mv‡c‡¶ wØZxqwUi
Av‡cw¶K †eM wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, e¯‘KYv `ywU AB I CD mgvšÍivj †iLv eivei GKB A B
w`‡K Pj‡Q| G‡¶‡Î cÖ_g e¯‘KYvi mv‡c‡¶ wØZxq e¯‘KYvi Avv‡cw¶K
†eM n‡e 70 †mwg/†m‡KÛ 50 †mwg/†m‡KÛ = 20 †mwg/†m‡KÛ. C D
D`vniY 2: 110 wgUvi I 130 wgUvi `xN© `ywU Mvwo mgvšÍivj c‡_ wecixZ w`‡K Pj‡Q| cÖ_g MvwowUi MwZ‡eM wØZxq
MvwowUi MwZ‡e‡Mi wظY| 4 †m‡KÛ mg‡q Zviv ci¯úi‡K m¤ú~Y© AwZµg Ki‡j, Mvwo `ywUi MwZ‡eM wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, Mvwo `ywU LM I PQ mgvšÍivj †iLv eivei wecixZ
L A B M
w`‡K Pj‡Q| CD = 130 wgUvi `xN© Mvwoi MwZ‡eM u aiæb| Zvn‡j AB
= 110 wgUvi `xN© Mvwoi MwZ‡eM 2u n‡e| G‡¶‡Î cÖ_g Mvwoi mv‡c‡¶
wØZxq Mvwoi Av‡cw¶K †eM n‡e 2u + u = 3u|
Q D C P
AwZµvšÍ c_
Av‡cw¶K †eM = mgq
(110 + 130) wgUvi 240
a
ev, 3u = 4 †m‡KÛ
= 4 wgUvi/†m‡KÛ = 60 wgUvi/†m‡KÛ|
l
ha
ev, u = 20 wgUvi/†m‡KÛ|
AZGe cÖ_g Mvwoi †eM = 2u = 40 wgUvi/†m‡KÛ Ges wØZxq Mvwoi †eM u = 20 wgUvi/†m‡KÛ|
s
th
D`vniY 3: GKB ¯’vb n‡Z `yBLvbv Mvwo 10wKwg/N›Uv I 15wKwg/N›Uv †e‡M hvÎv Kij| Zv‡`i MwZc‡_i ga¨eZx©
Pa
†KvY 60° n‡j, wZb N›Uv c‡i Zv‡`i `~iZ¡ KZ n‡e wbY©q Kiæb|
Y
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, OX I OY eivei Mvwo `ywU h_vµ‡g 10wKwg/N›Uv I
AA
15 wKwg/N›Uv †e‡M P‡j Ges XOY = 60°| v 15 km/h
Av‡cw¶K †eM R = u2 + v2 2uvcos 60o u 10 km/h
O X
= 102 + 152 2.10.15.cos60°
1 v
= 100 + 225 2.10.15.2 Av‡cwÿK †eM
= 325 150 = 175 = 5 7 wKwg/N›Uv
AZGe 3 N›Uv ci Mvwo `ywUi cvi¯úwiK `~iZ¡ = R.t = 5 7 3 wK‡jvwgUvi = 15 7 wK‡jvwgUvi
D`vniY 4: GKwU evm 40 wKwg/N›Uv †e‡M c~e©w`‡K Ges Av‡iKwU evm 30 wKwg/N›Uv †e‡M DËi w`‡K Pj‡Q| cÖ_g
ev‡mi hvÎxi mv‡c‡ÿ wØZxq evmwU KZ †e‡M I †Kvb w`‡K Pj‡Q g‡b Ki‡eb? Zv wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: cÖ_g ev‡mi mv‡c‡¶ wØZxq ev‡mi Av‡cw¶K †eM A_©vr wØZxq ev‡mi †h †eM cÖ_g ev‡mi hvÎxi Kv‡Q
cwigvwcZ n‡e bv Zv n‡”Q Dt
Av‡cwÿK
402+302 wKwg/N›Uv †eM 30 km/h
= 10 42+32 wKwg/N›Uv
= 10 5 wKwg/N›Uv
ct c~t
= 50 wKwg/N›Uv wecixZ †eM 40 km/h
= 40 km/h
Av‡cw¶K †eM DËi w`‡Ki mv‡_ †KvY m„wó Ki‡j,
`t
mgZ‡j e¯‘KYvi MwZ c„ôv 260
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
= tan1 30 = tan1 3
40 4
D`vniY 5: u †e‡M GKwU RvnvR c~e©w`‡K Pj‡Q| Aci GKwU RvnvR c~e©w`‡Ki mv‡_ DËi w`‡K †Kv‡Y AvbZ †iLvq
2u †e‡M Pj‡Q| cÖ_g Rvnv‡Ri GKRb Av‡ivnxi g‡b n‡”Q †h, wØZxq RvnvRwU DËic~e© w`‡K Pj‡Q| cÖgvY Kiæb
1
†h, 2 sin1 4
3
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, cÖ_g RvnvR OA eivei u †e‡M Ges wØZxq RvnvR OB eivei 2u †e‡M Pj‡Q| Zvn‡j AOB
= | N
cÖ_g Rvnv‡Ri †eM‡K wecixZ w`‡K we‡ePbvc~e©K †eM wb‡`©kK †iLv‡K evû w`‡q
OABC mvgvšÍwiK A¼b Kiæb| Zvn‡j, cÖ_g Rvnv‡Ri mv‡c‡¶ wØZxq Rvnv‡Ri C B
Av‡cw¶K †eM OB KY© Øviv w`‡K I gv‡b m~wPZ n‡e|
45o 2u
cÖkœvbymv‡i, AOC = 45°| Zvn‡j BOC=45° I OAB = 180° 45°
Zvn‡j wÎfz‡Ri ag© Abyhvqx,
OA OB OA OB O u A E
= =
sinOBA sinOAB sinBOC sinOAB
OA OB u 2u
= =
sin(45° ) sin(180° 45°) sin(45° ) sin45°
1 2 1
sin (45° ) =
a
= 1 =2 2
sin(45° ) 2 2 l
2
ha
1 1 1 1
sin 45° cos cos 45° sin = cos sin =
s
2 2 2 2 2 2
th
1 1 1
cos sin = 2 (cos sin)2 = 4 cos2+ sin2 2sin cos = 4
Pa
2 = sin1
1 1 3 3
1 sin2 = sin2 = 1 =
4
AA
4 4 4
= 2 sin1 4
1 3
mvims‡ÿc-
w¯’i e¯‘ I Pjgvb e¯‘i ga¨eZx© `~i‡Z¡i cwieZ©‡bi nvi‡K †eM, Avi `ywU Pjgvb e¯‘i ga¨eZx© `~i‡Z¡i
cwieZ©‡bi nvi‡K GKwUi mv‡c‡¶ Av‡iKwUi Av‡cw¶K †eM ejv nq|
Avgiv m~‡h©i Pviw`‡K AveZ©bkxj c„w_ex‡K mvaviYZ: w¯’i Kíbv K‡i Ab¨vb¨ e¯‘i Ae¯’v‡bi cwieZ©‡bi
nvi‡K †eM e‡j _vwK, hv cÖK…Zc‡¶ MwZkxj c„w_exi mv‡c‡¶ e¯‘i Av‡cw¶K †eM|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 8.2-
1. GKwU e¯‘ 15 wKwg/N›Uv †e‡M c~e©w`‡K hv‡”Q; Ab¨ GKwU e¯‘ 25 wKwg/N›Uv †e‡M c~e©w`‡K hv‡”Q| cÖ_gwU mv‡c‡¶
wØZxq e¯‘wUi Av‡cw¶K †eM wbY©q Kiæb|
2. GKwU Rvnv‡Ri 100 wKwg/N›Uv †e‡M c~e©w`‡K Ges Av‡iKwU RvnvR 62 wKwg/N›Uv †e‡M cwðg w`‡K Pj‡Q|
wØZxq Rvnv‡Ri mv‡c‡¶ cÖ_g Rvnv‡Ri Av‡cw¶K †eM wbY©q Kiæb|
BDwbU AvU c„ôv 261
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
3. GKwU RvnvR 30 2 wK.wg./N›Uv †e‡M `w¶Y w`‡K Pj‡Q Ges Aci GKwU RvnvR 30 wK.wg./N›Uv †e‡M `w¶Y-
c~e© w`‡K Pj‡Q| cÖ_g Rvnv‡Ri mv‡c‡¶ wØZxq Rvnv‡Ri Av‡cw¶K †eM wbY©q Kiæb|
4. GKwU e¯‘ 12 wgUvi/†m‡KÛ †e‡M c~e©w`‡K Ges Av‡iKwU e¯‘ 16 wgUvi/†m‡KÛ †e‡M DËi w`‡K Pj‡Q| cÖ_g
e¯‘i mv‡c‡¶ wØZxq e¯‘i Av‡cw¶K MwZ‡e‡Mi gvb I w`K wbY©q Kiæb|
5. ci¯úi j¤^vjw¤^ `ywU †ijc‡_i GKwU †ijc_ eivei 30 wK.wg./N›Uv MwZ‡e‡M Pjgvb GKwU Mvwo mܨv 7 Uvq
Rskb AwZµg K‡i| Aci †ijc_ eivei 40 wK.wg./N›Uv MwZ‡e‡M Pjgvb MvwowU ivZ 12 Uvq Rsk‡b †cŠu‡Q|
Zviv KLb me‡P‡q wbKUeZx© wQj?
6. GKRb †jvK hLb 4 wK.wg./N›Uv †e‡M P‡j ZLb e„wói aviv Zv‡K Lvovfv‡e AvNvZ K‡i| hLb †m Zvi MwZ‡eM
GKB w`‡K 8 wK‡jvwgUv‡i e„w× K‡i ZLb e„wói aviv Zv‡K 45° †Kv‡Y AvNvZ K‡i| e„wói cÖK…Z MwZ‡e‡Mi gvb
I w`K wbY©q Kiæb|
Z¡iY
a
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨ l
ha
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
mij‡iLvi mgZ‡j Pjgvb e¯‘KYvi Rb¨ MwZm~θ‡jv wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
s
th
wewfbœ mgm¨v mgvav‡b m~θwj cÖ‡qv‡Mi `¶Zv AR©b Ki‡eb|
Pa
gyL¨ kã Z¡iY, g›`b, mgZ¡iY, AmgZ¡iY, Avw`‡eM, †kl‡eM, Mo‡eM
AA
g~jcvV-
Z¡iY I g›`b: †eM e„w×i nvi‡K Z¡iY, Avi †eM n«v‡mi nvi‡K g›`b ejv nq| ZvB we‡qvM‡evaK Z¡iYB g›`b| †eM
e„w×i nvi GKB _vK‡j Zv‡K mylg Z¡iY ev mgZ¡iY e‡j, Ab¨_vq AmgZ¡iY ejv nq|
g‡b Kiæb, PQ c‡_ Pjgvb GKwU e¯‘KYv †Kvb GK †m‡K‡Û AB=8 A B C D
wgUvi, wØZxq †m‡K‡Û BC=11 wgUvi, Z…Zxq †m‡KÛ CD=14 wgUvi P Q
Gfv‡e c_ AwZµg Ki‡Q|
†`Lv hv‡”Q †h, KYvwU cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û AwZwi³ 3 wgUvi c_ AwZµg Ki‡Q| G‡¶‡Î e¯‘KYvwU mgZ¡i‡Y Pj‡Q ejv
n‡e|
g‡b Kiæb, XY c‡_ Pjgvb GKwU e¯‘KYv †Kvb GK †m‡K‡Û LM =6 L M N O
wgUvi, wØZxq †m‡K‡Û MN=10 wgUvi, Z…Zxq †m‡K‡Û NO=13 wgUvi X Y
Gfv‡e c_ AwZµg Ki‡Q|
†`Lv hv‡”Q †h, KYvwU wØZxq †m‡K‡Û AwZwi³ 4 wgUvi, Z…Zxq †m‡K‡Û AwZwi³ 3 wgUvi AwZµg Ki‡Q| ZvB †eM
e„w×i nvi GK bq| G‡¶‡Î e¯‘KYvwU AmgZ¡i‡Y Pj‡Q ejv n‡e| eZ©gvb BDwb‡U mylg Z¡iYB Av‡jvP¨ welq|
†e‡Mi b¨vq Z¡i‡Yi wbw`©ó gvb I w`K Av‡Q| ZvB †e‡Mi ms‡hvRb I wefvR‡bi wewfbœ Dccv`¨¸‡jv GKBfv‡e Z¡i‡Yi
ms‡hvRb I wefvR‡bi †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e|
mgZ‡j e¯‘KYvi MwZ c„ôv 262
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
K¨vjKzjv‡mi gva¨‡g †eM I Z¡i‡Yi cÖKvk
g‡b Kiæb, GKwU e¯‘KYv O we›`y n‡Z u †e‡M hvÎv K‡i mijc‡_ P‡j t mg‡q OA = s c_ AwZµ‡gi ci †eM e„w×
†c‡q v †eM cÖvß nq Ges t + t mg‡q OB = s + s c_ AwZµg K‡i v + v †eM cÖvß nq| t, v, s h_vµ‡g t,
v, s Gi AwZ mvgvb¨ e„w× wb‡`©k K‡i|
s s s s ds u v v + v
AZGe, t mg‡q KYvi †eM v lim lim
t 0 t t 0 t dt O A B
v v v v dv s s
Ges KYvi Z¡iY f lim lim
t 0 t t 0 t dt
dv d ds d2s
GLb f = dt = dt dt = dt2
dv dv ds dv
Avevi f = dt = ds . dt =v ds
ds dv dv d2s
AZGe †eM v = dt Ges Z¡iY f = dt = v ds = dt2
mgZ¡i‡Y PjšÍ KYvi MwZi mgxKiY
g‡b Kiæb, †Kvb mij‡iLv eivei PjšÍ †Kvb KYv f mgZ¡i‡Y P‡j t mg‡q s `~iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i| KYvwUi Avw`‡eM u
Ges †kl‡eM v n‡j, KYvi MwZi mgxKiYmg~n wb¤œiƒc n‡e-
a
1 l
(i) v = u + ft (ii) s = ut + ft2 (iii) v2 = u2 + 2fs
2
ha
MwZi mgxKiYmg~‡ni cÖgvY
s
th
(i) cÖgvY Kiæb †h, v = u + ft
g‡b Kiæb, GKwU e¯‘KYv O we›`y n‡Z u †e‡M mijc‡_ hvÎv K‡i t mgq c‡i †eM e„w× †c‡q A we›`y‡Z v †eM Ges
Pa
cieZx© t mgq ci B we›`y‡Z v+v †eM cÖvß nq| t I v h_vµ‡g t I v Gi AwZ ¶z`ª e„w× wb‡`©k K‡i|
v
AA
AZGe, AB c‡_ †e‡Mi Mo e„w×i nvi = t u v v + v
v dv O A B
†eM e„w×i nvi A_©vr Z¡iY, f lim s s
t 0 t dt
fdt=dv ∫fdt = ∫dv
v = ft + C (aªæeK) ------------- (i)
†h‡nZz t Gi †h †Kvb gv‡bi Rb¨ mgxKiYwU cÖ‡hvR¨, †m‡nZz O we›`y‡Z t = 0 I v u n‡e|
u = f.0 + C ev, C= u
AZGe, (i) bs mgxKiYwU `uvovq, v = u + ft
1
(ii) cÖgvY Kiæb †h, s = ut + ft2
2
g‡b Kiæb, GKwU e¯‘KYv O we›`y n‡Z u †e‡M mijc‡_ hvÎv K‡i mgZ¡i‡Y P‡j t mg‡q OA = s `~iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i
v †eM cÖvß nq Ges cieZx© t mg‡q AB = s `~iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i v + v †eM cÖvß nq| t, v, s h_vµ‡g t, v, s
Gi AwZ mvgvb¨ e„w× wb‡`©k K‡i|
u v v + v
s v
AB c‡_ Mo‡eM = Ges Mo Z¡iY =
t t O A B
s s
v dv
GLb Z¡iY f lim
t 0 t dt
ev, dv = fdt
BDwbU AvU c„ôv 263
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
ev,∫dv = ∫fdt ev, v = ft + C (aªæeK), hv t Gi †h †Kvb gv‡bi †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨| O we›`y‡Z t = 0 I v = u.
f.0 + C = u ev, C = u
v = u + ft ----------- (i)
s ds
Avevi †eM, v lim
t dt
t 0
ev, ds = vdt = (u + ft) dt; [(i) Gi mvnv‡h¨]
t2
∫ds = ∫(u + ft)dt ev, ∫ds = ∫udt + f ∫tdt ev, s = ut + f. 2 + C1 (aªæeK),
hv t Gi †h †Kvb gv‡bi †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨|
O we›`y‡Z A_©vr hvÎv gyn‚‡Z© t = 0, s = 0
1
0 = u.0 + 2 f.0 + C1 ev, C1=0
1
s = ut + 2 ft2
(iii) cÖgvY Kiæb †h, v2 u2 + 2fs
g‡b Kiæb, mijc‡_ Pjgvb GKwU e¯‘KYv O we›`y n‡Z u †e‡M hvÎv K‡i t mg‡q OA = s Ges t + t mg‡q
OB = s + s c_ AwZµg K‡i h_vµ‡g v I v + v †eM cÖvß nq| GLv‡b t, v, s Øviv h_vµ‡g t, v, s Gi AwZ
a
mvgvb¨ e„w× wb‡`©k K‡i|
s v l u v v + v
ha
AB c‡_ Mo †eM = Ges Mo Z¡iY = t
t O A B
s ds v dv s s
s
†eM, v lim Ges Z¡iY f lim
t 0 t t dt
th
dt t 0
dv dv ds dv
f = dt = ds . dt = v ds
Pa
ev, fds = vdv
AA
∫ fds = ∫vdv
v2
ev, fs = 2 + C (aªæeK), hv e¯‘i mKj Ae¯’v‡b cÖ‡hvR¨|
O we›`y‡Z A_©vr hvÎv gyn‚‡Z© s = 0 I v = u
u2 u2
2 + C = f.0 ev, C = 2
v2 u2
fs = 2 2 2fs = v2 u2 v2 = u2 + 2fs
`ªóe¨ t hw` KYvwU f mgg›`‡b P‡j Zvn‡j Dc‡iv³ mgxKiYmg~n n‡e
1
(i) v = u ft, (ii) s = ut ft2, (iii) v2 = u2 2fs
2
mijc‡_ Pjgvb e¯‘KYvi n Zg †m‡K‡Û AwZµvšÍ `~iZ¡ wbY©q
g‡b Kiæb, mijc‡_ Pjgvb e¯‘KYvwUi Avw`‡eM u I mgZ¡iY f |
sn
1 u
AZGe, sn = n †m‡K‡Û AwZµvšÍ `~iZ¡ = un + 2 fn2 s(n 1) sn + h
1
Ges s(n 1) = (n 1) †m‡K‡Û AwZµvšÍ `~iZ¡ = u (n 1) + 2 f (n 1)2
mgZ‡j e¯‘KYvi MwZ c„ôv 264
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
1 1 1
= un u + 2 f (n2 2n + 1) = un u + 2 fn2 fn + 2 f
1 1 1
snth = nZg †m‡K‡Û AwZµvšÍ `~iZ¡ = sn sn 1 = un + 2 fn2 un u 2fn2 + fn 2f
1
= u + 2 f(2n 1)
mgm¨v: †`Lvb †h, (i) Mo‡eM = Aa© mgq A‡šÍ cÖvß †eM
(ii) Mo‡eM = Avw`‡eM I †kl †e‡Mi mgwói A‡a©K|
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, mijc‡_ Pjgvb GKwU e¯‘KYv u Avw`‡e‡M I f mgZ¡i‡Y P‡j t mg‡q s c_ AwZµg K‡i v †eM
cÖvß nq|
1 u v v
AwZµvšÍ c_ s ut + 2 ft2
s
GLb Mo‡eM = mgq = =
t t
= u + 2 ft = u + f 2 = v' = 2 mgq A‡šÍ cÖvß †eM
1 t t
2u + ft u + u + ft u + v
= 2 = 2 = 2 = Avw`‡eM I †kl †e‡Mi mgwói A‡a©K
D`vniY 1: GKwU e¯‘KYv wbw`©ó Avw`‡e‡M hvÎv K‡i 3 †m‡K‡Û 81 wgUvi AwZµg K‡i| Gici Z¡iY wbw®Œq nq Ges
a
cieZx© 3 †m‡K‡Û e¯‘KYvwU 72 wgUvi AwZµg K‡i| Zvi Avw`‡eM I Z¡iY wbY©q Kiæb|
l
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, Avw`‡eM u I Z¡iY f| cÖ_g 3 †m‡KÛ ci Z¡iY wbw®Œq nIqvq e¯‘KYvwU mg‡e‡M Pj‡e| D³ †eM,
ha
72 wgUvi
s
v= = 24 wgUvi /†m‡KÛ.
3 †m‡KÛ
th
GLb, v = u + ft ev, 24 = u + f.3 ---------- (i)
Pa
1 1 3
Ges s = ut + 2 ft2 ev, 81 = u.3 + 2 f.32 ev, 27 = u + 2 f ------- (ii)
AA
3
(i) n‡Z (ii) we‡qvM K‡i Avgiv cvB, 3 = 2 f f = 2
GLb (i) n‡Z u +(2). 3 = 24 ev, u = 24 + 6 = 30
AZGe, Avw`‡eM, u = 30 wgUvi/†m‡KÛ Ges Z¡iY f = 2 wgUvi/†m‡KÛ2 A_©vr g›`b = 2 wgUvi/†m‡KÛ2
D`vniY 2: GKwU e¯‘KYv wbw`©ó Avw`‡e‡M I f mgZ¡i‡Y P‡j t mg‡q s c_ Ges cieZx© t' mg‡q s' c_ AwZµg
2 t' t
s' s
K‡i| †`Lvb †h, f = t + t'
mgvavb: aiæb, Avw`‡eM = u
1
s = ut + 2 ft2 --------------- (i)
1
Ges s + s' = u(t + t') + 2 f(t+t')2
1 1
ev, s+s' = ut+ut' + 2 ft2 + 2 ft'2 + ftt' --------------------- (ii)
1
(ii) n‡Z (i) we‡qvM K‡i, s' = ut' +2 f (2t+t')t'
s' 1
ev, t' = u+2 f (2t+t')
BDwbU AvU c„ôv 265
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
s 1
Avevi (i) n‡Z cvB, t = u + 2 ft
s' s 1 1
GLb t' t = 2 f (2t+t') 2 ft
s' s 1
ev, t' t = 2 f (t+t')
2
s' s
t' t
ev, f = t + t'
1
D`vniY 3: GKwU ey‡jU GKwU Z³v †f` Ki‡Z Zvi †e‡Mi 20 Ask nvivq| g›`b mylg n‡j †mwU _vgvi c~‡e© cici
¯’vwcZ Abyiƒc KZ¸‡jv Z³v †f` Ki‡Z cvi‡e, wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: aiæb, ey‡j‡Ui Avw`‡eM u, g›`b f, cÖwZ Z³vi cyiæZ¡ d| aib ey‡jUwU n msL¨K Z³v †f` Ki‡Z cv‡i| n
msL¨K Z³vi cyiæZ¡, s = nd.
2
kZ© Abyhvqx, u 20 = u2 2fd
u
2
19
ev, 20u = u2 2fd
2
ev, 2fd = u2 20u
19
202 192 2 400 361 2 39 2
l a
ha
ev, 2fd = 1 202 u2 =
192
u = u = u -------(i)
202 400 400
s
Avevi, v2 = u2 2fs ev, 02 = u2 2f. nd
th
u2 u2 400 10
ev, n = 2fd = 39 = 39 = 1039 , [(i) bs Gi mvnv‡h¨]
Pa
u2
400
AA
10
wb‡Y©q Z³vi msL¨v = 1039 Lvbv|
1 3
D`vniY 4: mgZ¡i‡Y Pjgvb GKwU Mvwo AB = 2 wK‡jvwgUvi c_ 50 †m‡K‡Û Ges cieZx© BC = 4 wK‡jvwgUvi c_
50 †m‡KÛ AwZµg K‡i| A I C we›`y‡Z †eM wbY©q Kiæb|
u v
mgvavb: aiæb, A I C we›`y‡Z †eM h_vµ‡g u I v Ges Z¡iY f|
50 1 A B C
G‡¶‡Î t1= t2 = 50 †m‡KÛ = 6060 N›Uv = 72 N›Uv ½ wK.wg. ¾ wK.wg.
2
1
ev, 2 = u. 72 + 2 f 72 ---------------- (i)
1 1 1 1
GLb AB = ut1 + 2 ft12
2
1 3
ev, 2 +4 = u.2.72 + 2 f 2.
1 1 1 1
Avevi AC = u(t1 + t2) + 2 f(t1 + t2)2
72
2
5 2u 1 5 u f
ev, 4 = 72 + 2f ev, 8 = 72 + (72)2 ----------------- (ii)
72
1 1 5 1 1
(ii) n‡Z (i) we‡qvM K‡i cvB, 2 .f. = 2 =8
(72)2 8
1 1
ev, f = 2.8 . (72)2 = 4 (72)2
mgZ‡j e¯‘KYvi MwZ c„ôv 266
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
GLb (ii) n‡Z cvIqv hvq,
5 u 1 1 1 1 5
+ 72 2 .
8 72 4 ( ) (72)2
= ev, u. 72 + 4 = 8
1 5 1 3 3
ev, u. 72 = 8 4 = 8 u = 8 72 = 27
1 1
v = u + f (t1 + t2) = 27 + 4 . (72)2. 2. 72 = 27 + 36 = 63
AZGe, A we›`y‡Z †eM u = 27 wK.wg./N›Uv Ges C we›`y‡Z †eM v = 63 wK.wg./N›Uv
1 1
D`vniY 5: GKwU †Uªb `ywU †÷k‡bi ga¨eZx© `~i‡Z¡i cÖ_g m Ask mgZ¡i‡Y, †kl n As‡k mgg›`‡b Ges evwK Ask
mg‡e‡M P‡j| hw` †UªbwU GK †÷kb n‡Z †Q‡o Aci †÷k‡b _v‡g Z‡e †`Lvb †h, Zvi m‡e©v”P †eM I Mo‡e‡Mi
1 1
AbycvZ 1 + m + n t 1
s
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, †÷kb؇qi ga¨eZx© `~iZ¡ s| cÖ_g m Ask f1 mgZ¡i‡Y t1 mg‡q, cieZx©†Z v mg‡e‡M s0 c_ t0
s s s
mg‡q Ges †kl n Ask f2 mgg›`‡b t2 mg‡q AwZµg K‡i| s0
m n
s0 = s m + n = s 1 m n u0
s s 1 1 v v v 0
s
a
v
Z¡i‡Yi †¶‡Î, v = f1t1 ev, t1= f l
1
ha
s mv2
Ges v2 = 2f1.m ev, f1 = 2s
s
th
v 2s
t1 = mv2 = mv ---------- (i)
Pa
2s
v s nv2
AA
g›`‡bi †¶‡Î 0 = v f2t2 ev, t2 = f Ges v2 = 2f2. n ev, f2= 2s
2
v 2s
t2 = nv2 = nv -------------- (ii)
2s
s0 s
mg‡e‡Mi †¶‡Î, t0 = v = v 1 m n
1 1
†gvU mgq t = t1+ t0 + t2 = mv + v 1 m n + nv = v m + 1 m n + n = v 1 + m + n
2s s 1 1 2s s 2 1 1 2 s 1 1
s
m‡e©v”P †eM t Mo‡eM = v t t = v t s
s
= v t
v
= 1 t
1
= 1 + 1 + 1 t 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 m n
v 1 + m + n 1+m+n 1+m+n
D`vniY 6: GKwU evm w¯’i Ae¯’vb n‡Z 2 wgUvi/†m‡KÛ2 mgZ¡i‡Y hvÎv ïiæ Ki‡jv| †`Lvb †h, GKRb hvÎx 25 dz‡Ui
AwaK wcQb n‡Z 10 wgUvi/†m‡KÛ mg‡e‡M †`Šu‡o evmwU ai‡Z cvi‡e bv|
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, O †jvKwUi Avw` Ae¯’vb, A evmwUi Avw` Ae¯’vb Ges t mgq ci †jvKwU B we›`y‡Z evmwU a‡i|
aiæb, OA = x I AB = s.
x s
1 1 1
ev‡mi †¶‡Î, s = 0.t + 2 ft2 = 2 ft2 = 2 . 2. t2 = t2 ----------- (i) O A B
Ges hvÎxi †¶‡Î x + s = vt = 10t ------------- (ii)
(i) I (ii) n‡Z cvB, x + t2 = 10t ev, t2 10t + x = 0
BDwbU AvU c„ôv 267
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
evmwU aivi Rb¨ t Gi gvb ev¯Íe n‡Z n‡e| †m‡¶‡Î wbðqK ≥ 0
ev, 102 4x ≥ 0 ev, 100 4x ≥ 0 ev, 25 ≥ x
x ≤ 25
AZGe x Gi gvb 25 wgUvi ev 25 wgUvi-Gi Kg n‡j evm aiv hv‡e A_©vr x Gi gvb 25 wgUvi-Gi †ewk n‡j evm aiv
hv‡e bv| myZivs hvÎxwU evmwU ai‡Z cvi‡e bv|
D`vniY 7: `yBwU †Uªb GKB †ijc‡_ wecixZ w`K n‡Z h_vµ‡g u1 I u2 MwZ‡e‡M ci¯ú‡ii w`‡K AMÖmi n‡”Q| hLb
†Uªb `ywUi ga¨eZx© `~iZ¡ x ZLb †Uªb `ywU‡Z h_vµ‡g f1 I f2 g›`b cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡jv| †`Lvb †h, G‡`i g‡a¨ msNl©
†Kvb iK‡g Gov‡bv m¤¢e hw` u21 f2 + u22 f1 = 2f1 f2 x nq|
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, GKwU †Uªb A we›`y n‡Z u1 †e‡M Ges Aci †Uªb B we›`y n‡Z u2 †e‡M ci¯ú‡ii w`‡K AMÖmi
n‡”Q| †Kvb iK‡g msNl© Gov‡bvi †¶‡Î Dfq †Uªb GK we›`y C-†Z †_‡g hv‡e| C we›`y‡Z Dfq †Uª‡bi †eM k~b¨|
†Uªb؇qi AwZµvšÍ c_ h_vµ‡g x1 I x2 n‡j †gvU `~iZ¡ x = x1 + x2 n‡e|
2 x1
u1 x2
02 = u21 2f1x1 ev, 2x1 = f u1
A C f2 B
u2
1 f1
2 x
u2
Ges 02 = u22 2f2x2 ev, 2x2 = f
2
2 2 2 2
u1 u2 u1 f2 + u2 f1
f + f = 2(x1 + x2) ev,
a
f1f2 = 2x
1 2
u1 f2 + u2 f1 = 2f1f2x
2 2
l
s ha
D`vniY 8: GKwU ey‡jU †Kvb Lvov †`qv‡ji 3 Bw †fZ‡i XzK‡Z Zvi A‡a©K †eM nvivq| g›`b mylg n‡j Zv Avi
th
KZUzKz †fZ‡i XzK‡Z cvi‡e?
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, ey‡j‡Ui Avw`‡eM u, †`qv‡ji †fZi m„ó g›`b f Ges wb‡Y©q `~iZ¡ = s BwÂ|
Pa
u
†h‡nZz ey‡jUwU †`qv‡j wfZ‡i 3 Bw XzKvi ci †eM nq 2
AA
2
AZGe 2 = u2 2.f.3
u
u2 3
ev, 6f = u2 4 = 4 u2
3u2 u2 ..............
f= = (i)
46 8
Avevi ey‡jUwUi †kl †eM v = 0
u 2
02 = 2 2f.s ev, 2fs = 4
u2
u2 u2
s = 8f = u2 = 1 [(i) bs Gi mvnv‡h¨]
88
wb‡Y©q `~iZ¡ s = 1 BwÂ|
D`vniY 9: mij‡iLv eivei Pjgvb GKwU e¯‘KYv 0.04, 0.08, 0.12 N›Uv †k‡l h_vµ‡g cÖwZ N›Uvq 2.4, 4.8, 7.2
wK‡jvwgUvi †eM cÖvß nq| KYvwU 1 N›Uvq KZUzKz c_ AwZµg Ki‡e?
mgZ‡j e¯‘KYvi MwZ c„ôv 268
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, e¯‘KYvwU O we›`y n‡Z u †e‡M hvÎv K‡i OA c_ t1= 0.04 N›Uv mg‡q AwZµ‡gi ci u1= 2.4
wK.wg./N›Uv, OB c_ t2= 0.08 N›Uv mg‡q AwZµ‡gi ci u2=4.8 wK.wg./N›Uv Ges OC c_ t3= 0.12 N›Uv mg‡q
AwZµ‡gi ci u3= 7.2 wK.wg./N›Uv †eM cÖvß nq|
O A B C
u2 u1 (4.8 2.4) wK.wg./N›Uv
AB c‡_ Z¡iY = = u u1 2.4 m/h u2 4.8 m/h u3 7.2 m/h
t2 t1 (0.08 0.04) N›Uv
2.4
= 0.04 wK.wg./N›Uv2= 60 wK.wg./N›Uv2
u3 u1 (7.2 2.4) wK.wg./N›Uv 4.8
Ges AC c‡_ Z¡iY = = = 0.08 wK.wg./N›Uv2 = 60 wK.wg./N›Uv2
t3 t1 (0.12 0.04) N›Uv
KYvwU mgZ¡i‡Y P‡j Ges D³ Z¡iY, f = 60 wK.wg./N›Uv2
Avevi, u1 = u + ft1 ev, 2.4 = u + 60 0.04 = u + 2.4 u = 0
1 1
1 N›Uvq AwZµvšÍ c_, s = 2 ft2 = 2 . 60.12 = 30 wK‡jvwgUvi|
D`vniY 10: GKRb †jvK Zvi 100 MR mvg‡b w¯’i Ae¯’vb n‡Z mgZ¡i‡Y GKwU evm Qvo‡Z †`‡L Zv aivi Rb¨
mg‡e‡M †`Šuov‡Z ïiæ Ki‡jv| hw` †m 1 wgwb‡U †Kvb iK‡g evmwU ai‡Z cv‡i, Z‡e †jvKwUi †eM I ev‡mi Z¡iY
wbY©q Kiæb|
l a
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, †jvKwUi Avw` Ae¯’vb O, ev‡mi hvÎvwe›`y A Ges t = 1 wgwbU = 60 †m‡KÛ ci †jvKwU B we›`y‡Z
ha
evm a‡i| OA = 100 MR = 300 dzU| aiæb AB = s I ev‡mi Z¡iY = f |
†h‡nZz †jvKwU †Kvb iK‡g evmwU a‡i, †m‡nZz B we›`y‡Z ev‡mi †eM = †jv‡Ki †eM = v (aiæb)|
s
th
†jvKwUi †¶‡Î, s + 300 = vt = v. 60 ------------- (i)
100 MR s
Ges ev‡mi †¶‡Î v = ft = f.60 -------------- (ii)
Pa
1 1 O A B
I s = 2 ft2 = 2 f.602 ------------- (iii)
AA
1 1
(i), (ii) I (iii) n‡Z Avgiv cvB, f.602 + 300 = f.60.60 ev, 300 = f. 602
2 2
2 300 1
f = 60 60 = 6
1
v = f.60 = 6 60 dzU/†m‡KÛ = 10 dzU/†m‡KÛ
1
AZGe ev‡mi Z¡iY = 6 dzU/†m‡KÛ2 Ges †jvKwUi †eM = 10 dzU/†m‡KÛ.
D`vniY 11: GKwU mij‡iLv eivei mgZ¡i‡Y Pjgvb †Kvb e¯‘i ch©vqµ‡g wZbwU weiwZKvj t1, t2, t3 †Z Mo‡e‡Mi
v1 v2 t1 + t2
cwigvY h_vµ‡g v1, v2, v3 n‡j †`Lvb †h, =
v2 v3 t2 + t3
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, e¯‘KYvwU O we›`y n‡Z u †e‡M hvÎv K‡i f mgZ¡i‡Y P‡j t1 mgq ci A we›`y‡Z u1 cieZx© t2 mgq
ci B we›`y‡Z u2, Ges Zvi cieZx© t3 mgq ci C we›`y‡Z u3 †eM cÖvß nq|
u1 = u + ft1,
u u1 u2 u3
Ges u2 = u1 + ft2 = u + ft1 + ft2
O
ev, u2 u = f(t1+t2) A B C
Ges u3 = u2 + ft3 = u1 + ft2 + ft3 ev, u3 u1 = f(t2 + t3)
BDwbU AvU c„ôv 269
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
v1 v2 v2 v1 u1 + u2 u + u1 u2 + u3 u1 + u2
GLb, = = 2 / 2 2
v2 v3 v3 v2 2
u2 u f(t1 + t2) t1 + t2
= = =
u3 u1 f(t2 + t3) t2 + t3
v1 v2 t1 + t2
=
v2 v3 t2 + t3
D`vniY 12: w¯’ive¯’v n‡Z GKwU Mvwo f1 mgZ¡i‡Y hvÎv ïiæ Ki‡jv| v MwZ‡eM AwR©Z nevi ci wbw`©ó mgq ch©šÍ Zv
mg‡e‡M P‡j| cwi‡k‡l f2 mgg›`‡b P‡j †eM k~b¨ nq| hw` m¤ú~Y© `~iZ¡ x Ges †gvU mgqKvj t nq Z‡e †`Lvb †h,
x v 1 1
; (ii) 2x = v 2t v +
1 1
(i) t = + +
v 2 f1 f2 1 f2
f
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, MvwowU A we›`y‡Z w¯’ive¯’v n‡Z hvÎv ïiæ K‡i f1 mgZ¡i‡Y P‡j t1 mg‡q AB = x1 c_ AwZµg
K‡i v †eM cÖvß nq Ges v †e‡M BC = x0 c_ t0 mg‡q AwZµg K‡i| cieZx© t2 mg‡q f2 mgg›`‡b CD = x2 c_
AwZµ‡gi ci MvwowU _v‡g| g‡b Kiæb †gvU `~iZ¡ = x
v x1 x0 x2
Z¡i‡Yi †¶‡Î v = f1t1 ev, t1 = f A B C D
1
v2 u0 v v v 0
Ges v2 = 2f1x1 ev, x1= 2f x
1 Z¡iY = f1 Z¡iY = f2
a
v
g›`‡bi †¶‡Î 0= v f2t2 ev, t2=f l
2
ha
v2
Ges 02 = v2 2f2x2 ev, x2 = 2f
s
2
th
x0
mg‡e‡Mi †¶‡Î t0 = v
Pa
v x0 v
GLb t = t1 + t0 + t2 = f + v + f
AA
1 2
x (x1 + x2)
= v f + f +
1 1
, ( x = x1 + x0 + x2)
1 2 v
= v + + +
1 1 x 1 v2 v2
f1 f2 v v 2f1 2f2
= v +v f + f 2 vf + f = v + 2 v f + f
x 1 1 1 1 1 x 1 1 1
1 2 1 2 1 2
2vt = 2x + v2 f + f ev, 2x = v2t vf + f
1 1 1 1
1 2 1 2
D`vniY 13: w¯’i Ae¯’v n‡Z mijc‡_ Pjgvb GKwU e¯‘KYv cÖ_‡g f1 mgZ¡i‡Y Ges cieZx© mg‡q f2 mgg›`‡b P‡j t
mg‡q s `~iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i †_‡g hvq| cÖgvY Kiæb †h,
t2 1 1 2s(f1+f2)
(i) 2s = f + f , (ii) t = f1f2
1 2
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, mijc‡_ Pjgvb e¯‘KYvwU cÖ_‡g t1 mg‡q f1 mgZ¡i‡Y P‡j s1 c_ AwZµg K‡i v †eM cÖvß nq
Ges cieZx©‡Z f2 g›`‡b t2 mg‡q s2 c_ AwZµ‡gi ci †_‡g hvq|
v u0 v v 0
Z¡iY As‡ki †¶‡Î, v = 0 + f1t1 ev, t1 = f ---------- (i)
1
v2 s1 s2
Ges v2 = 02 + 2f1s1 ev, 2s1 = f ------------------- (ii)
1
mgZ‡j e¯‘KYvi MwZ c„ôv 270
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
v
g›`b As‡ki †¶‡Î, 0 = v f2t2 ev, t2= f ------------- (iii)
2
v2
Ges 02 = v2 2f2s2 ev, 2s2 = f ------------------------ (iv)
2
AZGe, t = t1+t2 = f + f = v f + f [ (i) bs I (iii) bs Gi mvnv‡h¨]
v v 1 1
1 2 1 2
Ges 2s = 2(s1+s2) = f + f = v2 f + f [ (ii) bs I (iv) bs Gi mvnv‡h¨]
v2 v2 1 1
1 2 1 2
2
v2f + f
1 1
t2 1 2 1 1
GLb, 2s = =f +f
v2 f + f
1 1 1 2
1 2
ev, t2 = 2s f + f = f f
1 1 2s(f1+f2)
1 2 12
2s(f1+f2)
t= f1f2
D`vniY 14: u Avw`‡e‡M I f mgZ¡i‡Y Pjgvb †Kvb e¯‘ p Zg, q Zg I r Zg †m‡K‡Û h_vµ‡g a, b I c `~iZ¡
AwZµg K‡i| †`Lvb †h, a(q r) + b(r p) + c(p q) = 0
a
1 l
mgvavb: a = pZg †m‡K‡Û AwZµvšÍ c_ = u + 2 f (2p 1) -------------- (i)
ha
1
b = qZg †m‡K‡Û AwZµvšÍ c_ = u + f(2q 1) ---------------- (ii)
s
2
th
1
c = r Zg †m‡K‡Û AwZµvšÍ c_ = u + 2 f (2r 1) ---------------- (iii)
Pa
1 1
(i) (ii) cÖ‡qvM K‡i, (a b) = 2 f .2 (p q) ev, p q = f (a b)
AA
1 1
(ii) (iii) cÖ‡qvM K‡i, (b c) = 2 f. 2(q r) ev, q r = f (b c)
1 1
(iii) (i) cÖ‡qvM K‡i, (c a) = 2 f. 2(r p) ev, r p = f (c a)
1 1 1
GLb, a(q r) + b(r p) + c(p q) = a. f (b c) + b. f (c a) + c. f (a b)
1 1
= f [ab ac + bc ab + ca bc] = f 0=0
D`vniY 15: mgZ¡i‡Y Pjgvb GKwU e¯‘KYv cici t1, t2, t3 mg‡q ch©vqµ‡g mgvb `~iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i| †`Lvb †h,
1 1 1 3
+ =
t1 t2 t3 t1+t2+t3
mgvavb: aiæb, Avw`‡eM u I Z¡iY f
1
s = ut1 + 2 ft21 ------- (i)
1
2s = u(t1+t2) + f (t1+t2)2 ----------- (ii)
2
1
3s = u(t1+t2+t3) + 2 f (t1+t2+t3)2 ------ (iii)
BDwbU AvU c„ôv 271
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
s 1
(i) n‡Z cvB, t = u + 2 ft1 ----------(1)
1
1
(ii) n‡Z (i) we‡qvM K‡i, s = ut2 + 2 f(2t1+t2)t2
s 1
ev, t = u + 2 f(2t1+t2) -------- (2)
2
1
(iii) n‡Z (ii) we‡qvM K‡i, s= ut3+2 f (2t1 + 2t2 + t3)t3
s 1
ev, t = u+2 f(2t1 + 2t2 + t3) ------- (3)
3
3s 1
(iii) n‡Z cvB, t + t + t = u + 2 f(t1 + t2 + t3) ----- (4)
1 2 3
GLb (1) (2) + (3) cÖ‡qvM K‡i
s s s 1 3s
t1 t2 + t3 = u + 2 f (t1+t2+t3) = t1+t2+t3 , [(4) Gi mvnv‡h¨]
1 1 1 3
t t + t = t +t +t
1 2 3 1 2 3
D`vniY 16: `yBwU e¯‘KYv GKB mij‡iLvq, f I f ' mgZ¡i‡Y Pj‡Q| D³ †iLvi †Kvb GKwU wbw`©ó we›`y n‡Z a I a'
`~i‡Z¡ Zv‡`i MwZ‡eM wQj h_vµ‡g u I u'| †`Lvb †h, Zviv `yB ev‡ii †ewk wgwjZ n‡Z cv‡i bv Ges hw` `yevi
wgwjZ nq, Z‡e mgq `ywUi e¨eavb n‡e
2 l a
(u u')2 2(a a')(f f ')
ha
ff'
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, O we›`y n‡Z a `~‡i Aew¯’Z A we›`y‡Z GKwU e¯‘ KYvi †eM u Ges a' `~‡i Aew¯’Z B we›`y‡Z
s
th
Av‡iKwU e¯‘KYvi †eM u' | t mgq c‡i Dnviv C we›`y‡Z wgwjZ nq| aiæb, OC = s
AC = s a I BC = s a' u
Pa
1 a
s a = ut + 2 ft2 ----------- (i) O B A C
AA
1 a u
I s a' = u't + 2 f 't2 ------------ (ii) s
1
(i) (ii) cÖ‡qvM K‡i, a' a = (u u')t + 2 (f f ') t2
ev, (f f ') t2 + 2(u u')t + 2(a a') = 0, hv t Gi wØNvZ mgxKiY|
ZvB t Gi gvb `yBwU| myZivs Zviv `yBev‡ii †ewk wgwjZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| hw` t Gi gvb `ywU ev¯Íe I abvZ¥K nq, Z‡e
Zviv `yBevi wgwjZ n‡e| aiæb, t Gi gvb t1 I t2
2(u u') 2(a a')
t1 + t2 = I t1t2 =
ff' ff'
(u u')2 2(a a') 4
2 [(u u') 2(a a') (f f ')]
2
GLb (t1 t2)2 = (t1 + t2)2 4t1t2 = 4 4. =
(f f ') 2 f f ' (f f ')
2
t1~ t2 = (u u')2 2(a a')(f f ')
ff'
mvims‡ÿc-
†eM e„w×i nvi‡K Z¡iY, Avi †eM n«v‡mi nvi‡K g›`b ejv nq| ZvB we‡qvM‡evaK Z¡iYB g›`b|
†eM e„w×i nvi GKB _vK‡j Zv‡K mylg Z¡iY ev mgZ¡iY e‡j, Ab¨_vq AmgZ¡iY ejv nq|
mgZ‡j e¯‘KYvi MwZ c„ôv 272
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
†Kvb mij‡iLv eivei PjšÍ †Kvb KYv f mgZ¡i‡Y P‡j t mg‡q s `~iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i| KYvwUi Avw`‡eM u Ges
1
†kl‡eM v n‡j, KYvi MwZi mgxKiYmg~n n‡e: (i) v = u + ft , (ii) s = ut + 2 ft2, (iii) v2 = u2 + 2fs
1
mijc‡_ Pjgvb e¯‘KYvi n Zg †m‡K‡Û AwZµvšÍ `~iZ¡ = u + 2 f(2n 1)
Avw`‡eM + †kl‡eM u + v
Mo‡eM = 2 = 2
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 8.3-
1. w¯’i Ae¯’v n‡Z hvÎv K‡i GKwU Mvwo mgZ¡i‡Y Pj‡Q | 5 †m‡KÛ ci MvwowUi †eM 10 wK‡jvwgUvi n‡j, AviI
10 †m‡KÛ ci Zvi `~iZ¡ KZ n‡e wbY©q Kiæb|
2. N›Uvq 30 wK‡jvwgUvi †e‡M PjšÍ GKUv evm‡K †eª‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ 100 wgUvi `~i‡Z¡i g‡a¨ _vgvb nj| †eªK cÖ‡qv‡Mi
d‡j Drcbœ g›`b wbY©q Kiæb|
3. †Kv‡bv †÷kb n‡Z Qvovi 6 wgwbU c‡i GKwU †ijMvwo 2 gvBj `~‡i cieZ©x †÷k‡b _v‡g| MvwowU Zvi MwZc‡_i
`yB Z…Zxqvsk mgZ¡i‡Y P‡j Ges Aewkó Ask mgg›`‡b P‡j| Zvi Z¡iY, g›`b I m‡e©v”P †eM wbY©q Kiæb|
4. GKwU ey‡jU †Kvb †`Iqv†ji wfZi 2 Bw XzKvi ci Zvi A‡a©K †eM nvivq| ey‡jU †`Iqv‡ji g‡a¨ Avi KZ`~i
hv‡e?
a
1
5. GKwU KYv u Avw`‡e‡M f I f ' Z¡i‡Y †Kvb wbw`©ó `~i‡Z¡i `yB Aa©vsk AwZµg K‡i| cÖgvY Kiæb 2 (f+f ') Z¡i‡Y
l
ha
m¤ú~Y© `~iZ¡ AwZµg Ki‡j GKB AšÍ‡eM n‡e|
s
6. GKwU †ijMvwo XvKv n‡Z †Q‡o bvivqYM‡Á †h‡q _v‡g| MvwowU Zvi MwZc‡_i cÖ_g PZz_©vsk mgZ¡i‡Y, †kl
th
PZz_©vsk mgg›`‡b Ges ga¨eZ©x Aa©vsk mg‡e‡M P‡j| †`Lvb †h, MvwowUi Mo‡eM Zvi m‡e©v”P †e‡Mi As‡ki
Pa
mgvb|
7. GKwU evN 20 wgUvi `~‡i GKwU nwiY‡K †`L‡Z †c‡q w¯’i Ae¯’v n‡Z 3 wg/†m2 Z¡i‡Y nwiYwUi wcQ‡b †`Šov‡Z
AA
ïiæ Ki‡jv| nwiYwU 13 wg/†m mg‡e‡M †`Šov‡Z _vK‡j KZ¶Y c‡i KZ `~‡i †h‡q evNwU nwiYwU‡K ai‡Z cvi‡e?
8. GKB jvB‡b GKwU G·‡cÖm Mvwo GKwU gvjMvwo‡K AwZµg Kivq mgq hLb Zv‡`i †eM h_vµ‡g u1 I u2 ZLb
Zviv x `~i‡Z¡ G‡K Aci‡K †`L‡Z cvq| Mvwo `ywUi m‡e©v”P Z¡iY f1 Ges m‡e©v”P g›`b f2 n‡j †`Lvb †h, `yN©Ubv
Gov‡bv m¤¢e n‡e †Kej hw` (u1 u2)2 = 2(f1 + f2 )x nq|
9. GKwU †ijMvwo †Kvb GK †÷kb †_‡K †Q‡o 4 wgwbU c‡i 2 wK‡jvwgUvi `~‡i Aew¯’Z Aci †÷k‡b _v‡g| MvwowU
1 1
Zvi MwZc‡_i cÖ_gvsk x mgZ¡i‡Y Ges wØZxqvsk y mgg›`‡b Pj‡j cÖgvY Kiæb, x + y = 4
10. `yBwU KYv GKB mij‡iLvq h_vµ‡g a I b mgZ¡i‡Y Pj‡Q | H mij‡iLvi †Kvb wbw`©ó we›`y n‡Z hLb Zv‡`i
`~iZ¡ x I y ZLb Zv‡`i †eM h_vµ‡g u I v| †`Lvb †h, Zviv `yBev‡ii AwaK wgwjZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| hw` Zviv
2
`yBevi wgwjZ nq, Z‡e Zv‡`i wgwjZ nevi mg‡qi cv_©K¨ (a b) (u v)2 2(x y)(a b)
BDwbU AvU c„ôv 273
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
Djø¤^ MwZi †¶‡Î Z¡iY m¤úwK©Z m~Îmg~‡ni cÖ‡qvM
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
Djø¤^ MwZi †¶‡Î Z¡iY m¤úwK©Z m~Î mg~n eY©bv I e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
Djø¤^ MwZi †¶‡Î Z¡iY m¤úwK©Z m~Î mg~n cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã DÌvbKvj, cZbKvj, wePiYKvj, MgbKvj
g~jcvV-
c„w_ex mKj e¯‘‡K Zvi †K‡›`ªi w`‡K Uv‡b; †mB Uv‡bi Kvi‡YB m„ó GB Z¡iY I g›`b| c„w_exi GB Uvb‡K gva¨vKl©Y
ejv nq| gva¨vKl©‡Yi Kvi‡Y m„ó Z¡iY‡K gva¨vKl©Y RwbZ Z¡iY ev AwfKl©RwbZ Z¡iY ejv nq| GB Z¡iY e¯‘i AvKvi
ev IR‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i bv|
†Kvb e¯‘‡K k~b¨ n‡Z †Q‡o w`‡j Zv µgvb¦‡q †eM e„w× †c‡q f‚wg‡Z cwZZ nq| Avevi †Kvb e¯‘‡K Lvov Dc‡ii w`‡K
a
wb‡¶c Ki‡j µgvb¦‡q †eM n«vm †c‡q †eM k~b¨ nq, Zvici GKB nv‡i †eM e„w× †c‡q GKB c‡_ f‚wg‡Z cwZZ nq|
l
ha
cošÍ e¯‘i Z¡iY Avi Lvov Dc‡ii w`‡K wbw¶ß e¯‘i g›`b wbw`©ó Ges Zv GKB gv‡bi| c„w_exi Dci¯’ wewfbœ Ae¯’v‡b
Ges D”PZv †f‡` Z¡i‡Yi gv‡bi ZviZg¨ nq, Z‡e Zv AwZkq ¶z`ª| ZvB mvaviYZ GB ZviZg¨‡K AMÖvn¨ Kiv nq|
s
th
e¯‘i Dci cÖhy³ e‡ji Kvi‡Y m„ó Z¡iY/g›`b‡K mvaviYZ f cÖZxK Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq; Avi AwfKl©RwbZ Z¡iY‡K g
cÖZxK Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| g Gi M„nxZ gvb n‡”Q 32 dzU/†m‡KÛ2 ev 981 †mwg/†m‡KÛ2|
Pa
mvaviYZ: miY‡K s cÖZxK Øviv wPwýZ Kiv nq| GLv‡b miYwU D”PZv, ZvB h cÖZxK Øviv wPwýZ Kiv nq|
AA
1 1
AZGe v = u ± ft, s = ut ± 2 ft2, v2 = u2 ± 2fs I s t Zg = u + 2 f(2t 1) m~Îmg~‡ni Abyiƒc m~Î h_vµ‡g
1 1
v = u gt, h = ut ± 2 gt2, v2= u2 ± 2gh I h t Zg = u + 2 g (2t 1) n‡e|
cZbkxj e¯‘i MwZ
g‡b Kiæb, gva¨vKl©‡bi cÖfv‡e h D”PZv n‡Z cwZZ GKwU KYv t mg‡q v †e‡M f‚wg‡Z cwZZ nj|
1
v u + ft, s ut + 2 ft2 I v2 u2+2fs mgxKiYmg~‡n u = 0, f = g, s = h ewm‡q cZbkxj e¯‘i mgxKiY cvIqv
hvq| Zvn‡j
v = gt -------------- (i)
1
h = gt2 ------------- (ii)
2
v2 2gh ev, v = 2gh ------------- (iii)
(ii) I (iii) bs mgxKiY n‡Z ¯úó †h, e¯‘i AvKvi ev AvqZb hvB †nvK bv †Kb, GKB D”PZv wewkó ¯’vb †_‡K †Q‡o
w`‡j Zv‡`i cZ‡bi mgq I f‚wg‡Z †cuŠQvi Kv‡j †eM GKB n‡e|
mgZ‡j e¯‘KYvi MwZ c„ôv 274
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
GKwU e¯‘KYv u Avw`‡e‡M Lvov Dc‡ii w`‡K wbw¶ß n‡jv| (i) me©vwaK D”PZv (ii) DÌvbKvj (iii) cZbKvj (iv)
wePiYKvj wbY©q Kiæb|
g‡b Kiæb, u †e‡M Lvov Dc‡ii w`‡K wbw¶ß e¯‘KYvwU g g›`‡b P‡j m‡e©v”P we›`y‡Z †eM k~b¨ nq| me©vwaK D”PZv H
u2
n‡j, 02=u2 2gH H = 2g
v0
u2
me©vwaK D”PZv = 2g
KYvwUi DÌvbKvj t1 n‡j, H mg‡q KYvi DaŸ©g~Lx †eM k~b¨ H
u g
0= u gt1 t1 = g
u
KYvwUi DÌvbKvj = g u
KYvwUi cZbKvj t2 n‡j,
1 2
H = 0.t2 + 2 gt2 ( Avw`‡eM = 0 I Z¡iY = g)
ev, 2g = 2 gt2 H = 2g
u2 1 2 u2
u 2
ev, t22 = g2 = g t2 = g
u2 u
a
u
KYvwUi cZbKvj = g l
ha
u
DÌvbKvj = cZbKvj = g
s
th
u u 2u
wePiYKvj = DÌvbKvj + cZbKvj = g + g = g
Pa
Dccv`¨: †`Lvb †h, f‚wg n‡Z Lvov Dc‡ii w`‡K wbw`©ó MwZ‡e‡M wbw¶ß e¯‘KYvi †¶‡Î, f‚wg‡Z cZb‡eM = wb‡¶cY
AA
†eM|
g‡b Kiæb, wb‡¶cY †eM = u I f‚wg‡Z cZb †eM = v|
u †e‡M Lvov Dc‡ii w`‡K wbw¶ß e¯‘wU g g›`‡b P‡j m‡e©v”P we›`y‡Z †eM k~b¨ nq|
me©vwaK D”PZv H n‡j, 02 = u2 2gH 2gH = u2 ---------- (i)
m‡e©v”P we›`y n‡Z cZbKvjxb Avw`‡eM = 0, f‚wg ¯úk© gyn‚‡Z© †eM = v I Z¡iY = g
v2 = 02 + 2gH = 2gH = u2, [ (i) Gi mvnv‡h¨]
v=u
AZGe f‚wg‡Z cZbKv‡j †eM = wb‡¶cb †eM
Dccv`¨: GKwU e¯‘KYv u MwZ‡e‡M Lvov Dc‡ii w`‡K wbw¶ß n‡jv| †`Lvb †h, †Kvb wbw`©ó h D”PZvq
u± u2 2gh
(i) †eM, v ± u2 2gh (ii) MgbKvj t =
g
cÖwZ‡ÿ‡Î `ywU K‡i Dˇii e¨vL¨v wK?
g‡b Kiæb, u †e‡M Lvov Dc‡ii w`‡K wbw¶ß e¯‘KYvwU g g›`‡b P‡j m‡e©v”P we›`y‡Z †cŠu‡Q †eM v' = 0 nq Ges Zvi
ci g Z¡i‡Y P‡j GKB c‡_ f‚wg‡Z wd‡i Av‡m|
(i) h D”PZvq †eM v n‡j, v2 = u2 2gh ev, v = ± u2 2gh
BDwbU AvU c„ôv 275
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
†e‡Mi wPý MwZi w`K wb‡`©k K‡i| †hvM‡evaK gvbwU e¯‘wUi Dc‡i DVvi mgq h D”PZvq
v 0
†eM wb‡`©k K‡i Ges we‡qvM‡evaK gvbwU e¯‘KYvwU m‡e©v”P we›`y‡Z †cŠu‡Q Zvici bx‡P bvgvi
mgq h D”PZvq †eM wb‡`©k K‡i|
v
(ii) h D”PZvq †cŠuQvi mgq t n‡j
1
h = ut 2 gt2 ev, 2h = 2ut gt2 ev, gt2 2ut + 2h = 0
1 g h
t = 2g (2u ± 4u2 4.g.2h )
1
= g (u ± u2 2gh) u
1
t=g (u u2 2gh) ¶z`ªZi gvbwU Dc‡i DVvi c‡_ h D”PZvq †cŠuQvi mgq wb‡`©k K‡i Ges
1
t=
g
(u + u2 2gh) e„nËi gvbwU e¯‘KYvwUi m‡e©v”P we›`y‡Z †cŠu‡Q Zvici wb‡P bvgvi c‡_ h D”PZvq †cŠuQvi
mgq wb‡`©k K‡i|
D`vniY 1: f‚wg n‡Z mg‡e‡M Lvov Dc‡ii w`‡K DVšÍ GKwU †evgviæ wegvb n‡Z GKwU †evgv †d‡j w`‡j Zv 5 †m‡KÛ
ci f‚wg‡Z AvNvZ K‡i| f‚wg‡Z AvNvZ gyn‚‡Z© wegvbwUi D”PZv KZ wQj wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, OA = h D”PZv n‡Z †evgvwU †djv nq Ges cieZx© 5 †m‡KÛ mg‡q wegvbwU B we›`y‡Z †cŠu‡Q|
a
aiæb, wegv‡bi †eM = u I AB = h1 l
h1= ut (†h‡nZz wegvbwU mg‡e‡M P‡j)
ha
B
= 5u -------- (i)
s
1 h1
Ges h = ut + 2 gt2
th
v
1
Pa
A u
= 5u + . 32.52
2
AA
= 5u + 400 ------ (ii) g
h
GLb OB = OA + AB
= h + h1 = 5u + 400 + 5u
O
= 400 dzU
D`vniY 2: 32 dzU/†m‡KÛ mg‡e‡M Lvov Dc‡ii w`‡K DVšÍ GKwU †ejyb n‡Z cwZZ GKwU cv_i LÛ 17 †m‡K‡Û
f‚wg‡Z †cŠu‡Q| cv_i LÛwU †ejyb n‡Z covi gyn‚‡Z© †ejybwUi D”PZv KZ wQj wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: aiæb, wb‡Y©q D”PZv h dzU
1
h = ut + 2 gt2
G‡¶‡Î u = 32 dzU/†m‡KÛ2, t = 17 †mKÛ, g = 32 dzU/†m‡KÛ2
h = 32. 17 + 2 . 32 . 172 = 32.17 1 + 2 = 32.17. 2 = 151617 = 4080
1 17 15
wb‡Y©q D”PZv = 4080 dzU|
D`vniY 3: GKwU e¯‘ Dc‡ii w`‡K 128 dzU/†m‡KÛ †e‡M wbw¶ß nIqvi 2 †m‡KÛ ci Av‡iKwU e¯‘‡K GKB we›`y
n‡Z GKB †e‡M Dc‡ii w`‡K wb‡¶c Kiv n‡jv| Zviv KZ D”PZvq I KLb wgwjZ n‡e Ges wgwjZ nIqvi mgq
Zv‡`i MwZi w`K wK n‡e?
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb wØZxq e¯‘wU t mgq ci h D”PZvq cÖ_g e¯‘wUi mv‡_ wgwjZ nq|
mgZ‡j e¯‘KYvi MwZ c„ôv 276
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
1
wØZxq e¯‘i †¶‡Î, h = ut 2 gt2 -------- (i)
1
Ges cÖ_g e¯‘i †¶‡Î, h = u(2 + t ) 2 g (2 + t)2----- (ii)
1 1
(ii) (i) cÖ‡qvM K‡i, 0 = 2u 2 g(4 + 4t) = 2128 2 32 4(t+1)
2128
ev, t + 1= 322 = 4
t = 4 1 = 3 †m‡KÛ ------- (iii)
1
(i) n‡Z, h =1283 2 3232 = 1283 169 = 384 144 = 240 dzU -----(iv)
h D”PZvq, cÖ_g e¯‘i †eM v1 = u g(t + 2) = 128 32(3+2) = 128 160= 32 dzU/†m‡KÛ
Ges wØZxq e¯‘i †eM v2 = u gt = 128 323 = 128 96 = 32 dzU/†m‡KÛ.
†eM؇qi wPý Zv‡`i w`K wb‡`©k K‡i| wgwjZ nIqvi mgq cÖ_g e¯‘wU wb¤œgyLx Ges wØZxq e¯‘wU DaŸ©gyLx MwZ‡e‡M
wQj|
D`vniY 4: AwfKl©RwbZ Z¡i‡Yi Aax‡b cošÍ GKwU e¯‘ †klZg †m‡K‡Û 224 dzU `~iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i| †h we›`y‡Z
cwZZ n‡qwQj Zvi D”PZv I cZbKvj wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, wb‡Y©q D”PZv h I cZbKvj t|
a
1 l
htZg = g (2t 1)
2
ha
1
ev, 224 = 2 . 32 (2t 1) = 16 (2t 1)
s
th
224
ev, 2t 1 = 16 = 14
Pa
14+1 15 1
t = 2 = 2 = 72 †m‡KÛ
AA
1 2
h = 2 gt2 = 2 .32. 72 = 16 4 = 4225 = 900 dzU
1 1 1515
D`vniY 5: GKwU e¯‘ Lvov Dc‡ii w`‡K wbw¶ß nIqvi t †m‡KÛ mg‡q h D”PZvq Mgb K‡i Ges cieZx© t' mg‡q
1
wb‡¶c we›`y‡Z wd‡i Av‡m| †`Lvb †h, h = 2 gt t'
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, wb‡¶cb †eM u
2u 1
t + t' = wePiYKvj = g ev, u = 2 g (t + t') ------- (i)
1 1 1
Avevi h = ut 2 gt2 = 2 g(t + t') t 2 gt2, [(i) Gi mvnv‡h¨]
1 1
= 2 gt [t + t' t] = 2 gt.t'
2
D`vniY 6: †`Lvb †h, u †e‡M Lvov Dc‡ii w`‡K wbw¶ß e¯‘KYv h D”PZvq g u2 2gh mg‡qi e¨eav‡b `yevi Mgb
K‡i|
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, u †e‡M wbw¶ß e¯‘KYvwU t mg‡q h D”PZvq Mgb K‡i|
1
h = ut 2 gt2 ev, 2h = 2ut gt2 ev, gt2 2ut + 2h = 0
BDwbU AvU c„ôv 277
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
1 1
t = 2g (2u ± 4u2 4g 2h) = g (u ± u2 2gh)
1 1
t = g (u u2 2gh) ¶z`ªZi mg‡q e¯‘KYvwU mivmwi h D”PZvq †cŠu‡Q Ges t = g (u + u2 2gh) e„nËi
mg‡q e¯‘KYvwU m‡e©v”P we›`y‡Z †cŠuQevi ci wb‡P bvgvKvjxb h D”PZvq †cŠu‡Q|
1 1
mgq `ywUi e¨eavb = g (u + u2 2gh) g (u u2 2gh)
1 2
= g . 2 u2 2gh = g u2 2gh
D`vniY 7: wZbwU e¯‘‡K h1, h2, h3 D”PZvq Aew¯’Z wZbwU we›`y n‡Z h_vµ‡g u1, u2, u3 †e‡M Lvov Dc‡ii w`‡K
GKB mg‡q wb‡¶c Kiv n‡jv| Zviv GKB m‡½ f‚wg‡Z cwZZ n‡j †`Lvb †h,
h1(u2 u3)+h2 (u3 u1)+ h3(u1 u2) = 0
mgvavb: aiæb, e¯‘¸‡jv wb‡¶c‡Yi t mgq ci f‚wg‡Z cwZZ nq| G‡¶‡Î miY I †eM wecixZgyLx|
1
h1 = u1t + 2 gt2 ----(i)
1
h2 = u2t + 2 gt2 -------(ii)
1
h3 = u3t + gt2 -----(iii)
2
(ii) (i) cÖ‡qvM K‡i, h2 h1 = (u1 u2)t l a
ha
(iii) (ii) cÖ‡qvM K‡i, h3 h2 = (u2 u3)t
s
(i) (iii) cÖ‡qvM K‡i, h1 h3 = (u3 u1)t
th
1
GLb, h1 (u2 u3) + h2(u3 u1) + h3(u1 u2) = [h (u u )t + h2(u3 u1)t + h3(u1 u2)t]
Pa
t 1 2 3
1 1 1
= [h1(h3 h2) + h2(h1 h3)+h3(h2 h1)] = [h1h3 h1h2+ h1h2 h2h3+ h2h3 h1h3] = 0 = 0
AA
t t t
D`vniY 8: GKwU e¯‘ Lvov Dc‡ii w`‡K u †e‡M wbw¶ß nIqvi t mgq ci Av‡iKwU e¯‘‡K GKB we›`y n‡Z GKB †e‡M
4u2 g2t2
Dc‡ii w`‡K wb‡¶c Kiv n‡jv| Zviv h D”PZvq wgwjZ n‡j, †`Lvb †h, h = 8g
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, wØZxq e¯‘ t1 mgq ci h D”PZvq cÖ_g e¯‘wUi mv‡_ wgwjZ nq|
1
wØZxq e¯‘i †¶‡Î, h = ut1 2gt21 ------------- (i)
1
Ges cÖ_g e¯‘i †¶‡Î, h = u(t + t1) 2 g (t + t1)2 -------------- (ii)
1
(ii) (i) cÖ‡qvM K‡i, 0 = ut 2 g(t2 + 2tt1)
ev, 0 = 2u g (t + 2t1)
ev, 2gt1 = 2u gt
2u gt
t1= 2g -------- (iii)
2u gt 1 2u gt2
(i) n‡Z h = u 2g 2 g 2g
2u gt 1 2u gt 2u gt 2u + gt 4u2 g2t2
= 2g u 2g. 2g = 2g 4 =
8g
mgZ‡j e¯‘KYvi MwZ c„ôv 278
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
D`vniY 9: f‚wg n‡Z GK †m‡KÛ cici Lvov Dc‡ii w`‡K wZbwU ey‡jU wbw¶ß n‡jv| cÖ_gwUi †eM 500 dzU/†m‡KÛ,
wØZxqwUi †eM 600 dzU/†m‡KÛ| f‚mgvšÍivj †Kvb Zj‡K Zviv GKB m‡½ AvNvZ Ki‡j Z…Zxq ey‡j‡Ui wb‡¶cY †eM
wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, Z…Zxq ey‡j‡Ui wb‡¶cY †eM u Ges cÖ_g ey‡jU t mgq ci h dzU DuPy Zj‡K AvNvZ K‡i|
1
h = 500t 2 gt2 -------- (i)
1
h = 600 (t1) 2 g (t1)2 ----- (ii)
1
h = u(t 2) 2 g (t 2)2 -------- (iii)
1 1
(i) I (ii) n‡Z, 500t gt2 = 600 (t 1) g(t 1)2
2 2
1 2 1
ev, 500t 600(t 1) = 2 gt 2 g(t 1)2
1 1
ev, 600 100t = 2 g{t2 (t 1)2} = 2 . 32 (2t 1) = 32t 16
ev, 132t = 616
616 154 14
t = 132 = 33 = 3 †m‡KÛ
(i) I (iii) n‡Z (t2) u 2g (t 2) = t 500 2gt
a
1 1 l
ha
14 1 14
ev, 3 2 u 2. 32 3 2 = 3 500 2. 32 3
14 1 14
s
th
8 8
ev, 3 u 163 = 3 500 16. 3
14 14
Pa
ev, u 3 = 4 500 16. 3 = 7 125 4. 3 = 875 3
128 7 14 14 392
AA
392 128 264
u = 875 3 + 3 = 875 3 = 875 88 = 787
Z…Zxq ey‡j‡Ui †eM = 787 dzU/†m‡KÛ
D`vniY 10: h dzU Mfxi GKwU M‡Z© GKwU cv_i LÛ †Q‡o w`‡j t †m‡KÛ ci Zj‡`‡k cZ‡bi kã †kvbv †Mj|
2
k‡ãi †eM v n‡j †`Lvb †h, (i) v +
2hh
= t, (ii) 2h 1 + gt = gt2, h AwZ¶z`ª e‡j eR©b Kiv n‡q‡Q|
g v v
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, cv_iL‡Ûi cZbKvj t1 Ges Zj‡`‡k AvNv‡Zi kã wd‡i Avmvi mgq t2
t = t1 + t2
1 2h 2h
GLb h = 2 gt21 ev, t21 = g ev, t1 = g
h
Ges h = vt2 ev, t2 = v
2h h
t= g + v [ (i) cÖgvwYZ ]
h 2h
ev, t v = g
2
h
ev, t v = g
2h
BDwbU AvU c„ôv 279
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
2
ev, t2 v t + v = g
2h h 2h
2
2h
ev, t2 v t = g ,
2h h eR©b K‡i
v
gt2 = 2h + v = 2h 1 + v [ (ii) cÖgvwYZ ]
2htg gt
D`vniY 11: 2gy dzU/†m‡KÛ †e‡M f‚wg n‡Z Lvov Dc‡ii w`‡K wbw¶ß GKwU i‡KU Zvi me©vwaK D”PZvq we‡ùvwiZ
1
nq| wb‡¶cY we›`y‡Z Ges Zv n‡Z x dzU Avbyf‚wgK `~‡i †Kvb we›`y‡Z kã †cŠuQvi mg‡qi e¨eavb n †m‡KÛ n‡j,
†`Lvb †h, k‡ãi MwZ‡eM v = n( x2+y2 y) dzU/†m‡KÛ
mgvavb: G‡¶‡Î wb‡¶cY †eM u = 2gy
u2 2gy
me©vwaK D”PZv H = 2g = 2g = y
y r x2 + y2
wb‡¶cY we›`y‡Z kã †cŠuQvi mgq t1= v Ges x dzU Avbyf‚wgK `~i‡Z¡ kã †cŠuQvi mgq t2 = v = v
1
kZ©vbyhvqx, t2 t1 = n
x2 + y2 y 1 x2 + y2 y 1
a
v v = n ev, v =n
l
ha
ev, v = n( x2 + y2 y) dzU/†m‡KÛ.
s
th
D`vniY 12: †Kvb we›`y n‡Z Aev‡a cošÍ GKwU e¯‘ x dzU AwZµ‡gi ci Av‡iKwU e¯‘ Dc‡iv³ we›`yi y dzU wbPy n‡Z
(x + y)2
Pa
Aev‡a co‡Z †`qv n‡jv| Zviv GKB m‡½ f‚wg‡Z †cŠuQ‡j †`Lvb †h, h = 4x
AA
2 2
mgvavb: x dzU cZ‡bi ci cÖ_g e¯‘wUi †eM u n‡j, u = 0 + 2gx = 2gx -------- (i)
1
wØZxq e¯‘i cZbKvj t n‡j, h y = 2 gt2------------- (ii)
1
Ges h x = ut + 2 gt2 --------- (iii)
(iii) n‡Z (ii) we‡qvM K‡i cvB,
y x (y x)2 (y x)2
y x = ut t = u t2 = t2= [(i) Gi mvnv‡h¨]
u2 2gx
1 2 1 (y x)2
(ii) n‡Z, h = 2 gt + y = 2 g. 2gx + y
(y x)2 (y x)2 + 4xy (x + y)2
= 4x +y= 4x = 4x
mvims‡ÿc-
c„w_ex mKj e¯‘‡K Zvi †K‡›`ªi w`‡K Uv‡b; †mB Uv‡bi Kvi‡YB m„ó GB Z¡iY I g›`b| c„w_exi GB Uvb‡K
gva¨vKl©Y ejv nq| gva¨vKl©‡Yi Kvi‡Y m„ó Z¡iY‡K gva¨vKl©Y RwbZ Z¡iY ev AwfKl©RwbZ Z¡iY ejv nq|
GB Z¡iY e¯‘i AvKvi ev IR‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i bv|
mgZ‡j e¯‘KYvi MwZ c„ôv 280
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
u2 u
GKwU e¯‘KYv u Avw`‡e‡M Lvov Dc‡ii w`‡K wbw¶ß n‡j (i) me©vwaK D”PZv = 2g (ii) DÌvbKvj = g (iii)
u u u 2u
cZbKvj = g Ges (iv) wePiYKvj = DÌvbKvj + cZbKvj = g + g = g |
f‚wg n‡Z Lvov Dc‡ii w`‡K wbw`©ó MwZ‡e‡M wbw¶ß e¯‘KYvi †¶‡Î, f‚wg‡Z cZb‡eM = wb‡¶cY †eM|
GKwU e¯‘KYv u MwZ‡e‡M Lvov Dc‡ii w`‡K wbw¶ß n‡j †Kvb wbw`©ó h D”PZvq (i) †eM v = ± u2 2gh
u± u2 2gh
(ii) MgbKvj t = g
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 8.4-
1. GKwU cv_iLÛ f‚wg n‡Z Lvov Dc‡ii w`‡K wbw¶ß nIqvi 5 †m‡KÛ c‡i wb‡¶cY we›`y‡Z wd‡i Av‡m| me©vwaK
D”PZv I f‚wg‡K ¯úk© Kivi gyn‚‡Z© MwZ‡eM wbY©q Kiæb|
2. h dzU D”PZv n‡Z 64 dzU/†m‡KÛ Avw`‡e‡M GKwU ej‡K Lvov Dc‡ii w`‡K wb‡¶c Kiv nj| ejwU 6 †m‡KÛ
c‡i f‚wg‡Z cwZZ n‡j h Gi gvb wbY©q Kiæb|
3. w¯’i Ae¯’v n‡Z 4 dzU/†m‡KÛ2 mgZ¡i‡Y f‚wg n‡Z Lvov Dc‡i DVšÍ †ejyb n‡Z 30 †m‡KÛ c‡i GKwU e¯‘‡K †Q‡o
†`Iqv nj| †`Lvb †h, e¯‘wU 15 †m‡KÛ c‡i f‚wg‡Z cwZZ n‡e|
a
4. f‚wg n‡Z 240 dzU DuPy‡Z Ae¯’vbKv‡j GKwU †ejyb n‡Z GKwU fvix e¯‘‡K wb‡P †Q‡o †`Iqv nj| †ejybwU 32
l
dzU/†m‡KÛ mg‡e‡M (i) wb‡P bvg‡Z _vK‡j e¯‘wUi cZbKvj KZ? (ii) Dc‡i DV‡Z _vK‡j, e¯‘wUi cZbKvj
ha
KZ Zv wbY©q Kiæb|
s
5. f‚wg n‡Z h1, h2, h3 DuPy Ae¯’vb †_‡K wZbwU e¯‘‡K Lvov wb‡Pi w`‡K h_vµ‡g u1, u2, u3 MwZ‡e‡M wb‡¶c Kiv
th
h1 h2 h2 h3 h3 h1
nj| Zviv GKB m‡½ f‚wg‡Z cwZZ n‡j, cÖgvY Kiæb †h, u u = u u = u u
Pa
1 2 2 3 3 1
7
AA
7. GKwU Kz‡ci g‡a¨ GKwU cv_i LÛ †Q‡o †`Iqv nj| Zvi 710 †m‡KÛ c‡i cv_iwUi cZb kã †kvbv †Mj|
k‡ãi MwZ‡eM 343 wgUvi/†m‡KÛ n‡j KzcwUi MfxiZv KZ (g = 9.80 wgUvi/†m‡KÛ2)?
1
8. GKwU `vjv‡bi Qv` n‡Z ¯^vaxbfv‡e cošÍ GKwU cv_iLÛ 4 †m‡KÛ mg‡q f‚wg msjMœ 8 dzU DuPy GKwU `iRv
AwZµg K‡i| `vjv‡bi D”PZv wbY©q Kiæb|
9. 300 dzU DuPy GKwU UvIqv‡ii Puyov I f‚wg n‡Z P I Q e¯‘ `ywU‡K h_vµ‡g 25 dzU/†m‡KÛ I 200 dzU/†m‡KÛ
MwZ‡e‡M GKB gyn‚‡Z© Lvov Dc‡ii w`‡K wb‡¶c Kiv nj| Zviv KLb I †Kv_vq wgwjZ n‡e Ges wgwjZ nIqvi
mgq Zv‡`i MwZi w`K wK n‡e?
BDwbU AvU c„ôv 281
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
Djø¤^ Z‡j cÖw¶ß e¯‘KYvi MwZ
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
Djø¤^ Z‡j cÖw¶ß †Kv‡bv KYvi MwZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
me©vwaK D”PZv, me©vwaK D”PZvq †cŠuQvi mgq, wePiYKvj, Abyf‚wgK cvjøv BZ¨vw` wbY©q Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb,
mgm¨v mgvav‡b m~θ‡jv cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã Djø¤^ Zj, cÖwÿß, Abyf‚wgK cvjøv, wb‡ÿcY, cÖ‡ÿcK
g~jcvV-
Abyf‚wgi mv‡_ wbw`©ó †Kv‡Y AvbZ (mg‡Kv‡Y bq) mij‡iLv eivei k~‡b¨ wbw¶ß e¯‘‡K k~‡b¨ PjvKvjxb mg‡q cÖ‡¶cK
ejv nq| wbw`©ó MwZ‡e‡M k~‡b¨ wbw¶ß n‡q cÖ‡¶cKwU g Z¡i‡Yi Kvi‡Y eµc‡_ P‡j f‚wg‡Z cwZZ nq| GB
a
eµ‡iLvwU‡K wePiYc_, k~‡b¨ AwZevwnZ mgq‡K wePiYKvj ev DÇqb Kvj, †h we›`y n‡Z wbw¶ß n‡q‡Q †mB we›`y‡K
l
wb‡¶cY we›`y, Abyf‚wgi mv‡_ †h †Kv‡Y wbw¶ß n‡q‡Q †mB †KvY‡K wb‡¶cY †KvY, Avi f‚wg eivei miY‡K Abyf‚wgK
ha
cvjøv ejv nq| cÖ‡¶c‡Ki wePiY c_wU cÖK…Zc‡¶ cive„Ë n‡e| cÖ‡¶cKwUi cÖwZ gyn‚‡Z© w`K I †eM cwieZ©b n‡Z
s
_vKvq Zvi m¤úKx©q mgm¨vw` mgvav‡bi †¶‡Î mvaviYZ †eM‡K Avbyf‚wgK Dcvsk I Djø¤^ Dcvs‡k wefvRb Kiv n‡q
th
_v‡K| u
Pa
mvaviYZ Abyf‚wgK cvjøv‡K R, me©vwaK Abyf‚wgK cvjøv‡K Rmax,
wePiYKvj‡K T I wePiYc‡_i me©vwaK D”PZv‡K H Øviv wPwýZ Kiv H
AA
nq| wP‡Î u n‡”Q wb‡¶cY †eM, n‡”Q wb‡¶cY †KvY, O n‡”Q
O A
wb‡¶cY we›`y, OA n‡”Q Abyf‚wgK cvjøv| R
cÖwÿß e¯‘i (i) me©vwaK D”PZv, (ii) me©vwaK D”PZvq †cŠuQvi mgq, (iii) wePiYKvj, (iv) Abyf‚wgK cvjøv, (v) me©vwaK
Abyf‚wgK cvjøv wbY©q Y
g‡b Kiæb, GKwU e¯‘KYv O we›`y n‡Z Avbyf‚wgK Z‡ji mv‡_ †Kv‡Y u A
usin
Avw`‡e‡M k~‡b¨ wbw¶ß n‡q T1 mgq A‡šÍ m‡e©v”P we›`y A †Z †cŠu‡Q Ges
H
T mgq A‡šÍ O we›`yMvgx Avbyf‚wgK Z‡ji B we›`y‡Z wd‡i Av‡m| aiæb,
MA = H I OB = R| O ucos M B
u Gi Avbyf‚wgK Dcvsk = u cos I Dj¤^ Dcvsk = u sin Ges wb¤œgyLx R
wµqvkxj g Gi Avbyf‚wgK Dcvsk = g cos90° = g.0 = 0
(i) me©vwaK DuPy A we›`y‡Z cÖ‡¶cKwUi Dj¤^ †eM k~b¨| ZvB MwZi Z…Zxq m~Î Abyhvqx,
u2
02 = u2 sin2 2gH 2gH = u2 sin2 H = 2g sin2
u2
KYvwUi me©vwaK D”PZv H = 2g sin2
u
(ii) MwZi cÖ_g m~Î Abyhvqx, 0 = u sin gT1 T1 = g sin
mgZ‡j e¯‘KYvi MwZ c„ôv 282
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
u
AZGe me©vwaK D”PZvq †cuŠQvi mgq T1 = g sin
(iii) B we›`yi Dj¤^ miY k~b¨| ZvB MwZi wØZxq m~Î Abyhvqx,
1 1 1 2u
0= usin. T gT2 ev, 0 = usin gT ev, gT = usin T = sin
2 2 2 g
2u
AZGe KYvwUi wePiYKvj T = g sin
(iv) †e‡Mi Avbyf‚wgK Dcvsk = u cos
2u u2 u2
AZGe, Abyf‚wgK cvjøv R = ucos.T = u.cos . g sin = g 2sin cos = g sin2-------- (1)
u2 u2
= sin (180°2) = sin2(90° ) -------- (2)
g g
(1) Gi †¶‡Î wb‡¶cY †KvY , Avi (2) Gi †¶‡Î wb‡¶cY †KvY (90° ) A_©vr GKB Abyf‚wgK cvjøvi Rb¨ GKwU
wb‡¶cY †KvY n‡j, Aci wb‡¶cY †KvY (90° ) n‡e|
(v) mgxKiY (1) n‡Z cÖZxqgvb nq †h, wbw`©ó wb‡¶cY †e‡Mi Rb¨ R sin2| ZvB R Gi m‡e©v”P gv‡bi Rb¨ sin2
Gi gvb m‡e©v”P| A_©vr sin2 = 1 = sin90° ev, 2 = 90° ev, = 45° n‡Z n‡e|
u2
myZivs me©vwaK Abyf‚wgK cvjøv Rmax = g
a
wbw`©ó mgq A‡šÍ cÖwÿß e¯‘i Ae¯’vb, MwZ‡eM I MwZi w`K wbY©q
l
g‡b Kiæb, O we›`y †_‡K u †e‡M f‚wgi mv‡_ †Kv‡Y GKwU e¯‘KYv wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡jv| t mgq ci e¯‘KYvwUi Ae¯’vb
ha
I †eM wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
s
Y v
OX I OY mij‡iLvØq‡K h_vµ‡g x-Aÿ I y-Aÿ Ges O we›`y‡K
th
u
g~jwe›`y aiv n‡jv| OX eivei u-Gi j¤^vsk usin Ges OY eivei P
usin
Pa
u-Gi j¤^vsk ucos| g‡b Kiæb t mgq c‡i wbwÿß e¯‘KYvwUi
h
AA
Ae¯’vb P, †hLv‡b P-Gi ¯’vbv¼ (x, y)| g‡b Kiæb t mgq A‡šÍ
e¯‘KYvwU P we›`y‡Z h D”PZvq †cŠu‡Q Avbyf‚wgK w`‡Ki mv‡_ O X
ucos N
†Kv‡Y v †eM cÖvß nq| v Gi Avbyf‚wgK Dcvsk = v cos I Dj¤^
Dcvsk = v sin| wb¤œgyLx wµqvkxj g Gi Avbyf‚wgK Dcvsk = g
cos90° = g.0 = 0
GLb v cos = u cos----------------(i) [ Abyf‚wgK Z¡iY = 0]
Ges v sin = u sin gt ---------------- (ii)
(i) I (ii) †K eM © K‡i hvM K‡i, v2(cos2 + sin2)= (u cos)2+ (u sin gt)2 = u2 (cos2+sin2) 2ugtsin+
g2t2
ev, v2 = u2 2ugt sin + g2t2
v= u2 2ugt sin+ g2t2 --------------- (iii)
v sin u sin gt
tan = =
v cos u cos
gt
= tan1 u cos ------------------ (iv)
u sin
1 2
h = u sin.t 2 gt ------------------------ (v)
BDwbU AvU c„ôv 283
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
wbw`©ó D”PZvq cÖwÿß e¯‘i MwZ‡eM I w`K wbY©q
g‡b Kiæb GKwU e¯‘ u Avw`‡eM Avbyf‚wgK Z‡ji mv‡_ †Kv‡Y k~‡b¨ wbw¶ß n‡q h D”PZvq †cŠu‡Q Avbyf‚wgK w`‡Ki
mv‡_ †Kv‡Y v †eM cÖvß nq|
v
u Gi Avbyf‚wgK Dcvsk = ucos I Dj¤^ Dcvsk = u sin Ges v Gi u
Avbyf‚wgK Dcvsk = vcos I Dj¤^ Dcvsk = vsin | wb¤œgyLx wµqvkxj g
Gi Avbyf‚wgK Dcvsk = g cos90° = g.0 = 0 Ges Djø¤^ Dcvsk = g sin90° h h
=g
GLb, vcos= ucos [Abyf‚wgK Z¡iY = 0]
Ges v2sin2 = u2sin2 2gh
AZGe v2(cos2 + sin2) = u2(cos2 + sin2) 2gh
ev, v2 = u2 2gh
ev, v = ± u2 2gh --------------------(i)
vsin u2 sin2 2gh
Avevi tan = vcos = ± u cos
---------------(ii)
†eM I †Kv‡Yi wPý w`K wb‡`©k K‡i| cÖ‡¶cKwU wePiYc‡_i m‡e©v”P we›`yi wecixZ cv‡k¦© h D”PZvq GKB †eM cÖvß
nq Ges Avbyf‚wgK †iLvi mv‡_ wecixZ w`‡K GKB cwigvY †KvY m„wó K‡i|
Dccv`¨: (i) Djø¤^ Z‡j cÖwÿß e¯‘KYvi wePiYc_ GKwU cive„Ë|
l a
ha
(ii) cÖwÿß e¯‘KYvi wePiYc‡_i mgxKiY y = x tan. 1 R ev, = tan1 x .
x y R
, †hLv‡b n‡”Q wb‡¶cY
R x
s
th
†KvY Ges R n‡”Q Abyf‚wgK cvjøv
(i) g‡b Kiæb, GKwU e¯‘KYv O we›`y n‡Z u †e‡M I Abyf‚wgi mv‡_ †Kv‡Y k~‡b¨ wbw¶ß n‡q t mgq A‡šÍ wePiYc‡_i
Pa
P we›`y‡Z †cŠu‡Q| Y
AA
u
u Gi Avbyf‚wgK Dcvsk = ucos I Dj¤^ Dcvsk = u sin Ges P (x, y)
wb¤œgyLx wµqvkxj g Gi Avbyf‚wgK Dcvsk = g cos90° = g.0=0 I
Dj¤^ Dcvsk = g sin90° = g H
t mg‡q cÖ‡¶cKwUi Abyf‚wgK miY x = ON = u cos.t ---- (i)
X
1 O N
Ges Dj¤^ miY y = NP = u sin .t 2gt2 ----------------- (ii)
Abyf‚wgK †iLv OX †K x-A¶ Ges Dj¤^‡iLv OY †K y-A¶ we‡ePbv Ki‡j, P we›`yi ¯’vbvsK nq (x,y)|
mgxKiY (i) I (ii) n‡Z
x 2 gx2
2 g
x 1 1
y = usin. = x tan 2 . 2
ucos ucos u cos2
ev, y = 2u2 cos2 x2 + (tan) x
g
Dc‡iv³ mgxKiYwU cive„‡Ëi mvaviY mgxKiY y = ax2+bx-Gi GKwU we‡kl iƒc| AZGe cÖwÿß e¯‘KYvi wePiYc_
GKwU cive„Ë wb‡`©k K‡i|
gx2 gx = x tan 1 x
(ii) Avevi, y = x tan 2 = x tan 1
2u cos
2
2u cos tan
2 2
u 2
2cos sin
g
mgZ‡j e¯‘KYvi MwZ c„ôv 284
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
2
= x tan 1
x = x tan1 x , [ Abyf‚wgK cvjøv R = u sin2]
u2 R g
sin2
g
ev, x = tan R
y R x
= tan-1 x . R x
y R y R
ev, tan = x . R x
D`vniY 1: f‚wg‡Z Aew¯’Z †Kvb we›`y n‡Z wbw¶ß GKwU cÖ‡¶cK 4 †m‡KÛ c‡i wb‡¶cb we›`y n‡Z 64 MR `~‡i
f‚wg‡Z cwZZ nq| wb‡¶cY †eM I †Kv‡Yi cwigvY wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, cÖ‡¶cKwU O we›`y n‡Z u †e‡M I Abyf‚wg‡Ki mv‡_ †Kv‡Y wbw¶ß n‡q A we›`y‡Z cwZZ nq|
u Gi Avbyf‚wgK Dcvsk = u cos I Dj¤^ Dcvsk = usin Ges g Z¡iY wb¤œgyLx wµqvkxj, hvi Avbyf‚wgK Dcvsk =
gcos90° = g 0 = 0
G‡¶‡Î wePiYKvj T = 4 †m‡KÛ Ges Abyf‚wgK cvjøv R = OA = 64 MR = 64 3 dzU|
GLb R = ucos. T (Z¡iY = 0) u
ev, 64 3 = u cos. 4 ev, u cos = 16 3 ------------ (i)
1
Ges Djø¤^ miY h = u sin. T 2 gT2 H
1
ev, 0 = u sin. 4 2 32.42
a
O A
64 MR
ev, 0= u sin 16 4
l
ev, u sin = 16 4 ------------- (ii)
ha
(i) I (ii) n‡Z u (cos + sin ) = 16 (3 + 42)
2 2 2 2 2
s
ev, u2=162.52= 802 u = 80 dzU/†m‡KÛ
th
u sin 16 4 4
Ges tan = u cos = 16 3 = 3
Pa
4
AA
= tan1 3
4
wb‡¶cY †eM = 80 dzU/†m‡KÛ I wb‡¶cY †KvY = tan1 3
D`vniY 2: wb‡¶cY we›`y n‡Z 50 MR `~‡i Aew¯’Z 75 dzU DuPy GKwU †`Iqv‡ji wVK Dci w`‡q GKwU ey‡jU
Avbyf‚wgKfv‡e P‡j hvq| ey‡jUwUi wb‡¶cY †eM I wb‡¶cY †KvY wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, ey‡jUwU O we›`y n‡Z u †e‡M I Abyf‚wgi mv‡_ †Kv‡Y wbw¶ß n‡q PM †`Iqvj‡K †Kvb iK‡g
Avbyf‚wgKfv‡e AwZµg K‡i A we›`y‡Z f‚wg‡Z cwZZ nq|
†h‡nZz ey‡jUwU Avbyf‚wgKfv‡e †`Iqvj‡K AwZµg K‡i, †m‡nZz u
wePiYc‡_i me©vwaK D”PZv H = PM = 75 dzU Ges Abyf‚wgK cvjøv R = P
OA = 2OM = 2 50 MR = 100 3 dzU= 300 dzU
u2 2
75 dzU
H 75 2g sin 1 O
GLb, R = 300 ev, 2 = 50 MR M A
u 4
g sin2
sin2 1 sin2 1 sin
ev, 2sin2 = 4 ev, 2.2sincos = 4 ev, cos =1
ev, tan = 1= tan 45° = 45°
BDwbU AvU c„ôv 285
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
u2 u2
Avevi, g sin 2(45°) = R = 300 ev, g . 1 = 300
ev, u2 = 300g = 300 32 = 100 16 6
u = 10 4 6 = 40 6 dzU/†m‡KÛ
AZGe wb‡¶cY †eM = 40 6 dzU/†m‡KÛ I wb‡¶cY †KvY = 45°
D`vniY 3: 20 dzU/†m‡KÛ wb‡¶cY †e‡M I wb‡¶cY †Kv‡Y k~‡b¨ wbw¶ß e¯‘i Abyf‚wgK cvjøv 12 dzU n‡j †`Lvb
†h, 12tan2 25tan+12 = 0
u2
mgvavb: Abyf‚wgK cvjøv R = g sin 2
(20)2 12 32 24 2tan 24
12 = 32 sin2ev, sin2 = 20 20 = 25 ev, =
1+tan2 25
ev, 25tan = 12(1 + tan2)
12tan2 25tan +12= 0
D`vniY 4: t mgq A‡šÍ GKwU cÖ‡¶cK Zvi wePiYc‡_i P we›`y‡Z †cŠu‡Q Ges cieZx© t' mg‡q wb‡¶cY we›`yi mgZ‡j
1
wd‡i Av‡m| †`Lvb †h, D³ Zj n‡Z P we›`yi D”PZv h = 2 gt t'
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, cÖ‡¶cKwU O we›`y n‡Z u †e‡M I Abyf‚wg‡Ki mv‡_ †Kv‡Y k~‡b¨ wbw¶ß n‡q t mg‡q h D”PZvq
l
P we›`y‡Z †cŠu‡Q Ges cieZx© t' mg‡q Abyf‚wgK Z‡ji A we›`y‡Z †cŠu‡Q|
a
ha
u Gi Avbyf‚wgK I Djø¤^ j¤^vsk h_vµ‡g u cos I u sin Ges g wb¤œgyLx wµqvkxj, hvi Avbyf‚wgK j¤^vsk = g cos90°
= g 0=0
s
2u sin u
th
P
G‡¶‡Î wePiYKvj T = t + t' ev, g
= t + t'
Pa
1 h
ev, u sin = 2 g(t + t') ------------ (i)
AA
1 1 1 O
GLb h = u sin. t 2 gt2 = 2 g (t+t') t 2 gt2 [(i) Gi mvnv‡h¨] A
N
1 1
= gt (t + t' t) = gtt'
2 2
D`vniY 5: GKB MwZ‡e‡M wbw¶ß GKwU cÖ‡¶c‡Ki †Kvb wbw`©ó Abyf‚wgK cvjøv R Gi Rb¨ `yBwU wePiYc‡_i me©vwaK
D”PZv h I h' n‡j, †`Lvb †h, R = 4 hh'
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, wbw`©ó Abyf‚wgK cvjøv R Gi Rb¨ c‡¶c‡Ki wb‡¶cY †eM u I wb‡¶cY †KvY Gi †¶‡Î me©vwaK
D”PZv h| myZivs GKB Abyf‚wgK cvjøvi Rb¨ Av‡iKwU wb‡¶cY †KvY (90° ) n‡e Ges G‡¶‡Î me©vwaK D”PZv h'
n‡e|
u2 u2 u2 u
h = 2g sin I h' = 2g sin (90° ) = 2g cos2
2 2
u
h
u2 u2 u2 u2 h
R= sin2 = 2sin cos = 4. sin2 cos2
2g 2g g g A
u2 u2 N
= 42 2g sin2 2gcos2 = 42hh'
R = 4 hh'
mgZ‡j e¯‘KYvi MwZ c„ôv 286
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
D`vniY 6: f‚wg n‡Z I †Kv‡Y wbw¶ß †Mvjv f‚wg‡Z Aew¯’Z j¶¨e¯‘ n‡Z h_vµ‡g a Kv‡Q I b `~‡i cwZZ nq|
a sin2+ b sin2
†`Lvb †h, j¶¨e¯‘‡K AvNvZ Ki‡Z n‡j, Zvi mwVK wb‡¶cY †KvY = 2 sin1
1
a+b n‡Z n‡e|
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, †Mvjvi wb‡¶cY †eM u Ges j¶¨e¯‘wUi Abyf‚wgK `~iZ¡ R|
u2 u
wb‡¶cY †Kv‡Yi †¶‡Î, Abyf‚wgK cvjøv R a = g sin2------(i) u
wb‡¶cY †Kv‡Yi †¶‡Î, u
u2
Abyf‚wgK cvjøv R + b = g sin2 ---------- (ii) a b
R
wb‡¶cY †Kv‡Yi †¶‡Î,
u2
Abyf‚wgK cvjøv R = g sin 2 ----------- (iii)
(i) †K b Øviv Ges (ii) †K a Øviv ¸Y K‡i †hvM Ki‡j,
u2
(b + a) R = g (bsin2+ a sin2)
u2 a sin2+ bsin2
ev, R = g a+b --------- (iv)
asin2+ bsin2
(iii) I (iv) n‡Z cvB, sin2 =
a
a+b
a sin2+ b sin2 l
ev, 2 = sin1
ha
a+b
2 sin1
1 a sin2 + b sin2
s
a+b
th
D`vniY 7: GKwU i‡KU f‚wg‡Z AvNvZ Kiv gvÎ Zvi KYv¸‡jv 128 dzU/†m‡KÛ †e‡M PZzw`©‡K QyU‡Z _v‡K| †`Lvb
Pa
†h, 384 dzU Abyf‚wgK `~i‡Z¡ Aew¯’Z †Kvb we›`y‡Z Zvi KYvmg~n 4 †m‡KÛ AšÍi cwZZ n‡e|
AA
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, cÖ‡¶cKwU O we›`y n‡Z wbw¶ß n‡q 384 dzU Abyf‚wgK `~i‡Z¡ A we›`y‡Z cwZZ nq| GKwU
wePiYc‡_i Rb¨ wb‡¶cY †KvY n‡j, Aci wePiYc‡_i Rb¨ wb‡¶cY †KvY (90° ) n‡e|
2usin 2128 sin
cÖ_g †¶‡Î wePiYKvj t1 = = = 8sin ------------ (i)
g 32
2usin (90° ) u
Ges wØZxq †¶‡Î wePiYKvj t2 = g
2128 cos
= 32 = 8 cos---------- (ii)
O 384 ft A
u2 sin2 N
GLb OA = g
1282
ev, 384 = 32 sin2 = 4 128 sin2
384 3
sin2= 4128 = 4 -----------(iii)
AZGe, wePiYKv‡ji e¨eavb t1 ~ t2 = (t1 t2)2 = (8sin 8cos)2 = 82(sin2+ cos2 2sincos)
3 1
= 8 1 sin2 = 8 1 = 8 = 4 †m‡KÛ
4 2
BDwbU AvU c„ôv 287
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
D`vniY 8: GKwU wbw`©ó MwZ‡e‡M wbw¶ß cÖ‡¶c‡Ki GKB Abyf‚wgK cvjøv R Gi Rb¨ wbw`©ó wePiYc_ `ywU‡Z Zvi
1
wePiYKvj t1 I t2 n‡j, cÖgvY Kiæb, †h, R= 2 gt1t2
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, cÖ‡¶cKwUi wb‡¶cY †eM u| †Kv‡bv Abyf‚wgK cvjøv R Gi Rb¨ GKwU wb‡¶cY †KvY n‡j,
Aci wb‡¶cY †KvY (90° ) n‡e| u
2u sin
AZGe t1 = g u
2u sin(90° ) 2u cos
I t2 = g = g
A
u 2
u 2
1 2usin 2ucos 1 O R
GLb R = g sin2 = g . 2 sincos= 2 g g g = gt1t2
2
N
1
AZGe R = 2 gt1t2
D`vniY 9: u Avw`‡eM I wb‡¶cY †Kv‡Y GKwU e¯‘KYv k~‡b¨ wbw¶ß n‡jv| cÖ‡¶cKwU t mgq A‡šÍ wb‡¶cY w`‡Ki
u
mv‡_ mg‡KvY m„wó Ki‡j †`Lvb †h, t = gsin
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, cÖ‡¶cKwU O n‡Z k~‡b¨ wbw¶ß n‡q t mgq A‡šÍ wePiYc‡_i B we›`y‡Z †cŠu‡Q Abyf‚wgi mv‡_
†Kv‡Y v †eM cÖvß nq Ges wb‡¶cY w`‡Ki mv‡_ A we›`y‡Z mg‡KvY m„wó K‡i| wPÎ n‡Z cÖZxqgvb, = 90°
wb‡¶cY †e‡Mi Abyf‚wgK j¤^vsk I Djø¤^ j¤^vsk h_vµ‡g u cos I
a
u
l
usin Ges v Gi Abyf‚wgK j¤^vsk I wb¤œgyLx j¤^vsk h_vµ‡g vcos=
ha
vcos (90° ) = vsin I vsin= vsin(90° ) = v cos|
A
s
gva¨vKl©YRwbZ Z¡iY g wb¤œgyLx wµqvkxj, hvi Abyf‚wgK j¤^vsk 90o
th
= gcos90° = g .0 = 0 90o B
v sin = u cos Avbyf‚wgK w`‡K Z¡iY = 0]
Pa
Ges v cos = u sin + gt v
AA
usin+ gt v cos sin gt cos
ucos =
vsin
ev, cos + ucos = sin O
gt cos sin cos2+sin2 1
ev, ucos = sin + cos = sin cos = sin cos
gt 1
ev, u = sin
u
t = gsin
D`vniY 10: u Avw`‡e‡M I wb‡¶cY †Kv‡Y k~‡b¨ wbw¶ß GKwU cÖ‡¶cK 2a e¨eav‡b Aew¯’Z a D”PZv wewkó `ywU
†`qvj‡K †Kvb iK‡g AwZµg K‡i, cÖgvY Kiæb †h, (i) a2g2 = u2cos2 (u2sin2 2ag), (ii) R= 2acot 2
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, t mgq A‡šÍ cÖ‡¶cKwU 2a e¨eav‡b Aew¯’Z a D”PZvq †cŠu‡Q| u Gi Avbyf‚wgK j¤^vsk I Dj¤^
j¤^vsk h_vµ‡g u cos I u sin Ges gva¨vKl©YRwbZ Z¡iY g wb¤œgyLx wµqvkxj, hvi Avbyf‚wgK j¤^vsk = g cos 90°
= g. 0=0 u
1
a = u sin t 2 gt2
a a
ev, gt2 2u sint + 2a = 0 2a
2u sin 2a O
mgxKiYwUi g~jØq t1 I t2 n‡j, t1+t2 = g Ges t1t2 = g
mgZ‡j e¯‘KYvi MwZ c„ôv 288
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
cÖ‡¶cKwU t1 ~ t2 mg‡q †`Iqvj؇qi ga¨eZx© 2a `~iZ¡ AwZµg Ki‡e|
2a = ucos(t1 ~ t †h‡nZz Avbyf‚wgK w`‡K Z¡iY = 0]
ev, 4a2 = u2cos2 (t1 t2)2 = u2 cos2{(t1 + t2)2 4t1t2}
2u 2
2a u2 sin2 2a
= u2cos2 g sin 4. g = 4u2 cos2 g
g2
ev, a g = u cos (u sin 2ag) -------------------- (i)
2 2 2 2 2 2
u2 gR
Avgiv Rvwb, Abyf‚wgK cvjøv R = g sin2 ev, u2= sin2
gRcos2 gRsin2
cos2 . sin2 2ag =
gR gR
(i) n‡Z, a2g2 = 2ag
sin2 sin2 2sincos 2sincos
= 2 cot 2 tan 2ag
gR gR
ev, 4a g = g R 4ag R cot ev, 4a = R2 4aR cot
2 2 2 2 2 2
ev, R2 (4acot) R 4a2 = 0
1
R = 2 {4a cot ± 42a2cot2 4.1.(4a2) } = 2a (cot± cot2+ 1 )
cos± 1
= 2a (cot ± cosec) = 2a
sin
2cos2 2
al
ha
cos+ 1
R = 2a sin = 2a.
= 2a cot
2
s
2sin 2 cos 2
th
cos 1
[R=2a hv n‡Z cv‡i bv, KviY (cos 1) we‡qvM‡evaK Ges †m‡¶‡Î R we‡qvM‡evaK n‡q hv‡e|
Pa
sin
AA
D`vniY 11: Dj¤^ AB `Û f‚wgi mv‡_ O we›`y‡Z †KvY m„wó K‡i| Abyf‚wgi mv‡_ I †Kv‡Y GKB m‡½ O we›`y
n‡Z k~‡b¨ wbw¶ß `yBwU ej h_vµ‡g `‡Ûi kxl© I cv`we›`y‡Z GKB mg‡q AvNvZ K‡i| †`Lvb †h,
tan tan = tan.
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, O we›`y n‡Z ejØq I wb‡¶cY †Kv‡Y wbw¶ß n‡q t mgq c‡i h_vµ‡g `‡Ûi kxl© I
cv`we›`y‡Z AvNvZ K‡i; ej `yBwUi wb‡¶cY †eM h_vµ‡g u I v| A
OB = x I AB = y
u †e‡Mi Avbyf‚wgK Dcvsk = u cos I Dj¤^ Dcvsk = u sin Ges v †e‡Mi u
Avbyf‚wgK Dcvsk = vcos I Dj¤^ Dcvsk = v sin v
wb¤œgyLx wµqvkxj g Gi Avbyf‚wgK j¤^vsk = gcos90° = g.0 = 0
GLb u cost = x = v cos.t
x x O B
ev, t = u cos = v cos --------------- (i)
u cos = v cos --------------------- (ii)
1
y = u sin. t 2 gt2 ------------------ (iii)
BDwbU AvU c„ôv 289
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
1
Avevi 0 = v sin.t 2 gt2 ------------------- (iv)
(iii) bs n‡Z (iv) bs we‡qvM K‡i cvB,
x x
y = u sin. t v sin.t = u sin v sin = x (tan tan)
u cos vcos
y
AZGe, tan tan = x = tan
D`vniY 12: 6 dzU DPy n‡Z Abyf‚wgi mv‡_ 30° †Kv‡Y 60 dzU/†m‡KÛ MwZ‡e‡M k~‡b¨ wbw¶ß GKwU wµ‡KU ej‡K
Aci GKRb †L‡jvqvo f‚wg n‡Z 2 dzU DuPy‡Z a‡i †d‡j| †L‡jvqvo؇qi ga¨eZx© `~iZ¡ wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, †L‡jvqvo؇qi ga¨eZx© `~iZ¡ x Ges wb‡¶c‡Yi t mgq ci ejUv aiv nq| wb‡¶cY †e‡Mi
3 u 60ft/sec
Avbyf‚wgK Dcvsk = u cos30° = 60. 2 = 30 3
30o
1
Ges Dj¤^ Dcvsk = u sin30° = 60. 2 = 30
AwfKl©RwbZ Z¡iY g wb¤œgyLx wµqvkxj,
hvi Avbyf‚wgK Dcvsk = g cos90° = g. 0 = 0 6 dzU
1 1
GLb h = 30t + 2 gt2 ev, 6 2 = 30t + 2 . 32t2 2 dzU
ev, 4= 30t + 16t2 ev, 2= 15t + 8t2
ev, 8t2 15t 2= 0, ev, (t 2)(8t + 1)=0 l a
ha
1
t = 2, 8 [hv n‡Z cv‡i bv] t = 2 †m‡KÛ
s
th
Abyf‚wgK miY x = 30 3t = 30 3 2 = 60 3 dzU
Pa
D`vniY 13: u †e‡M I wb‡¶cY †Kv‡Y k~‡b¨ wbw¶ß e¯‘i Abyf‚wgK cvjøv R I me©vwaK D”PZv H n‡j cÖgvY Kiæb
†h, 16gH2 8u2H + gR2 = 0
AA
u2 sin2 u2 sin2
mgvavb: G‡¶‡Î, H = 2g
I R=
g
u sin
2 2 2
u2sin2 u2 sin22
GLb 16gH2 8u2H + gR2 = 16g . 2g 8u2 2g + g g
4u4 u4 u4 4u4
= g sin4 4 g sin2 + g . 4sin2cos2= g sin2 [sin2 1+cos2]
4u4 4u4
= g sin2 (1 1) = g sin2 0=0
16gH2 8u2H + gR2 = 0
D`vniY 14: wb‡¶cY we›`y‡Z †KvY ˆZwi K‡i, Ggb GKwU Lvov †`Iqvj‡K u Avw`‡e‡M wbw¶ß GKwU e¯‘KYv
Avbyf‚wgKfv‡e †Kvb iK‡g AwZµg K‡i| cÖ‡¶cKwU t mgq †k‡l †`IqvjwUi kxl©we›`y‡Z Mgb Ki‡j †`Lvb †h,
2usin
t=
g 1+3sin2
mgvavb: aiæb, cÖ‡¶c‡Ki wb‡¶cY †KvY | †h‡nZz cÖ‡¶cKwU Avbyf‚wgKfv‡e †Kvb iK‡g AB †`Iqvj‡K AwZµg
1
K‡i, †m‡nZz AB = H (me©vwaK D”PZv); OA = 2 R (Abyf‚wgK cvjøv = R)
1
Ges t = 2 T (wePiYKvj = T)
mgZ‡j e¯‘KYvi MwZ c„ôv 290
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
1 2u u
t = 2 . g sin= gsin B
u
ev, gt = usin
u2sin2 1 1 u2
2 . g sin2
AB = H = Ges OA = R = H
2g 2
u2 2
AB 2gsin u2sin2 usin O 1
R
A C
GLb, tan = OA = 2 = 2 = 2
u u .2sin cos 2ucos R
sin2
2g
usin usin usin
= = =
2 u cos 2 u (1 sin ) 2 u (usin)2
2 2 2 2 2
sin gt
ev, cos =
2 u (gt)2
2
sin2 g2t2
ev, =
cos2 4(u2 g2t2)
ev, 4sin2 (u2 g2t2) = g2t2 cos2 = g2t2 (1 sin2)
ev, 4u2sin2 4g2t2sin2= g2t2 g2t2sin2
ev, 4u2sin2 = g2t2(1 + 3sin2)
ev, 2usin = gt 1+3sin2 l a
ha
2usin
t=
g 1 + 3sin2
s
th
D`vniY 15: f‚wg n‡Z u †e‡M I wb‡¶cY †Kv‡Y GKwU e¯‘ k~‡b¨ wbw¶ß n‡jv| hw` Zvi Abyf‚wgK cvjøv, me©vwaK
Pa
D”PZv I wePiYKvj h_vµ‡g R, H, T nq, Z‡e cÖgvY Kiæb,
u2
AA
(i) R= 4 H2g H , (ii) g2T4 4T2u2+ 4R2 = 0
u2 u2 2usin
mgvavb: G‡¶‡Î Abyf‚wgK cvjøv R = g sin2me©vwaK D”PZv H = 2g sin2wePiYKvj T = g
u2 u4 2 u4 2 2 4u4 2
(i) R = sin2 = sin 2 = 2 sin cos2 = sin cos2
g g2 g2 g2
u2 2 u2 2 u2 2 u2
= 162g sin 2gcos = 4 2g sin . 2g(1 sin )
2
u2 2 u2 u2 2 u2
H2g H
=4 2g sin 2g 2g sin = 4
2usin2 22usin2
(ii) g2T4 4T2u2 + 4R2 = T2(g2T2 4u2) + 4R2 = g 4u2
+ 4R2
g g
4u sin
2 2
4u sin
2 2
= 4R2+ . 4u2(sin2 1) = 4R2 + 4u2( cos2)
g2 g2
u2 2 u2 2
= 4R2 4 g .2sin cos =4R2 4 g sin2 = 4R2 4R2 = 0
AZGe g2T4 4T2u2 + 4R2 = 0
BDwbU AvU c„ôv 291
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
D`vniY 16: f‚wg‡Z we‡ùvwiZ †evgvi KYv¸‡jv Pvwiw`‡K u MwZ‡e‡M QyU‡Z _v‡K| f‚wgi †h Ask Ry‡o KYv¸‡jv
Qwo‡q co‡e †m As‡ki †¶Îdj wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, O we›`y‡Z we‡ùvwiZ †evgvi KYv¸‡jv u †e‡M
wewfbœ †Kv‡Y Pvwiw`‡K Qwo‡q c‡o| †Kv‡Y wbw¶ß KYvi Abyf‚wgK
O
u2
cvjøv R = g sin2
u2
me©vwaK Abyf‚wgK cvjøv Rmax = g [ sin2 Gi m‡e©v”P gvb = 1]
myZivs †Kvb KYvi Abyf‚wgK cvjøv Rmax Gi †ewk n‡Z cv‡i bv A_©vr O †K›`ª I Rmax e¨vmva© wewkó e„ËvKvi †¶‡Îi
Af¨šÍ‡i KYv¸‡jv cwZZ n‡e|
u22 u4
D³ e„ËvKvi †¶‡Îi †¶Îdj = . Rmax
2
= . g =
g2
mvims‡ÿc-
wbw`©ó MwZ‡e‡M k~‡b¨ wbw¶ß n‡q †Kv‡bv cÖ‡¶cK g Z¡i‡Yi Kvi‡Y eµc‡_ P‡j f‚wg‡Z cwZZ nq| GB
eµ‡iLvwU‡K wePiYc_, k~‡b¨ AwZevwnZ mgq‡K wePiYKvj ev DÇqb Kvj, †h we›`y n‡Z wbw¶ß n‡q‡Q
†mB we›`y‡K wb‡¶cb we›`y, Abyf‚wgi mv‡_ †h †Kv‡Y wbw¶ß n‡q‡Q †mB †KvY‡K wb‡¶cY †KvY, Avi f‚wg
a
eivei miY‡K Abyf‚wgK cvjøv ejv nq| cÖ‡¶c‡Ki wePiY c_wU cÖK…Zc‡¶ cive„Ë n‡e|
l u2 2
ha
u †e‡M Abyf‚wg‡Ki mv‡_ †Kv‡Y cÖw¶ß e¯‘i †¶‡Î (i) me©vwaK D”PZv H = sin (ii) me©vwaK D”PZvq
g
s
u 2u u2
th
†cuvQvi mgq T1 = g sin(iii) wePiYKvj T = g sin(iv) Abyf‚wgK cvjøv R = g sin2(v) me©vwaK
Pa
u2
Abyf‚wgK cvjøv Rmax = g
AA
1
wbw`©ó mgq A‡šÍ cÖwÿß e¯‘i Ae¯’vb h u sin .t gt 2 , MwZ‡eM v= u2 2ugt sin+ g2t2 I MwZi
2
u sin gt
w`K = tan1 u cos
u2 sin2 2gh
wbw`©ó D”PZvq cÖwÿß e¯‘i MwZ‡eM v = ± u2 2gh I w`K tan = ± u cos
cÖwÿß e¯‘KYvi wePiYc‡_i mgxKiY y = x tan. 1 R ev, = tan1 x . R x
x y R
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 8.5-
1. 80 dzU/†m‡KÛ MwZ‡eM I 30° wb‡¶cY †Kv‡Y AvbZ †iLv eivei GKwU e¯‘‡K k~‡b¨ wb‡¶c Kiv n‡jv| Zvi
Abyf‚wgK cvjøv, me©vwaK D”PZv, wePiYKvj Ges 2 †m‡KÛ c‡i Ae¯’vb I MwZ‡e‡Mi w`K wbY©q Kiæb|
2. k~‡b¨ wbw¶ß GKwU cv_iL‡Ûi me©vwaK Abyf‚wgK cvjøv 80 dzU| G‡¶‡Î me©vwaK D”PZv I wePiYKvj wbY©q
Kiæb|
3. 96 dzU/†m‡KÛ mg‡e‡M Avbyf‚wgKfv‡e Pjgvb GKwU †ejyb n‡Z GKwU cv_i‡K wb‡P †d‡j †`qv n‡j Zv 4
†m‡KÛ c‡i f‚wg‡Z cwZZ nq| †ejy‡bi Ges cv_iwU †h †e‡M f~wg‡Z AvNvZ K‡i Zv wbY©q Kiæb|
mgZ‡j e¯‘KYvi MwZ c„ôv 292
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
4. 1600 dzU DuPy cvnv‡oi Pyovq Abyf‚wgK fv‡e ¯’vwcZ GKwU Kvgvb n‡Z 200 dzU/†m‡KÛ MwZ‡e‡M GKwU †Mvjv
wbw¶ß n‡j wbY©q KiæbÑ
(i) †MvjvwUi Abyf‚wgK miY;
(ii) f‚wg‡Z AvNv‡Zi gyn‚‡Z© †MvjvwUi MwZ‡eM I w`K|
1
5. c„w_ex c„‡ô GKwU ivB‡d‡ji e„nËg Abyf‚wgK cvjøv 100 MR| hw` P›`ªc„‡ô P‡›`ªi AvKl©YRwbZ Z¡iY 6 g nq,
Z‡e P›`ªc„‡ô D³ ivB‡d‡ji e„nËg Abyf‚wgK cvjøv KZ n‡e?
6. 80 dzU DuPy GKwU UvIqv‡ii kxl©we›`y n‡Z 128 dzU/†m‡KÛ MwZ‡e‡M I Abyf‚wgi mv‡_ 30° †Kv‡Y GKwU cv_i
k~‡b¨ wbw¶ß nj| UvIqvi n‡Z KZ `~‡i Ges KZ MwZ‡e‡M Zv f‚wg‡Z cwZZ n‡e?
7. †`Lvb †h, Abyf‚wgK cvjøvi gvb e„nËg n‡e hw` wb‡¶cY †KvY 45° nq| G‡¶‡Î cÖgvY Kiæb †h, me©vwaK
D”PZvi gvb Abyf‚wgK cvjøvi GK PZz_©vsk|
8. GKwU cÖ‡¶c‡Ki wb‡¶cY †eM u, wb‡¶cY †KvY , me©vwaK D”PZv H, wePiYKvj T, Abyf‚wgK cvjøv R I g
16T2
= 32 dzU/†m‡KÛ2| cÖgvY Kiæb †h, (i) 4T = H; (ii) R = tan
9. 128 dzU/†m‡KÛ MwZ‡e‡M I 30° wb‡¶cY †Kv‡Y wbw¶ß cÖ‡¶c‡Ki MwZc_ KZ¶Y c‡i Zvi wb‡¶cY w`‡Ki
mv‡_ mg‡KvY m„wó Ki‡e?
10. GKwU cÖ‡¶cY we›`y n‡Z d I 2d `~‡i h D”PZv wewkó `ywU †`Iqvj‡K †Kvb iK‡g AwZµg K‡i| cÖ‡¶cKwUi
4v2 4d2+9h2
a
wb‡¶cY †eM v n‡j †`Lvb †h, g = h
l
11. Abyf‚wgi mv‡_ 60° †Kv‡Y wbw¶ß GKwU cÖ‡¶cK 20 dzU e¨eav‡b Aew¯’Z 10 dzU DuPy `ywU †`Iqvj‡K †Kvb
ha
iK‡g AwZµg K‡i| cÖ‡¶cKwUi Abyf‚wgK cvjøvi gvb wbY©q Kiæb|
s
12. u †e‡M I wb‡¶cY †Kv‡Y k~‡Y¨ wbw¶ß e¯‘i Abyf‚wgK cvjøv R I wePibKvj T n‡j cÖgvY Kiæb †h,
th
g2T44u2T2+4R2 = 0
Pa
13. m¤§yLw`‡K I cðv`w`‡K PjšÍ †Kvb UªvK n‡Z u †e‡M wbw¶ß ¸wji Abyf‚wgK cvjøv h_vµ‡g R I R ' n‡j
g(R R')2
AA
†`Lvb †h, ¸wji wb‡¶cY †KvY tan1
4u2(R +R ')
14. u Avw`‡e‡M Ges wb‡¶cY †Kv‡Y k~‡Y¨ wbw¶ß GKwU cÖ‡¶cK cÖ‡¶c we›`y n‡Z a `~i‡Z¡ Aew¯’Z GKwU Lvov
u2 2
†`Iqv‡ji Dci h D”PZvq †cŠQv‡jv| †`Lvb †h, h = 2g 2u2 2u2 tan ga Ges G n‡Z †`Lvb
u2 ga2 ga2
u2 ga2
†h, h Gi e„nËg gvb 2g 2u2
BDwbU AvU c„ôv 293
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
e¨envwiK
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
†jLwPÎ n‡Z e¯‘KYvi †eM I Z¡iY wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
Lvov Dc‡ii w`‡K wbwÿß †Kv‡bv e¯‘KYvi MwZc_ †jLwP‡Î cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z Ges e¯‘KYvwUi me©vwaK
D”PZv Ges me©vwaK D”PZvq †cuŠQv‡bvi mgq wbY©q K‡iZ cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã †jLwPÎ
g~jcvV-
mgm¨v bs - 8.1 ZvwiL:
mgm¨v: wb‡Pi †jLwPÎ n‡Z e¯‘KYvwUi †eM I Z¡iY wbY©q Kiæb|
1
ZË¡: u Avw`‡eM Ges f mylg Z¡i‡Y mij‡iLvq Pjgvb e¯‘KYvi t mg‡q AwZµvšÍ `~iZ¡ s ut ft 2 mgxKiY Øviv
l a 2
ha
wbwY©Z nq| myZivs †h‡Kv‡bv `yBwU mg‡q AwZµvšÍ `~iZ¡ †jLwPÎ n‡Z cwigvc K‡i GB m~Î cÖ‡qvM K‡i u Ges f wbY©q
Kiv hvq|
s
cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY: QK KvMR, †cwÝj, †¯‹j, B‡iRvi, K¨vjKz‡jUi BZ¨vw`|
th
KiYxq: QK KvM‡Ri x-Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg e‡M©i cuvP evûi ˆ`N©‡K mg‡qi GKK (†m‡KÛ) Ges y-Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg
Pa
`yB evûi ˆ`N©‡K AwZµvšÍ `~i‡Z¡i GKK (wgUvi) a‡i Aw¼Z cv‡ki †jLwPÎ n‡Z e¯‘KYvwUi Avw`‡eM I Z¡iY wbY©q
AA
Ki‡Z n‡e|
Kvh©c×wZ: 1. †jLwPÎwU †h we›`y‡Z y-A‡ÿi mv‡_ wgwjZ n‡q‡Q Zvi †KvwU
= Avw`‡eM| GLv‡b H we›`yi †KvwU 2; myZivs u = 1 wgUvi/†m‡KÛ| †Kbbv
Y
y-Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg e‡M©i `yB evûi ˆ`N©¨ = 1 wgUvi wb‡`©k K‡i| O
2. †jLwP‡Îi †h we›`yi fzR 5 (hv t = 1 †m‡KÛ wb‡`©k K‡i) †mB we›`yi
†KvwU 7, hv wbe©vwPZ GK‡K 3.5 wgUvi wb‡`©k K‡i|
3. †jLwP‡Îi †h we›`yi fzR 10 (hv t = 2 †m‡KÛ wb‡`©k K‡i) †mB we›`yi
†KvwU 11, hv wbe©vwPZ GK‡K 5.5 wgUvi wb‡`©k K‡i|
1 1
myZivs s1 u.1 f .12 3.5 u f -------------- (i)
2 2
1
Ges s2 u.2 f .22 5.5 2u 2 f -------------- (ii)
2 O X
3 O
mgxKiY (ii) †_‡K mgxKiY (i) we‡qvM K‡i Avgiv cvB u f 2
2
3 3 2
u = 1 ewm‡q Avgiv cvB 1 f 2 f 1 f
2 2 3
2
myZivs e¯‘KYvwUi Avw`‡eM 1 wgUvi/†m‡KÛ Ges Z¡iY wgUvi/ †m‡KÛ2
3
mgZ‡j e¯‘KYvi MwZ c„ôv 294
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
mgm¨v bs - 8.2 ZvwiL:
mgm¨v: wb‡Pi mgq I `~iZ¡ mviwY n‡Z †Kv‡bv KYvi †eM wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
t (sec) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
s (m) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
`~iZ¡
ZË¡: †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó w`‡K †Kv‡bv e¯‘KYv GKK mg‡q †h `~iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i Zv‡K †eM e‡j| †eM v = mgq | GLb
`~iZ¡-mgq †jLwP‡Î KYvwUi MwZc‡_i †h †Kv‡bv we›`yi Xvj n‡e KYvwUi †eM|
cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY: QK KvMR, †cwÝj, †¯‹j, B‡iRvi, K¨vjKz‡jUi BZ¨vw`|
cÖ`Ë Z_¨:
t (sec) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
s (m) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Kvh©c×wZ: 1. QK KvM‡Ri x-Aÿ I y-Aÿ wbe©vPb Kiæb Ges g~j
Y B
we›`y wPwýZ Kiæb| GLv‡b x I y Aÿ eivevi h_vµ‡g mgq I `~iZ¡ O
wb‡`©k Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. QK KvM‡Ri x-Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg e‡M©i `yB evûi ˆ`N¨©‡K mg‡qi
A
GKK (†m‡KÛ) Ges y-Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg e‡M©i `yB evûi ˆ`N¨©‡K O
a
AwZµvšÍ `~i‡Z¡i GKK (wgUvi) aiæb| s
l
3. cÖ`Ë Z_¨ Abyhvqx t Ges s Gi gvb wb‡q (t, s) we›`y¸‡jv MÖvd †ccv‡i
ha
wPwýZ Kiæb|
s
4. †jLwU g~jwe›`yMvgx GKwU mij‡iLv n‡e| g‡b Kiæb mij‡iLvwU
th
OAB|
20
Pa
5. OAB mij‡iLvwUi †h‡Kv‡bv we›`y A-†Z Xvj = =2 O X
10 t O
AA
AZGe e¯‘KYvi †eM = 2 wgUvi/†m‡KÛ
mgm¨v bs - 8.3 ZvwiL:
mgm¨v: wb‡Pi mviwY‡Z GKwU e¯‘KYvi 2 †m‡KÛ cici AwR©Z †eM †`Iqv n‡jv| †eM-mgq †jL A¼b K‡i e¯‘KYvwUi
Z¡iY wbY©q Kiæ‡Z n‡e|
t (sec) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
v (m/sec) 0 3 6 9 12 15 18
ZË¡: Avgiv Rvwb, †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó w`‡K †Kv‡bv e¯‘KYvi GKK mg‡q †eM cwieZ©‡bi nvi‡K Z¡iY e‡j| A_©vr
†eM
Z¡iY f = mgq| †h‡nZz †eM-mgq [v - t] †jLwPÎ GKwU mij‡iLv, myZivs H mij‡iLvwUi †h‡Kv‡bv we›`yi XvjB n‡e
KYvwUi Z¡iY|
cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY: QK KvMR, †cwÝj, †¯‹j, B‡iRvi, K¨vjKz‡jUi BZ¨vw`|
cÖ`Ë Z_¨:
t (sec) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
v (m/sec) 0 3 6 9 12 15 18
BDwbU AvU c„ôv 295
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
Kvh©c×wZ: 1. QK KvM‡Ri x-Aÿ I y-Aÿ wbe©vPb Kiæb Ges g~jwe›`y B
Y
wPwýZ Kiæb| GLv‡b x I y Aÿ eivevi h_vµ‡g mgq I †eM wb‡`©k O
Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. QK KvM‡Ri x-Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg e‡M©i `yB evûi ˆ`N¨©‡K mg‡qi
GKK (†m‡KÛ) Ges y-Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg `yB evûi ˆ`N¨©‡K †e‡Mi GKK A
(wgUvi/†m‡KÛ) aiæb| O
v
3. cÖ`Ë Z_¨ Abyhvqx t Ges v Gi gvb wb‡q (t, v) we›`y¸‡jv MÖvd †ccv‡i
wPwýZ Kiæb|
(iv) †jLwU g~jwe›`yMvgx GKwU mij‡iLv n‡e| g‡b Kiæb mij‡iLvwU OAB|
(v) OAB mij‡iLvwUi †h‡Kv‡bv we›`y A-Gi fzR 12 Ges †KvwU 18|
18 3
AZGe A-we›`y‡Z †iLvwUi Xvj = 12 = 2 O X
t
O
3
AZGe e¯‘KYvi Z¡iY = 2 wgUvi/†m‡KÛ2
mgm¨v bs - 8.4 ZvwiL:
mgm¨v: 70 wgUvi/†m‡K‡Û †e‡M Lvov Dc‡ii w`‡K wbwÿß †Kv‡bv e¯‘KYvi MwZc_ †jLwP‡Î cÖ`k©b Kiæb Ges
e¯‘KYvwUi me©vwaK D”PZv Ges me©vwaK D”PZvq †cuŠQv‡bvi mgq wbY©q Kiæb|
a
ZË¡: u †e‡M Lvov Dc‡ii w`‡K wbwÿß †Kv‡bv e¯‘KYv t mgq A‡šÍ h D”PZvq Ae¯’vb Ki‡j MwZi mgxKiY n‡Z Avgiv
l
ha
1
cvB h ut gt 2 | t Ges h Gi Abylw½K gvb GKwU wbw`©ó †¯‹‡j QK KvM‡R h_vµ‡g x-Aÿ I y-Aÿ eivei QK
2
s
KvM‡R ¯’vcb K‡i mlg eµ‡iLv Øviv we›`y¸‡jv mshy³ Ki‡j e¯‘KYvwUi MwZc_ cvIqv hv‡e (hv GKwU cive„Ë)|
th
†jLwP‡Î e„nËg †KvwUi gvb n‡e me©vwaK D”PZv Ges mswkøó fz‡Ri gvb n‡e me©vwaK D”PZvq †cuŠQv‡bvi mgq|
Pa
cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY: QK KvMR, †cwÝj, †¯‹j, B‡iRvi, K¨vjKz‡jUi BZ¨vw`|
AA
1
Kvh©c×wZ: 1. h ut gt 2 mgxKi‡Y u = 70 Ges g = 9.8 a‡i t = 0 n‡Z ïiæ K‡i `yB †m‡KÛ ci ci t-Gi
2
mswkøó gv‡bi Rb¨ D”PZv h-Gi gvb wbY©q Kiæb hZÿY bv cybivq h = 0 cvIqv bv hvq| GB gvb¸‡jv wb‡q wb‡Pi
mviwYwU ˆZwi Kiæb|
t (sec) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
h (m) 120 202 244 246 210 134 0
2. QK KvM‡R XOX I YOY †iLv Øviv x-Aÿ I y-Aÿ wPwýZ Kiæb|
3. t-Gi gv‡bi Rb¨ QK KvM‡Ri x-Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg e‡M©i ˆ`N©¨‡K mg‡qi GKK (wZb e‡M©i ‰`N©¨ = 1 †m‡KÛ)
Ges y-Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg e‡M©i ˆ`N©¨‡K D”PZvi GKK (GK e‡M©i ‰`N©¨ = 20 wgUvi) aiæb|
4. mviwY‡Z cÖvß Z_¨ Abyhvqx t Ges h Gi gvb wb‡q (t, h) we›`y¸‡jv QK KvM‡R wPwýZ Kiæb|
5. cÖvß we›`y¸‡jv miæ wklhy³ †cw݇ji mvnv‡h¨ mylg eµ‡iLv Øviv mshy³ K‡i †jLwPÎwU A¼b Kiæb|
6. †jLwP‡Îi D”PZg we›`y P wPwýZ Kiæb Ges P we›`yi fzR I †KvwU wbY©q Kiæb|
Y (6, 244) P (8, 246)
(4, 202) (10, 210)
(2, 120) (12, 134)
(14, 0)
X O Q X
Y
mgZ‡j e¯‘KYvi MwZ c„ôv 296
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
dj msKjb: †jLwP‡Îi e„nËg †KvwU PQ = 12.5 (wbe©vwPZ †¯‹‡j)|
AZGe wbwÿß e¯‘wUi me©vwaK D”PZv = 12.5 20 = 250 wgUvi|
P we›`yi fzR OQ = 22 (wbe©vwPZ †¯‹‡j)|
AZGe, me©vwaK D”PZvq †cuŠQv‡bvi mgq = 22 3 = 7.33 †m‡KÛ|
MvwYwZK m~Î n‡Z cÖvß djvdj:
u 2 70
2
4900
e¯‘wUi me©vwaK D”PZv, H 250 wgUvi
28 2 9.8 19.6
u 70
Ges me©vwaK D”PZvq †cuŠQv‡bvi mgq, t 7.14 †m‡KÛ
g 9.8
AZGe, †jLwPÎ n‡Z cÖvß djvdj MvwYwZK m~Î e¨envi K‡i cÖvß d‡ji gvb¸‡jvi h‡_ó KvQvKvwQ|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 8.6-
1. GKwU e¯‘KYv w¯’i Ae¯’v n‡Z hvÎv ïiæ K‡i 30 †m‡KÛ 28 wgUvi/†m‡KÛ †eM AR©b K‡i| cieZ©x 20 †m‡KÛ
mg‡q mg‡e‡M Ges †kl 10 †m‡KÛ mg‡q mgg›`‡b P‡j e¯‘wU †_‡g hvq| †jLwP‡Îi gva¨‡g e¯‘KYvi MwZc_
wbY©q Kiæb|
a
2. wb‡Pi mviwY‡Z GKwU e¯‘KYvi 4 †m‡KÛ ci ci `~iZ¡ †`Iqv n‡jv| e¯‘KYvwUi †eM wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
l
ha
t (sec) 0 4 8 12 16 20 24
v (m/sec) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
s
3. wb‡Pi mviwY‡Z GKwU e¯‘KYvi 4 †m‡KÛ cici AwR©Z †eM †`Iqv n‡jv| †eM-mgq †jL A¼b K‡i e¯‘KYvwUi
th
Z¡iY wbY©q Kiæ‡Z n‡e|
Pa
t (sec) 0 4 8 12 16 20 24
AA
v (m/sec) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
4. 90 wgUvi/†m‡KÛ †e‡M Lvov Dc‡ii w`‡K wbwÿß †Kv‡bv e¯‘ t †m‡KÛ mg‡q h wgUvi D”PZvq Ae¯’vb K‡i| t
Ges h Gi Avbylw½K gvb wb‡Pi mviwY‡Z cÖ`Ë n‡jv|
t (sec) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
h (m) 0 160 281 363 406 410 374 299 185 0
(t, h) †jLwPÎ A¼b K‡i me©vwaK D”PZv Ges me©vwaK D”PZvq †cuŠQv‡bvi mgq wbY©q Kiæb| m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ cÖvß
d‡ji mv‡_ A¼‡bi h_v_©Zv cÖgvY Kiæb|
BDwbU AvU c„ôv 297
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb-
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ:
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b (1 - 11):
1. mijc‡_ e¯‘i mi‡Yi nvi‡K Kx e‡j?
(K) `~iZ¡ (L) †eM (M) Z¡iY (N) g›`b
2. w u 2 v2 2uv cos mgxKi‡Y
(i)= 0 n‡j, w = u + v
(ii) = 180° n‡j, w = u ~ v
(iii) = 90° n‡j, w = u2 + v2
Dc‡ii Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii (M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii
3. mylg Z¡i‡Yi †ÿ‡Î †eM-mgq Gi †jLwP‡Îi cÖK…wZ wKiƒc n‡e?
(K) mij‡iLv (L) e„Ë (M) cive„Ë (N) Dce„Ë
4. GKwU ey‡jU †Kv‡bv Lvov †`Iqv‡ji 3 Bw wfZ‡i XzK‡Z Zvi A‡a©K †eM nvivq| g›`b mylg n‡j ey‡jUwU Avi
KZUzKz XzK‡Z cvi‡e?
(K)
1
Bw (L) 1 BwÂ
l a
(M) 2 Bw (N) 3 BwÂ
ha
2
5. GKwU ey‡jU GKwU wbw`©ó cyiæ‡Z¡i Z³v †f` Ki‡Z cv‡i| hw` ey‡jUwU Øviv Giƒc 49 wU Z³v †f` Ki‡Z PvB
s
th
Zvn‡j Zvi †eM KZ ¸Y Ki‡Z n‡e?
(K) 6 (L) 7 (M) 8 (N) 9
Pa
6. u †e‡M Lvov Dc‡ii w`‡K wbw¶ß e¯‘KYvwU g g›`‡b P‡j m‡e©v”P we›`y‡Z †eM k~b¨ n‡j me©vwaK D”PZv KZ?
AA
u u2 2u 2 u2
(K) (L) (M) (N)
g g g 2g
7. †Kv‡bv e¯‘KYv‡K Lvov Dc‡ii w`‡K wb‡ÿc Ki‡j DÌvbKvj †gvU wePiYKv‡ji wKiƒc n‡e|
(K) GK PZz_©vsk (L) A‡a©K (M) mgvb (N) wظY
8. u Avw`‡e‡M †Kv‡bv e¯‘‡K Lvov Dc‡ii w`‡K wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡j Avbyf~wgK cvjøv KZ?
u2 u u2
(K) (L) (M) (N) k~b¨
g g 2g
9. u †e‡M Abyf~wg‡Ki mv‡_ †Kv‡Y cÖwÿß e¯‘i me©vwaK D”PZv KZ?
u 2 sin 2 u 2 sin 2 u 2 sin 2 u 2 sin 2 2
(K) (L) (M) (N)
2g 2g g 2g
10. Avbyf~wgK cvjøv I e„nËg cvjøv hw` h_vµ‡g R I D nq, Zvn‡j G‡`i g‡a¨ m¤úK© wb‡Pi †KvbwU?
(K) R D sin (L) D R sin (M) R D sin 2 (N) D R sin
11. u Avw`‡e‡M Avbyf~wg‡Ki mv‡_ †Kv‡Y GKwU e¯‘KYv cÖwÿß n‡j-
(i) evqyk~b¨ ¯’v‡b e¯‘KYvwUi MwZc_ GKwU cive„Ë
u2
(ii) Avbyf~wgK cvjøv R n‡j R sin 2
g
mgZ‡j e¯‘KYvi MwZ c„ôv 298
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
u
(iii) e¯‘KYvwU me©vwaK D”PZvq †cuŠQvi mgq T sin
g
Dc‡ii Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii (M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
12. GKRb my¨Uvi 9.8 wgUvi `~‡i 2.45 wgUvi DuPz †`Iqv‡j ivLv GKwU e¯‘‡K jÿ¨ K‡i GKwU ey‡jU Qzo‡jv| ey‡jUwU
jÿ¨ åó n‡q †`Iqv‡j jv‡M Ges 2 †m.wg. cÖ‡ek Kivi ci Gi A‡a©K †eM nvivq|
(K) †Kv‡bv we›`y‡Z GKB mg‡q `yBwU mgvb †eM wµqviZ n‡j †eM `yBwUi jwäi w`K wbY©q Kiæb|
(L) ey‡jUwUi †eM k~b¨ nIqvi Av‡M †`Iqv‡ji wfZi Avi KZ`~‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡e|
(M) ey‡jUwU †`Iqv‡ji wVK Dci w`‡q Avbyf~wgKfv‡e P‡j †M‡j H gyn~‡Z© ey‡jUwUi †e‡Mi gvb KZ?
13. DÏxcKwU jÿ Kiæb Ges wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi w`b|
A B
S
(K) miPviPi ms‡KZgvjvq cÖgvY Kiæb †h, v u ft
(L) GKwU †Uªb A Ae¯’vb n‡Z w¯’ive¯’vq hvÎv ïiæ K‡i 4 wgwb‡U B Ae¯’v‡b wM‡q _v‡g| hw` †UªbwU c‡_i cÖ_g
a
1 1
Ask x mgZ¡i‡Y Ges wØZxq Ask y mgg›`‡b P‡j Ges hw` S 2 nq Z‡e cÖgvY Kiæb †h,
l 4
x y
ha
(M) g‡b Kiæb `yBwU †Uªb A I B Ae¯’vb n‡Z ci¯ú‡ii wecixZ w`‡K h_vµ‡g u1 I u2 MwZ‡e‡M AMÖmi nq|
s
†Uªb `yBwUi ga¨eZ©x `~iZ¡ hLb x ZLb Zviv ci¯úi‡K †`L‡Z cvq Ges msNl© Gov‡bvi Rb¨ †Uªb `yBwU h_vµ‡g
th
a1 I a2 m‡e©v”P g›`b cÖ‡qvM K‡i| †`Lvb †h, †Kv‡bv iK‡g msNl© Gov‡bv m¤¢e n‡e hw` u1 a2 u2 a1 2a1a2
2 2
Pa
nq|
AA
BDwbU AvU c„ôv 299
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
DËigvjv-
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 8.1
1. 120o
6. 120o
3. `ycyi 1 Uv 12 wgwb‡U `~iZ¡ ÿz`ªZg n‡e
2
7. 3 BwÂ
8. 15 wgUvi/wgwbU
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 8.3
1. 223 wK‡jvwgUvi
2. 9.68 dzU/†m2
11 22
3. 45 dzU/†m2, 45 dzU/†m2, N›Uvq 40 gvBj
2
4. 3 BwÂ
7. 10 †m‡KÛ, 150 wgUvi
a
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 8.4
7. 240.1 wgUvi
l
s ha
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
th
1. L N K L L N L
N L N
Pa
10. M
8
AA
12. (L) †m.wg. (M) 13.86 wgUvi/†m‡KÛ
3
mgZ‡j e¯‘KYvi MwZ c„ôv 300
†hvMvkÖqx †cÖvMÖvg
(Linear Programming) 9
f‚wgKv
Linear k‡ãi A_© †hvMvkªqx ev ˆiwLK Ges programk‡ãi A_© cwiKíbv; myZivs Linear programming Gi
evsjv cÖwZkã †hvMvkªqx cwiKíbv ev ˆiwLK cwiKíbv| †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖvg Ggb GKwU ˆeÁvwbK g‡Wj hv Øviv
Kg©m¤úv`‡bi wewfbœ Dcv‡qi ga¨ n‡Z GKwU DrK…ó Dcvq wba©viY Kiv nq| †Kv‡bv cÖwZôv‡b ev Drcv`b KviLvbvq
cyuwR, kªg, KuvPvgvj, hš¿cvwZ BZ¨vw`i Kx cwigv‡Y mgv‡ek NUv‡j ¯^í e¨‡q m‡e©v”P cwigvb Drcv`b ev dj cvIqv
m¤¢e n‡Z cv‡i Zv wbe©vPb KivB †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖv‡gi g~j D‡Ïk¨| ivwkqvb A_©bxwZ
I MwYZwe` Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich (1912-1986) 1939 wLªóv‡ã
e¨emvq-evwY‡R¨ ¯^í mg‡q ¯^íe¨‡q m‡e©v”P cwigvb gybvdv jv‡fi Rb¨ †h MvwYwZK
g‡Wj D™¢veb K‡ib ZvB †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖvg| c‡i RR© we. †WbwRM-Gi e¨vcK
Dbœqb K‡ib| wØZxq wek¦h‡y ×i mgq Av‡gwiKvb MwYZwe` Georage B Dantzig G
†hvMvkªqx g‡W‡ji Øviv b~¨bZg mg‡q I me©wb¤œ e¨‡q kÎæ c‡¶i m‡e©v”P ¶wZi
l a
cwiKíbv hy‡×i †KŠkj wn‡m‡e †Mvc‡b e¨envi K‡ib Ges hy‡×i GKwU nvwZqvi
ha
wn‡m‡e G g‡WjwU mn‡hvwMZv K‡iwQj, hv wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i c‡iI K‡qK eQi ch©šÍ L V kantorovich (1912-1986)
†Mvcb wQj| eZ©gv‡b †h‡Kv‡bv †`‡ki Dbœq‡b †hgb e¨emv evwY‡R¨, wkí cÖwZôv‡b,
s
th
mvgwiK, †emvgwiK cÖkvm‡b, ˆeÁvwbK M‡elYvq wewfbœ A_©bxwZwe` Ges MwYZwe`‡`i wbKU G MvwYwZK g‡Wj ev
†hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖvg GKwU cÖavb nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡”Q|
Pa
AA
BDwb‡Ui D‡Ïk¨
GB BDwbU †k‡l Avcwb -
†hvMvkÖqx †cÖvMÖvg e¨L¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
ev¯ÍewfwËK mgm¨vi wfwˇZ †hvMvkÖqx †cÖvMÖvg MVb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
†jLwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ wØgvwÎK †hvMvkÖqx †cÖvMÖvg welqK mgm¨v mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡ev©”P mgq 10 w`b
GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV 9.1: †hvMvkÖqx †cÖvMÖv‡gi †gŠwjK aviYv
cvV 9.2: wewfbœ mgm¨vi †hvMvkÖqx †cÖvMÖvg MVb
cvV 9.3:†jLwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ wØgvwÎK mgm¨vi mgvavb
cvV 9.4: e¨envwiK
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
cvV 9.1 †hvMvkÖqx †cÖvMÖv‡gi †gŠwjK aviYv
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
†hvMvkÖqx †cÖvMÖv‡gi msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb,
†hvMvkÖqx †cÖvMÖv‡gi Dcv`vbmg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
†hvMvkÖqx †cÖvMÖv‡gi ch©vqmg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã †hvMvkÖqx †cÖvMÖvg, Dcv`vb, ch©vq
g~jcvV-
†hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖvg GK cÖKvi AvaywbK ˆeÁvwbK c×wZ hvi mvnv‡h¨ MvwYwZK cÖwµqvq mwVK cwiKíbvi gva¨‡g
me©wb¤œ e¨‡q m¤¢ve¨ m‡e©v”P gybvdv AR©b Kiv hvq wKsev Kvw•LZ e¨‡q Kvw•LZ cwigvY dj cvIqv hvq| AvaywbK
Drcv`b I e›Ube¨e¯’vq †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖvg GKwU AwZ¸iæZ¡c~Y© nvwZqvi| Gi mvnv‡h¨ KwZcq mgxKiY ev AmgZvi
a
gva¨‡g cÖ`ËkZ©vax‡b GKwU †hvMvkªqx dvsk‡bi m‡e©v”P ev me©wb¤œgvb wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e|
l
msÁv: AFYvZ¥K kZ© mn `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK †hvMvkªqx mxgv kZ© (AmgZv wb‡`©kK) mv‡c‡¶ †Kvb †hvMvkªqx
ha
D‡Ïk¨g~jK A‡c¶‡Ki m‡e©v”P ev me©wb¤œ gvbwbY©‡qi MvwYwZK c×wZ‡K †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖvg ejv nq|
s
th
†hvMvkªqx†cÖvMÖv‡gi MvwYwZK g‡Wj‡K iƒc`vb Ki‡Z cÖ‡qvRb
(i) D‡Ïk¨ dvskb (Objective function)
Pa
(ii)wm×všÍ PjK (Decision variable)
AA
(iii)kZ© ev mxgve×Zv(Constraints)
(i) D‡Ïk¨ ev Afxó dvskb: †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖv‡gi g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv †Kv‡bv mgm¨v‡K m‡e©v”P myweavRbK Ae¯’vq
(Optimization) iƒc`vb Kiv| m‡e©v”P myweav cvIqvi Rb¨ A‡bK mgq cÖvß dj‡K m‡e©v”P ev me©wb¤œ Ki‡Z nq|
GRb¨ cÖ‡qvRb nq MvwYwZK dvsk‡bi| G mKjMvwYwZK dvsk‡b GKvwaK Pj‡Ki e¨envi Kiv nq; Gai‡bi
dvskb‡K D‡Ïk¨ ev Afxó dvskb e‡j|
(ii) wm×všÍ PjK: D‡Ïk¨ dvsk‡b e¨eüZ PjK mg~nwKsev mgm¨vwU‡Z hv‡K m‡e©v”P ev me©wb¤œKiY Ki‡Z ejv
n‡q‡Q Zvi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z ARvbv MvwYwZK ivwk¸‡jv‡K wm×všÍ PjK ejv nq| wm×všÍ Pj‡Ki gvb FYvZ¥K nq bv|
†Kbbv FYvZ¥K cwigvb †Kv‡bv wKQy ˆZwi Kiv m¤¢e bq|
(iii)kZ© ev mxgve×Zv: cÖ‡Z¨K cÖwZôv‡bi Drcv`b ev Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wKQy mxgve×Zv _v‡K, G mxgve×Zv
A‡_©i,Kg©Pvix msL¨vi, KuvPvgv‡ji, †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi BZ¨vw` †¶‡Î n‡Z cv‡i| GmKj mxgve×Zv‡K ˆiwLK
mgxKiYev AmgZvi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv nq|
D`vniY: wb‡¤œ GKwU D`vni‡Yi mvnv‡h¨, D‡Ïk¨ dvskb, wm×všÍ PjK Ges mxgve×Zv eySv‡bv n‡jv-
GKRb dzj PvlKvix K…lK 250 eM© wgUvi Rwg‡Z †ejx I †Mvjvc dz‡ji Pvl Ki‡eb| GKwU †ejx Pvivi Rb¨ 5
eM©wgUvi Ges GKwU †Mvjvc Pvivi Rb¨ 4 eM© wgUvi RvqMv eivÏ K‡ib| cÖwZwU †ejx Pvivi g~j¨ 15.00 UvKv Ges
cÖwZwU †Mvjvc Pvivi g~j¨7.00 UvKv n‡j D³ dzj PvlKvix K…lK me©vwaK 500.00UvKv e¨q K‡i m‡e©v”P KZ¸‡jv
Pviv †ivcb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
mgvavb: GLv‡b `yB cÖKvi Pvivi msL¨v wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e hv wm×všÍ PjK|g‡b Kiæb †ejx dz‡ji Pvivi msL¨v x Ges
†hvMvkÖqx †cÖvMÖvg c„ôv 302
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
†Mvjvc dz‡ji Pvivi msL¨v y| GLb D‡Ïk¨ ev Afxó dvskb †gvU Pvivi msL¨v wb‡`©k K‡i, hv wm×všÍ PjK Øviv
MwVZ nq| Zvn‡j Afxó dvskb‡K F Øviv m~wPZ Ki‡j,
D‡Ïk¨ ev Afxó dvskbF = x + y.
GLv‡b RvqMvi mxgve×Zv, UvKvi mxgve×Zv GescwigvY ev Pj‡Ki mxgve×Zv Av‡Q|
myZivsmxgve×Zv¸‡jvwb¤œiƒc:
mxgve×Zv ev mxgvkZ©: 5x + 4y250;
15x + 7y 500;
AFYvZ¥K kZ©: x0, y 0|
†hvMvkªqx †cÖvMªv‡gi kZ©mg~n
(i) mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ GKwU D‡Ïk¨ dvskb _vK‡e, †hgb: gybvdv, Avq-e¨q ev Drcv`bdvskb Aek¨B _vK‡e hvi m‡e©v”P
ev mg©wb¤œ gvb wbY©q Ki‡Z nq Ges GwU‡K wm×všÍ Pj‡Ki ˆiwLKdvskb wn‡m‡e cÖKvk Kiv nq|
(ii) mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ Aek¨B weKí c×wZi Kvh©µg Gi e¨e¯’v _v‡K| hv‡Z K‡i myweavRbKwU †e‡Q †bIqv hvq|
(iii) wm×všÍ PjK¸‡jv Aek¨B ci¯úi m¤úwK©Z Ges AFYvZ¥K n‡e|
(iv) mgm¨vi Rb¨ mxwgZ m¤ú` ev Dr‡mi mxgve×Zv _vK‡e|
(v) mxgve×Zv ev kZ©mg~n wm×všÍ Pj‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ ˆiwLK AmgZv ev mgxKiY AvKv‡i cÖKvk Ki‡Z n‡e|
†hvMvkªqx†cÖvMÖv‡gich©vqmg~n
a
†hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖv‡gi c×wZ‡Z mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ PviwU ¯Íi ev ch©vq e¨envi Kiv nq|G¸‡jvn‡jvÑ
l
(i) mgm¨vwUi eY©bv fvlvMZ fv‡e †`qv Ges wewfbœ kZ©vejx Av‡ivc Kiv|
ha
(ii) mgm¨vwU MvwYwZK fv‡e m~ÎvwqZ Kiv|
s
th
(iii) m~ÎvwqZ mgm¨vwUi mgvavb Kiv|GB ch©v‡q Dc‡hvMx †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖvg c×wZ e¨envi K‡I cÖK…ó mgvav‡b
DcbxZ nIqvi †Póv Kiv nq|
Pa
(iv) we‡kølYvZ¥K cÖK…ó mgvav‡bi wek`xKiY Ges mgm¨v mgvav‡bi c×wZi eY©bv cÖ`vb|
AA
mvims‡ÿc-
AFYvZ¥K kZ©mn `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK †hvMvkªqx mxgvkZ© (AmgZv wb‡`©kK) mv‡c‡¶ †Kvb †hvMvkªqx
D‡Ïk¨g~jK A‡c¶‡Ki m‡e©v”P ev me©wb¤œ gvb wbY©‡qi MvwYwZK c×wZ‡K †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖvg ejv nq|
†hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖv‡gi MvwYwZK g‡Wj‡K iƒc`vb Ki‡Z cÖ‡qvRb:- (i) D‡Ïk¨ dvskb, (ii) wm×všÍ PjK,
(iii)mxgvkZ© ev mxgve×Zv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 9.1-
1. †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖvg m¤ú‡K© aviYv w`b|
2. †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖv‡gi D‡Ïk¨ ev Afxó dvskb, mxgvkZ© ev mxgve×Zv, wm×všÍ PjK Ges AFYvZ¥K kZ© ej‡Z
wK eySvq, eY©bv Kiæb|
3. †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMªv‡gi kZ©mg~n eY©bv Kiæb|
4. †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖv‡gi ch©vqmg~n eY©bv Kiæb|
BDwbU bq c„ôv 303
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
cvV 9.2 wewfbœ mgm¨vi †hvMvkÖqx †cÖvMÖvg MVb
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
†hvMvkÖqx †cÖvMÖvg MV‡bi avcmg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
†hvMvkÖqx †cÖvMÖv‡gi ˆewkó eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
†hvMvkÖqx †cÖvMÖv‡gi e¨envi eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
mgm¨vi avc mg~n D‡jøL K‡i †hvMvkÖqx †cÖvMÖvg ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã MVb, ˆewkó¨, e¨envi
g~jcvV-
mgm¨vi †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖvg MV‡bi avc:
wb‡¤œ ewY©Z avcmg~n Øviv †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖv‡gi MvwYwZK g‡Wj MVb Kiv nq-
a
avc 1: †Kv‡bv mgm¨vi †h gvb‡K m‡e©v”P ev me©wb¤œ Ki‡Z nq H gvb‡K D‡Ïk¨ dvskb ev MvwYwZK dvskb G
l
cÖKvk Ki‡Z nq| G Rb¨ Dchy³PjK (variables) wba©viY Kiv hvq| †hgb, x1, x2,x3, ...., xnPjK¸‡jvi gvb wbY©q
ha
K‡iZ = c1x1 +c2x2 + ......... +cnxnGi gvb m‡e©v”P A_ev me©wb¤œwba©viY Ki‡Z nq| GB AskwU‡KObject
s
Functionev Afxó dvskb ejv nq| GLv‡b x1, x2, x3, ...., xn PjK mg~n AFYvZ¥K|
th
avc 2:Av‡jvwPZ mgm¨v n‡Z, mxgve×Zv wPwýZKiY Ges Zv‡`i‡K wba©vwiZ Pj‡Kimvnv‡h¨ AmgZv wKsev mgxKiY
Pa
Øviv cÖKvk Ki‡Z nq|†hgb,
a11x1 +a12x2 + ...... + a1nxn(A_ev )b1
AA
a21x1 + a22x2 +...... + a2nxn(A_ev ) b2
......................................
......................................
an1x1 + an2x2 + ...... +annxn(A_ev ) bn
G AskwU‡K ejv nq constraints ev mxgve×Zvi kZ©|
avc 3: AFYvZ¥K Dcv`vb¸‡jv MvwYwZK c×wZ‡Z cÖKvk Kiv| †hgb: †Kv‡bv c‡Y¨i cwigvY ev msL¨v AFYvZ¥K;
myZivs c‡Y¨i cwigvY x1 GKK n‡j, x1 0|A_©vr x1, x2, x3, .........., xn 0
myZivs †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖv‡g x1, x2, x3, .........., xn PjK e¨eüZ n‡jG AskwU‡K AFYvZ¥K kZ© (Non-negative
constraints) ejv nq|
G wZbwUMvwYwZK avc Øviv †Kv‡bv mgm¨v ewY©Z Kiv n‡j Zv‡K †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖvg ejv nq|
†hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖv‡gi ˆewkó¨: eZ©gvb Kv‡ji wkíwfwËK e¨e¯’vq mwVKfv‡e †hgb: KuvPvgvj, kªwgK I Ab¨vb¨ mvgMÖxi
e¨env‡i ¯^í e¨‡q AwaK gybvdv cvIqvi B”Qv cÖej| GRb¨ KuvPvgvj I Ab¨vb¨ mvgMÖxe¨env‡ii mKj
aviYvimycwiKwíZ,mycÖwZwôZ ev¯Íe iƒcB nj †hvMvkªqx †cªvMÖvwgs(Linear Programming) | GK K_vq †hvMvkªqx
†cÖvMÖvwgs GK cÖKvi AvaywbK ˆeÁvwbK c×wZ hvi mvn‡h¨ MvwYwZKev ˆjwLK cÖwµqvq me©wb¤œ wewb‡qv‡M me©vwaK
gybvdv cvIqv hvq|
†hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖv‡gi g~jZˆewkó¨ `yBwU| h_v:(K) ¯^í wewb‡qvM (input); (L) me©vwaK gybvdv (output)| ˆewkó¨
`yBwUi mgvav‡bi Rb¨ mgm¨vwU‡K KZK¸‡jv MvwYwZKAmgZvi ev mgxKi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ cÖKvk Kiv nq Ges G¸‡jvi
†hvMvkÖqx †cÖvMÖvg c„ôv 304
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
mgvavb K‡i(i)Drcv`‡biKvw•LZ gvb wbY©q Kiv nq,(ii)Drcv`‡bi cÖwZeÜKZvmg~n wbY©q Kiv nq, (iii) Drcv`b I eȇbi
mgš^q Kiv nq,(iv)m‡e©v”P jvf ev dj AR©b Kiv nq|
†hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖv‡gi e¨envi (Applications of linear programming)
eZ©gvb we‡k¦ Dbœq‡bi Rb¨†hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖvg (Linear programming) Gi e¨vcK e¨envi cwijw¶Z nq|GLv‡b
msw¶ßfv‡e †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖv‡gi e¨envi wel‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
i. Lv`¨ mgm¨vq:eZ©gvb mgv‡Ri GKwU AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mgm¨v n‡jv Lv`¨ mgm¨v| GKRb gvbyl A_ev †Kv‡bv
Rb‡Mvôx wKsev †Kv‡bv cÖvwY ev Dw™¢` wK cwigvY Lv`¨ MÖnY Ki‡j Zv‡`i mylg Lv`¨ MÖnY wbwðZ Kiv hvq Ges
cywó¸Y we‡ePbvq me©wb¤œ Li‡P mwVK Lv`¨ ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖvg e¨envi Kiv nq|
ii. cÖwk¶Y mgm¨vq: †Kv‡bv cÖwZôvb A_ev cÖwk¶Y GKv‡Wgx n‡Z me©wb¤œ e¨‡q me©v‡c¶v †ewk mvdj¨ cvevi
j‡¶¨ wewfbœ Z_¨, DcvË Ges Kv‡Ri gvb Abyhvqx †eZb I fvZv, cix¶vMvi I Ab¨vb¨ cÖwk¶Y h‡š¿i
mxgve×Zv, cÖwk¶Yv_©x mieiv‡ni mxgve×Zv BZ¨vw` Kv‡R jvwM‡q MvwYwZK g‡Wj ev †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖvg ˆZwi
K‡icÖwk¶Y mgm¨vi mgvavb m¤¢e|
iii. Drcv`b mgm¨vq: †Kv‡bv wkícÖwZôv‡b m¤ú‡`i mxgve×Zv, kªwg‡Ki Kg©`¶Zv, gRyix, h‡š¿i Kvh©¶gZv,
mg‡qi mxgve×Zv, Drcvw`Z c‡Y¨i Pvwn`v I †hvMvb wbwðZ Kivi Kv‡RA_©vr me©wb¤œ e¨‡q m‡e©v”P gybvdv
AR©‡biRb¨†hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖv‡gi MvwYwZK g‡Wj e¨eüZ nq|
iv. cwienb mgm¨v: evsjv‡`‡k Drcbœ cY¨ †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡ii wewfbœ †Rjv kn‡i ev weµq †K‡›`ª wKsev we‡k¦i
wewfbœ †`‡k e¨emvi D‡Ï‡k¨ cvVv‡Z nq| GRb¨ Drcv`b ¯’vb n‡Z ¯^í e¨‡q evRv‡ii Pvwn`v wgUv‡bvi Rb¨
a
cY¨ cwien‡b MvwYwZK g‡Wj ev †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖvwgs-Gi e¨envi †`Lv hvq|
l
v. hyׇ¶Î:wØZxq wek¦h‡y ×i mgq b~¨bZg mg‡q, me©wb¤œ e¨‡q Ges kÎæc‡¶i m‡e©v”P ¶wZi Rb¨ †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖvg e¨envi
ha
Kiv n‡qwQj|†mB mgq n‡Z eZ©gvb ch©šÍ †mbvevwnbxi im` Ges †mbvevwnbx GK ¯’vb n‡Z Ab¨ ¯’v‡b ¯’vbvšÍi, ˆmb¨
s
e¨envi I mxgve×Zvi wnmve mwVKfv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨I †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖvg e¨envi Kiv nq|
th
D`vniY 1:†gmvm© AB †Kv¤úvbx wj: bvgK GKwU cÖwZôvb AGes B GB `yB cÖKvi `ªe¨ Drcv`b K‡ib| cÖ‡Z¨K
Pa
`ª‡e¨i jvf h_vµ‡g 3 UvKv Ges 4 UvKv| D³ cÖwZôvbwUi M1Ges M2 `yBwU †gwkb Av‡Q| wb‡¤œ cÖwZwU †gwk‡bi
AA
cÖwZ GKK `ªe¨ ˆZixi cÖ‡qvRbxq mgq wgwb‡U †`qv n‡jv t
†gwkb `ªe¨ †gwkb hZ wgwbU KvR K‡i
A B
M1 4 5 2000
M2 2 4 2500
cÖwZôvbwU AGes B `ªe¨ Kgc‡¶ h_vµ‡g 100, 200 GKK ˆZix Ki‡e; Z‡e A `ªe¨ 150 GK‡Ki †ekx ˆZix Ki‡ebv| hw`
cÖwZôvbwU m‡e©v”P cwigvY jvf Ki‡Z Pvq; GRb¨ avcmn D‡jøL K‡i GKwU †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖvg ˆZwi Kiæb|
mgvavb:
avc 1: GLv‡b g~j wm×všÍ n‡jv †Kvb `ªe¨ KZ GKK Drcv`b Ki‡j jvf m‡e©v”P n‡e Zv wbY©q Kiv|
avc 2: g‡b KiæbA Ges B `ªe¨ `yBwU‡K h_vµ‡g x,y GKK ˆZix Ki‡j jvf m‡e©v”P nq|
avc 3: †h‡nZz Drcv`b GKK FYvZ¥K msL¨v m¤¢e bq; †mRb¨ x 0,y 0
avc 4: GLv‡b Afxó dvskb, Max P = 3x + 4y hv‡K m‡e©v”PKiY Ki‡Z n‡e|
avc 5:M1 †gwk‡bi mxgve×Zv : 4x + 5y 2000
M2 †gwk‡bi mxgve×Zv : 2x + 4y 2500
A `ª‡e¨i Drcv`b mxgve×Zv : 100 x 150
B`ª‡e¨i Drcv`b mxgve×Zv : y 200
avc 6: myZivs cÖ`Ë mgm¨vwUi †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖvg n‡jvt
D‡Ïk¨g~jK ev Afxó dvskb, Max P = 3x + 2y, hv‡K m‡e©v”PKiY Ki‡Z n‡e|
BDwbU bq c„ôv 305
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
kZ©mg~n : 4x + 5y 2000
2x + 4y 2500
100 x 150
y 200 Gesx 0, y 0
D`vniY 2:`yB cÖKvi Lv`¨ F1Ges F2 †Z wfUvwgb C GesD cvIqv hvq| cÖwZ GKKF1Lv‡`¨ 2 BDwbU wfUvwgbC
Ges 3 BDwbU wfUvwgbD cvIqv hvq| Avevi cÖwZ GKKF2Lv‡`¨ 5 BDwbU wfUvwgbC Ges 6 BDwbU wfUvwgbD
cvIqv hvq|F1 Ges F2 Lv‡`¨i cÖwZ GK‡Ki g~j¨ h_vµ‡g 7 UvKv Ges 8 UvKv I GKRb gvby‡li ˆ`wbK b~¨bZg 50
BDwbU wfUvwgbC Ges 60 BDwbU wfUvwgbD cÖ‡qvRb nq, AwZwi³ wfUvwgb MÖnY ¯^v‡¯’¨i Rb¨ ¶wZKi bq| †Kvb
cÖKv‡ii Lv`¨ KZ BDwbU MÖnY Ki‡j me‡P‡q Kg Li‡P GKRb †jvK Zvi ˆ`wbK wfUvwg‡bi Pvwn`v wgUv‡Z cv‡i|
GRb¨ Dchy³ PjK e¨envi K‡i avivevwnK fv‡e GKwU †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖvg ˆZwi Kiæb|
mgvavb: cÖ`Ë WvUv‡K †Uwe‡j mvRv‡j cvB;
wfUvwgb (BDwbU)
Lv`¨ g~j¨ cÖwZ BDwbU (UvKv)
C D
F1 2 3 6
F2 5 6 7
b~b¨Zg cÖ‡qvRb 50 60
avc 1: GLv‡b g~j wm×všÍ n‡jv †Kvb Lv`¨ KZ BDwbU MÖnY Ki‡j LiP me©wb¤œ n‡e|
avc 2: g‡b KiæbF1Ges F2 Lv`¨ `yBwU n‡Z h_vµ‡g xGesy BDwbU MÖnY Ki‡j LiP me©wb¤œ nq|
avc 3: l a
GLv‡b Lv‡`¨i cwigvY FYvZ¥K m¤¢e bq| ZvB x 0, y 0
ha
avc 4: Objective Function ev D‡Ïk¨ dvskb F = 6x + 7y,hv †gvU g~j¨ wba©viY K‡i Ges hv‡K
me©wb¤œ(Minimize) Ki‡Z n‡e|
s
th
avc 5: wfUvwgb C Gi Rb¨ mxgve×Zv t 2x + 5y 50
wfUvwgb D Gi Rb¨ mxgve×Zv t 3x + 6y 60
Pa
avc 6: myZivs †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖvgwU wb¤œiƒc:
AA
Minimize F = 6x + 7y
kZ© mg~n :2x + 5y 50
3x + 6y 60
x 0 Ges y 0
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 9.2-
1. GKwU †jvK me©vwaK 500 UvKv e¨‡q K‡qKwU Kvc I †cøU wKb‡Z Pvb| cÖwZ Kv‡ci `vg 30 UvKv I †cø‡Ui `vg
20 UvKv| b~¨bZg 3wU †cøU I AbwaK 6wU Kvc †Kbvi k‡Z© H UvKvq †Kvb cÖKv‡ii KZ¸‡jv wRwbm wKb‡j
wZwb †gvU me©vwaK wRwbm wKb‡Z cvi‡eb GRb¨ GKwU †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖvg ˆZwi Kiæb|
2. GKRb dj we‡µZv Avg I †cqviv wewµ K‡i| cÖwZ Szwo Avg I †cqvivi g~j¨ h_vµ‡g 50 UvKv I 25 UvKv|
H we‡µZv Zvi †`vKv‡b 12wUi †ewk Szwo ivL‡Z cv‡i bv| cÖwZ Szwo Avg I †cqviv weµ‡q jvf h_vµ‡g 10
UvKv I 6 UvKv n‡j 500 UvKv g~jab e¨‡q KZ Szwo Avg I †cqviv µq Ki‡j H we‡µZv m‡e©v”P jvf Ki‡Z
cvi‡e, GRb¨ GKwU †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖvg ˆZwi Kiæb|
†hvMvkÖqx †cÖvMÖvg c„ôv 306
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV 9.3 †jLwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ wØgvwÎK mgm¨vi mgvavb
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
†jLwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ wØgvwÎK †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖvg mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã wØgvwÎK, †jLwPÎ, mgm¨v, mgvavb
g~jcvV-
†jLwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ wØgvwÎK †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖvg mgm¨vi mgvavb (Solutions of two dimensional L.P.P. by
graphical method)
avc 1: hw` cÖ`Ë mgm¨vwU †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖvg AvKv‡i †`Iqv bv _v‡K Zvn‡j mgm¨vwU‡K x, y PjK wKsev Ab¨ PjK
Øviv †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖv‡g iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z nq|
avc 2: †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖv‡gi mKj k‡Z©i AmgZv‡K mgxKiY AvKv‡i wjL‡Z nq|
avc 3: QK KvM‡R cÖvß mgxKiY¸‡jvi mij‡iLv A¼b Ki‡Z nq|
l a
avc 4: †h‡nZz xIy PjK me©`vB AFYvZ¥K Kv‡RB wPÎwU 1g PZyf©v‡M Ae¯’vb K‡i| cÖvß AmgZv¸‡jvi Rb¨
ha
A_©vr mxgve×Zvi Rb¨ 1g PZzf©v‡M m¤¢ve¨ AÂj(Fesiable solution region) wPwýZ Ki‡Z nq| Ges
s
m¤¢ve¨ A‡ji †KŠwYK ev kxl©we›`y mg~‡ni ¯’vbv¼ wbY©q Ki‡Z nq|
th
avc 5: m¤¢ve¨ A‡ji cÖwZwU kxl©we›`yi Rb¨ D‡Ïk¨ ev Afxó dvsk‡bi gvb wbY©q Ki‡Z nq|
avc 6: †h kxl©we›`y‡Z Afxó dvsk‡bi gvb me‡P‡q †ekx ev Kg Zv wbY©q Ki‡Z nq| m‡e©v”PKi‡Yi Rb¨ xGesy
Pa
Gi †hgv‡bi Rb¨ Afxó dvsk‡bi gvb e„nËg nq †mwU MÖnY Ki‡Z nq| Avi me©wb¤œKi‡Yi Rb¨ xGes y
AA
Gi †h gv‡bi Rb¨ Afxó dvsk‡bi gvb ¶z`ªZg nq †mwU MÖnY Ki‡Z nq
myZivs ejv hvq gvbmg~‡ni g‡a¨ P~ovšÍ gvb (Optimum Value) A_©vr m‡e©v”P ev me©wb¤œ gvbB †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖv‡gi
mgvavb|
D`vniY 1: GKRb dj we‡µZv Kgjv I Av‡cj e¨emvq 5000 UvKv LvUvb|
wKš‘ ¸`vg N‡i 120wUi AwaK ev· ivL‡Z cv‡ib bv| GK ev· Av‡c‡ji `vg
500 UvKv Ges GK ev· Kgjvi `vg 250 UvKv| wZwb cÖwZ ev· Av‡cj 100
UvKv jv‡f Ges cÖwZ ev· Kgjv 60 UvKv jv‡f wewµ K‡ib| †jvKwU †h ev·¸‡jv
wK‡bb Zv meB wewµ K‡ib| Av‡cj I Kgjvi KZ¸‡jv ev· µq Ki‡j m‡e©v”P
gybvdv Ki‡Z cvi‡e? mgm¨vwU mgvav‡bi Rb¨ †hvMvkªqx g‡Wj ˆZix Kiæb Ges
ˆjwLK c×wZ‡Z mgvavb †`Lvb|
mgvavb: g‡bKiæb,Av‡c‡ji ev‡·i msL¨v = xwU Ges Kgjvi ev‡·i msL¨v =
ywU
Afxó dvskb Max P = 100x + 60y (80, 40)
kZ©mg~n : x + y 120; 500x + 250y 5000; x, y 0
cÖ`Ë AmgZv¸‡jv‡K mgxKiY a‡i mgxKiY¸‡jvi †jLwPÎ A¼b Kiæb Ges
mgvav‡bi m¤¢ve¨ AbyKzj GjvKv wbe©vPb Kiæb|
x + y = 120 --------------- (1)
BDwbU bq c„ôv 307
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
500x + 250y = 5000 ----------------- (2)
x = 0 ---------------------- (3)
y = 0 ---------------------- (4)
†¯‹j wba©viY:10 GKK = 1 eM©vKvi N‡ii ˆ`N©¨|
GLb g~jwe›`y (0,0) Øviv hvPvB Ki‡j †`Lv hvq (0,0) Gi Rb¨ AmgZv ¸‡jv mZ¨ nq, myZivs m¤¢ve¨ GjvKv
†iLv¸‡jv n‡Z g~jwe›`yi w`‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| Avevi x> 0, y> 0 Øviv 1g PZzf©vM wb‡`©wkZ nq| Zvn‡j†jLwPÎ n‡Z
mgvav‡bi m¤¢ve¨ GjvKv OCGB, †hLv‡b O g~jwe›`y|
2 bs I xA‡¶i †Q`we›`y hvi ¯’vbv¼ C(100, 0);1 bs I 2 bs Gi †Q`we›`y hvi ¯’vbv¼ G (80, 40)
1 bs I y A‡¶i †Q`we›`y hvi ¯’vbv¼ B (0, 120)
Afxó dvskb O(0,0) C(100,0) G(80,40) B(0,120)
P = 100x + 60y 0 z = 100100 +600 z = 10080 +6040 = z = 1000 + 60120
= 10000 10400 = 7200
myZivs G(80, 40) we›`y‡Z m‡e©v”P gybvdv A_©vr P Gi gvb m‡e©v”P nq|
myZivs 80 ev· Av‡cj I 40 ev· Kgjv wewµ Ki‡j, jvf †ewk n‡e|
D`vniY 2: wg: Lvb Zuvi mšÍv‡bi Rb¨ m‡e©v”P100 UvKv e¨q K‡i wKQy msL¨K Kjg I †cwÝj wKb‡Z Pvb| cÖwZwU
Kj‡gi g~j¨ 12 UvKv Ges cÖwZwU †cw݇ji g~j¨ 8 UvKv| wZwb Kgc‡¶ 1wU Kjg wKb‡eb, Avevi 8wUi †ewk
†cwÝj wKb‡eb bv| Zvn‡j wg: Lvb 100 UvKv e¨q K‡i †Kvb cÖKv‡ii KZ¸‡jv wRwbm wKb‡j GK‡Î me©vwaK
msL¨K Kjg I †cwÝj wKb‡Z cvi‡eb?
a
mgvavb: g‡b Kiæb, wg: Lvb xwU Kjg Ges ywU †cwÝj µq Ki‡eb|Zvn‡j Afxó dvskb, Max Z = x + y
l
ha
mxgve×Zvi kZ©mg~n :12x + 8y 100, x 1,
s
y 8, x 0, y 0.
th
cª`Ë AmgZv¸‡jv‡K mgxKiY a‡i mgxKiY¸‡jvi †jLwPÎ
A¼b Kiæb Ges mgvav‡bi Rb¨ m¤¢ve¨ AbyK‚j GjvKv wbe©vPb
Pa
Kiæb| AZGe,
AA
12x + 8y = 100
x y
ev, 25 + 25 = 1 .................. (1)
3 2
x = 1 ............................ (2)
y = 8 ............................ (3)
x = 0 ............................ (4)
y = 0 ............................. (5)
†jLwPÎ n‡Z cÖvß AmgZv¸‡jvi Rb¨ mgvav‡bi m¤¢ve¨
AbyK‚j GjvKv ABCD.
GLv‡b (2) bs †iLv Ges x A‡¶i †Q`we›`y A(1,0) Ges (1) †¯‹j wbe©vPb : X I Y A¶ eivei 2 eM©N‡ii ˆ`N©¨ = 1
25
bs †iLv Ges x A‡¶i †Q`we›`y B 3 , 0 GKK (a‡i)
(1) Ges (3) Gi †Q`we›`yC n‡j (1) I (3) bs †Q`we›`y MÖvd †_‡K wKsev mgvavb K‡i cvB, C (3, 8)Ges (2) Ges
(3) Gi †Q`we›`y D n‡j (2) I (3) bs mgvavb K‡i wKsev MÖvd †_‡K cvB, D(1, 8)
Afxó dvskb A (1, 0) 25
B ,0
C (3, 8) D (1, 8)
3
Z=x+y Z=1+0=1 25 25 Z = 3 + 8 = 11 Z = 1 + 8 = 9.
Z= +0=
3 3
myZivs, C (3, 8) we›`y‡Z Z Gi m‡e©v”Pgvb cvIqv hvq|
†hvMvkÖqx †cÖvMÖvg c„ôv 308
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
wg: Lvb m‡e©v”P3wU Kjg I 8wU †cwÝj µq Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
dvwb©Pvi Drcv`bKvix GKwU cÖwZôvb †Uwej I †Pqvi `yBwU cY¨ ˆZwi K‡i| A Ges B
`yBwU †gwk‡bi mvnv‡h¨ cY¨ `yBwU‡K cÖwµqvRvZ Kiv nq| A †gwkb 60 NÈv ch©šÍ Ges
B †gwkb 48 NÈv ch©šÍ KvR Ki‡Z m¶g| GKwU †Uwej ˆZwi Ki‡Z A †gwk‡b 4 NÈv
wkÿv_x©i I B †gwk‡b 2 NÈv mgq jv‡M| GKwU †Pqvi ˆZwi Ki‡Z A †gwk‡b 2 NÈv Ges B
KvR †gwk‡b 4 NÈv mgq jv‡M| cÖwZ †Uwej Ges †Pqv‡ii gybvdv h_vµ‡g 8 UvKv 6 UvKv
n‡j, me©vwaK gybvdv cvIqvi Rb¨ KqLvbv †Uwej I KqLvbv †Pqvi ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e Zv
wbY©‡qi Rb¨ GKwU Dchy³ QK Ges †hvMvkªqx g‡Wj ˆZwi Kiæb I †jLwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨
mgvavb Kiæb|
D`vniY3:†Kv‡bv GbwRI Gi cyiæl I gwnjvKg©KZ©vi msL¨v GK‡Î AbwaK GKkZ nq,wKš‘ hw` gwnjv Kg©KZ©v
msL¨v wZb¸Y Kivnq Zvn‡j GK‡Î AbwaK 150 nq| GKRb cyiæl Kg©KZ©v ˆ`wbK 2 GKK I gwnjv Kg©KZ©v 3
GKK Kvh© m¤úbœ Ki‡j H GbwRIi me©vwaK Kvh© m¤úbœ wKfv‡e n‡Z cv‡i? GRb¨ †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖvg MVb Kiæb I
†jLwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ mgm¨vwU mgvavb Kiæb|
mgvavb:†hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖvg MVb: g‡b Kiæb, cyiæl Kg©KZ©vi msL¨v = x I gwnjv Kg©KZ©vi msL¨v = y
†h‡nZz Drcv`b m‡e©v”P n‡e Zvn‡j Afxó dvskb ev m‡e©v”P Drcv`b PjK Z (a‡i) Maximize n‡e|
Zvn‡j MaxZ = 2x + 3yGi m‡e©v”P gvb|
mxgve×Zv mg~n:x + y 100, x + 3y 150 Ges x 0 y 0. l a
ha
GLb cÖ`Ë AmgZv¸‡jv‡K mgxKi‡Y iƒcvšÍi Kiæb Ges mij‡iLvi †Q`K AvKv‡i cÖKvk Kiæb I x Ges y A‡¶i
s
†Q`we›`y wbY©q Kiæb|
th
x y
x + y 100 AmgZvwUi mgxKiY AvKvi x + y = 100 + =1
100 100
Pa
xGes yA‡¶i †Q`we›`y h_vµ‡gA(100,0) , B(0,100)
AA
x y
x + 3y 150 AmgZvwUi mgxKiY AvKvi x + 3y = 150 + =1
150 50
xGes yA‡¶i†Q`we›`y h_vµ‡g C(150,0) , D(0, 50)
x 0, y 0 AmgZvwUi mgxKiY AvKvi x = 0, y = 0 Ges G‡`i †Q`we›`y (0,0)
QK KvM‡Ri ¶z`ªZg eM©‡¶‡Îi 1 evûi ˆ`N©¨‡K 5 GKK a‡i
GKB A¶ I g~jwe›`y mv‡c‡¶ x + y = 100 Ges x + 3y =
150 mgxKiY؇qi c„_K †jL A¼b Kiæb|
g‡bKiæb, ABI CD mij‡iLvskØqP we›`y‡Z †Q`
K‡i|†jLwPÎ n‡Z wba©vwiZ GK‡K P we›`yi ¯’vbvsK
(75,25)|GLb (0,0) we›`ywU x + y< 100 AmgZvq emv‡j 0 +
0 < 100, hv mZ¨| Abyiƒcfv‡e (0,0) we›`ywUx + 3y< 150
AmgZvq emvB Zvn‡j 0 + 0 < 1500, hv mZ¨| Avevi x 0
Ges y 0 AmgZv `yBwUi mgvavb 1g PZzf©v‡M _vK‡e| AB I
CD mij‡iLv؇qi g~jwe›`y cvk¦©¯’ †h mKj we›`yi Rb¨ x 0,
y 0 Zv‡`i Ae¯’vbOAPDOAs‡ki g‡a¨| myZivs
OAPDOAs‡ki g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z mKj we›`yi †mUB cÖ` Ë
BDwbU bq c„ôv 309
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
AmgZv¸‡”Qi mvaviY mgvavb| GLv‡b †KŠwYK we›`y¸‡jvO
(0, 0); A(100, 0);P(75, 25) D (0, 50);
†KŠwYK we›`y Z = 2x + 3y
O(0,0) Zo = 2 0 + 3 0 = 0
A (100,0) ZA = 2 100 + 3 0 = 200
P (75,25) ZP = 2 75 + 3 25 = 225
D(0,50) ZD = 2 0 + 3 50 = 150
(0, 0); (0, 50); (100, 0); (75, 25) we›`y¸‡jvi †¶‡Î ZGi gvb h_vµ‡g 0,150, 200, 225.
wb‡Y©q me©vwaK KvR225 GKK| A_©vr cyiælKg©KZ©vi msL¨v 75 Ges gwnjvKg©KZ©vi msL¨v25 n‡j
GbwRIwU‡Zme©vwaK KvR m¤úbœ n‡e|
D`vniY 4: `yB cÖKvi Lv`¨ AIB †Z †cÖvwUb I ÷vP© Dcv`vb we`¨gvb| cÖ‡Z¨K cÖKv‡ii Lv‡`¨ cÖwZ †KwR‡Z cywó
Dcv`v‡bi cwigvY, Lv‡`¨i g~j¨ I Pvwn`v Gi cwigvY wb¤œiƒc:
Lv‡`¨i cÖKvi †cÖvwUb ÷vP© cÖwZ †KwRi g~j¨
A 8 MÖvg 10 MÖvg 40 UvKv
B 12 MÖvg 6 MÖvg 50 UvKv
ˆ`wbK b~¨bZg cÖ‡qvRb 32 MÖvg 22 MÖvg
me‡P‡q Kg Li‡P ˆ`wbK cÖ‡qvRb wgUv‡bv hv‡e Zv wbY©‡qi Rb¨ avcmn GKwU †hvMkªqx †cÖvMÖvg MVb Kiæb I
†jLwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ Zv mgvavb Kiæb| l a
ha
mgvavb: cÖ`Ë mgm¨vwU‡K cÖ_‡g †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖvg MVb Ki‡Z n‡e Ges AZtci Zv †jLwPÎ c×wZ‡Z Zv mgvavb
Ki‡Z n‡e|
s
†hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖvg MVb:
th
cÖ_g avc:g‡b Kiæb, me‡P‡q Kg Li‡P ˆ`wbK cÖ‡qvRb wgUv‡bvi Rb¨ AcÖKv‡iix †KwR IB cÖKv‡iiy †KwR Lv`¨
Pa
cÖwZw`b LvIqv `iKvi| Zvn‡jx 0 Iy 0
wØZxq avc:Zvn‡j A IB GB `yB cÖKv‡ii Lv`¨ n‡Z ˆ`wbK †h cwigvY †cÖvwUb cvIqv hvq Zvi cwigvc = 8x +
AA
12y,†h‡nZz †cÖvwU‡bi b~¨bZg cÖ‡qvRb wQj 32 MÖvg
8x + 12y 32 ev 2x + 3y 8
Ab~iƒcfv‡e ÷vP© Gi Rb¨, 10x + 6y 22 A_©vr 5x + 3y 11
Z…Zxq avc:†h‡nZz GLv‡b D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv me‡P‡q Kg Li‡P cÖ‡qvRb wgUv‡bv myZivs Afxó dvskbwUi MVb n‡e LiP †Kw›`ªK|
g‡b Kiæb, Af©xó dvskb F
GLv‡b LiP: (i) A cÖKv‡ii x †KwR Lv‡`¨i g~j¨ = 40x UvKv Ges(ii) B cÖKv‡ii y †KwRLv‡`¨i g~j¨ = 50y UvKv
myZivs †gvUF = 40x + 50y
P~ovšÍ avc: †h‡nZz LiP b~¨bZg n‡e myZivs Afxó dvskbwU Minimize n‡e| A_©vr MinimizeF = 40x + 50y
kZ©mg~n:2x + 3y 8
5x + 3y 11
x, y 0
GUvB wb‡Y©q †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖvg|
†jLwP‡Îi mvnvh¨ †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖv‡gi mgvavb:
cÖvß AmgZv¸‡jv‡K Abyiƒc mgxKi‡Y iƒcvšÍi K‡i Gi †Q`K AvKv‡ii cÖKvk K‡i cvB,
x y
2x + 3y 8 AmgZvwUi Abyiƒc mgxKiY 2x + 3y = 8 ev, + = 1 --------------- (1)
4 8
3
†hvMvkÖqx †cÖvMÖvg c„ôv 310
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
8
A¶Ø‡qi †Q`we›`y (4,0) Ges (0, )
3
x y
5x + 3y 11 AmgZvwUi Abyiƒc mgxKiY 5x + 3y = 11 ev, + = 1 ---------------- (2)
11 11
5 3
11 11
A¶Ø‡qi †Q`we›`y , 0 0 ,
5 3
x 0, y 0 AmgZvwUi Abyiƒc mgxKiY h_vµ‡g, x = 0 --------------- (3)
Gesy = 0 --------------- (4)
GLb QK KvM‡R ¶z`ª 5 e‡M©i evûi ˆ`N©¨ = 1 GKK we‡ePbv
K‡i, x I y A¶ wPwýZ K‡i (1), (2), (3) I (4) bs
mgxKi‡Yi †jL A¼b Kiæb|
GLb 2x + 3y 8 AmgZvq g~jwe›`y (0, 0) emv‡j cvB 0 8
hv mZ¨ bq| Avevi 5x + 3y 11 AmgZvq (0, 0) emv‡j
cvB 0 11 hv mZ¨ bq|
myZivs (1) bs Ges (2) bs †iLvi †h cv‡k¦© g~jwe›`y Aew¯’Z
Zvi wecixZ cv‡k¦©i mKj we›`yi †mU h_vµ‡g 1g I 2q
AmgZvi mgvavb wb‡`©k K‡i| Avevi x 0 Ges y 0 Øviv
cÖ_g PZzf©v‡Mi mKj we›`y wb‡`©k K‡i| myZivs †jLwP‡Îi
`vMvw¼Z GjvKv‡K m¤¢ve¨ mgvavb GjvKv ejv l a
ha
hvq|wPÎvbymv‡i, GLv‡b m¤¢ve¨ GjvKvi wZbwU †KŠwYK we›`y
s
Av‡Q|
th
(1) I (4) bs Gi †Q`we›`y aiæbA(4, 0);
(1) I (2) bs Gi †Q`we›`yB(1, 2);
Pa
11
(2)Ges(3)Gi †Q`we›`y C0, |
AA
3
11
GLb A(4, 0), B(1, 2) GesC0, 3 we›`yi Rb¨ F = 40x + 50y n‡Z FGi gvb wbY©q Kiæb:
†KŠwYK we›`y Minimize F = 40x + 50y
A(4,0) F = 40 4 + 50 0 = 160
B(1, 2) F = 40 1 + 50 2 = 140
11 11
C0, F = 40 0 + 50 = 183.3
3 3
FGi gvb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ mev‡c¶v †QvU gvbwU n‡jv 140 A_©vr Fmin = 140
myZivs ˆ`wbK A cÖKv‡ii Lv`¨ 1 †KwR I B cÖKv‡ii Lv`¨ 2 †KwR MÖnY Ki‡j, me‡P‡q Kg Li‡P cÖ‡qvRb wgUv‡bv
hv‡e|
D`vniY 5:wb¤œwjwLZ k‡Z© F = 3x + 4yGi m‡e©v”P gvb wbY©q Kiæb :
mxgve×Zvi kZ© :x + y 7, 2x + 5y 20, x 0, y 0.
mgvavb: Awfó dvskb :F = 3x + 4y
kZ©mg~n: x + y 7, 2x + 5y 20, x 0, y 0
GLb cÖ`Ë AmgZv¸‡jv‡K mgxKiY we‡ePbv Ki‡j cvB, x + y = 7;
2x + 5y = 20, x = 0, y = 0
GLb cÖvß mgxKiY¸‡jv‡K †Q`K AvKv‡i wjLyb I x A¶ Ges yA‡¶i †Q`we›`y wbY©q Kiæb|
BDwbU bq c„ôv 311
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
x y
x + y = 7 + = 1 A_©vr A(7, 0), B(0, 7) (a‡i)
7 7
x y
2x + 5y = 20 + = 1 A_©vr C(10, 0), D(0, 4) (a‡i)
10 4
x = 0, y = 0 A_©vr O (0, 0) (a‡i)
cÖvß we›`y¸‡jv QK KvM‡R ¯’vcb K‡i mij‡iLv A¼b K‡i MÖvd
m¤úbœ Kiæb|
x + y<7 AmgZvq(0,0) we›`y emv‡j 0 + 0 < 7 mZ¨;
2x + 5y< 2 AmgZvq (0,0) we›`y emv‡j 0 + 0 < 20 mZ¨;
myZivs AmgZv `yBwU g~jwe›`y aviYKvix AÂj wb‡`©k K‡i Avevi x>
0, y> 0 AmgZv `yBwU AvqZvKvi A¶ e¨e¯’vq 1g PZzf©vM wb‡`©k
K‡i| Zvn‡j wPÎ n‡Z †`Lv hvq wb‡Y©q mgvavb AÂj OAPDO
P we›`y wbY©q: MÖvd †_‡K †`Lv hvq P we›`yi ¯’vbv¼ P(5,2)
weKí: x + y = 7 2x + 2y = 14 ------------- (1) †¯‹j : X I Y A¶ eivei3 Ni = 1 GKK
2x + 5y = 20 ------------ (2)
(1) I (2) n‡Z cvB, y = 2, x = 5P we›`yi ¯’vbv¼ (5, 2); hv MÖvd †_‡K cÖvß gv‡bi mgvb|
GLb, O, A, P, D we›`y¸‡jv ¯’vbv¼ Afxó dvsk‡b ewm‡q cvB,
Afxó dvskb O (0, 0) A(7, 0) P(5, 2) D (0, 4)
a
F = 3x + 4y 3.0 + 4.0 = 0 3.7 + 4.0 = 21l 3.5 + 4.2 = 23 3.0 + 4.4 =16
P(5, 2) we›`y‡Z m‡e©v”P gvb = 23.
s ha
D`vniY 6:m‡e©v”PKiYKiæb: F = 2x + 3y
th
kZ© :x 4, x, y 0, x + 2y 10, x + y 6
Pa
mgvavb:x 4, x + 2y 10, x + y 6, x 0, y 0.
GLb cÖ`Ë AmgZv¸‡jv‡K mgZv we‡ePbv Ki‡j cvB,
AA
x = 4; x + 2y = 10; x + y = 6, x = 0, y = 0
GLb cÖ`Ë mgxKiY¸‡jv‡K †Q`K AvKv‡i wjLyb I x A¶
Ges yA‡¶i †Q` we›`y wbY©q Kiæb|
x = 4 A_©vr A(4, 0)
x y
x + 2y = 10 + = 1 A_©vr B (10, 0), C(0, 5) (a‡i)
10 5
x y
x + y = 6 + = 1 A_©vr D(6, 0), E(0, 6) (a‡i)
6 6
x = 0, y = 0 A_©vr O(0, 0) (a‡i)
GLb cÖvß we›`y¸‡jv‡K QK KvM‡R ¯’vcb K‡i MÖvd m¤úbœ
Kiæb|
†¯‹j:xI y A‡¶ 5 Ni = 2 GKK (a‡i)
x< 4 AmgZvq (0,0) we›`y emv‡j 0 < 4 hv mZ¨;
x + 2y< 10 AmgZvq (0,0) we›`y emv‡j 0 + 0 < 10 hv
mZ¨;
x + y< 6AmgZvq (0,0) we›`y emv‡j 0 + 0 < 6 hv mZ¨;
mgvavb ev Afxó AÂj cÖ_g, wØZxq I Z…Zxq mij‡iLvi †h cv‡k¦© g~jwe›`y †m cvk¦© AÂj wb‡`©k K‡i |
myZivs wb‡Y©qmgvavb AÂj:OAPQCO
†hvMvkÖqx †cÖvMÖvg c„ôv 312
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
P we›`y wbY©q:MÖvd †_‡K †`Lv hvq PGi ¯’vbv¼ P(4,2)
weKí:cÖ_g I Z…Zxq †iLvi†Q`we›`yx = 4, x + y = 6 x = 4, y = 2
P we›`y = (4, 2); hv MÖvd †_‡K cÖvß gv‡bi mgvb|
Q we›`y wbY©q: MÖvd †_‡K †`Lv hvq Q Gi ¯’vbv¼ Q(2,4)
weKí:wØZxq I Z…Zxq †iLvi †Q`we›`y A_©vrx + 2y = 10 Ges x + y = 6 Gi †Q`we›`y(2, 4); hv MÖvd †_‡K cÖvß
gv‡bi mgvb|
GLb, O, A, P, Q I C we›`y¸‡jv Awfó dvskbF G ewm‡q cvB,
O (0, 0) A(4, 0) P(4, 2) Q(2, 4) C(0, 5)
F = 2x + 3y 0 8 14 16 15
x = 2 Ges y = 4 n‡j Q(2, 4) we›`y‡Z m‡e©v”P gvb= 16.
wb‡Pi †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖvg‡K †jLwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ mgvavb Kiæb:
wkÿv_x©i m‡e©v”PKiY Kiæb (Maximize) : Z = 2x + y
KvR mxgve×Zv: x + 2y 10, x + y 6, x – y 2, x – 2y 10, x 0, y 0
D`vniY 7: †jLwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ Z = 5x + 7y-Gi m‡e©v”P gvb wbY©qKiæb :
mxgve×Zv: x + y 4; 3x + 8y 24; 10x + 7y 35; x0, y 0
a
mgvavb: GLv‡b Afxó dvskb: Z = 5x + 7yGes
kZ©: x + y 4, 3x + 8y 24, 10x + 7y 35, x 0, y 0
l
ha
GLb cÖ`Ë AmgZv¸‡jv‡K mgZv we‡ePbv Ki‡j cvB,
s
x + y = 4; 3x + 8y= 24; 10x + 7y= 35;x = 0; y = 0;
th
GLb mgxKiY¸‡jv‡K †Q`K AvKv‡i wjwLZx Ges
yA‡¶i †Q` we›`y wbY©q Kiæb|
Pa
x y
(i) x + y = 4 + = 1 A_©vr A(4, 0), B(0, 4)
AA
4 4
x y
(ii) 3x + 8y = 24 + = 1
8 3
A_©vrC(8, 0), D(0, 3)
x y
(iii) 10x + 7y = 35 + = 1
7 5
2
7
A_©vrE , 0 ,F(0, 5) †¯‹j : X I Y A¶ eivei 4 eM©N‡ii ˆ`N©¨ = 1 GKK (a‡i)
2
x = 0, y = 0 A_©vr O(0, 0)
we›`y¸‡jv‡K QK KvM‡R ¯’vcb K‡i †iLv¸‡jv A¼b K‡i †jLwPÎ m¤úbœ Kiæb|
GLb x + y< 4 AmgZvq (0,0) we›`y emv‡j cvB 0 + 0 < 4 hv mZ¨;
3x + 4y< 24 AmgZvq (0,0) we›`y emv‡j 0 + 0 < 24 hv mZ¨;
10x + 7y< 35 AmgZvq (0,0) we›`y emv‡j 0 + 0 < 35 hv mZ¨;
wb‡Y©q mgvavb AÂj (i), (ii) I (iii) bs †iLvi †hw`‡K g~jwe›`y †mw`‡K|
myZivs mgvavb AÂj:OEPQDO
8 12
Q we›`y wbY©q : MÖvd †_‡K (i) I (ii) Gi †Q`we›`yQ ,
5 5
BDwbU bq c„ôv 313
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
12 8
weKí: x + y = 4 Ges 3x + 8y = 24 †K mgvavb Ki‡j cvBy = 5 , x = 5
8 12
Q we›`y ¯’vbv¼5, 5 ; hv MÖvd †_‡K cÖvß gv‡bi mgvb|
75
P we›`y wbY©q:(i) I (iii) Gi †Q`we›`yP ,
3 3
7 5
weKí: x + y = 4 Ges 10x + 7y = 35 †K mgvavb Ki‡j cvBx = 3 , y = 3
75
P we›`y ¯’vbv¼ , ; hv MÖvd †_‡K cÖvß gv‡bi mgvb|
3 3
GLb cÖvß †KŠwYK we›`y O, E, P, Q I D we›`yi Rb¨ Z-Gi gvb wbY©q Kiæb|
O(0, 0) 7 7 5 8 12 D (0, 3)
E ,0 P , Q ,
2 3 3 5 5
Z = 5x + 7y 0 17.5 22.33 24.8 21
8 12
Q , we›`y‡Z m‡e©v”P gvb Zmax = 24.8
5 5
D`vniY 8: wb¤œwjwLZ †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖvg‡K †jLwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ mgvavb K‡i me©wb¤œKiY Kiæb:
Z = 2y – x, kZ© : 3y – x 10; x + y 6; x – y 2; x, y> 0
mgvavb: Awfó dvskb: Z = 2y – x
a
kZ©:–x + 3y 10, x + y 6, x – y 2, x 0, y 0 l
GLb cÖ`Ë AmgZv¸‡jv‡K mgZv we‡ePbv Ki‡j cvB, –x + 3y= 10; x + y = 6; x – y= 2, x = 0, y = 0
ha
GLb cÖvß mgxKiY¸‡jv‡K †Q`K AvKv‡i wjLybGesx A¶ IyA‡¶i †Q`we›`y wbY©q Kiæb:
s
x y 10
+ = 1 Zvn‡j †Q` we›`y A (–10, 0), B0,
th
(i) – x + 3y = 10
–10 10 3
Pa
3
x y
(ii) x + y = 6 + = 1 Zvn‡j †Q` we›`y C(6,
AA
6 6
0),D(0, 6)
x y
(iii)x – y = 2 + = 1 Zvn‡j †Q` we›`y E(2, 0),
2 –2
F(0, –2)
(iv) x = 0, y = 0 Zvn‡j †Q` we›`y O(0, 0)
cÖvß we›`ymg~n‡K QK KvM‡R ¯’vcb K‡i Afxó GjvKv
wba©viY Kiæb:
P we›`y wbY©q: MÖvd †_‡K (ii) I (iii) Gi †Q` we›`yP(4, 2)
weKí: x + y = 6, x – y = 2 x = 4, y = 2
P we›`y = (4, 2); hv MÖvd †_‡K cÖvß gv‡bi mgvb|
†¯‹j wba©viY:X I Y A‡¶ 3 Ni = 1 GKK (a‡i)
Q we›`y wbY©q: MÖvd †_‡K (i) I (ii) Gi †Q`we›`yQ(2, 4)
weKí: –x + 3y = 10, x + y = 6 y = 4, x = 2Q we›`y (2, 4); hv MÖvd †_‡K cÖvß gv‡bi mgvb|
3y – x< 10 AmgZvq (0,0) we›`y emv‡j cvB 0< 10 hv mZ¨;
x + y<6 AmgZvq(0,0) we›`y emv‡j 0 < 6 hv mZ¨;x – y< 2 AmgZvq (0,0) we›`y emv‡j 0 < 2 hv mZ¨;
Avevi x>0,y> 0 Øviv A¶ e¨e¯’vi 1g PZzf©vM wb‡`©k K‡i| Zvn‡j wb‡Y©q mgvavb AÂj 1g PZzf©v‡M Ges
(i), (ii) I (iii) bs mij‡iLvi †hw`‡K g~jwe›`y †mw`‡K|myZivs Afxó ev mgvavb AÂj = OEPQBO
†hvMvkÖqx †cÖvMÖvg c„ôv 314
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
GLb, cÖvß we›`y¸‡jv n‡Z Z-Gi gvb wbY©q Kiæb:
O(0, 0) E(2, 0) P(4, 2) Q(2, 4) 10
B0,
3
Z = 2y – x 0 –2 0 6 6.67
†`Lv hvqE(2, 0) we›`y‡Z me©wb¤œ gvb = – 2.
D`vniY 9: Z = 2x – yGi me©wb¤œ gvb wbY©q Kiæb; hLb kZ©mg~n
x + y 5, x + 2y 8, 4x + 3y 12, x, y 0.
mgvavb: GLv‡b Awfó dvskb: Z = 2x – y
kZ©:x + y 5, x + 2y 8, 4x + 3y 12, x, y 0.
x y
(i) x + y = 5 + = 1 Zvn‡j †Q` we›`y A(5, 0), B(0, 5)
5 5
x y
(ii) x + 2y = 8 + = 1 Zvn‡j †Q` we›`y C(8, 0), D(0, 4)
8 4
x y
(iii) 4x + 3y = 12 + = 1 Zvn‡j †Q` we›`y E(3, 0), D(0, 4)
3 4
(iv) x = 0, y = 0 Zvn‡j †Q` we›`y O(0, 0)
P we›`y wbY©q: MÖvd †_‡K (i) I (ii) Gi †Q` we›`yP (2,3)
wKsev x + y = 5, x + 2y = 8 †K mgvavb Ki‡jy = 3, x = 2
P we›`y = (2, 3); hv MÖvd †_‡K cÖvß gv‡bi mgvb| l a
ha
GLb cÖvß we›`ymg~n QK KvM‡R ¯’vcb K‡i Afxó AÂj wba©viY
Kiæb|
s
x + y< 5 AmgZvq (0,0) we›`y emv‡j cvB 0 + 0 < 5 hv
th
mZ¨;
Pa
x + 2y<8 AmgZvq(0,0) we›`y emv‡j 0 + 0 < 8 hv mZ¨;
4x + 35y> 12 AmgZvq (0,0) we›`y emv‡j 0 + 0 > 12 hv
AA
wg_¨v; myZivs mgvavb AÂj (i), (ii) Gi †hw`‡K g~j we›`y
†mw`‡K Ges (iii) Gi †hw`‡K g~j we›`y Zvi wecixZ w`‡K|
AZGe wb‡Y©q mgvavb AÂj= EAPDE
GLb, cÖvß we›`y¸‡jv n‡Z Z-Gi gvb wbY©q Kiæb:
E(3, 0) A(5, 0) P(2, 3) D(0, 4)
Z = 2x – y 6 10 1 –4
myZivs Z Gi me©wb¤œgvb, Zmin = – 4
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 9.3-
cÖwZ‡¶‡Î †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMvg MVb Kiæb Ges †jLwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ mgvavb Kiæb (1-12):
1. GKwU †jvK me©vwaK 100 UvKv e¨q K‡i wKQy msL¨K _vjv IMøvm wKb‡Z Pvb| cÖwZwU _vjv I Møv‡mi g~j¨
h_vµ‡g 12 UvKv I 8 UvKv| AšÍZ 1wU _vjv I 8wUi †ewk Møvm wZwb wKb‡eb bv| Dc‡iv³ UvKvq wZwb †Kvb
cÖKv‡ii KZ¸‡jv wRwbm wKb‡j GK‡Î me©vwaK msL¨K wRwbm wKb‡Z cvi‡eb?
2. GK e¨w³ 1200 UvKv w`‡q †cvbv gvQ wKb‡Z Pvq| 100iæB gv‡Qi †cvbvi `vg 60 UvKv I 100 KvZjv gv‡Qi
†cvbvi `vg 30 UvKv| wZwb †Kvb gv‡Qi †cvbv KZwU wKb‡eb hv‡Z †gvU msL¨v me©vwaK 3000 nq|
BDwbU bq c„ôv 315
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
3. GKwU dvg© `yBwU cY¨ †Uwej I †Pqvi ˆZwi K‡i| A GesB `yBwU †gwk‡bi mvnv‡h¨ cY¨ `yBwU‡K cÖwµqvRvZ
Kiv nq| A†gwkb60 N›Uv ch©šÍ Ges B †gwkb 48 N›Uv ch©šÍ KvR Ki‡Z m¶g| GKwU †Uwej ˆZwi Ki‡Z A
†gwk‡b 4 N›Uv I B †gwk‡b 2 N›Uv mgq jv‡M| GKwU †Pqvi ˆZwi Ki‡Z A †gwk‡b 2 N›Uv GesB †gwk‡b 4
N›Uv mgq jv‡M| †Uwej cÖwZ 4 UvKv I †Pqvi cÖwZ 6 UvKv gybvdv n‡j, me©vwaK gybvdv cvIqvi Rb¨ KqLvbv
†Uwej I KqLvbv †Pqvi ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e wbY©q Kiæb|
4. GK e¨w³ 500 UvKvi g‡a¨ Kgc‡¶ 6 Lvbv MvgQv I 4 Lvbv †Zvqv‡j wKb‡Z Pvb| cÖwZwU MvgQvi `vg 30 UvKv
I cÖwZwU †Zvqv‡ji `vg 40 UvKv| cÖ‡Z¨K cÖKv‡ii KZ Lvbv wRwbm wKb‡j †m cÖ`Ë kZ©vax‡b me©v‡c¶v †ewk
msL¨K wRwbm wKb‡Z cvi‡e GRb¨ GKwU †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖvg MVb Kiæb Ges †jLwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ mgvavb Kiæb|
5. GKRb K…lK avb I Mg Pvl Ki‡Z wM‡q †`L‡jb cÖwZ †n±i Rwg‡Z avb I Mg Pv‡li Rb¨ LiP h_vµ‡g 1200
UvKv I 800 UvKv| cÖwZ †n±i Rwg‡Z avb I Mg Pv‡li Rb¨ h_vµ‡g 4 Rb I 6 Rb kªwg‡Ki cÖ‡qvRb nq|
m‡e©v”P26 Rb kªwgK wb‡qvM K‡i Ges 4800 UvKv wewb‡qvM K‡i m‡e©v”P KZ †n±i Rwg wZwb Pvl Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb?
6. GKRb e¨emvqx Zvi †`vKv‡bi Rb¨ †iwWI Ges †Uwjwfkb wg‡j 100 †mU wKb‡Z cv‡ib| †iwWI †mU I
†Uwjwfkb †mU cÖwZwUi µqg~j¨ h_vµ‡g 40 Wjvi I 120 Wjvi| cÖwZ †iwWI I †Uwjwfkb †m‡U jvf
h_vµ‡g 16 Wjvi I 32 Wjvi| m‡e©v”P10400 Wjvi wewb‡qvM K‡i m‡e©v”P KZ jvf wZwb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb?
7. GKwU cÖwZôvb Zv‡`i Drcvw`Z A I B cY¨ n‡Z GKKcÖwZ 3 UvKv I 4 UvKv jvf K‡i| cÖwZwU cY¨ M1I
M2†gwkb ˆZwi nq| A cY¨wU M1I M2†gwk‡b ˆZwi‡Z h_vµ‡g 1 wgwbU I 2 wgwbU mgq jv‡M Ges BcY¨wU
a
1
M1I M2†gwk‡b ˆZwi‡Z h_vµ‡g 1 wgwbU I 1 wgwbU mgq jv‡M| cÖwZ Kv‡Ri w`‡b M1†gwkb me©vwaK 7
l 2
ha
N›Uv I M2†gwkb me©vwaK 10 N›Uv e¨envi Kiv hv‡e| A I B cY¨ wK cwigvY ˆZwi Ki‡j me©vwaK jvf n‡e?
†hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖv‡gi GKwU g‡Wj ˆZwi Kiæb|
s
th
8. F1I F2`yB ai‡bi Lv‡`¨i cÖwZ wK‡jv‡Z wfUvwgb C ID cvIqv hvq wb¤œiƒc:
Lv`¨ wfUvwgb C wfUvwgb D wK‡jvcÖwZ g~j¨
Pa
F1 2 3 5 UvKv
AA
F2 5 6 3 UvKv
ˆ`wbK b~¨bZg cÖ‡qvRb 50 60
me‡P‡q Kg Li‡P ˆ`wbK wfUvwgb C I D Gi Pvwn`v wKfv‡e †gUv‡bv hv‡e Zv wbY©‡qi Rb¨ GKwU †hvMvkªqx
†cÖvMÖvg mgm¨v ˆZwi Kiæb|
9. X Ges Y cÖKv‡ii Lv‡`¨i cÖwZ †KwR‡Z †cÖvwUb I †k¦Zmvi Gi cwigvY I Zvi g~j¨ wb¤œiƒc:
Lv‡`¨i bvg †cÖvwUb †k¦Zmvi cÖwZ †KwRi g~j¨
X 8 10 70
Y 12 6 90
ˆ`wbK b~¨bZg cÖ‡qvRb 32 22
me‡P‡q Kg Li‡P ˆ`wbK †cÖvwUb I †k^Zmv‡ii Pvwn`v wKfv‡e †gUv‡bv hv‡e Zv wbY©‡qi Rb¨ GKwU †hvMvkªqx
†cÖvMÖvg mgm¨v ˆZwi Kiæb|
10. GK e¨w³ X I Y `yB cÖKv‡ii Lv`¨ MÖnY K‡ib, hv‡Z wZb ai‡bi cywói N1, N2, N3 Gi cwigvY Lv‡`¨i g~j¨ I
ˆ`wbK cywói cwigvY †`Iqv n‡jv|
`vg X Y ˆ`wbK b~¨bZg cÖ‡qvRb
N1 30 12 60
N2 15 15 60
N3 6 18 36
wKfv‡e me©wb¤œ Li‡P Lv`¨ cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡bv hvq †mRb¨ GKwU †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖvg ˆZwi Kiæb Ges †jLwP‡Îi
gva¨‡gi mgvavb Kiæb|
†hvMvkÖqx †cÖvMÖvg c„ôv 316
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
11. `yB iK‡gi Lv`¨A I B Gi cÖwZ †KwR‡Z †cÖvwUb I ÷v‡P©i cwigvY I G‡`i g~j¨ wb¤œiƒc:
Lv`¨ †cÖvwUb ÷vP© cÖwZ †KwRi g~j¨
A 8 10 40 UvKv
B 12 6 50 UvKv
ˆ`wbK b~¨bZg cÖ‡qvRb 32 22
me‡P‡q Kg Li‡P ˆ`bw›`b cÖ‡qvRb wKfv‡e wgUv‡bv hv‡e Zv wbY©‡qi Rb¨ GKwU GRb¨ †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖvg
ˆZwiKiæb Ges †jLwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ mgvavb Kiæb|
12. wb¤œwjwLZ †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖvg‡K †jLwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ mgvavb K‡i m‡e©v”PKiYKiæb:
(i)m‡e©v”PKiY: F = 12x + 10y, mxgve×Zv¸‡jv: 2x + y< 90; x + 2y 80; x + y 50; x 50; x 0, y 0.
(ii)m‡e©v”PKiY: Z = 4x + 6y; mxgve×Zv¸‡jv: x + y = 5; x 2; y 4, x, y 0.
(iii)m‡e©v”PKiY: Z = 2y – x; kZ©mg~n: 3y – x 10; x + y 6; x – y 2; x, y 0;
(iv)m‡e©v”PKiY: Z = 3x + y ; kZ©mg~n: 2x + y 8; 2x + 3y 12, x 0; x, y 0.
(v)m‡e©v”PKiY: Z = 2x + y; mxgve×Zv¸‡jv:x + 2y 10; x + y 6; x – y 2; x – 2y 10; x 0, y 0.
(vi)Z = 3x + 2ykZ©mg~n: x + y 1, y – 5x 0, 5y – x 0, x – y – 1, x + y 6, x 3, x, y 0.
(vii)Z = 3x + 4ykZ©mg~n: x + y 450, 2x + y 600, x 0, y 0,
(viii)Z = 3x + 2ykZ©mg~n: 2x + y 8, 2x + 3y 12, x 0, y 0,
(ix)m‡e©v”PKiY Z = 45x + 80y kZ©mg~n : 5x + 20y 400, 10x + 15 450, x 0, y 0
a
13.†jLwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ mgvavb K‡i me©wb¤œKiY Kiæb:
l
(i)me©wb¤œKiYKiæb:Z = 4x – y; kZ©mg~n: x + y 5; x + 2y 8, 4x + 3y 12; x, y 0.
ha
(ii) me©wb¤œKiY Kiæb: Z = 3x1 + 2x2; kZ©mg~n: x1 + 2x2 4, 2x1 + x2 4, x1 + x2 5, x1, x2 0
s
(iii) me©wb¤œKiY Z = – x + y; mxgve×Zv : –x + 3y 10, x + y 6, x – y 2, x 0, y 0
th
(iv) me©wb¤œKiYKiæb:Z = 2x – y kZ©mg~n : x + y 5, x + 2y 8, x, y 0
(v)me©wb¤œKiYKiæb, Z = 4x – y; kZ©mg~n : x + y 5, x + 2y 8, 4x + 3y 12, x, y 0
Pa
AA
BDwbU bq c„ôv 317
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
cvV 9.4 e¨envwiK
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
†jLwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ wØgvwÎK †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖvg welqK mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã †jLwPÎ, QK KvMR
g~jcvV-
†jLwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ wØgvwÎK †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖvg welqK mgm¨vi mgvavb
mgm¨v bs - 9.1 ZvwiL:
mgm¨v: GKwU †jvK me©vwaK 1000 UvKv e¨q K‡i K‡qK †KwR gyM I gmyi Wvj wKb‡Z Pvb| cÖwZ †KwR gyM I gmyi
Wv‡ji g~j¨ h_vµ‡g 120 UvKv I 80 UvKv| AšÍZ 1 †KwR gyM I 8 †KwRi †ewk gmyi Wvj wZwb wKb‡eb bv|
Dc‡iv³ UvKvq wZwb †Kvb cÖKv‡ii KZ †KvwR Wvj wKb‡j GK‡Î me©vwaK cwigvY Wvj wKb‡Z cvi‡eb?
a
mgvavb: ZË¡: g‡b Kiæb, gyM Wv‡ji cwigvYx †KwR Ges gmyi Wv‡ji cwigvYy †KwR|
Zvn‡j, Afxó dvskbZ n‡j MaxZ = x + y
l
ha
mxgve×Zv:120x + 80y 1000 Ges x 1, y 8.
s
cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY: †cwÝj, B‡iRvi, †¯‹j, K¨vjKz‡jUi I QK KvMR BZ¨vw`|
th
Kvh©c×wZ: 1.QK KvM‡RX Ges Y A¶ I g~jwe›`y wba©viY Kiæb|
Pa
2. cÖ`Ë AmgZv¸‡jv‡K mgZv a‡i mgxKiY¸‡jvi †jLwPÎ A¼b Kiæb Ges mgvav‡bi m¤¢ve¨ GjvKv wbY©q Kiæb|
x y
AZGe, 120x + 80y = 1000ev, 25 + 25 = 1-------------- (1)
AA
3 2
x = 1 ----------------- (2)
y = 8 ----------------- (3)
3. (1) bs †iLvi g~jwe›`y †h cv‡k Aew¯’Z †m cv‡ki
†h‡Kv‡bv we›`y (2, 2) Gi Rb¨ 12x + 8y 100 wm× nq, ZvB
12x + 8y 100 Gi m¤¢ve¨ GjvKv n‡e D³ †iLvmn g~jwe›`y
†h cv‡k †mB cv‡ki GjvKv| GKBfv‡e Aci AmgZv¸‡jvi
m¤¢ve¨ GjvKv †jLwP‡Î †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|
4. †jLwPÎ n‡Z mgvav‡bi m¤¢ve¨ AbyKzj GjvKvABCD.
25
GLb A we›`ywU 1 bs I x A‡¶i †Q` we›`y 3 , 0
B we›`ywU 1 bs I 3 bs Gi †Q` we›`y (3, 8)
C we›`ywU 2 bs I x A‡¶i †Q` we›`y (1, 0)
D we›`ywU 2 bs I 3 bs Gi †Q` we›`y (1, 8)
dj msKjb:
A we›`yi Rb¨ B we›`yi Rb¨ C we›`yi Rb¨ D we›`yi Rb¨ wm×všÍ
MaxZ = x + y 25
+0=
25 3 + 8 = 11 1+0=1 1+8=9 m‡e©v”P B
3 3 we›`y‡Z
†hvMvkÖqx †cÖvMÖvg c„ôv 318
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
myZivs 3 †KwR gyMWvj I 8 †KwR gmyi Wvj A_©vr m‡e©v”P †gvU 11 †KwR Wvj wKb‡Z cvi‡eb|
mgm¨v bs - 9.2 ZvwiL:
mgm¨v: A Ges B `yB ai‡bi Lvevi Av‡Q, †h¸‡jvi cÖwZ †KwR‡Z wb¤œQK Abyhvqx †cÖvwUb I d¨vU Av‡QÑ
Lvevi †cÖwUb d¨vU †KwR cÖwZ g~j¨
A 1 3 2 UvKv
B 3 2 3 UvKv
cÖZ¨n cÖ‡qvRb Kgc‡¶ 9 GKK †cÖvwUb I 12 GKK d¨vU| me‡P‡q Kg Li‡P cÖZ¨‡ni cÖ‡qvRb wKfv‡e wgUv‡bv
hv‡e Zv wbY©q Kiæb| mgm¨vwU‡K †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖv‡g cÖKvk Kiæb I †jLwPÎ c×wZ‡Z Gi mgvavb Kiæb|
mgvavb: ZË¡: g‡b Kiæb, A Lv‡`¨i cwigvb x †KwR Ges B Lv‡`¨i cwigvb y †KwR|
Afxó dvskb Min Z = 2x + 3y
mxgve×Zvq kZ©mg~n : x + 3y 9
3x + 2y 12
Ges x 0,y 0
cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY: †cwÝj, B‡iRvi, †¯‹j, K¨vjKz‡jUi I QK KvMR BZ¨vw`|
Kvh©c×wZ: 1.QK KvM‡RX Ges Y A¶ I g~jwe›`y wba©viY Kiæb|
2.cÖ`Ë AmgZv¸‡jv‡K mgZv a‡i mgxKiY¸‡jvi †jLwPÎ A¼b Kiæb Ges mgvav‡bi m¤¢ve¨ AbyK‚j GjvKv
a
wbY©qKiæb|AZGe Avgiv cvB,
x + 3y = 9 ev,
x y l
+ = 1 ------------ (1); x Ges y A‡¶i †Q`we›`y A (9, 0) , B (0, 3)
ha
9 3
x y
s
3x + 2y = 12 ev, + = 1 ----------- (2); x Ges y A‡¶i †Q`we›`y C (4, 0) , D (0, 6)
th
4 6
x = 0 --------------- (3)
Pa
y = 0 --------------- (4)
AA
3. †jLwP‡Î †`Lv hvq g~jwe›`y (0, 0) Øviv x + 3y 9 Ges 3x + 2y12 mZ¨ bq AZGe †jLwPÎ (1) Ges (2) bs
Ges †h cv‡k^© g~jwe›`y (0, 0) Av‡Q Zvi wecixZ cv‡k©¦ nIqvi m¤¢vebv Ges †jLwPÎ n‡Z †`Lv hvq mgvav‡bi m¤¢ve¨
AbyK‚j GjvKv ABC n‡Z ïiæ K‡i 1g PZzf©v‡Mi Wvb Ges Dc‡ii mg¯Í GjvKv|
4. GLb (1), (2) Gi †Q`we›`y PwbY©q Kiæb: x + 3y = 9 , 3x + 2y = 12
BDwbU bq c„ôv 319
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
15 18
3(9 – 3y) + 2y = 12 ev, y = x =
7 7
18 15
myZivsP 7 , 7 , hv MÖvd n‡Z cÖvß gv‡bi mgvb| Zvn‡j m¤¢ve¨ GjvKvi A, P, D †KŠwbK we›`y¸‡jv
18 15
h_vµ‡g,A(9, 0), P 7 , 7 Ges D (0, 6)
dj msKjb:
A (9, 0) we›`y‡Z Z = (2 9) + (3 0) = 18
18 15 18 15 81
P , Z=2 +3 =
7 7 7 7 7
D (0, 6) Z = (2 0) + (3 6) = 18
18 15
myZivs, P 7 , 7 we›`y‡Z Z Gi me©wb¤œ gvb cvIqv hvq|
18 15 81
myZivs A Lv`¨ 7 †KwR; B Lv`¨ 7 †KwR Ges †gvU LiP = 7 UvKv|
mgm¨v bs - 9.3 ZvwiL:
mgm¨v: GKwU cvbxq ˆZwi KviLvbvi `yBwU kvLv A Ges B Gi Dc‡qB ¯cÖvBU, †KvK, evej-Avc †evZjRvZ K‡i|
kvLv `yBwUi ˆ`wbK Drcv`b ¶gZv (†evZ‡j) wb¤œiƒc:
kvLv ¯cÖvBU †KvK l a
evej-Avc
ha
A 3000 1000 2000
B 1000 1000 6000
s
¯cÖvB‡Ui me©vwaK gvwmK Pvwn`v 24000 †evZj, †Kv‡Ki 16000 †evZj Ges evej-Avc 48000 †evZj|A Ges B
th
kvLvi ˆ`wbK Kvh©cwiPvjbvi e¨q h_vµ‡g 600 I 400 UvKv| gv‡m KviLvbvi Dfq kvLv KZ w`b K‡i Pvjy ivL‡j
Pa
Zv me©wb¤œ Kvh©cwiPvjbv e¨‡q cvbx‡qi gvwmK Pvwn`v c~iY Ki‡Z cvi‡e? me©wb¤œ e¨q wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: ZË¡: g‡b Kiæb, me©wb¤œ e¨‡q gvwmK Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨ A kvLv gv‡m x w`b Ges B kvLv gv‡m y w`b Pvjy
AA
ivL‡Z n‡e| Zvn‡j ˆ`wbK Kvh©cwiPvjbvi e¨q MinZ = 600x + 400y UvKv|
†hvMvkÖqx †cÖvMÖvg c„ôv 320
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
mxgve×Zv:3000x + 1000y 24000
1000x + 1000y16000
2000x + 6000y 48000; x, y 0
GLv‡b Awfó dvskb, Zmin = 600x + 400y wbY©q Ki‡Z
n‡e|
cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY:†cwÝj, B‡iRvi, †¯‹j,
K¨vjKz‡jUvi I QK KvMR BZ¨vw`|
Kvh©c×wZ:1.QK KvM‡R Kv‡Z©mxq AvqZ A¶Øq XOX'
GesYOY' A¼b Kiæb| GLb ¶z`ªZg e‡M©i 2 evûi
ˆ`N©¨‡K GKK a‡i †iLvÎq A¼b Kiæb|
2.cÖ`Ë AmgZv¸‡jv‡K mgxKiY we‡ePbv Kiæb Ges
Zvi †jLwPÎ A¼b Kiæb|
(i) 3000x + 1000y = 24000
3x + y = 24
x y
ev, 8 + 24 = 0, †iLwU x Ges y A¶‡K h_vµ‡g
A(8, 0), B (0, 24)we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i|
(ii) 1000x + 1000y = 16000
x + y = 16 ev,
x
+
y l a
= 1,†iLvwU x Ges y A¶‡K h_vµ‡g C(16, 0) Ges D(0, 16) we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i|
ha
16 16
(iii)Avevi 2000x + 6000y = 480002x + 6y = 48
s
x y
th
ev, 24 + 8 = 1, †iLvwU x Ges y A¶‡K h_vµ‡g E(24, 0) Ges F(0, 8) we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i|
Pa
3.cÖvß AmgZv mg~‡n g~jwe›`y (0, 0) emv‡j †`Lv hvq AmgZv¸‡jv mZ¨| myZivs ejv hvq †iLv·qi †h cv‡k¦©
g~jwe›`y Aew¯’Z †m cv‡k¦© A_©vr 1g PZzf©v‡M m¤¢ve¨ GjvKv Aew¯’Z| Zvn‡j m¤¢ve¨ GjvKv OAPF|
AA
4.GLb P Gi †Q`we›`y wbY©q Kiæb|
mgxKiY (i) n‡Z 3000x + 1000y = 24000ev,3x + y = 24 y = 24 – 3x
Ges mgxKiY (iii) n‡Z2000x + 6000 y = 48000
ev, x + 3y = 24ev,x + 3(24 – 3x) = 24
ev, x + 72 – 9x = 24ev,8x = 48ev, x = 6
x = 6, y = 6
†Q`we›`y (6, 6) hv †jLwPÎ †_‡K cvIqv we›`yi mgvb|
Zvn‡j AbyK‚j GjvKvi kxl© we›`y¸‡jvO(0, 0), A(8, 0), P(6, 6) Ges F(0, 8)
dj msKjb: Afxó dvskb MinZ = 600x + 400y
GLb cÖvß †KŠwbK we›`y¸‡jv emvB
O (0, 0) ZO = 600 0 + 400 0 = 0
A(8, 0) ZA = 600 8 + 400 0 = 4800
P(6, 6) ZP = 600 6 + 400 6 = 6000
F(0, 8) ZF = 600 0 + 400 8 = 3200
myZivs †`Lv hvq kvLv `yBwU cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K gv‡m 6 w`b Pvjy ivL‡j Kvh©cwiPvjbvi LiP me©wb¤œ n‡e Ges me©wb¤œ LiP
= 6000 UvKv|
BDwbU bq c„ôv 321
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb-
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b (1 - 5):
1. x 0, y 0, x + y = 5, x 2, y 4 kZ©mg~n mv‡c‡¶ Z = 6x + 2y, ivwkwUi m‡e©v”P gvb KZ?
(K) 22 (L) 20 (M) 18 (N) 30
2. x 0,y 0, x + y 6, 2x + y 8 kZ©mg~n mv‡c‡¶ Z = 2x + 2y, ivwkwUi me©wb¤œ gvb KZ?
(K) 16 (L) 10 (M) 12 (N) 28
3. wb‡Pi wjwbqvi †cÖvMÖvwgs mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiæb- MwiôKiY Kiæb:Z = 3x + 4ykZ© n‡”Q x + y 7,
2x + 5y 20, x 0, y 0.
(K) (5,2) (L) (7,0) (M) (10,0) (N) (0,7)
4. 5x1 + 10x2 50, x1 + x2 1, x2 4, x1 0, x2 0 kZ©mg~n mv‡c‡¶Z = 2x1 + 7x2, Gi jwNôgvb KZ?
(K) 2 (L) 7 (M) 20 (N) 28
5. x + y 7, 2x + 5y 20, x 0, y 0 kZ©mg~n mv‡c‡¶ Z = 3x + 4y, ivwkwUi m‡e©v”P gvb KZ?
(K) 15 (L) 23 (M) 16 (N) 18
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
6. dvwb©Pvi Drcv`bKvix GKwU cÖwZôvb †Uwej I †Pqvi `yBwU cY¨ ˆZwi K‡i| A Ges B `yBwU †gwk‡bi mvnv‡h¨
a
cY¨ `yBwU‡K cÖwµqvRvZ Kiv nq| A †gwkb 60 NÈv ch©šÍ Ges B †gwkb 48 NÈv ch©šÍ KvR Ki‡Z m¶g|
l
GKwU †Uwej ˆZwi Ki‡Z A †gwk‡b 4 NÈv I B †gwk‡b 2 NÈv mgq jv‡M| GKwU †Pqvi ˆZwi Ki‡Z A
ha
†gwk‡b 2 NÈv Ges B †gwk‡b 4 NÈv mgq jv‡M| cÖwZ †Uwej Ges †Pqv‡ii h_vµ‡g 8 UvKv 6 UvKv gybvdv
s
nq|
th
(K)AvaywbK Drcv`b I eÈb e¨e¯’vq †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖv‡gi ¸iæZ¡ wjLyb|
(L) Kg Li‡P me©vwaK gybvdv cvIqvi Rb¨ GKwU Dchy³ QK ˆZix Kiæb Ges †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖvg wjLyb|
Pa
(M) †jLwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ mgm¨vwUi mgvavb Kiæb|
AA
7. m‡e©v”PKiY : Z = 2x + y; mxgve×Zv¸‡jv :x + 2y 10; x + y 6; x – y 2; x – 2y 10; x 0, y 0.
(K)†hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖv‡gi kZ©mg~n wjLyb|
(L) cÖ`Ë AmgZv mg~‡ni †jLwPÎ A¼b Kiæb|
(M) †j‡Li mvnv‡h¨ ZmaxwbY©q Kiæb|
8. `yB iK‡gi Lv`¨A I B Gi cÖwZ †KwR‡Z †cÖvwUb I ÷v‡P©i cwigvY I G‡`i g~j¨ wb¤œiƒc:
Lv`¨ †cÖvwUb ÷vP© cÖwZ †KwRi g~j¨
A 8 10 40 UvKv
B 12 6 50 UvKv
ˆ`wbK b~¨bZg cÖ‡qvRb 32 22
(K)†hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖvg ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
(L) Dc‡ii Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K Kg Li‡P ˆ`bw›`b cÖ‡qvRb wgUvi Rb¨ GKwU †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖvg ˆZwi Kiæb|
(M) wKfv‡e ˆ`wbK LiP Kg Kiv hvq Zv †jLwP‡Îi gva¨‡g mgvavb K‡i †`Lvb|
DËigvjv-
†hvMvkÖqx †cÖvMÖvg c„ôv 322
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 9.3
12. (i) (40, 10)we›`y‡Z m‡e©v”P gvb =580 (ii) (2, 3)we›`y‡Z m‡e©v”P gvb =26
10
(iii) (0, )we›`y‡Z m‡e©v”P gvb =6.67 (iv) (4, 0)we›`y‡Z m‡e©v”P gvb =12
3
(v) (4, 2)we›`y‡Z m‡e©v”P gvb =10 (vi) (3, 3)we›`y‡Z m‡e©v”P gvb =15
(vii) (0, 450)we›`y‡Z m‡e©v”P gvb =180 (viii) (3, 2)we›`y‡Z m‡e©v”P gvb =13
(ix) (24, 14)we›`y‡Z m‡e©v”P gvb =2200
20
13. (i) me©wb¤œ gvb =5 (ii)me©wb¤œ gvb =
3
(iii)me©wb¤œ gvb =–2 (iv)me©wb¤œ gvb =–5
(v)me©wb¤œ gvb =5
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
1. N 2. K 3. K 4. M 5. L
l a
s ha
th
Pa
AA
BDwbU bq c„ôv 323
we¯Ívi cwigvc I m¤¢vebv
(Measures of Dispersions and Probability) 10
f‚wgKv
`yB ev Z‡ZvwaK Z_¨‡m‡Ui msL¨v¸‡jvi ga¨K gvb GKB n‡jI ga¨K gv‡bi Dfq cv‡k msL¨v¸‡jvi `~i‡Z¡i
cv_©K¨ _vK‡Z cv‡i| GB cv_©K¨‡K we¯Ívi e‡j| Ab¨w`‡K †Kvb NUbv fwel¨‡Z NU‡e wKbv G cÖ‡kœi DËi wZbfv‡e
†`qv hvq: (i) NU‡e, (ii) NU‡e bv Ges (iii) NU‡Z cv‡i, bvI NU‡Z cv‡i| cÖ_g I wØZxq †ÿ‡Î NUbvwUi fwel¨r
m¤ú‡K© wbwðZfv‡e Rvbv hvq, wKš‘ Z…Zxq †ÿ‡Î Zv AwbwðZ| Z‡e G AwbðqZvi gvÎv KZLvwb Zv wewfbœ wel‡qi
wfwˇZ me©`vB wbav©iY Kiv hvq| AwbðqZvi gvÎv Lye †ewk n‡j aiv nq NUbvwU NUvi m¤¢vebv ÿxY| cÿvšÍ‡i
NUbvwU NUvi wbðqZvi gvÎv †ewk n‡j ejv nq Zv NUvi m¤¢vebv A‡bK| MwY‡Z †Kvb NUbv NUvi wbðqZvi
gvÎv‡KB Zvi m¤¢vebv ejv nq| GB BDwb‡U we¯Ívi cwigvc Ges m¤¢vebv Av‡jvwPZ n‡e|
BDwb‡Ui D‡Ïk¨
a
GB BDwbU †k‡l Avcwb -
Dcv‡Ëi we¯Ívi Kx e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
l
ha
Dcv‡Ëi we¯Ívi cwigvc¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
s
†kÖwYK…Z I A‡kÖwYK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î cwiwgZ e¨eavb I †f`v¼ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
th
m¤¢vebvi aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
ˆ`bw›`b wewfbœ D`vni‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ wbwðZ NUbv, Am¤¢e NUbv, m¤¢ve¨ NUbv Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq aviYv
Pa
e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
AA
GKB NUbvi cybive„wË NU‡j m¤¢ve¨ djvdj wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
ci¯úi eR©bkxj I AeR©bkxj NUbvi Rb¨ m¤¢vebvi †hvMm~‡Îi cÖgvY I cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
Awbf©ikxj I wbf©ikxj NUbvi Rb¨ m¤¢vebvi ¸Ybm~Îmg~n e¨vL¨v I cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
ev¯Íe RxebwfwËK mnR mgm¨v mgvav‡b m¤¢vebvi aviYv I m~Îmg~n cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡ev©”P mgq 20 w`b
GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV 10.1: Dcv‡Ëi we¯Ívi Ges we¯Ívi cwigvc
cvV 10.2: cwiwgZ e¨eavb I †f`v¼
cvV 10.3: m¤¢vebv Ges m¤¢vebvi cÖ‡qvRbxq aviYv
cvV 10.4:GKB NUbvi cybive„wË NU‡j m¤¢vebv wbY©q
cvV 10.5: ci¯úi eR©bkxj I AeR©bkxj NUbvi Rb¨ m¤¢vebvi
†hvMm~Î
cvV 10.6: Awbf©ikxj I wbf©ikxj NUbvi Rb¨ m¤¢vebvi ¸Yb m~Î
cvV 10.7: ev¯Íe RxebwfwËK m¤¢vebv msµvšÍ mgm¨v
cvV 10.8:e¨envwiK
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
cvV 10.1 Dcv‡Ëi we¯Ívi Ges we¯Ívi cwigvc
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
Dcv‡Ëi we¯Ívi Kx e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
Dcv‡Ëi we¯Ívi cwigvc¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã DcvË, we¯Ívi, cwigvc, cwimi, Mo e¨eavb, †f`v¼, cwiwgZ e¨eavb
g~jcvV-
Dcv‡Ëi we¯Ívi (Dispersion of Data)
Datak‡ãi evsjv AvwfavwbK A_© n‡jv Z_¨ ev DcvË| DatakãwU Datum-Gi eûePb| j¨vwUb fvlvq G kãwUi
cÖK…Z A_© n‡jv Ôhv †`qv Av‡QÕ| myZivs AbymÜv‡bi gva¨‡g Avgiv hv cvB ZvB n‡jv Z_¨ ev DcvË|
l a
KZ¸‡jv Dcv‡Ëi †Kw›`ªq cÖeYZvi cwigvc (ms‡ÿ‡c †Kw›`ªqgvb), †hgb- Mo, ga¨K ev cÖPziK DcvËmg~‡ni
ha
mvaviY ˆewkó¨ wb‡`©k K‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc GKwU K‡j‡Ri D”P gva¨wgK †kÖwYi MwYZ wel‡qi m¤¢vebv Aa¨v‡qi
s
Dci cixÿv wb‡q †`Lv †Mj H †kÖwYi Mo †¯‹vi 60% hv wkÿv_x©‡`i Aa¨vqwU eyS‡Z cvivi mvg‡_¨©i wel‡q aviYv
th
†`q|
Pa
wKš‘ `yBwU kvLvi hw` GKB Mo †¯‹vi nq Z‡e wkÿK `yBwU kvLvi eyS‡Z cvivi mvg_©¨ mgvb Kxbv G wel‡q wbwðZ
n‡Z cv‡ib bv| Gi Rb¨ wkÿK‡K `yBwU kvLvi wkÿv_x©‡`i b¤^‡ii we¯Ív‡ii e¨vcv‡i aviYv ivL‡Z n‡e|
AA
we¯Ív‡ii msÁv(Definition of Dispersion)
we¯Ívi n‡jv GKwU e¨ewa‡Z DcvËmg~‡ni Qwo‡q wQwU‡q _vKvi cÖeYZv|
†Kv‡bv wb‡ek‡bi mKj msL¨v mgvb n‡j Zv‡`i we¯Ívi k~b¨| msL¨v¸‡jv hZ †QvU ev eo n‡e ZZB Zv‡`i wewÿß
ejv n‡e Ges Zv‡`i we¯Ívi ZZB evo‡e| myZivs †Kvb Z_¨‡m‡Ui wb‡ek‡bi we¯Ívi n‡jv Zvi msL¨v¸‡jvi
wewÿßZvi gvÎv (Degree of Scatteredness).
we¯Ívi m¤ú‡K© K‡qKRb wewkó cwimsL¨vbwe‡`i gšÍe¨ wb¤œiƒcÑ
i. we¯Ívi n‡jv †Kv‡bv Pj‡Ki †Kw›`ªqgvb †_‡K Gi Ab¨vb¨ gv‡bi wewÿßZv ev †f‡`i cwigvc| (Dispersion
or spread is the degree of the scatter or variation of the variable about a central value)- Brooks and
Dick.
ii. we¯Ívi n‡jv Z_¨mvwii gvb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ we`¨gvb †f‡`i ev wePz¨wZi cwigvc| (Dispersion is the mean of
extent to which the individual items vary) – L. R. Connor.
iii. we¯Ívi n‡jv Z_¨mvwii Dcv`vb¸‡jvi wfbœZvi cwigvc| (Dispersion is the measure of the variation of
the items) – A. L. Bowley.
myZivs †h gvÎvq Z_¨ wb‡ek‡bi msL¨v¸‡jv Zv‡`i Mo gvb †_‡K Dfq w`‡K we¯Í…Z _v‡K Zv‡K we¯Ívi e‡j|
we¯Ívi cwigvc I m¤¢vebv c„ôv 324
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
aiv hvK, GKwU K‡j‡R D”P gva¨wgK †kÖwY‡Z `yBwU kvLvq 100 Rb K‡i wkÿv_x© fwZ© n‡q‡Q| Dfq kvLvq fwZ©K…Z
wkÿv_x©‡`i GmGmwm-†Z cÖvß Mo wRwcG 4.13| †Kvb kvLvi wkÿv_x©‡`i wRwcG AwaK mgwš^Z Zv K‡jRwUi
Aa¨ÿ Rvb‡Z †P‡q `yBwU web¨v‡miB Mo wRwcG †`L‡jb 4.13| G †_‡K †kÖwY `yBwUi e¨vcv‡i wZwb †Kv‡bv wm×všÍ
wb‡Z cv‡ib bv| G‡ÿ‡Î †Kw›`ªq gvb (Mo, ga¨K, cÖPziK) Qvov MYmsL¨v web¨v‡mi Ab¨vb¨ ˆewkó¨‡K we‡ePbvq
Avb‡Z n‡e|
Dc‡ii wP‡Î ÔKÕ kvLvi wkÿv_x©‡`i wRwcG-Gi web¨v‡m wRwcG-¸‡jv Mo wRwcG-Gi Lye KvQvKvwQ| G‡ÿ‡Î
wRwcG-¸‡jvi wfbœZv Kg| Ab¨w`‡K ÔLÕ kvLvi wRwcG-¸‡jvi wfbœZv Lye †ewk|
l a
Z_¨‡m‡Ui Z_¨ we›`y¸‡jvi G wfbœZv ev cvi¯úwiK `~iZ¡B we¯Ívi| Dc‡ii D`vniYwU we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq we¯Ívi
ha
ej‡Z †Kw›`ªqgvb (G‡ÿ‡Î Mo) n‡Z Z_¨‡m‡Ui Ab¨vb¨ gvb¸‡jvi `~iZ¡‡K eySv‡bv nq| ev¯Í‡e ïay †Kw›`ªq gvb
n‡ZB we¯Ívi cwigvc Kiv nq bv| Z_¨‡m‡Ui g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z †h †Kv‡bv aªæeK n‡ZI we¯Ívi cwigvc Kiv hvq| Avevi
s
th
Z_¨‡m‡Ui wewfbœ Z_¨we›`yi cvi¯úwiK `~iZ¡ cwigvc K‡iI we¯Ívi cwigvc Kiv hvq|
aiæb, `yBwU Z_¨‡mU n‡jv, 48, 50, 50, 52Ges 30, 50, 50, 70|†mU `yBwUi (MvwYwZK) Mo, ga¨K I cÖPziK GKB
Pa
Avi Zv n‡jv 50| †Kw›`ªqgvb GKB n‡jI cÖ_g †m‡Ui Z_¨we›`y¸‡jvi †Kw›`ªq gv‡bi mv‡_ e¨eavb wØZxq †m‡Ui
AA
Z_¨we›`y¸‡jvi †Kw›`ªq gv‡bi mv‡_ e¨eav‡bi †P‡q Kg| G e¨eavb ev cvi¯úwiK `~iZ¡B n‡jv we¯Ívi|
we¯Ívi cwigv‡ci msÁv (Definition of Measures of Dispersion)
†Kv‡bv Z_¨‡mU ev wb‡ek‡bi Z_¨we›`y¸‡jvi cvi¯úwiK we¯Í„wZi gvÎvi ev †Kw›`ªq gvb n‡Z Z_¨we›`y¸‡jvi we¯Í„wZi
gvÎvi msL¨vm~PK cwigvc‡K we¯Ívi cwigvc ejv nq|
Dcv‡Ëi we¯Ívi cwigvc (Measures of Dispersion of Data)
Dcv‡Ëi we¯Ívi cwigvc¸‡jv n‡”QÑ
i. cwimi (Range)
ii. Aa©-PZz_©K cwimi (Semi-Inter quartile Range)
iii. Mo e¨eavb (Mean Deviation)
iv. †f`v¼ (Variance)
v. cwiwgZ e¨eavb (Standard Deviation)
we¯Ívi cwigv‡ci cÖ‡qvM mnR‡eva¨ Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ Dc‡ii cwigvc¸‡jvi Aíwe¯Íi e¨vL¨v †`qv n‡jvÑ
i. cwimi (Range):cwimi n‡jv †Kv‡bv Z_¨‡mU ev wb‡ek‡bi e„nËg Z_¨we›`y n‡Z ÿz`ªZg Z_¨we›`yi cv_©K¨| G‡K
mvaviYZ R Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
myZivs cwimi = e„nËg gvb Ñ ÿz`ªZg gvb
D`vniY¯^iƒc, hw` †Kv‡bv cixÿvi m‡ev©”P †¯‹vi 95 Ges me©wb¤œ †¯‹vi 15 nq Z‡e cwimi = 95 – 15=80
hw`I cwimi mnRZg we¯Ívi cwigvc, Zey GwU wbf©i‡hvM¨ cwigvcK wn‡m‡e MY¨ nq bv|
BDwbU `k c„ôv 325
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
D`vniY 1: Aweb¨¯Í DcvË 5, 3, 8, 4, 9, 7, 5, 6, 2, 3, 6, 8, 4-Gi cwimi wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: cwimi = Dcv‡Ëi e„nËg gvbÑ Dcv‡Ëi ÿz`ªZg gvb =9 2 = 7
ii. Aa©-PZz_©K cwimi (Semi-Inter Quartile Range):GKwU Z_¨‡m‡Ui wZbwU PZz_©K _v‡K hviv cÖvwšÍq gv‡bi
cÖfve gy³| cÖ_g PZz_©K Q1 Gi wb‡P 25%, wØZxq PZz_©K Q2 Gi wb‡P 25% Ges Z…Zxq PZz_©K Q3 Gi Dc‡i
25% Z_¨we›`y _v‡K, wØZxq PZz_©K Avi ga¨K (Median) GKB| G `yBwU me©wb¤œ25% I m‡ev©”P25% Z_¨we›`y ev`
w`‡j Q1 I Q3 Gi gv‡S 50% Z_¨we›`y _v‡K|
25% 25%
25% 25%
Q1 Q3
wb‡ek‡bi mev©waK Z_¨we›`y †Kw›`ªq gv‡bi KvQvKvwQ _vK‡j ga¨K n‡Z Q1 I Q3 Gi `~iZ¡ Lye Kg nq| Q2 Q1
Ges Q3 Q2 Gi Mo‡K Aa©-PZz_©K cwimi ejv nq|
a
(Q2 Q1 ) (Q3 Q2 ) Q3 Q1
Aa©-PZz_©K cwimi l
2 2
ha
D`vniY 2: D”P gva¨wgK †kªwYi GKwU kvLvi wkÿv_x©‡`i MwYZ wel‡qi cÖvß b¤^img~n wb¤œiƒc: 52, 45, 25, 75, 63,
s
86, 72, 85, 55, 65, 70, 82, 90, 48, 68, 86, 65, 64, 78, 75, 32, 42|Aa©-PZz_©K cwimi wbY©q Kiæb|
th
mgvavb: cÖvß b¤^i¸‡jv‡K DaŸ©µ‡g mvRv‡bv n‡jvÑ 25, 32, 42, 45, 48, 52, 55, 63, 64, 65, 65, 68, 70, 72, 75,
Pa
75, 78, 82, 85, 86, 86, 90.
AA
GLv‡b Dcv‡Ëi msL¨v 22, D³ DaŸ©µ‡g mw¾Z mvwii 6-Zg c` n‡e Q1 Ges 17-Zg c` n‡e Q3|
Q Q 78 52 26
Aa©-PZz_©K cwimi 3 1 13
2 2 2
G dj †_‡K eySv hvq †h, 50% b¤^i ga¨K b¤^i 66.5 n‡Z 13 b¤^‡ii e¨eav‡b Aew¯’Z|
iii. Mo e¨eavb (Mean Deviation):†Kv‡bv Z_¨‡m‡Ui cÖwZwU Z_¨we›`y n‡Z †Kw›`ªq gv‡bi e¨eav‡bi ciggv‡bi
mgwó‡K †gvU Z_¨we›`yi msL¨v Øviv fvM Ki‡j †h gvb cvIqv hvq Zv‡K Mo e¨eavb e‡j|
n
x x i
Dcv˸‡jv x 1, x 2, ..., x n n‡j, Mo e¨eavb i 1
N
D`vniY 3: wb‡Pi QKwU n‡Z Mo e¨eavb wbY©q Kiæb|
Z_¨we›`y x 5 6 7 8 9 10
xi x 2.5 1.5 0.5 0.5 1.5 2.5
5 6 7 8 9 10 45
Z_¨¸‡jvi MvwYwZK Mo, x 7. 5
6 6
2.5 1.5 0.5 0.5 1.5 2.5 9
myZivs Mo e¨eavb 1.5
6 6
we¯Ívi cwigvc I m¤¢vebv c„ôv 326
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
we:`ª: Z_¨‡m‡Ui cÖwZwU Z_¨we›`y n‡Z MvwYwZK M‡oi e¨eavb¸‡jvi mgwó me©`v k~b¨ nq| ZvB Mo e¨eavb wbY©‡q
e¨eavb¸‡jvi ciggvb †bqv nq|
iv. †f`v¼ (Variance):Z_¨we›`y¸‡jv n‡Z MvwYwZK M‡oi e¨eavb¸‡jvi e‡M©i MvwYwZK Mo‡K †f`v¼ ejv nq|
G‡K 2 Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
n
x x
2
i
myZivs †f`v¼ 2 , †hLv‡b x MvwYwZK Mo, N = Z_¨we›`yi msL¨v|
i 1
N
v. cwiwgZ e¨eavb (Standard Deviation):†f`v‡¼i abvZ¥K eM©g~j‡K cwiwgZ e¨eavb e‡j; G‡K Øviv cÖKvk
n
x x
2
i
Kiv nq|myZivs cwiwgZ e¨eavb i 1
N
mvims‡ÿc-
we¯Ívi n‡jv GKwU e¨ewa‡Z DcvËmg~‡ni Qwo‡q wQwU‡q _vKvi cÖeYZv|
†Kv‡bv Z_¨‡mU ev wb‡ek‡bi Z_¨we›`y¸‡jvi cvi¯úwiK we¯Í„wZi gvÎvi ev †Kw›`ªq gvb n‡Z
Z_¨we›`y¸‡jvi we¯Í„wZi gvÎvi msL¨vm~PK cwigvc‡K we¯Ívi cwigvc ejv nq|
a
Dcv‡Ëi we¯Ívi cwigvc¸‡jv n‡”Q-i.cwimi (Range), ii. Aa©-PZz_©K cwimi (Semi-Inter Quartile
l
Range), iii.Mo e¨eavb (Mean Deviation), iv. †f`v¼ (Variance), v. cwiwgZ e¨eavb (Standard
ha
Deviation)
s
cwimi = e„nËg gvb Ñ ÿz`ªZg gvb|
th
(Q2 Q1 ) (Q3 Q2 ) Q3 Q1
Aa©-PZz_©K cwimi
Pa
2 2
†Kv‡bv Z_¨‡m‡Ui cÖwZwU Z_¨we›`y n‡Z †Kw›`ªq gv‡bi e¨eav‡bi cig gv‡bi mgwó‡K †gvU Z_¨we›`yi
AA
x x i
msL¨v Øviv fvM Ki‡j †h gvb cvIqv hvq Zv‡K Mo e¨eavb e‡j| Mo e¨eavb i 1
N
Z_¨we›`y¸‡jv n‡Z MvwYwZK M‡oi e¨eavb¸‡jvi e‡M©i MvwYwZK Mo‡K †f`v¼ ejv nq| G‡K 2 Øviv
n
x x
2
i
cÖKvk Kiv nq| †f`v¼ 2 i 1
, †hLv‡b x MvwYwZK Mo, N = Z_¨we›`yi msL¨v|
N
†f`v‡¼i abvZ¥K eM©g~j‡K cwiwgZ e¨eavb e‡j; G‡K Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| cwiwgZ e¨eavb
n
x x
2
i
i 1
N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 10.1-
1. wb‡Pi Z_¨ mvwii cwimi wbY©q Kiæb|
(i) 8, 12, 5, 0 (ii) 28, 12, 5, 37, 2, 0, 12, 19 (iii) 8, 12, 5, 3, 2, 2, 12, 9
BDwbU `k c„ôv 327
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
2. †Kv‡bv †kÖwYi 15 Rb Qv‡Îi Mo eqm I eq‡mi cwiwgZ e¨eavb h_vµ‡g 10 I 2| H †kÖwY‡Z 15 eQi eq‡mi
bZzb QvÎ fwZ© n‡j Zv‡`i Mo eqm I cwiwgZ e¨eavb KZ n‡e?
3. Mo e¨eavb I cwiwgZ e¨eavb wbY©q Kiæb: 12, 5, 0, 7, 2, 9, 4.
4. 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 8, 9, 6, 12, 6 msL¨v¸‡jvi Mo †_‡K Mo e¨eavb wbY©q Kiæb|
5. 12, 10, 5, 0, 5, 10, 12 msL¨v¸‡jvi Mo e¨eavb I cwiwgZ e¨eavb wbY©q Kiæb|
cvV 10.2 cwiwgZ e¨eavb I †f`v¼
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
†kÖwYK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î cwiwgZ e¨eavb I †f`v¼ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
A‡kÖwYK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î cwiwgZ e¨eavb I †f`v¼ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb, MvwYwZK Mo
g~jcvV-
l a
ha
†kÖwYK…Z Z‡_¨i cwiwgZ e¨eavb I †f`v¼ (Standard Deviation and Variance of Grouped Data)
s
MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb (Frequency Distribution): Dcv‡Ëi gvb¸‡jv‡K hLb cwigvYMZ ˆewk‡ó¨i Av‡jv‡K KZ¸‡jv
th
†kÖwY‡Z wef³ K‡i cÖwZwU †kÖwYi wecix‡Z MYmsL¨v †`wL‡q Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq ZLb Zv‡K MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb e‡j|
aiæb, x1 , x2 , ..., xn †Kv‡bv MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb PjK x-Gi n msL¨K wfbœ wfbœ gv‡bi MYmsL¨v h_vµ‡g f1, f2, ...,
Pa
n n
f x x
2
AA
n
i 1
fi xi
i 1
i i
fn †hLv‡b f i N . myZivs x Ges †f`v¼ 2
i 1 N N
Kvh©‡ÿ‡Î †f`v¼ wbY©‡qi Rb¨ wb‡Pi weKí m~Î e¨envi Kiv myweavRbK:
n
2
fx
i 1
i i
2
2 x
N
n n n n n
cÖgvY: N 2 fi xi x f i xi 2 2 xi x x f i xi 2 2 x fi xi x fi
2 2 2
i 1 i 1
i 1 i 1 i 1
n
2
n
2
n
2
fx i i
2
N x myZivs 2 x (cÖgvwYZ)
2 2
fx
i 1
i i 2 x. N x x N fx
i 1
i i
i 1
N
D`vniY 1: wb‡Pi MYmsL¨v wb‡ek‡bi †f`v¼ I cwiwgZ e¨eavb wbY©q Kiæb:
†kÖwY 712 1217 1722 2227 2732 3237 3742 4247 4752 5257
MYmsL¨v 3 6 11 15 19 14 12 9 5 2
mgvavb: cÖ`Ë †kÖwY I MYmsL¨v QK e¨envi K‡i wb‡Pi QKwU ˆZwi Kiv n‡jvÑ
†kÖwY †kÖwYi ga¨we›`y x i MYmsL¨v fi fi x i fixi2
we¯Ívi cwigvc I m¤¢vebv c„ôv 328
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
†kÖwY †kÖwYi ga¨we›`y x i MYmsL¨v fi fi x i fixi2
712 9.5 3 28.5 270.75
1217 14.5 6 87.0 1261.50
1722 19.5 11 214.5 4182.75
2227 24.5 15 367.5 9003.75
2732 29.5 19 560.5 16534.75
3237 34.5 14 483.0 16663.50
3742 39.5 12 474.0 18723.00
4247 44.5 9 400.5 17822.25
4752 49.5 5 247.5 12251.25
5257 54.5 2 109.0 5940.50
N = fi = 96 fixi = 2972 fixi2 = 102654
n
fx i i
2972
MvwYwZK Mo x i 1
30.96
N 96
n
2
fx i i
102654 2
myZivs †f`v¼, 2 i 1
(30.96) 2
x
N 96
= 1069.3125 958.5216 = 110.7909 = 110.79 (cÖvq)
l a
ha
cwiwgZ e¨eavb, 110 .79 10.53 (cÖvq)
s
A‡kÖwYK…Z Z‡_¨i †f`v¼ I cwiwgZ e¨eavb
th
x
Pa
i
aiv hvK x 1, x 2, ...., x n GKwU A‡kÖwYK…Z Dcv‡Ëi n msL¨K gvb| Zvn‡j x i 1
N
AA
x x
2
i
i 1
myZivs †f`v¼, 2 .
N
n
2
x
i 1
i
2
c~‡e©i Aby‡”Q‡` cÖgvwYZ m~‡Î fi = 1 mKj i-Gi Rb¨ wb‡q Avgiv cvB 2 x
N
D`vniY 2: GKwU Mv‡g©›Um d¨v±ixi mvZRb kÖwg‡Ki ˆ`wbK gRywi h_vµ‡g 110, 115, 120, 122, 130, 140, 160
UvKv| †f`v¼ I cwiwgZ e¨eavb wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb:aiæb, kÖwg‡Ki ˆ`wbK gRywi cÖKv‡ki PjK x.
110 115 120 122 130 140 160 897
Zvn‡j Mo x 128.14 UvKv
7 7
mviwY
x x x x 128.14 x x 2
110 18.14 329.06
115 13.14 172.66
120 8.14 66.26
122 6.14 37.70
BDwbU `k c„ôv 329
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
130 1.86 3.46
140 11.86 140.66
160 31.86 1015.06
1764.86
n
x x
2
i
1764.86
myZivs †f`v¼ x2 i 1
252.12
N 7
Ges cwiwgZ e¨eavb x 252.12 15.88 UvKv (cÖvq)|
†f`v¼ wbY©‡qi mnR c×wZ
xa
A‡bK mgq cÖ`Ë Pj‡Ki cwie‡Z© myweavRbK gvb a, c wb‡q bZzb PjK u cÖeZ©b K‡i †f`v¼ wbY©‡qi
c
KvR mnR Kiv hvq| a-Gi gvb †gvUvgywU PjK¸‡jvi M‡oi KvQvKvwQ Ges c(c 1)-Gi gvb wb‡Z nq †hb bZzb
Pj‡Ki gvb¸‡jv A‡cÿvK…Z (abvZ¥K ev FYvZ¥K) msL¨v nq| ZLb †f`v¼ wb‡Pi m~Î Øviv wbY©q nq:
x2= c2u2 †hLv‡b x2 Ges u2 h_vµ‡g PjK x Ges u-Gi gva¨‡g cÖvß †f`v¼ eySvq|
xa x a
cÖgvY: u ui i ; i 1, 2, ..., n.
a
c c
n n n ln
ha
xi a cui fxi 1
i i a f
i 1
i c fu
i 1
i i aN c fu
i 1
i i
s
Dfq cÿ‡K N w`‡q fvM K‡i cvB x a cu
th
n
bZzb PjK u-Gi †f`v¼ u2 n‡j N u 2 f i u u
2
Pa
i 1
AA
n n n
GLb N x 2 f i xi x f i a cui a cu fi cui cu
2 2 2
i 1 i 1 i 1
n
f u
2
Nc 2 u , AZGe x2 = c2u 2
2
c2 i i u
i 1
Abywm×všÍ:x = cu
we‡kl †ÿÎ: c = 1 n‡j x = u nq| A_v©r, †¯‹j AcwiewZ©Z †i‡L ïay g~jwe›`y cwieZ©‡b †f`v‡¼i I cwiwgZ
e¨eav‡bi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nq bv| g~jwe›`y I †¯‹j cwieZ©b we‡kl K‡i †kÖwYK…Z Dcv‡Ëi †ejvq we‡kl Dc‡hvMx|
D`vniY 3: wb‡Pi Z_¨ QK n‡Z cwiwgZ e¨eavb wbY©q Kiæb:
†kÖwY MYmsL¨v
05 5
5 10 12
10 15 20
15 20 8
20 25 3
mgvavb: GLv‡b †kÖwY¸‡jvi ga¨we›`y h_vµ‡g 2.5, 7.5, 12.5, 17.5, 22.5; cÖwZwU †kÖwY e¨eavb = 5.
x 12.5
ZvB a = 12.5 Ges c = 5 wb‡q bZzb PjK u cÖeZ©b Kiæb|
5
we¯Ívi cwigvc I m¤¢vebv c„ôv 330
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
wb‡Pi mviwY‡Z dj msKjb Kiv n‡jv:
mviwY
xi a
†kÖwY MYmsL¨v fi ga¨we›`y xi ui fiui fiui2
c
0 5 5 2.5 2 10 20
5 10 12 7.5 1 12 12
10 15 20 12.5 0 0 0
15 20 8 17.5 1 8 8
20 25 3 22.5 2 6 12
N = 48 fiui = 8 fiui2 = 52
2
GLv‡b u fu
f iu i 8 1 i i 52 13
0.16667; 1.08333
N 48 6 N 48 12
2
AZGe u 2
fi ui 2
u 1.08333 0 .02777 1.05556.
N
myZivs wb‡Y©q cwiwgZ e¨eavb x c u 5 1.05556 5.137 (cÖvq)
D`vniY 4: wb‡Pi Z_¨ †mUwUi †f`v¼ wbY©q Kiæb: l a
ha
5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50.
s
mgvavb:aiæb, x PjK cÖ`Ë gvb¸‡jv wb‡`©k K‡i|
th
x x
2
Pa
i
myZivs †f`v¼ 2
N
AA
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
GLv‡b Mo x = 27.5
10
wb‡P wePz¨wZ QKwU wbY©q KiæbÑ
x xx x x 2
5 22.5 506.25
10 17.5 306.25
15 12.5 156.25
20 7.5 56.25
25 2.5 6.25
30 2.5 6.25
35 7.5 56.25
40 12.5 156.25
45 17.5 306.25
50 22.5 506.25
mgwó=2062.5
x x
2
i 2062.5
myZivs †f`v¼ 2
206 .25
N 10
Dc‡ii D`vni‡Yi cwiwgZ e¨eavb 206.25 14.36
BDwbU `k c„ôv 331
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
wkÿv_x©i a = 0, c = 5 wb‡q D`vniY 4 Gi mgvavb mnR c×wZ‡Z wbY©q Kiæb|
KvR
mvims‡ÿc-
Dcv‡Ëi gvb¸‡jv‡K hLb cwigvYMZ ˆewk‡ó¨i Av‡jv‡K KZ¸‡jv †kÖwY‡Z wef³ K‡i cÖwZwU †kÖwYi
wecix‡Z MYmsL¨v †`wL‡q Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq ZLb Zv‡K MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb e‡j|
n
x i
aiv hvK x 1, x 2, ...., x n GKwU A‡kÖwYK…Z Dcv‡Ëi n msL¨K gvb| Zvn‡j x i 1
| myZivs †f`v¼,
N
n
x x
2
i
i 1
2 .
N
†f`v¼ wbY©‡qi m~Î: x2= c2u2 †hLv‡b x2 Ges u2 h_vµ‡g PjK x Ges u-Gi gva¨‡g cÖvß †f`v¼
eySvq|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 10.2-
l a
ha
1. wb‡Pi Z_¨ n‡Z †f`v¼ wbY©q Kiæb:
cwiev‡ii gvwmK Avq (nvRvi UvKv) 5 10 10 15 15 20 20 25 25 30
s
th
cwiev‡ii msL¨v 3 5 10 8 2
2. wb‡Pi Z_¨ QK n‡Z cwiwgZ e¨eavb wbY©q Kiæb:
Pa
gvwmK Avq 1001 2000 2001 3000 3001 4000 4001 5000 5001 6000 6001 7000
AA
(UvKv)
cwiev‡ii msL¨v 8 30 75 25 18 14
3. wb‡Pi wb‡ek‡bi cwiwgZ e¨eavb wbY©q Kiæb:
x 10 13 25 30 37 42 45
f 3 7 8 15 10 5 2
4. 200 Rb †jv‡Ki Av‡qi Z_¨ n‡Z cwiwgZ e¨eavb I †f`v¼ wbY©b Kiæb:
Av‡qi mxgv 500010000 1000015000 1500020000 2000025000 25000-30000
MYmsL¨v 25 40 70 35 30
we¯Ívi cwigvc I m¤¢vebv c„ôv 332
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV 10.3 m¤¢vebv Ges m¤¢vebvi cÖ‡qvRbxq aviYv
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
m¤¢vebvi aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
ˆ`bw›`b wewfbœ D`vni‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ wbwðZ NUbv, Am¤¢e NUbv, m¤¢ve¨ NUbv Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq aviYv
e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã m¤¢vebv, cixÿY, bgybv, NUbv
g~jcvV-
m¤¢vebvi aviYv(Concept of Probability)
Girolambo Cardano (1501 – 1576) bv‡gi GKRb e¨w³ jUvwi †Ljv we‡køl‡Y Ôm¤¢vebvÕ m¤ú‡K© cÖ_g aviYv
†`b| wKš‘ divwm MwYZwe` c¨vm‡Kj (Blaise Pascal, 1623 – 1662) mß`k kZ‡K m¤¢vebv Z‡Ë¡i DbœwZ mvab
K‡ib Gi MvwYwZK wfwË †`b| c¨vm‡Kj g~jZ wØc`x mnM (Binomial Coefficient)-¸‡jvi wewfbœ ag© wb‡q M‡elYv
a
K‡ib Ges Ôc¨vm‡K‡ji wÎfzRÕ MVb K‡ib| Aóv`k kZvãxi ïiæ‡Z Av‡iK divmx MwYZwe`, c`v_©weÁvbx I
l
ha
†R¨vwZwe©Ávbx jvcjvm (Pierresimon Marquis de Laplace, 1749 – 1827) m¤¢vebvi GKwU msÁv †`b| wZwb
GKwU NUbvi AbyK~j djvdj (Outcomes) msL¨v‡K mKj m¤¢ve¨ djvdj (Number of all Possible Outcomes)
s
th
msL¨v w`‡q fvM K‡i m¤¢vebv‡K msL¨v w`‡q cÖKvk K‡ib| D`vniY¯^iƒc, jyWz †Ljvq wbi‡cÿfv‡e GKwU NyuwU
wb‡ÿc Ki‡j GKwU we‡Rvo msL¨v cvIqvi m¤¢vebv wbY©‡qi †ÿ‡Î, m¤¢ve¨ †gvU djvdj msL¨v 6 (A_v©r 1, 2, 3, 4,
Pa
3 1
5, 6) Ges we‡Rvo msL¨v nIqvi c‡ÿ djvdj 1, 3, 5 A_v©r 3wU| myZivs we‡Rvo msL¨v cvIqvi m¤¢vebv ev
AA
6 2
| GwUB †Kv‡bv NUbvi m¤¢vebv wbY©‡q jvcjv‡mi msÁv| Ebwesk kZvãx‡Z †R¨vwZwe©Áv‡b e¨envwiK Kv‡R MvDm
m¤¢vebv ZË¡ cÖ‡qvM K‡ib| m¤¢vebv n‡jv †Kv‡bv NUbv NUvi wbðqZvi MvwYwZK cwigvc|
m¤¢vebvi cÖ‡qvRbxq aviYv
cixÿY (Experiment): †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó k‡Z©i Aax‡b ev Ae¯’vq c~e© n‡Z Rvbv djvdj¸‡jvi Afxó djvd‡ji †h
†Kv‡bvwU jv‡fi D‡Ï‡k¨ †Kv‡bv KvR evi evi Kiv‡K cixÿY e‡j| †hgbÑ
(i) jyWz †Ljvq Q°v wb‡ÿc Kiv GKwU cixÿY|
(ii) †h †Kv‡bv †Ljv ïiæi c~‡e© gy`ªv wb‡ÿc Kiv GKwU cixÿY|
†Póv (Trial): †Kv‡bv cixÿY GKevi m¤úbœ Kiv‡K GKwU †Póv e‡j|
ˆ`e cixÿY (Random Experiment): hw` †Kv‡bv cixÿ‡Yi djvdj¸‡jvi ga¨ n‡Z †Kvb †Póvq Kx djvdj n‡e
Zv wbwðZ K‡i ejv bv hvq Z‡e Zv‡K ˆ`e cixÿY e‡j| †hgbÑ GKwU ev‡·i g‡a¨ 7wU i‡Oi mvZwU Kjg Av‡Q|
†PvL ey‡R GKwU Kjg evQvB Ki‡j 7wU i‡Oi †h †Kv‡bv GKwU i‡Oi Kjg cvIqv hv‡e Zv wbwðZ K‡i ejv †M‡jI
†Kvb i‡Oi Kjg cvIqv hv‡e Zv wbwðZ K‡i ejv hvq bv|
bgybv we›`y (Sample Point): †Kv‡bv cixÿ‡Yi cÖwZwU †Póv n‡Z †h djvdj cvIqv hvq Zvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K GKwU
bgybv we›`y e‡j| †hgbÑ jyWy †Ljvq Q°vNyuwU wb‡ÿc K‡i 6 cvIqv †M‡j 6 GKwU bgybv we›`y| cixÿY n‡Z cÖvß
mKj djvdjB GK GKwU bgybv we›`y|
BDwbU `k c„ôv 333
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
bgybv †ÿÎ (Sample Space): †Kv‡bv cixÿY n‡Z cÖvß m¤¢ve¨ mKj bgybv we›`yi †mU‡K bgybv RMr ev bgybv †ÿÎ
e‡j| †hgbÑ GKwU gy`ªv wZbevi wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡jv| GKevi wb‡ÿ‡c cÖvß djvdj H A_ev T| myZivs wZbevi
wb‡ÿ‡c cÖvß m¤¢ve¨ djvdj¸‡jvi †mU = {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT} hv‡K wZbevi gy`ªv
wb‡ÿc cixÿ‡Yi bgybv †ÿÎ ejv nq|
NUbv (Event): †Kv‡bv cixÿ‡Y bgybv †ÿ‡Îi GKwU Dc‡mU ev †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó ˆewk‡ó¨i AbyK~j djvd‡ji †mU‡K
NUbv e‡j| †hgbÑ GKwU Q°vNyuwU wb‡ÿc cixÿ‡Yi bgybv †ÿÎ S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}| wKš‘ †Rvo msL¨v cvIqvi
c‡ÿi bgybv we›`yi †mU = {2, 4, 6} = A n‡j, AS Ges A GKwU NUbv hv Q°vNyuwU wb‡ÿc n‡Z †Rvo msL¨v
cvIqvi NUbv m~wPZ Kij|
mij NUbv (Simple Event/Elementary Event): †Kv‡bv cixÿ‡Yi bgybv †ÿ‡Îi †h †Kv‡bv GKwU bgybv we›`y
wb‡q †h NUbv nq Zv‡K mij NUbv e‡j| GKwU mij NUbvi bgybv we›`y wb‡q Ab¨ †Kv‡bv mij NUbv nq bv|
†hgbÑ GKwU Q°vNuywU wb‡ÿc cixÿ‡Y 6 cvevi NUbv GKwU mij NUbv|
†hŠwMK NUbv (Compound Event): hw` †Kv‡bv cixÿ‡Yi Aaxb GKwU NUbv‡K K‡qKwU mij NUbvq fvM Kiv
hvq Z‡e Zv‡K †hŠwMK NUbv e‡j| †hgbÑ Q°vNyuwU wb‡ÿc cixÿ‡Y we‡Rvo msL¨v cvevi NUbv B n‡j,B = {1, 3,
5} GKwU †hŠwMK NUbv|
mg-m¤¢ve¨ NUbv (Equally Likely Event): hw` †Kv‡bv cixÿ‡Yi `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK NUbv NUvi m¤¢vebv mgvb nq
Z‡e Zv‡K mg-m¤¢ve¨ NUbv e‡j|
l a
AbyK‚j djvdj (Favourable Outcomes): †Kv‡bv cixÿ‡Y GKwU NUbvi mc‡ÿ cÖ‡Z¨KwU bgybv we›`y‡K D³
ha
NUbvi AbyK~j djvdj e‡j| †hgbÑ GKwU Q°vNyuwU wb‡ÿc cixÿ‡Y †Rvo msL¨v cvevi NUbvi AbyK~j djvdj 2,
s
4, 6 A_v©r 3wU|
th
m¤¢vebv (Probability): †Kv‡bv cixÿ‡Yi bgybv †ÿÎ S-G bgybv we›`yi msL¨v, n(S) = m Ges S-Gi Aaxb GKwU
Pa
NUbv A-Gi AbyK~j djvd‡ji msL¨v, n(A) = n n‡jv, A NUbvwU NUvi m¤¢vebv‡K P(A) Øviv m~wPZ Kiv nq hvi
AA
MvwYwZK cwigvcÑ
A-Gi AbyK~j djvd‡ji msL¨v
n( A) n
P( A) bgybv †ÿ‡Îi †gvU bgybv we›`yi
n( S ) m
msL¨v
m~Î 1: m¤¢vebvi gvb 0 †_‡K 1-Gi g‡a¨ _v‡K|
A_ev, †Kv‡bv cixÿ‡Yi S bgybv †ÿ‡Îi Aax‡b E GKwU NUbv n‡j 0 P(E) 1.
cÖgvY: g‡b Kiæb, S bgybv †ÿ‡Îi †gvU bgybv we›`yi msL¨v = n Ges E NUbvi AbyK~j djvd‡ji msL¨v= m
m
P(E )
n
GwU Aek¨B mZ¨ †h, m-Gi gvb 0 †_‡K n-Gi g‡a¨ _vK‡e|
m n
0 mn0
n n
0 P(E) 1
myZivs m¤¢vebvi gvb 0 †_‡K 1-Gi g‡a¨ _v‡K|
we‡kl `ªóe¨: †Kv‡bv cixÿ‡Yi bgybv RMr S-Gi n msL¨K mij NUbv E1, E2, E3, ..., En n‡j,
we¯Ívi cwigvc I m¤¢vebv c„ôv 334
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
1
A_v©r, S = {E1, E2, E3, ..., En} n‡j, P ( Ei ) ; hLb i = 1, 2, 3, ..., n
n
wbwðZ NUbv (Sure Event): †Kv‡bv cixÿ‡Y †h NUbvwU Aek¨B NU‡e Zv‡K wbwðZ NUbv e‡j| †hgbÑ cÖwZw`b
m~h© c~e© w`K †_‡K IVvi NUbv GKwU wbwðZ NUbv| Q°v wb‡ÿc cixÿ‡Y 1 †_‡K 6 ch©šÍ †h †Kv‡bv GKwU msL¨v
cvevi NUbv wbwðZ NUbv| wbwðZ NUbv NUvi m¤¢vebv 1|
Am¤¢e NUbv (Impossible Event): hw` †Kv‡bv cixÿ‡Yi GKwU NUbvi AbyK~‡j †Kv‡bv djvdj ev bgybv we›`y bv
_v‡K Z‡e Zv‡K Am¤¢e NUbv e‡j| Am¤¢e NUbv NUvi m¤¢vebv 0| †hgbÑ gy`ªv wb‡ÿc K‡i 6 cvevi NUbv Am¤¢e
NUbv|
D`vniY 1: `yBwU Q°vNyuwU wb‡ÿc cixÿ‡Yi bgybv RMr wbY©q Kiæb Ges cici `yBwU GKB msL¨v cvevi m¤¢vebv
KZ Zv wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: `yBwU Q°vNyuwU wb‡ÿc cixÿ‡Y bgybv RMr wb‡Pi eM©‡ÿ‡Î †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:
l a
s ha
th
Pa
cici `yBwU GKB msL¨v cvevi AbyK~j bgybv we›`yi †mU, A {(1, 1), ( 2, 2), (3, 3), ( 4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6)}
AA
n( A) 6 1
P ( A) .
n( S ) 36 6
1. GKwU Q°v I `yBwU gy`&ªv GK‡Î wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡j Zv‡`i bgybv †ÿÎwU ˆZwi Kiæb|
wkÿv_x©i †RvomsL¨v I `yBwU †nW cvIqvi m¤¢vebv wbY©q Kiæb|
KvR 2.TEA kãwU‡K me¸‡jv eY© wb‡q web¨vm MVb cixÿ‡Yi bgybv †ÿÎwU cÖ¯‘Z Kiæb|
wbi‡cÿfv‡e GKwU web¨vm evQvB Ki‡j Zvi gvSLv‡b T _vKvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
ms‡hvM NUbv (Union of Events): †Kv‡bv cixÿ‡Yi `yBwU NUbv A I B n‡j, A A_ev B NUbv `yBwUi †h †Kv‡bv
GKwU NUbv msNwUZ nIqvi NUbv‡K A I B-Gi ms‡hvM NUbv e‡j Ges G‡K AB Øviv m~wPZ Kiv nq| †hgbÑ
Q°v wb‡ÿc cixÿ‡Y,A = {2, 4, 6}, B = {3, 6} n‡j, AB = {2, 3, 4, 6}
NUbvi †Q` (Intersection of Events): `yBwU NUbv A I B n‡j, A Ges B Dfq NUbv GK‡Î msNwUZ nevi
NUbv‡K A I B-Gi †Q` ejv nq Ges AB Øviv m~wPZ Kiv nq| †hgb: Q°v wb‡ÿc cixÿ‡Y,
A = {2, 4, 6}, B = {3, 6} n‡j, AB = {6}
c~iK NUbv (Complementary Event): hw` †Kv‡bv cixÿ‡Y bgybv †ÿÎ S-Gi K‡qKwU bgybv we›`y †Kv‡bv NUbvi
AbyK‡~ j _v‡K, Z‡e H bgybv †ÿ‡Îi Aewkó bgybv we›`y¸‡jv †h NUbvi AbyK~j djvdj n‡e Zv‡K Av‡MKvi NUbvi
c~iK NUbv e‡j| †hgbÑ GKwU Q°vNyuwU wb‡ÿc cixÿ‡Y S= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}-Gi Aaxb A NUbvi AbyK~j
BDwbU `k c„ôv 335
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
djvd‡ji †mU {1, 3, 5} Ges B GKwU NUbv hvi AbyK~j djvd‡ji †mU = S – A = {2, 4, 6}. myZivs B-†K A-Gi
c~iK NUbv e‡j| G‡ÿ‡Î B A †jLv hvq|
m~Î 2: hw` S bgybv †ÿ‡Îi E NUbvi c~iK NUbv E nq, n‡e P E 1 P( E )
cÖgvY: g‡b Kiæb, n(S) = m Ges n(E) = n
n
P( E )
m
¯úóZ E NUbvi AbyK~j djvd‡ji msL¨v = mn
mm n mm mn 1 P( E )
P E
P E 1 P ( E ) [cÖgvwYZ]
ci¯úi eR©bkxj NUbv (Mutually Exclusive Event): hw` GKB cixÿ‡Yi bgybv †ÿ‡Îi Aax‡b hw` `yB ev
Z‡ZvwaK NUbvi AbyK~j djvdj¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †Kvb mvaviY bgybv we›`y bv _v‡K, Z‡e Zv‡`i eR©bkxj NUbv e‡j|
eR©bkxj NUbv¸‡jvi †h †Kv‡bv GKwU NUbv NU‡j evwK¸‡jvi †Kv‡bvwUB NU‡e bv|
†hgbÑ Q°v wb‡ÿc cixÿ‡Y †Rvo msL¨v cvevi NUbv, A = {2, 4, 6} I we‡Rvo S
msL¨v cvevi NUbv, B = {1, 3, 5} n‡j, A I B ci¯úi eR©bkxj NUbv| A B
eR©bkxj NUbvi †fbwPÎ cv‡k †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:
A I B ci¯úi eR©bkxj n‡j, AB = l a
ha
ci¯úi AeR©bkxj NUbv (Not Mutually Exclusive Event): †Kv‡bv cixÿ‡Yi Aaxb `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK NUbvi
s
AbyK~j djvdj¸‡jvi g‡a¨ hw` mvaviY bgybv we›`y _v‡K Z‡e H NUbv¸‡jv‡K ci¯úi AeR©bkxj NUbv e‡j|
th
†hgbÑ GKwU Q°vNyuwU wb‡ÿc cixÿ‡Y †Rvo msL¨v cvevi NUbv, A = {2, 4, 6} I 3-Gi S
Pa
¸wYZK cvevi NUbv, B = {3, 6} n‡j, A I B-Gi mvaviY bgybv we›`y 6. myZivs A I B A B
ci¯úi AeR©bkxj NUbv| cixÿ‡Yi †Kv‡bv †Póv n‡Z AeR©bkxj NUbv¸‡jv GKB mv‡_
AA
NU‡Z cv‡i|
†hgbÑ Dc‡ii D`vni‡Y, Q°vNyuwU wb‡ÿc K‡i 6 †c‡j A I B Dfq NUbvB NUj| AeR©bkxj NUbvi †fbwPÎ cv‡k
†`Lv‡bv n‡jv| A I B ci¯úi AeR©bkxj n‡j, AB
m¤ú~Y© NUbv (Exhaustive Event): hw` †Kv‡bv cixÿ‡Yi bgybv †ÿ‡Îi Aax‡b `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK NUbv Ggb nq †h,
D³ cixÿ‡Yi cÖwZwU †Póvq NUbv¸‡jvi Kgc‡ÿ GKwU NUbv Aek¨B NU‡e, Z‡e D³ NUbv¸‡jv‡K m¤ú~Y© NUbv
e‡j| m¤ú~Y© NUbv¸‡jvi ms‡hvM NUbv bgybv †ÿ‡Îi mgvb nq| m¤ú~Y© NUbv¸‡jv ci¯úi eR©bkxj wKsev
AeR©bkxj n‡Z cv‡i|
†hgbÑ GKwU Q°vNyuwU cixÿ‡Y bgybv †ÿÎ S
Ges A: †Rvo msL¨v cvevi NUbv, B: we‡Rvo msL¨v cvevi NUbv, C:3-Gi ¸wYZK cvevi NUbv
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
A = {2, 4, 6}, B = {1, 3, 5}, C = {3, 6}
GLv‡b, A I B m¤ú~Y© NUbv wKš‘ A I C Ges B I C m¤ú~Y© NUbv bq|
Avevi, A, B, C GK‡Î m¤ú~Y© NUbv|
myZivs A I B m¤ú~Y© NUbv n‡j, AB = S
Ges P(AB) = 1.
m¤ú~iK NUbv (Suplimentary Event): †Kv‡bv cixÿ‡Yi Aaxb `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK ci¯úi eR©bkxj NUbv m¤ú~Y©
NUbv n‡j Zv‡`i m¤ú~iK NUbv e‡j|hw` S bgybv †ÿ‡Îi Aax‡b A, B, Cm¤ú~iK NUbv nq, Z‡e
we¯Ívi cwigvc I m¤¢vebv c„ôv 336
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
(i) ABC = S, (ii) P(A) + P(B) + P(C) = 1 Ges (iii) ABC =
Awbf©ikxj NUbv (Independent Event): `yBwU NUbv A I B-†K Awbf©ikxj NUbv ejv n‡e hw` G‡`i †h †Kv‡bv
GKwU NUbv NUvi m¤¢vebv Ab¨wU NUv ev bv NUvi Dci wbf©i bv K‡i|
†hgb, GKwU gy`ªv wb‡ÿc cixÿ‡Y H I T cvIqv †M‡j, GKwU gy`ªv cici `yBevi wb‡ÿc cixÿ‡Y cÖ_g wb‡ÿ‡c H
cvIqv ev bv cvIqvi Dfq wØZxq wb‡ÿ‡c H cvIqv wbf©i K‡i bv| myZivs cÖ_g wb‡ÿ‡c H cvIqvi NUbv I wØZxq
wb‡ÿ‡c H cvIqvi NUbv ci¯úi Awbf©ikxj NUbv|
wbf©ikxj NUbv (Dependent Event): hw` `yBwU Giƒc nq †hb G‡`i GKwU NUbvi m¤¢vebv Aci NUbv NUv ev bv
NUvi Dci wbf©i K‡i, Z‡e NUbv `yBwU‡K G‡K Ac‡ii wbf©ikxj NUbv e‡j| †hgbÑ GKwU ev‡· 2wU jvj I 3wU
Kv‡jv ej Av‡Q| ev· n‡Z ˆ`efv‡e cici `yBwU ej DVv‡j wØZxq evi jvj ej cvevi m¤¢vebv cÖ_gevi jvj ej
2
cvIqv ev bv cvIqvi Dci wbf©i K‡i| cÖ_gevi jvj ej cvevi m¤¢vebv Ges cÖ_gevi jvj ej cvIqv †M‡j
5
1 2
wØZxqevi jvj ej cvIqvi m¤¢vebv , wKš‘ cÖ_gevi jvj ej bv †c‡j wØZxqevi jvj ej cvevi m¤¢vebv |
4 4
mvims‡ÿc-
m¤¢vebv n‡jv †Kv‡bv NUbv NUvi wbðqZvi MvwYwZK cwigvc|
a
†Kv‡bv wbw`©ó k‡Z©i Aax‡b ev Ae¯’vq c~e© n‡Z Rvbv djvdj¸‡jvi Afxó djvd‡ji †h †Kv‡bvwU jv‡fi
D‡Ï‡k¨ †Kv‡bv KvR evi evi Kiv‡K cixÿY e‡j|
l
ha
†Kv‡bv cixÿY GKevi m¤úbœ Kiv‡K GKwU †Póv e‡j|
s
†Kv‡bv cixÿ‡Yi cÖwZwU †Póv n‡Z †h djvdj cvIqv hvq Zvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K GKwU bgybv we›`y e‡j|
th
†Kv‡bv cixÿY n‡Z cÖvß m¤¢ve¨ mKj bgybv we›`yi †mU‡K bgybv RMr ev bgybv †ÿÎ e‡j|
Pa
†Kv‡bv cixÿ‡Y bgybv †ÿ‡Îi GKwU Dc‡mU ev †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó ˆewk‡ó¨i AbyK~j djvd‡ji †mU‡K NUbv
e‡j|
AA
†Kv‡bv cixÿ‡Yi bgybv †ÿÎ S-G bgybv we›`yi msL¨v, n(S) = mGes S-Gi Aaxb GKwU NUbv A-Gi
AbyK~j djvd‡ji msL¨v, n(A) = nn‡jv, A NUbvwU NUvi m¤¢vebv‡K P(A)Øviv m~wPZ Kiv nq hvi MvwYwZK
A-Gi AbyK~j djvd‡ji msL¨v n( A) n
cwigvcÑ P( A) bgybv †ÿ‡Îi †gvU bgybv we›`yi msL¨v
n( S ) m
m¤¢vebvi gvb 0 †_‡K 1-Gi g‡a¨ _v‡K|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 10.3-
1. GKwU ev‡· 7wU jvj, 9wU Kv‡jv Ges 6wU mv`v ej Av‡Q| G‡jv‡g‡jvfv‡e GKwU ej Zz‡j †bIqv n‡jv| ejwU
jvj ev mv`v nIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv KZ?
2. 52 Lvbv Zv‡mi c¨v‡K‡U 4wU †U°v Av‡Q| wbi‡cÿfv‡e †h †Kv‡bv GKLvbv Zvm †U‡b †U°v bv cvIqvi
m¤¢ve¨Zv KZ?
3. GKwU ev‡· 5wU jvj I 10wU mv`v ej Av‡Q| GKwU evjK †hgb Lywk Uvb‡j cÖwZev‡i (i) `yBwU wfbœ i‡Oi ej
Ges (ii) `yBwU GKB i‡Oi ej cvevi m¤¢ve¨Zv KZ?
BDwbU `k c„ôv 337
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
1 3
4. GKRb Qv‡Îi evsjv cixÿvq †dj Kivi m¤¢ve¨Zv , evsjv Ges Bs‡iwR `yBwU‡Z cv‡mi m¤¢ve¨Zv Ges
5 8
7
`yBwUi †h †Kv‡bv GKwU‡Z cv‡mi m¤¢ve¨Zv n‡j, Zvi †Kej Bs‡iwR‡Z cv‡mi m¤¢ve¨Zv KZ?
8
5. 1 †_‡K 20 ch©šÍ ¯^vfvweK msL¨v¸‡jv n‡Z GKwU msL¨v Lywkg‡Zv wb‡j msL¨vwU 3 A_ev 5-Gi ¸wYZK nevi
m¤¢ve¨Zv wbY©q Kiæb|
cvV 10.4 GKB NUbvi cybive„wË NU‡j m¤¢vebv wbY©q
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
GKB NUbvi cybive„wË NU‡j m¤¢ve¨ djvdj wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã kZ©vaxb m¤¢vebv, †hŠwMK m¤¢vebv
a
g~jcvV- l
ha
GKB NUbvi cybive„wË NU‡j m¤¢vebv wbY©q
s
kZv©axb m¤¢vebv (Conditional Probability): g‡b Kiæb, GKwU e¨v‡M 3wU mv`v I 2wU jvj ej Av‡Q| hw` cÖ_‡g
th
GKwU ej evQvB Kivi ci cybivq Zv e¨v‡M †diZ ivLv bv nq, Z‡e wØZxq GKwU ej evQvB NUbvi m¤¢vebv
Pa
cÖ_gwUi evQvB NUbvi Dci wbf©ikxj nq|
g‡b Kiæb, R1: cÖ_g ej jvj nevi NUbv
AA
R2: wØZxq ejwU jvj nevi NUbv
W1: cÖ_g ejwU mv`v nevi NUbv
2 3
Zvn‡j, P ( R1 ) , P (W1 )
5 5
GLv‡b, mivmwi P(R2) wbY©q Kiv hv‡e bv|
KviY cÖ_g ejwU jvj n‡j wØZxq ejwU jvj nevi m¤¢vebv I cÖ_g ejwU mv`v n‡j wØZxq ejwU jvj nevi m¤¢vebv
mgvb nq|
1
myZis, cÖ_g ejwU jvj n‡j wØZxq ejwU jvj nevi m¤¢vebv (KviY Aewkó 4wU e‡ji g‡a¨ 1wU jvj ej
4
_v‡K)|
G‡K P R2 1 †jLv nq|
R1 4
Avevi, cÖ_g ejwU mv`v n‡j wØZxq ejwU jvj nevi m¤¢vebv, P R2 2 1 .
W1 4 2
Giƒc m¤¢vebv‡K kZv©axb m¤¢vebv e‡j|
GLv‡b, P ( R1 R2 ) P ( R1 ).P R2 2 1 1
R1 5 4 10
we¯Ívi cwigvc I m¤¢vebv c„ôv 338
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
R2 3 1 3
Ges P (W1 R2 ) P (W1 ).P
W1 5 2 10
A
msÁv: `yBwU NUbv A I B n‡j, B NUbvwU NUvi k‡Z© A NUbv NUvi m¤¢vebv‡K kZv©axb m¤¢vebv e‡j Ges P
B
A
Øviv m~wPZ Kiv nq| P -†K “Probability of A given B” cov nq|
B
we‡kl `ªóe¨: hw` A I B ci¯úi Awbf©ikxj NUbv nq Z‡e A NUbv NUvi m¤¢vebv B NUbv NUv ev bv NUvi Ici
A B
wbf©i K‡i bv †m‡ÿ‡Î, P P ( A) Ges P P(B ).
B A
†hŠwMK m¤¢vebv (Compound Probability): hw` A I B NUbv `yBwU ci¯úi wbf©ikxj nq, Z‡e AB NUbv NUvi
m¤¢vebv A_v©r P(AB)-†K †hŠwMK m¤¢vebv e‡j Ges
A B
P( A B ) P( B ).P A_ev, P( A B ) P( A).P
B A
D`vniY 1: GKwU ev‡· 3wU Kv‡jv I 4wU mv`v ej Av‡Q| ev· †_‡K ˆ`e c×wZ‡Z 1wU K‡i 2wU ej Zz‡j †bIqv
n‡jv| `yBwU ejB mv`v nevi m¤¢vebv KZ?
a
GLv‡b cÖ_‡g †Zvjv ejwU wØZxq ejwU †Zvjvi Av‡MÑ (i) cÖwZ¯’vwcZ nq, (ii) cÖwZ¯’vwcZ nq bv|
l
ha
mgvavb: ev‡· Kv‡jv ej msL¨v = 3, mv`v ej msL¨v= 4
†gvU ej msL¨v = 7
s
th
4
P(1g ejwU mv`v)
7
Pa
GLb, (i) wØZxq ejwU †Zvjvi Av‡M cÖ_g ejwU cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡j,
AA
4
P(2q ejwU mv`v)
7
4 4 16
P(`yBwU ej mv`v)
7 7 49
(ii) wØZxq ejwU †Zvjvi Av‡M cÖ_g ejwU cÖwZ¯’vwcZ bv n‡j, ev‡·Kv‡jv ej msL¨v = 3, mv`v ej msL¨v= 3
†gvU ej msL¨v= 6
3 1
P(2q ejwU mv`v)
6 2
4 1 2
P(`yBwU ejB mv`v)
7 2 7
mvims‡ÿc-
A
`yBwU NUbv A I B n‡j, B NUbvwU NUvi k‡Z© A NUbv NUvi m¤¢vebv‡K kZv©axb m¤¢vebv e‡j Ges P
B
A
Øviv m~wPZ Kiv nq| P -†K “Probability of A given B”cov nq|
B
hw` A I B NUbv `yBwU ci¯úi wbf©ikxj nq, Z‡e A BNUbv NUvi m¤¢vebv A_v©r P(A B)-†K †hŠwMK
BDwbU `k c„ôv 339
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
A B
m¤¢vebv e‡j Ges P( A B ) P( B ).P A_ev, P( A B ) P( A).P
B A
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 10.4-
1. GKwU Szwo‡Z 2wU Kv‡jv Ges 4wU mv`v ej Av‡Q| GKwU evjK wbi‡cÿfv‡e wZbwU ej DVvj| 3wU ejB Kv‡jv
nevi m¤¢vebv wbY©q Kiæb|
2. 52wU Zv‡mi c¨v‡KU n‡Z 3wU Zvm †ei Kiv n‡j wZbwU ZvmB ivRv nevi m¤¢vebv KZ?
3. GKwU ev‡· 15wU jvj I 10wU Kv‡jv i‡Oi gv‡e©j Av‡Q| GKwU evjK †hgb Lywk Uvb‡j cÖwZev‡i `yBwU (i) wfbœ
i‡Oi Ges (ii) GKB i‡Oi gv‡e©j nIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
4. (i)GKwU e¨v‡M 5wU mv`v, 7wU jvj Ges 8wU Kv‡jv ej Av‡Q| hw` wewbgq bv K‡i GKwU GKwU K‡i ci ci
PviwU ej Zz‡j †bIqv nq, Z‡e me¸‡jv ej mv`v nevi m¤¢vebv KZ?
(ii)GKwU _‡j‡Z 5wU mv`v, 7wU jvj Ges 8wU Kv‡jv ej Av‡Q| G‡jv‡g‡jvfv‡e wZbwU ej Zz‡j †bIqv n‡jv|
ej¸‡jv jvj ev mv`v nIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
l a
ha
cvV 10.5 ci¯úi eR©bkxj I AeR©bkxj NUbvi Rb¨ m¤¢vebvi †hvMm~Î
s
th
Pa
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
AA
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
ci¯úi eR©bkxj I AeR©bkxj NUbvi Rb¨ m¤¢vebvi †hvMm~‡Îi cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
ci¯úi eR©bkxj I AeR©bkxj NUbvi Rb¨ m¤¢vebvi †hvMm~‡Îi cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã eR©bkxj NUbv, AeR©bkxj NUbv
g~jcvV-
ci¯úi eR©bkxj I AeR©bkxj NUbvi Rb¨ m¤¢vebvi †hvMm~Î
†Kv‡bv cixÿ‡Yi Aaxb bygbv †ÿÎ S-Gi †ÿ‡ÎÑ
(i) hw` A I B ci¯úi eR©bkxj NUbv nq, n‡e P(AB) = P(A) + P(B)
(ii) hw` A I B ci¯úi AeR©bkxj NUbv nq, Z‡e P(AB) = P(A) + P(B) P(AB).
cÖgvY:(i) g‡b Kiæb, †Kv‡bv cixÿ‡Yi bgybv †ÿÎ S-Gi g‡a¨ A I B `yBwU eR©bkxj NUbv|
†hb, S bgybv †ÿ‡Îi †gvU bgybv we›`yi msL¨v = n(S).
A NUbvi AbyK‚j bgybv we›`yi msL¨v = n(A).
Ges B NUbvi AbyK‚j bgybv we›`yi msL¨v = n(B).
n ( A) n( B )
P ( A) , P ( B) .
n(S ) n( S )
we¯Ívi cwigvc I m¤¢vebv c„ôv 340
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
†h‡nZz, A I B ci¯úi eR©bkxj NUbv; ZvB A I B NUbv `yBwUi †Kv‡bv mvaviY bgybv we›`y †bB|
myZivs (AB) NUbvi AbyK‚j djvd‡ji msL¨v,
n(AB) = n(A) + n(B)
n ( A B ) n ( A) n ( B ) n ( A) n ( B )
P ( A B) P( A) P ( B )
n( S ) n( S ) n( S ) n( S )
P(AB) = P(A) + P(B).(cÖgvwYZ)|
(ii) g‡b Kiæb, S bgybv †ÿ‡Îi Aax‡b A I B `yBwU ci¯úi AeR©bkxj NUbv Ges Zv‡`i mvaviY bgybv we›`yi
msL¨v = x hw` bgybv †ÿ‡Îi †gvU bgybv we›`yi msL¨v = n(S) = n
A NUbvi AbyK‚j bgybv we›`yi msL¨v = nA.
n n x
B NUbvi AbyK~ ‚j bgybv we›`yi msL¨v = nB nq, Z‡e P( A) A , P( B) B , Ges P ( A B ) .
n n n
myZivs AB NUbvi AbyK‚j djvdj msL¨v = (nA x ) + (nBx) + x = nA + nB x
n n B x n A nB x
P( A B) A P ( A) P ( B ) P ( A B )
n n n n
P(AB) = P(A) + P(B) P(AB)(cÖgvwYZ)
AbywmÜvšÍ:A, B, C wZbwU NUbvi Rb¨ m¤¢vebvi ms‡hvMm~Î:
a
P(ABC) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) P(AB) P(BC) P(CA) + P(ABC).
l
we‡kl `ªóe¨: hw` †Kv‡bv cixÿ‡Yi n msL¨K ci¯úi eR©bkxj NUbv A1, A2, A3, ... An nq, Z‡e
ha
P(A1A2A3... An) = P(A1) + P(A2) + (P(A3) + ... + P(An).
s
D`vniY 1:52 Lvbv Zvm Dchy³fv‡e kvdj K‡i ˆ`efv‡e GKLvbv Zvm evQvB Kiv n‡jv:
th
(i) ZvmwU †U°v nevi m¤¢vebv KZ?
Pa
(ii) ZvmwU iæBZb A_ev †U°v nevi m¤¢vebv KZ?
(iii) ZvmwU ivRv A_ev †U°v nevi m¤¢vebv KZ?
AA
mgvavb: (i) 52 Lvbv Zv‡mi g‡a¨ 4wU †U°v|
4 1
P(†U°v) .
52 13
(ii) 52 Lvbv Zv‡mi g‡a¨ 13wU iæBZb, 4wU †U°v Ges 1wU iæBZ‡bi †U°v|
myZivs P(iæBZb A_ev †U°v) = P(iæBZb) +P(†U°v) P(iæBZ‡bi †U°v)
13 4 1 4
=
52 52 52 13
(iii) 52 Lvbv Zv‡mi g‡a¨ 4wU ivRv I 4wU †U°v|
4 4 8 2
P(ivRv A_ev †U°v) = P(ivRv) +P(†U°v)=
52 52 52 13
wkÿv_x©i A I BeR©bkxj GesP(A B) = 1, P(B) = 3 P(A)n‡j,P(A)I P(B)wbY©q Kiæb|
KvR
mvims‡ÿc-
†Kv‡bv cixÿ‡Yi Aaxb bygbv †ÿÎ S-Gi †ÿ‡ÎÑ (i)hw` AI B ci¯úi eR©bkxj NUbv nq, n‡e P(AB)
BDwbU `k c„ôv 341
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
= P(A) + P(B) (ii) hw` A I B ci¯úi AeR©bkxj NUbv nq, Z‡e P(AB) = P(A) + P(B) P(AB).
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 10.5-
1. GK c¨v‡KU Zvm n‡Z niZ‡bi GKwU ivRv †ei Kiv n‡jv| evwK Zvm¸‡jv fv‡jvfv‡e kvdj Kiv n‡jv|
cieZx© ZvmwU niZb nevi m¤¢vebv wbY©q Kiæb|
1 5 1
2. (i) P ( A B) , P( A B ) ; P( A) n‡j P (B) Ges P (B ) Gi gvb wbY©q Kiæb|
3 6 2
(ii)hw` P(AB) = 0.48 Ges P(A) = 0.6 nq, Z‡e P(B)-Gi gvb KZ n‡j A I B ¯^vaxb n‡e?
1 1 B 3 A
3. P ( A) , P ( B ) Ges P n‡j, P ( A B ), P Ges P(AB)-Gi gvb wbY©q Kiæb|
2 3 A 5 B
4. GKwU cixÿvq 30% QvÎ MwY‡Z, 20% QvÎ imvq‡b Ges 10% QvÎ Dfq wel‡q †dj K‡i| ˆ`efv‡e GKRb
QvÎ wbev©Pb Ki‡j (i) QvÎwU MwY‡Z †dj Kivi m¤¢ve¨Zv KZ? hLb Rvbv Av‡Q QvÎwU imvq‡b †dj K‡i‡Q|
(ii) QvÎwUi GKwU gvÎ wel‡q †dj Kivi m¤¢ve¨Zv KZ?
5. GKwU gy`ªv wZb evi Um Kiv n‡jv| chv©qµ‡g gy`ªvwUi †nW Ges †UBj cvevi m¤¢ve¨Zv wbY©q Kiæb|
l a
sha
cvV 10.6 Awbf©ikxj I wbf©ikxj NUbvi Rb¨ m¤¢vebvi ¸Yb m~Î
th
Pa
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
AA
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
Awbf©ikxj I wbf©ikxj NUbvi Rb¨ m¤¢vebvi ¸Yb m~Î e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
Awbf©ikxj I wbf©ikxj NUbvi Rb¨ m¤¢vebvi ¸Yb m~Î cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã Awbf©ikxj NUbv, wbf©ikxj NUbv
g~jcvV-
Awbf©ikxj I wbf©ikxj NUbvi Rb¨ m¤¢vebvi ¸Yb m~Î I Zvi cÖ‡qvM
(i) `yBwU Awbf©ikxj NUbv DfqB GK‡Î NUvi m¤¢vebv G‡`i c„_K c„_K NUvi m¤¢vebvi ¸Yd‡ji mgvb|
A_v©r, hw` A I B `yBwU Awbf©ikxj NUbv nq, Z‡eP(AB) = P(A).P(B)
cÖgvY: g‡b Kiæb, A I B Awbf©ikxj NUbv `yBwU h_vµ‡g S1 I S2 bgybv †ÿ‡Îi Aaxb
hLb, n(S1) = n1, n(S2) = n2
Ges A NUbvi AbyK~j djvd‡ji msL¨v = m1
I B NUbvi AbyK~j djvd‡ji msL¨v = m2
m1 m2
P ( A) , P ( B) .
n1 n2
we¯Ívi cwigvc I m¤¢vebv c„ôv 342
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
A I B ci¯úi Awbf©ikxj NUbv e‡j Zv‡`i AbyK~j djvdj¸‡jv GKwÎZ n‡q m1m2 msL¨K djvdj MVb K‡i
hviv AB-Gi AbyK~j djvdj| Abyiæcfv‡e, S1 I S2-Gi djvdj¸‡jv GKwÎZ K‡i n1n2 msL¨K djvdj MVb
K‡i|
n(S1S2) = n1n2
m1 m2 m1 m2
P ( A B) P( A) P ( B )
n1 n2 n1 n1
A I B ci¯úi Awbf©ikxj NUbv n‡j, P(AB) = P(A).P(B). (cÖgvwYZ)
†hgb, GKwU Q°v wb‡ÿc cixÿ‡Y S1 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
wØZxq GKwU Q°v wb‡ÿc cixÿ‡Y S2 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
GLb, AS1 †hb A = {2, 4, 6}
3
P ( A)
6
Ges BS2 †hb B = {3, 6}
2
P(B)
6
myZivs cÖ_g cixÿ‡Y A I wØZxq cixÿ‡Y B NUbv NUvi AbyK~j djvd‡ji †mU,
AB = {2, 4, 6} {3, 6} = {(2, 3), (2, 6), ..., (6, 6)}
n(AB) = 3 2 l a
ha
Ges S1 I S2 GKwÎZ bgybv RM‡Z djvdj msL¨v = 6 6
s
3 2 3 2
th
P( A B) P ( A).P ( B )
66 6 6
Pa
(ii) `yBwU wbf©ikxj NUbv DfqB GK‡Î NUvi m¤¢vebv G‡`i GKwU NUvi m¤¢vebv I cÖ_gwU NUvi k‡Z© wØZxqwU NUvi
m¤¢vebvi ¸Yd‡ji mgvb| A_v©r, A I B wbf©ikxj NUbv n‡j,
AA
B A
P ( A B) P( A). P Ges P ( A B) P( B ). P
A B
cÖgvY: g‡b Kiæb, bgybv †ÿÎ S-Gi Aaxb A I B `yBwU wbf©ikxj NUbv hLb,
S-Gi bgybv we›`yi msL¨v = n
A-Gi AbyK~j bgybv we›`yi msL¨v = nA
B-Gi AbyK~j bgybv we›`yi msL¨v = nB
AB-Gi AbyK~j bgybv we›`yi msL¨v = nAB
n n n
P ( A) A , P ( B ) B , P ( A B) AB
n n n
B NUbv A-Gi Dci wbf©ikxj n‡j,
n n n B
P ( A B ) AB A AB P ( A) P
n n nA A
A NUbv B-Gi Dci wbf©ikxj n‡j,
n n n A
P ( A B ) AB B AB P ( B ) P .
n n nB B
Abywm×všÍ: `yBwU NUbv GKB mv‡_ Awbf©ikxj I eR©bkxj n‡Z cv‡i bv|
cÖgvY: g‡b Kiæb, A I B `yBwU Awbf©ikxj NUbv
BDwbU `k c„ôv 343
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
†hb, P(A) 0, P(B) 0.
P(AB) = P(A). P(B)
P(AB) 0 ...................... (i)
GLb, A I B eR©bkxj n‡j,
AB
P(AB) = 0 ..................... (ii)
wKš‘ (i) I (ii) bs mgxKiY hyMcr mZ¨ n‡Z cv‡i bv|
ZvB, A I B NUbv `yBwU GKB mv‡_ Awbf©ikxj I eR©bkxj n‡Z cv‡i bv|
al
s ha
th
Pa
AA
we¯Ívi cwigvc I m¤¢vebv c„ôv 344
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
1 3
D`vniY 1: hw` A I B Awbf©ikxj Ges P ( A) , P ( B )
nq, Z‡e P(AB) wbY©q Kiæb|
3 4
mgvavb:A I B ci¯úi Awbf©ikxj e‡j P(AB) = P(A). P(B) Ges m¤¢vebvi ms‡hvM m~Î g‡Z,
P(AB) = P(A) + P(B) P(AB)
1 3 1 3 4 9 3 10 5
= P(A) + P(B) P(A).(P(B) =
3 4 3 4 12 12 6
1 3
1. P ( A) , P ( B ) Ges A I B Awbf©ikxj n‡j, P(AB) wbY©q Kiæb|
3 4
1 3
2. P ( A) , P ( B) Ges A I B Awbf©ikxj n‡j, P(AB) KZ?
3 4
wkÿv_x©i
1 5 1
KvR 3. P( A B) , P ( A B) , P ( A) n‡j, A I B ¯^vaxb wK-bv e¨vL¨v
3 6 2
Kiæb|
4. `yBwU Q°v GK‡Î wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡jv| ¸Yb m~Î e¨envi K‡i, `yBwU Qq IVvi m¤¢vebv
wbY©q Kiæb|
mvims‡ÿc-
l a
`yBwU Awbf©ikxj NUbv DfqB GK‡Î NUvi m¤¢vebv G‡`i c„_K c„_K NUvi m¤¢vebvi ¸Yd‡ji
ha
mgvb|A_v©r, hw` A I B `yBwU Awbf©ikxj NUbv nq, Z‡e P(AB) = P(A). P(B)
`yBwU wbf©ikxj NUbv DfqB GK‡Î NUvi m¤¢vebv G‡`i GKwU NUvi m¤¢vebv I cÖ_gwU NUvi k‡Z© wØZxqwU
s
th
B
NUvi m¤¢vebvi ¸Yd‡ji mgvb| A_v©r, A I B wbf©ikxj NUbv n‡j, P ( A B) P( A). P Ges
A
Pa
A
P ( A B) P( B ). P
AA
B
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 10.6-
1. (i) GKwU ev‡· 4wU jvj, 5wU bxj Ges 7wU mv`v i‡Oi ej Av‡Q| ˆ`ePq‡b GKwU e‡ji jvj ev mv`v nevi
m¤¢ve¨Zv KZ?
(ii) GKwU ev‡· wewfbœ AvKv‡ii 6wU mv`v, 7wU jvj Ges 9wU Kv‡jv ej Av‡Q| G‡jv‡g‡jvfv‡e 3wU ej Zz‡j
†bIqv n‡jv| ej¸‡jv jvj ev mv`v nIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv KZ?
2. `yBwU _wji GKwU‡Z 5wU jvj Ges 3wU Kv‡jv ej Av‡Q| Aci _wj‡Z 4wU jvj Ges 5wU Kv‡jv ej Av‡Q|
mgm¤¢e Dcv‡q GKwU _wj wbevP©b Kiv n‡jv Ges Zv †_‡K `yBwU ej †Zvjv n‡j GKwU jvj I GKwU Kv‡jv
nIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv wbY©q Kiæb|
3. GKwU _wj‡Z 3wU mv`v Ges 2wU Kv‡jv ej Av‡Q| Aci GKwU _wj‡Z 2wU mv`v Ges 5wU Kv‡jv ej Av‡Q| wbi‡cÿfv‡e
cÖ‡Z¨K _wj n‡Z GKwU K‡i ej †Zvjv n‡jv| `yBwU e‡ji g‡a¨ AšÍZ GKwU mv`v nIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv wbY©q Kiæb|
4. GKwU ev‡· 5wU jvj I 4wU mv`v wµ‡KU ej Av‡Q Ges Aci GKwU ev‡· 3wU jvj I 6wU mv`v wµ‡KU ej
Av‡Q| cÖ‡Z¨K ev· n‡Z GKwU K‡i ej DVv‡bv n‡j `yBwU e‡ji g‡a¨ Kgc‡ÿ GKwU jvj nIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv
wbY©q Kiæb|
5. GKRb cÖv_x© GKwU wkí cÖwZôv‡bi wZbwU c‡` Av‡e`b K‡i| cÖ_g, wØZxq I Z…Zxq c‡` cÖv_x©i msL¨v
h_vµ‡g 3, 4 Ges 2| H cÖv_x©i Kgc‡ÿ GKwU c‡` PvKwi cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv KZ?
BDwbU `k c„ôv 345
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
cvV 10.7 ev¯Íe RxebwfwËK m¤¢vebv msµvšÍ mgm¨v
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
ev¯Íe RxebwfwËK mnR mgm¨v mgvav‡b m¤¢vebvi aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
ev¯Íe RxebwfwËK mnR mgm¨v mgvav‡b m¤¢vebvi m~Îmg~n cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
g~jcvV-
ev¯Íe RxebwfwËK m¤¢vebv msµvšÍ mgm¨v
m¤¢vebv Z‡Ë¡i D™¢eB N‡U‡Q ev¯Íe RxebwfwËK AwfÁZvi ZvwË¡K e¨vL¨v cÖ`v‡bi cÖqvm †_‡K| cwimsL¨vb kv‡¯¿i
wfwË n‡”Q m¤¢vebv ZË¡| wb‡P ev¯Íe RxebwfwËK mgm¨vi wKQz D`vniY †`qv n‡jv|
a
D`vniY 1: †Kv‡bv cixÿvq 500 Rb cixÿv_x©i g‡a¨ 40 Rb evsjvq, 50 Rb Bs‡iwR‡Z †dj K‡i| hw` Dfq
l
wel‡q †KDB †dj bv K‡i _v‡K Z‡e ˆ`efv‡e wbev©wPZ GKRb cixÿv_x© evsjvq ev Bs‡iwR‡Z †dj Kivi m¤¢vebv
ha
KZ, wbY©q Kiæb|
s
mgvavb: aiæb, †gvU cixÿv_x©i †mU = S, evsjvq †dj Kiv cixÿv_x©i †mU = A
th
Bs‡iwR‡Z †dj Kiv cixÿv_x©i †mU = B
Pa
n(S) = 500, n(A) = 40, n(B) = 50
AA
40 50
P(A) = , P(B) =
500 500
†h‡nZz Dfq wel‡q †KDB †dj K‡i bvB| myZivs A I B eR©bkxj NUbv|
40 50 9
myZivs wb‡Y©q m¤¢vebv P(AB) = P(A) + P(B) .
500 500 50
D`vniY 2:200 Rb cixÿv_x©i g‡a¨ 40 Rb MwY‡Z, 20 Rb cwimsL¨v‡b Ges 10 Rb Dfq wel‡q †dj K‡i|
GKRb cixÿv_x© ˆ`efv‡e wbev©Pb Kiv n‡jv| †m MwY‡Z †dj wKš‘ cwimsL¨v‡b cvm Kivi m¤¢vebv KZ, wbY©q
Kiæb|
mgvavb: †gvU cixÿv_x© 200 Rb, MwY‡Z †dj K‡i 40 Rb, Dfq wel‡q †dj K‡i 10 Rb|
myZivs MwY‡Z †dj wKš‘ cwimsL¨v‡b cvm K‡i Ggb cixÿv_x© (40 10) Rb ev 30 Rb|
30 3
wb‡Y©q m¤¢vebv .
200 20
2 4
D`vniY 3: †Kv‡bv cixÿvq myg‡bi Kw¤úDUv‡i cvm Kivi m¤¢vebv , cwimsL¨v‡b cvm Kivi m¤¢vebv | hw`
3 9
4
Zvi †h‡Kv‡bv GK wel‡q cvm Kivi m¤¢vebv nq, Z‡e Dfq wel‡q cvm Kivi m¤¢vebv KZ?
5
mgvavb: aiæb NUbv A = mygb Kw¤úDUv‡i cvm K‡i,NUbv B = mygb cwimsL¨v‡b cvm K‡i|
we¯Ívi cwigvc I m¤¢vebv c„ôv 346
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
Dfq wel‡q cvm = (AB)
2 4 4
P ( A) , P ( B) , P ( A B)
3 9 5
GLb P(AB) = P(A) + P(B) P(AB)
4 2 4
ev, P ( A B)
5 3 9
2 4 4 14
P(AB) = .
3 9 5 45
D`vniY 4: XvKv gnvbM‡ii GKwU GjvKvi ˆ`ePq‡bi wfwˇZ GKkZ evwm›`vi evwo/Mvwo _vKv bv _vKv m¤ú‡K©
cwiPvwjZ Rwi‡ci djvdj wb¤œiƒc:
A evwo Av‡Q Aevwo bvB †gvU
B Mvwo Av‡Q 10 20 m 2 = 30
BMvwo †bB 25 45 70
†gvU m1 = 35 65 n = 100
(i) evwo _vKv k‡Z© Mvwo _vKvi m¤¢vebv wbY©q Kiæb|
(ii) Mvwo _vKv k‡Z© evwo _vKvi m¤¢vebv wbY©q Kiæb|
a
mgvavb: hv‡`i evwo Av‡Q Zv‡`i †mUA, hv‡`i Mvwo Av‡Q Zv‡`i †mUBaiæb| Avevi hv‡`i evwo bvB Zv‡`i †mU
l
A, hv‡`i Mvwo bvB Zv‡`i †mU B| aiæb Zvn‡j hv‡`i evwo Av‡Q Mvwo bvB Zv‡`i †mU AB; hv‡`i Mvwo Av‡Q
ha
evwo bvB Zv‡`i †mU AB; hv‡`i evwo-Mvwo †Kv‡bvUvB bvB Zv‡`i †mU AB; hv‡`i evwo Ges Mvwo DfqB
s
Av‡Q Zv‡`i †mU AB| GB PviwU †mU ci¯úi wb‡ñ` Ges Zv‡`i ms‡hvM †mU AB| Z_¨ mviwY Abyhvqx
th
AB, AB, AB, AB †mU¸‡jvi Dcv`vb msL¨v h_vµ‡g 25, 20, 45, 100.
Pa
myZivs AB †m‡Ui Dcv`vb msL¨v = 100 (25 + 20 + 45) = 100 90 = 10
AA
P ( A B ) 10 35 10
(i) evwo _vKv k‡Z© Mvwo _vKvi m¤¢vebv P(B\A) = 0.28 (cÖvq)
P( A) 100 100 35
P ( A B ) 10 30 10
(ii) Mvwo _vKv k‡Z© evwo _vKvi m¤¢vebvP(A\B) = 0.33
P( B) 100 100 30
gšÍe¨: mviwYi Z_¨vbymv‡i evwo Av‡Q Ggb †jv‡Ki Mvwo _vKvi m¤¢ve¨Zv 28% Ges Mvwo Av‡Q Ggb †jv‡Ki evwo
_vKvi m¤¢ve¨Zv 33%.
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 10.7-
1. 10†_‡K 30 ch©šÍ msL¨v n‡Z †h †Kv‡bv GKwU‡K B”Qv g‡Zv wb‡j †mB msL¨vwU †gŠwjK A_ev 5-Gi ¸wYZK
nIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv wbY©q Kiæb|
2. GKwU ev‡· mgAvK…wZi 10wU jvj I 5wU Kv‡jv ej Av‡Q| Avi GKwU Abyiƒc ev‡· 12wU mgAvK…wZi jvj ej
Av‡Q| GKwU ev· jUvwi K‡i wbev©Pb Kiv n‡jv Ges †mUv †_‡K GKwU ej †Zvjv n‡jv| hw` ejwU jvj nq
Zvn‡j cÖ_g ev·wU †h wbev©wPZ n‡q‡Q Zvi m¤¢vebv KZ, wbY©q Kiæb|
BDwbU `k c„ôv 347
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
3. GKwU e¨v‡M 1wU UvKv I 3wU cqmv, wØZxq e¨v‡M 2wU UvKv I 4wU cqmv Ges Z…Zxq e¨v‡M 3wU UvKv I 1wU
cqmv Av‡Q| jUvwii gva¨‡g GKwU e¨vM evQvB K‡i GKwU gy`ªv D‡Ëvjb Ki‡j †mwU UvKv nIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv
wbY©q Kiæb|
4. `yBwU ev‡·i cÖ_gwU‡Z 4wU mv`v I 3wU jvj Ges wØZxqwU‡Z 3wU mv`v I 7wU jvj ej Av‡Q| mgm¤¢e Dcv‡q
GKwU ev· wbev©Pb Kiv n‡jv| H ev· n‡Z GKwU ej Uvbv n‡j, ejwU mv`v nIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv wbY©q Kiæb|
5. †Kv‡bv Rwi‡c †`Lv †Mj 80% †jvK B‡ËdvK c‡o, 70% †jvK RbKÉ c‡o Ges 60% †jvK Dfq cwÎKv
c‡o| wbi‡cÿfv‡e evQvB Ki‡j GKRb †jv‡Ki B‡ËdvK A_ev RbKÉ covi m¤¢ve¨Zv wbY©q Kiæb|
6. †Kv‡bv e¨v‡M 7wU jvj I 5wU mv`v ej Av‡Q| wbi‡cÿfv‡e 4wU ej †Zvjv n‡jv| G‡`i g‡a¨ 2wU jvj I 2wU
mv`v nIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ, wbY©q Kiæb|
cvV 10.8 e¨envwiK
cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨ l a
ha
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
s
th
†kªwYK…Z I A‡kÖwYK„Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î cwiwgZ e¨eavb I †f`v¼ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
wewfbœ NUbvi m¤¢vebv wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Pa
AA
gyL¨ kã †kÖwYK…Z Z_¨, A‡kÖwYK…Z Z_¨
g~jcvV-
†kÖwYK…Z I A‡kÖwYK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î cwiwgZ e¨eavb I †f`v¼ wbY©q
mgm¨v bs - 10.1 ZvwiL:
mgm¨v:wb‡Pi Q‡K XvKv kn‡ii GKRb wiKkvIqvjv I beveMÄ MÖv‡gi GKRb wiKkvIqvjvi 7 w`‡bi Av‡qi Z_¨
†`Iqv n‡jv:
evi kwb iwe †mvg g½j eya e„n¯úwZ ïµ
XvKv 250 350 250 300 290 325 150
beveMÄ 200 600 150 175 500 200 100
Zv‡`i Av‡qi cwiwgZ e¨eavb I †f`v¼ wbY©q Kiæb Ges †Kvb ¯’v‡bi Avq †ewk w¯’wZkxj Zv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
mgvavb: ZË¡: hw` n msL¨K DcvË x1 , x2 , x3 ,......... , xn -Gi MvwYwZK Mo x nq,
x x x x
2 2
i i
Z‡e Zv‡`i cwiwgZ e¨eavb, Ges †f`v¼, 2
n n
DcKiY: mv‡qw›UwdK K¨vjKz‡jUi, †cbwmj, eo †¯‹j, B‡iRvi, mv`v KvMR, Kjg BZ¨vw`|
we¯Ívi cwigvc I m¤¢vebv c„ôv 348
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
Kvh©c×wZ:1. g‡b Kiæb, ˆ`wbK Avq xi Ges 7 w`‡bi Av‡qi Mo x |
2. Dfq GjvKvi Rb¨ x i Ges x wbY©q Kiæb|
3. cÖwZw`‡bi Rb¨ x i x wbY©q Kiæb Ges xi x 2
wbY©q Kiæb|
4. cÖvß gvb¸‡jv Q‡K mvRvb|
5.m~Î e¨envi K‡i I 2wbY©q Kiæb|
MYbv ZvwjKv:
XvKv beveMÄ
evi
xi x i x x x
i
2
xi x i x x x
i
2
kwb 250 24 576 200 75 5625
iwe 350 76 5776 600 325 105625
†mvg 250 24 576 150 125 15625
g½j 300 26 676 175 100 10000
eya 290 16 256 500 225 50625
e„n¯úwZ 325 51 2601 200 75 5625
ïµ 150 124 15376 100 175 30625
†gvU 1915 25837 1925 223750
wnmve: XvKvi †ÿ‡Î Mo Avq, x
1915
273.57 274
l a
ha
7
s
x x
2
25837
th
i
cwiwgZ e¨eavb, 3691 60.75
n 7
Pa
†f`v¼, 2 = 3691
beveM‡Äi †ÿ‡Î, Mo Avq, x
xi 1925
AA
275
n 7
x x
2
i 223750
cwiwgZ e¨eavb, 31964 178 .79
n 7
I †f`v¼, = 31964
2
gšÍe¨: XvKv I beveM‡Äi Mo Avq cÖvq mgvb wKš‘ XvKvi Av‡qi cwiwgZ e¨eavb I †f`v¼ Kg e‡j XvKvi Avq
†ewk w¯’wZkxj|
mgm¨v bs - 10.2 ZvwiL:
mgm¨v: †Kv‡bv KviLvbvq Kg©Pvix‡`i Av‡qi wb‡¤œv³ Z_¨ n‡Z Mo I cwiwgZ e¨eavb wbY©q Kiæb|
ˆ`wbK Avq 50100 100150 150200 200250 250300 300350
Kg©Pvix msL¨v 5 10 15 20 10 5
xa
mgvavb: ZË¡: hw` ˆ`wbK Avq = x , Kg©Pvix msL¨v = f, g~j a I gvcbx c n‡j, u
c
myZivs Mo Avq a
fu
c
n
BDwbU `k c„ôv 349
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
2 2
GescwiwgZ e¨eavb c fu
fu
; hLb, n f.
n n
Kvh©c×wZ: 1.g~j a = 225aiæb Ges gvcbx c = 50|
2.cÖvß Z_¨ n‡Z wb‡Pi MYbv ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Kiæb|
3.m~‡Î gvb ewm‡q Mo Avq wbY©q Kiæb|
4.cwiwgZ e¨eavb wbY©q Kiæb|
MYbv ZvwjKv:
xa
Av‡qi †kÖwY Kg©Pvixi msL¨v(f) †kÖwY ga¨we›`y(x) u fu fu2
c
50100 5 75 3 15 45
100150 10 125 2 20 40
150200 15 175 1 15 15
200250 20 225 0 0 0
250300 10 275 1 10 10
300350 5 325 2 10 20
c = 50 n = 65 fu = 30 fu2 = 130
a
wnmve I djvdj: l
Mo Avq a
ha
fu 30
c 225 50 201.92
n 65
s
2
th
2
cwiwgZ e¨eavb c
fu 2
fu 50
130 30
50 2 0.2130 66.84
n n 65 65
Pa
AA
wewfbœ NUbvi m¤¢vebv wbY©q
mgm¨v bs - 10.3 ZvwiL:
mgm¨v: 52 Lvbv Zv‡mi GKwU c¨v‡KU n‡Z wbi‡cÿfv‡e GKwU Zvm †bIqv n‡jv| cixÿYwUi bgybv †ÿÎ cÖ¯‘Z
Kiæb Ges wb‡Pi m¤¢vebv¸‡jv wbY©q Kiæb|
(i) †U°v A_ev ivRv cvevi m¤¢vebv Ges (ii) iæBZb A_ev †U°v cvevi m¤¢vebv|
mgvavb: ZË¡: †Kv‡bv cixÿ‡Yi bgybv †ÿÎ S-Gi Aax‡b `yBwU NUbv A I B n‡j,
(i) A I B ci¯úi AeR©bkxj NUbv n‡j, P(AB) = P(A) + P(B) P(AB)
Ges (ii) A I B ci¯úi eR©bkxj NUbv n‡j, P(AB) = P(A) + P(B)
DcKiY: †¯‹j, †cwÝj, Kjg, B‡iRvi BZ¨vw`|
Kvh©c×wZ:1.Zv‡mi c¨v‡K‡U52 Lvbv Zvm Pvi cÖKv‡ii h_v: niZb, B¯‹veb, iæBZb I wPivZbÕ†K h_vµ‡g H, I, R,
C Øviv m~wPZ Kiæb|
2. cÖ‡Z¨K cÖKvi Zv‡mi 13wU Zvm h_vµ‡g- 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, J (Mvjvg), Q (wewe), K (ivRv) Ges A
(†U°v) Øviv m~wPZ nq|
3.G‡`i bgybv †ÿÎ S MVb Kiæb|
4.†U°v cvevi NUbv A Ges ivRv cvevi NUbv K n‡j, A I K ci¯úi eR©bkxj|
P(AK) = P(A) + P(K)m~Î e¨envi K‡i (i)-Gi gvb wbY©q Kiæb|
we¯Ívi cwigvc I m¤¢vebv c„ôv 350
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
5.†h‡nZz iæBZ‡bi GKwU †U°v Av‡Q ZvB iæBZb cvevi NUbv R I †U°v cvevi NUbv A n‡j, A I R ci¯úi
AeR©bkxj|P(AR) = P(A) + P(R) P(AR)m~Î e¨envi K‡i (ii)ÑGi gvb wbY©q Kiæb|
bgybv †ÿÎ:
cÖKvi 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K A
H H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 H8 H9 H10 HJ HQ HK HA
I I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 I7 I8 I9 I10 IJ IQ IK IA
R R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 RJ RQ RK RA
C C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 CJ CQ CK CA
myZivs †gvU djvdj msL¨v = 52
wnmve I MYbv:
4 4 8 2
(i)P(†U°v A_ev ivRv) =P(AK) = P(A) + P(K)
52 52 52 13
13 4 1 16 4
(ii)P(iæBZb A_ev †U°v) =P(RA) = P(R) + P(A) P(RA)
52 52 52 52 13
mgm¨v bs - 10.4 ZvwiL:
mgm¨v: GKwU gy`ªv wZbevi wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡jv| m¤¢vebv Tree-Gi mvnv‡h¨ cixÿYwUi bgybv †ÿÎ cÖ¯‘Z Kiæb Ges
a
wb‡Pi m¤¢vebv¸‡jv wbY©q Kiæb| l
(i) †n‡Wi msL¨v †ewk nevi m¤¢vebv Ges(ii) Kgc‡ÿ GKwU †nW cvevi m¤¢vebv|
ha
ZË¡: hw` A I B ci¯úi Awbf©ikxj NUbv nq, Z‡e P(A Ges B) = P(A) P(B)|G‡K m¤¢vebvi ¸Yb m~Î e‡j|
s
th
g‡b Kiæb,1g evi gy`ªv wb‡ÿ‡c †nW: H1Ges †UBj: T1
Pa
2q evi gy`ªv wb‡ÿ‡c †nW: H2Ges †UBj: T2
3q evi gy`ªv wb‡ÿ‡c †nW: H3Ges †UBj: T3
AA
DcKiY: †¯‹j, †cwÝj, Kjg, B‡iRvi BZ¨vw`|
Kvh©c×wZ:1.m¤¢vebv Tree MVb Kiæb|
2.m¤¢vebv Tree n‡Z bgybv RMr S MVb Kiæb|
3.m¤¢vebv Tree-†Z m¤¢vebvi gvb emvb|
4.m¤¢vebvi ¸Yb m~Î e¨envi K‡i (i) I (ii)-Gi djvdj wbY©q Kiæb|
1
2 H3_______ H1H2H3
1
2
H2 1
T3 _______ H1H2T3
2
1 1
H1
2 2 H3 _______ H1T2H3
1
2 T2
1 T3 _______ H1T2T3
2
1
2 H3 _______ T1H2H3
1 1
2
H2 1
T3 _______ T1H2T3
2
2
1
T1 H3 _______ T1T2H3
2
1
2 T2
1 T3 _______ T1T2T3
2
1g wb‡ÿc 2q 3q wb‡ÿc djvdj
BDwbU `k c„ôv 351
wb‡ÿc
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
djvdj I wnmve:
bgybv RMr,S = {H1H2H3, H1H2T3, H1T2H3, H1T2,T3, T1H2H3, T1H2,T3, T1T2H3, T1T2T3}
(i) †n‡Wi msL¨v †ewk nIqvi m¤¢vebv
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 8 8 8 8 8 2
1 1 1 1
(ii) P(T1T2T3)
2 2 2 8
1 7
Kgc‡ÿ 1wU †nW cvevi m¤¢vebv = 1 P(T1T2T3) 1 .
8 8
mvims‡ÿc-
†Kv‡bv cixÿ‡Y bgybv †ÿ‡Îi GKwU Dc‡mU, hv †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó ˆewk‡ó¨i AbyK~j djvd‡ji †mU‡K NUbv
e‡j|
hw` AI B ci¯úi eR©bkxj NUbv nq, Z‡e P(AB) = P(A) + P(B)
a
hw` AI B ci¯úi AeR©bkxj NUbv nq, Z‡e P(AB) = P(A) + P(B) P(AB)
l
ha
B A
AI B wbf©ikxj NUbv n‡j, P(AB) = P(A) P Ges P(AB) = P(B) P
A B
s
th
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 10.8-
Pa
AA
†gŠwLK cÖkœ
1. m¤¢vebvi MvwYwZK cwigvc Kx?
2. NUbv (Event) ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
3. NUbvRMZ ev bgybv‡ÿÎ (Sample Space) Kx?
4. mgm¤¢ve¨ NUbvejx (Equally Likely Events) ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
5. ci¯úi wew”Qbœ ev eR©bkxj NUbvejx (Mutually Exclusive Events) Kx?
6. wbf©ikxj ev Aaxb NUbv (Dependent Events) ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb-
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b (1 - 25):
1. Aweb¨¯Í DcvË 10, 8, 1, 11, 19 Gi cwimi KZ?
(K) 1 (L) 2.6 (M) 24 (N) 29
2. Aweb¨¯Í DcvË 0, 3, 7, 17, 30, x, 51, 70 Gi AvšÍtPZz_©K cwimi 41.5 n‡j, x -Gi gvb KZ n‡e?
we¯Ívi cwigvc I m¤¢vebv c„ôv 352
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
(K) 41.5 (L) 42 (M) 46.5 (N) 48.5
3. 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7 Gi Av`k© wePz¨wZ KZ?
(K) 49 (L) 1 (M) 0 (N) 7
4. hw` x 1, x 2, x 3, ..., x7 Gi Mo I Av`k© wePz¨wZ h_vµ‡g 6 I 4.3 nq Zvn‡j x 1 + 3, x 2 + 3, x 3 + 3,
......, x 7 + 3 Gi Mo I Av`k© wePz¨wZ KZ n‡e?
(K) 3I 4.3 (L) 3I 7.3 (M) 6 I 4.3 (N) 6 I 7.3
5. GKwU wbi‡cÿ gy`ªv‡K `yBevi wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡j Kgc‡ÿ 1wU HAvmvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
1 2 3 4
(K) (L) (M) (N)
4 4 4 4
6. hw` P(B\A) = 0.2 Ges P(AB) = 0.25 nq, Zvn‡j P(A)-Gi gvb KZ n‡e?
(K) 0.05 (L) 0.8 (M) 0.95 (N) 0.75
7. GKRb we‡µZv cÖ‡Z¨K LwiÏv‡ii wbKU kZKiv 70 fvM my‡hv‡M `ªe¨ wewµ K‡i| chv©qµwgK LwiÏv‡ii
AvPiY cvi¯úwiK cÖfvegy³| hw` A Ges B `yBRb LwiÏvi †`vKv‡b cÖ‡ek K‡i, Zvn‡j A A_ev B Gi wbKU
we‡µZvi `ªe¨ weµ‡qi m¤¢vebv KZ?
(K) 0.50 (L) 0.72 (M) 0.91 (N) 0.93
8. GKwU wbi‡cÿ gy`ªv‡K cici wZbevi Um Kiv n‡j chv©qµ‡g †nW I †UBj cvevi m¤¢vebv KZ n‡e?
1 1 1
(K) (L) (M) (N) G‡`i GKwUI bv
a
4 2 8
l
9. GKwU wbi‡cÿ Q°v GKevi wb‡ÿc Ki‡j hw` †Rvo msL¨v D‡V Zvn‡j msL¨vwU †gŠwjK nevi m¤¢vebv KZ?
ha
1 1 1
(K) (L) (M) (N) G‡`i GKwUI bv
s
6 3 2
th
10. 5, 6, 7, 6 msL¨v¸‡jvi †f`v¼ KZ?
(K) 1 (L) 0.5 (M) 2 (N) †KvbwU bq
Pa
11. cÖ_g 20wU ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi †f`v¼ KZ?
AA
(K) 30 (L) 32.2 (M) 33.25 (N) †KvbwU bq
12. cÖ_g 7wU ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi cwiwgZ e¨eavb KZ?
(K) 2 (L) 2.5 (M) 1.9 (N) 3
13. 1 †_‡K 20 ch©šÍ ¯^vfvweK msL¨v¸‡jv n‡Z GKwU msL¨v LywkgZ wb‡j msL¨vwU 3 Ges 5 Gi ¸wYZK nevi
m¤¢vebv KZ?
1 3 4 1
(K) (L) (M) (N)
2 10 5 20
14. GKwU wbUvj gy`ªv I GKwU wbUvj Q°v GK‡Î wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡jv| GKB m‡½ gy`ªvwUi †nW (H) I Q°vwUi †Rvo
msL¨v Avmvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
1 1 1 1
(K) (L) (M) (N)
2 3 4 5
15. 40 n‡Z 50 msL¨v¸‡jv †_‡K ˆ`ePq‡b GKwU msL¨v †bqv n‡jv| msL¨vwU †gŠwjK bv nIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
8 5 3 1
(K) (L) (M) (N)
11 11 11 11
16. 2 †_‡K 40 ch©šÍ msL¨v n‡Z †h †Kv‡bv GKwU c~Y©msL¨v ˆ`ePqb Ki‡j msL¨vwU †gŠwjK nevi m¤¢vebv KZ?
11 4 1 11
(K) (L) (M) (N)
39 13 3 38
BDwbU `k c„ôv 353
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
17. 30 †_‡K 40 ch©šÍ msL¨v n‡Z †h †Kv‡bv GKwU msL¨v ˆ`ePq‡b wb‡j Zv †gŠwjK A_ev 5 Gi ¸wYZK nevi
m¤¢vebv KZ?
1 5 6 3
(K) (L) (M) (N)
2 11 11 5
18. GKwU ev‡· 10wU bxj Ges 15wU jvj gv‡e©j Av‡Q| GKwU evjK †hgb Lywk Uvb‡j cÖwZev‡i GKwU K‡i ci ci
`yBwU gv‡e©j DVv‡j `yBwU GKB is‡qi gv‡e©j nevi m¤¢vebv KZ?
1 4 3 7
(K) (L) (M) (N)
2 5 20 20
19. 1 †_‡K 99 ch©šÍ msL¨v¸‡jv n‡Z ˆ`ePq‡b GKwU msL¨v †bqv n‡j msL¨vwU eM© msL¨v nevi m¤¢vebv KZ?
1 10 4 1
(K) (L) (M) (N)
11 99 33 10
20. GK c¨v‡KU Zvm †_‡K GKwU Zvm ˆ`efv‡e †bqv n‡jv| ZvmwU niZb ev wPiZb nevi m¤¢vebv KZ?
1 3 4 1
(K) (L) (M) (N)
2 4 13 4
21. GKwU ev‡· 10wU bxj Ges 15wU meyR gv‡e©j Av‡Q| ˆ`ePq‡b ci ci `yBwU gv‡e©j ev· †_‡K †Zvjv n‡jv|
gv‡e©j `yBwU wfbœ i‡Oi nevi m¤¢vebv KZ?
2 3 1 1
(K) (L) (M) (N)
5 5 2 4
a
22. 1 †_‡K 21 ch©šÍ msL¨v n‡Z †h †Kv‡bv GKwU ˆ`ePq‡bi gva¨‡g wb‡j †m msL¨vwU 3 A_ev 7 Gi ¸wYZK nevi
l
ha
m¤¢vebv KZ?
8 3 10 11
s
(K) (L) (M) (N)
th
21 7 21 21
Pa
23. 1, 0, 2 Øviv wZb A¼ wewkó msL¨v¸‡jv n‡Z ˆ`ePqb c×wZ‡Z GKwU msL¨v †bqv n‡j msL¨vwU 10 Øviv wefvR¨
nevi m¤¢vebv KZ?
AA
1 1 2 1
(K) (L) (M) (N)
2 3 9 6
24. `yBwU Q°v GKB m‡½ wb‡ÿc Ki‡j cÖvß we›`yi mgwó 7 nevi m¤¢vebv KZ?
1 1 5 7
(K) (L) (M) (N)
6 36 36 36
25. A = {2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 10}; B = {3, 6, 9, 12}|A †mU n‡Z GKwU msL¨v ˆ`e c×wZ‡Z wb‡j msL¨vwU AB †Z
_vKvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
1 1 1 2
(K) (L) (M) (N)
2 3 4 3
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
26. GKwU Z_¨mvwi wb¤œiƒc: 6, 10, 8, 12, 20, 25
(K) DcvË ej‡Z wK eySvq?
(L) cÖ`Ë Dcv‡Ëi MvwYwZK Mo Ges ga¨gv wbY©q Kiæb|
(M) DÏxc‡Ki cÖ`Ë Z_¨mvwii cwiwgZ e¨eavb I †f`v¼ wbY©q Kiæb|
27. wb‡P GKwU MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb †`Iqv n‡jv:
xi : 3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 12, 15; fi : 2, 4, 6, 10, 8, 6, 4
(K) cwiwgZ e¨eav‡bi msÁv wjLyb|
we¯Ívi cwigvc I m¤¢vebv c„ôv 354
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
(L) DÏxc‡Ki MYmsL¨v wb‡ek‡bi Mo e¨eavb wbY©q Kiæb|
(M) DÏxc‡Ki MYmsL¨v wb‡ek‡bi cwiwgZ e¨eavb wbY©q Kiæb|
28. GKwU Z_¨mvwi †`qv n‡jv: 10, 6, 0, 8, 2, 9, 3, 7, 12
(K) †f`v‡¼i msÁv w`b|
(L) cÖ`Ë Z_¨mvwii ga¨gv wbY©q Kiæb|
(M) DÏxc‡Ki Z_¨mvwii †f`v¼ I we‡f`v¼ wbY©q Kiæb|
29. wb‡P GKwU MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb †`qv n‡jv:
†kÖwYe¨vwß 510 1015 1520 2025 2530 3035 3540
Qv‡Îi msL¨v 18 30 46 28 20 12 6
(K) wb‡ekbwUi Mo wbY©q Kiæb|
(L) cwiwgZ e¨eavb wbY©q Kiæb|
(M) Mo e¨eavb wbY©q Kiæb|
30. wb‡¤œ GKwU MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb †`Iqv n‡jv:
gvb xi 10 13 25 30 37 42 45
MYmsL¨v fi 3 7 8 15 10 5 2
(K) cÖ_g 7wU ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi Mo wbY©q Kiæb|
(L) cÖ`Ë MYmsL¨v wb‡ek‡bi Mo e¨eavbv¼ wbY©q Kiæb|
a
(M) MYmsL¨v wb‡ek‡bi cwiwgZ e¨eavb wbY©q Kiæb|
31.
l
Øv`k †kÖwYi cÂvk Rb Qv‡Îi MwY‡Z cÖvß b¤^i wb‡P †`qv n‡jv:
ha
cÖvß b¤^i 1020 2030 3040 4050 5060 6070 †gvU
s
Qv‡Îi msL¨v 4 6 9 14 11 6 50
th
(K) †Kv‡bv Z‡_¨i cwiwgZ e¨eavb I †f`v¼ ej‡Z wK eySvq?
Pa
(L) MwY‡Z cÖvß b¤^‡ii Mo wbY©q Kiæb|
(M) DÏxc‡K ewY©Z b¤^‡ii cwiwgZ e¨eavb wbY©q Kiæb|
AA
32 Zvwgg I mvwKe `yBRb wµ‡KU †L‡jvqv‡oi 10wU Bwbs‡mi †¯‹vi wb‡P †`Iqv n‡jv:
Zvwgg 112 43 0 29 73 100 116 6 0 5
mvwKe 13 23 16 28 19 12 21 39 29 20
(K) cwiwgZ e¨eavb ej‡Z wK eySvq? cwiwgZ e¨eav‡bi `yBwU e¨envi wjLyb|
(L) mvwK‡ei iv‡bi cwiwgZ e¨eavb I we‡f`v¼ wbY©q Kiæb|
(M) Zvwg‡gi iv‡bi cwiwgZ e¨eavb I we‡f`v¼ wbY©q Kiæb| Kvi e¨vwUs `ÿZv †ewk?
33. 100 Rb kÖwg‡Ki ˆ`wbK gRyix I MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb mviwY †`Iqv n‡jv:
ˆ`wbK gRyix (UvKv) 5055 5560 6065 6570 7075 7580
MYmsL¨vf 7 14 22 36 15 6
(K) MYmsL¨v mviwY ej‡Z wK eySvq?
(L) cÖ`Ë mviwY †_‡K mswÿß c×wZ‡Z Mo wbY©q Kiæb|
(M) cwiwgZ e¨eavb wbY©q Kiæb|
34. GKwU MYmsL¨v mviwY †`Iqv n‡jv:
gvwmK Avq (nvRv‡i) UvKv 59 1014 1519 2024 2529 3034
cwievi msL¨v f 15 30 55 17 10 3
(K) D³ mviwY n‡Z mswÿß c×wZ‡Z Mo wbY©q Kiæb|
(L) D³ mviwY n‡Z Mo e¨eavb wbY©q Kiæb|
BDwbU `k c„ôv 355
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
(M) D³ mviwY n‡Z cwiwgZ e¨eavb wbY©q Kiæb|
35. GKwU cv‡Î 8wU jvj ej, 4wU Kv‡jv ej Ges 3wU mv`v ej Av‡Q| ˆ`efv‡e 3wU ej †bqv n‡jv|
(K) A I B `yBwU eR©bkxj NUbvi †ÿ‡Î †`Lvb †h, P(AB) = P(A) + P(B)
(L) DÏxc‡K D‡ËvwjZ 3wU e‡ji g‡a¨ 2wU jvj ej nevi m¤¢vebv wbY©q Kiæb|
(M) D‡ËvwjZ 3wU e‡ji g‡a¨ Kgc‡ÿ 2wU jvj ej nevi m¤¢vebv KZ? 3wU wewfbœ is‡qi ej nevi m¤¢vebv
KZ?|
36. GKwU gy`ªv wZbevi wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡jv:
(K) bgybv we›`y I bgybv †ÿ‡Îi msÁv wjLyb|
(L) DÏxcK Abymv‡i Probability Tree Diagram A¼b K‡i bgybv †ÿÎwU ˆZwi Kiæb|
(M) DwjøwLZ cixÿvq wb‡Pi NUbv¸‡jv NUvi m¤¢vebv wbY©q Kiæb:
(i) GKwU †nW (H) cvIqv, (ii) Kgc‡ÿ GKwU †Uj T cvIqv
37. †Kv‡bv K‡j‡R GKwU cixÿvq 25% Rb QvÎ MwY‡Z †dj K‡i‡Q, 15% Rb imvq‡b Ges 10% Rb QvÎ Dfq
wel‡q †dj K‡i‡Q| ˆ`ePq‡b GKRb QvÎ wbev©Pb Kiv n‡jv:
(K) `yBwU Aaxb NUbvi †ÿ‡Î m¤¢vebvi ¸Yb m~Î eY©bv Kiæb|
(L) QvÎwU imvq‡b †dj Ki‡j MwY‡Z †dj Kivi m¤¢vebv KZ? QvÎwU hw` MwY‡Z †dj K‡i _v‡K Z‡e Zvi
imvq‡b †dj nevi m¤¢vebv KZ?
(M) QvÎwUi MwYZ A_ev imvq‡b †dj Kivi m¤¢vebv wbY©q Kiæb| QvÎwUi †h †Kv‡bv GKwU wel‡q cvk Kivi
m¤¢vebv KZ?
38. l a
wmqvg I mvweŸi `yBwU k~b¨ c‡`i PvKywii Rb¨ cixÿv †`q| wmqv‡gi I mvweŸ‡ii wm‡jKkb cvevi m¤¢vebv
ha
1 1
h_vµ‡g I .
s
7 5
th
(K) wmqvg I mvweŸi DfqB PvKzwi cvevi m¤¢vebv wbY©q Kiæb|
(L) †h †Kv‡bv GKR‡bi PvKzwi cvevi m¤¢vebv KZ?
Pa
(M) Df‡q PvKzwi bv cvevi m¤¢vebv KZ? AšÍtZ GKR‡bi PvKzwi cvevi m¤¢vebv wbY©q Kiæb|
AA
DËigvjv-
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 10.1
1.(i) 12,(ii) 42,(iii) 10 2.10.6, 3.1 3.6.6 4.2.2 5.7.7, 8.76
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 10.2
1.29. 475 2.1250 (cÖvq) 3.10 (cÖvq) 4.5482.93
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 10.3
13 132 10 11 33 3 1
1. 2. 3. (i) , (ii ) 4. 5. ,
22 13 21 21 40 10 5
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 10.4
we¯Ívi cwigvc I m¤¢vebv c„ôv 356
D”PZiMwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
5 1 1 1 3
1. 2. 3. 4. (i) , (ii)
42 5525 2 969 76
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 10.5
4 2 1 3 9 8 1 3
1. 2. (i) , (ii ) 0.8 3. , , 4. ,
17 3 3 10 10 15 2 10
1
5.
64
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 10.6
11 2 275 5 19 3
1. (i) , (ii ) 2. 3. 4. 5.
16 57 504 7 27 4
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 10.7
11 5 4 4 9 14
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
21 12 9 35 10 33
P‚ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1.N 2. L 3. M 4. K 5.M 6. L 7. M 8. K 9. K 10. L 11. M 12. K 13. N
14. M 15. K 16. L 17. L 18. K 19. K 20.K l a
21. M 22. L 23. K 24. K 25.L
ha
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
s
th
26.(L) x = 13.5, 11 (M) 6.77, 45.91
27. (L)Mo e¨eavb = 2.5 (M) = 3.06
Pa
28. (L)7 (M) 15.77, 79.42%
AA
29.(K) x = 19.44, (L) = 7.8, (M)Mo e¨eavb= 6.45, 33.18%
30. (K)4 (L) 27.44%, (M) = 10
31.(L) x = 43 (M) = 14.28
32. (L) = 7.78, we‡f`v¼ = 35.36%
(M) = 45.44, we‡f`v¼ = 93.88% (mvwKe-Gi e¨vwUs `ÿZv †ewk)|
33. (L) x = 65.3, (M) = 6.33
34. (K) x = 16.46, (L)Mo e¨eavb= 4.24, (M) = 5.76
28 36 96
35. (L) , (M) ,
65 65 455
3 7
36. (M) (i) , (ii)
8 8
2 2 3 7
37. (K) , (L) , (M) ,
3 5 10 10
1 2 24 11
38. (K) , (L) , (M) ,
33 7 35 35
BDwbU `k c„ôv 357
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
l a
ha
s
th
Pa
AA
we¯Ívi cwigvc I m¤¢vebv c„ôv 358
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
bgybv cÖkœ
mgq - 2 N›Uv 35 wgwbU m„Rbkxj cÖkœ c~Y©gvb - 50
[`ªóe¨: Wvb cv‡ki msL¨v cÖ‡kœi c~Y©gvb ÁvcK| cÖwZwU wefvM n‡Z Kgc‡ÿ `yBwU K‡i cÖkœmn †gvU cuvPwU cÖ‡kœi
DËi w`‡Z n‡e|]
K wefvM - exRMwYZ I w·KvYwgwZ
1| x3 + px + q = 0 n‡j
(K) mgxKiYwUi g~j Ges mn‡Mi ga¨Kvi m¤úK© wjLyb| 2
1 1 1
(L) hw` cÖ`Ë mgxKi‡Yi g~jÎq , , nq Zvn‡j , , g~jwewkó mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb| 4
+ + +
(M) gvb wbY©q Kiæb: + + 4
+ + +
x y
2| `„k¨Kí: (i) 4 sin cos 1 2 sin 2 cos `„k¨Kí: (ii) cos1 cos1
a b
(K) sin 1 x sin 1 y n‡j †`Lvb †h x 1 y 2 y 1 x 2 1 | 2
2
x 2 2 xy cos y 2
2 sin 2
a
(L) (ii) bs †_‡K cÖgvY Kiæb †h, 4
a2 ab b l
(M) (i) bs mgxKiYwU 0 e¨ewa‡Z mgvavb Kiæb|
ha
4
3| `yB iK‡gi Lv`¨ A I B Gi cÖwZ †KwR‡Z †cÖvwUb I ÷v‡P©i cwigvY I G‡`i g~j¨ wb¤œiƒc:
s
th
Lv`¨ †cÖvwUb ÷vP© cÖwZ †KwRi g~j¨
A 8 10 40 UvKv
Pa
B 12 6 50 UvKv
AA
ˆ`wbK b~¨bZg cÖ‡qvRb 32 22
(K) †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖvg ej‡Z Kx eySvq? 2
(L) Dc‡ii Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K Kg Li‡P ˆ`bw›`b cÖ‡qvRb wgUvi Rb¨ GKwU †hvMvkªqx †cÖvMÖvg ˆZwi Kiæb| 4
(M) wKfv‡e ˆ`wbK LiP Kg Kiv hvq Zv †jLwP‡Îi gva¨‡g mgvavb K‡i †`Lvb| 4
4|
2 1 0 1 2 3 4
(K) msL¨v‡iLvq wb‡`©wkZ AskwUi mgvavb †mU wbY©q Kiæb| 2
3 2 1 0
(L) AmgZvwU‡K ciggvb wP‡ýi mvnv‡h¨ cÖKvk Kiæb| 4
(M) |2x 5| < 1 Ges msL¨v‡iLvq wb‡`©wkZ AmgZvwUi mvaviY mgvavb wbY©q Kiæb| 4
L wefvM - R¨vwgwZ, ejwe`¨v I cwimsL¨vb
5| 4 x 5 y ax by c 0, †hLv‡b a, b, c aªæeK
2 2
(K) hw` a 16, b 10, Ges c 1 nq Z‡e †`Lvb †h, mgxKiYwU GKwU Dce„Ë wb‡`©k K‡i| 2
(L) ÔKÕ G ewY©Z kZ© †gvZv‡eK Dce„ËwUi Dr‡Kw›`ªKZv, A¶Ø‡qi ˆ`N©¨, Dc‡K‡›`ªi ¯’vbv¼ Ges 4
wbqvgK‡iLvi mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb|
(M) hw` x 2 , y 2 Gi mnM wewbgq nq, a b 0 Ges c 20 Z‡e Dce„ËwUi wbqvgK‡iLv؇qi 4
bgybv cÖkœ c„ôv 357
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
mgxKiY wbY©q Kiæb Ges Dce„‡Ëi Dci¯’ (2,0) we›`yi civwgwZK ¯’vbv¼ wbY©q Kiæb|
6| GKB Abyf‚wgK †iLvq C GKK `~i‡Z¡ Aew¯’Z `yBwU we›`y‡Z a b GKK `xN© GKwU miæ iwki cÖvšÍØq euvav
Av‡Q| Aev‡a Szjv‡bv W GKK IRb wewkó GKwU e¯‘‡K enb K‡i Ggb GKwU gm„Y IRbwenxb AvswU H iwki
Dci w`‡q Mwo‡q PjvPj Ki‡Z cv‡i|
(K) wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ mgm¨vwU Dc¯’vcb Kiæb| 2
W a b
(L) †`Lvb †h, iwki Uvb 4
2 a b c 2
2
(M) e¯‘wU‡K Ggb GKwU we›`y‡Z AvU‡K †`Iqv n‡jv †hb iwkwU I Abyf‚wgK †iLv Øviv Drcbœ wÎfz‡Ri 4
evû a, b I c Ges †ÿÎdj nq| †`Lvb †h, b As‡ki Uvb
Wb 2
4c
c a 2 b2
7| DÏxcKwU jÿ Kiæb Ges wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi w`b|
A B
S
(K) miPviPi ms‡KZgvjvq cÖgvY Kiæb †h, v u ft 2
(L) GKwU †Uªb A Ae¯’vb n‡Z w¯’ive¯’vq hvÎv ïiæ K‡i 4 wgwb‡U B Ae¯’v‡b wM‡q _v‡g| hw` †UªbwU 4
c‡_i cÖ_g Ask x mgZ¡i‡Y Ges wØZxq Ask y mgg›`‡b P‡j Ges hw` S 2 nq Z‡e cÖgvY Kiæb
a
1 1
†h, 4 l
x y
ha
(M) g‡b Kiæb `yBwU †Uªb A I B Ae¯’vb n‡Z ci¯ú‡ii wecixZ w`‡K h_vµ‡g u1 I u2 MwZ‡e‡M 4
s
AMÖmi nq| †Uªb `yBwUi ga¨eZ©x `~iZ¡ hLb x ZLb Zviv ci¯úi‡K †`L‡Z cvq Ges msNl© Gov‡bvi Rb¨
th
†Uªb `yBwU h_vµ‡g a1 I a2 m‡e©v”P g›`b cÖ‡qvM K‡i| †`Lvb †h, †Kv‡bv iK‡g msNl© Gov‡bv m¤¢e n‡e
Pa
hw` u12 a2 u2 2 a1 2a1a2 nq|
AA
8| GKwU gy`ªv wZbevi wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡jv:
(K) bgybv we›`y I bgybv †ÿ‡Îi msÁv wjLyb| 2
(L) DÏxcK Abymv‡i Probability Tree Diagram A¼b K‡i bgybv †ÿÎwU ˆZwi Kiæb| 4
(M) DwjøwLZ cixÿvq wb‡Pi NUbv¸‡jv NUvi m¤¢vebv wbY©q Kiæb: 4
(i) GKwU †nW (H) cvIqv, (ii) Kgc‡ÿ GKwU †Uj T cvIqv
mgq - 25 wgwbU eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿv c~Y©gvb - 25
[`ªóe¨: mKj cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡Z¨K cÖ‡kœi gvb 1 (GK)|]
1| |2x 7| < 5 AmgZvwUi ev¯Íe msL¨vwUi mgvavb †KvbwU?
(K) x > 1 (L) x > 6 (M) x > 1 A_ev x < 6 (N) x > 1 Ges x < 6
2| msL¨vi ¯^xKvh© Abyhvqx-
(i) I †hvRb I ¸Yb ¯^xKvh© †g‡b P‡j
(ii) I Gi ¸YvZ¥K wecixZ we`¨gvb
(iii) I Gi ¸YvZ¥K wecixZ we`¨gvb †bB
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
bgybv cÖkœ c„ôv 358
D”PZi MwYZ 2q cÎ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
(K) i I iii (L) i I ii (M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii
3| 1 i Gi AvM©y‡g›U KZ?
2 5 5
(K) (L) (M) (N)
4 3 4 3
4| i Gi †cvjvi AvKvi †KvbwU?
3 3
(K) cos i sin (L) cos i sin (M) cos i sin (N) cos i sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
12
a
bx GKwU wØc`x ivwk n‡j cÖ`Ë Dcv‡Ëi Av‡jv‡K (5 - 7) bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b
x
5| ivwkwUi we¯Í…wZ‡Z KZ Zg c` ga¨c`?
(K) 5 Zg (L) 6 Zg (M) 7 Zg (N) 8 Zg
6| ivwkwUi KZ Zg c` x ewR©Z?
(K) 6 Zg (L) 13 Zg (M) 24 Zg (N) 7 Zg
1
7| a n‡j x ewR©Z c‡`i gvb †KvbwU?
b
12 12 12 12
(K) C6 (L) C7 (M) C8 (N) C5
8| x2 + ax + b = 0 mgxKi‡Yi `yBwU g~j hw` mgvb nq Ges Aci mgxKiY x2 + ax + 8 = 0 Gi GKwU g~j hw` 4
a
nq, Z‡e b Gi gvb KZ? l
(K) 4 (L) 8 (M) 9 (N) 12
ha
9| hw` x2 + x + 4 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j Ges nq, Z‡e – =?
s
(K) 16 (L) –15 (M) –20 (N) 15
th
10| cive„Ë I A¶‡iLvi †Q`we›`y n‡jv-
Pa
(K) kxl©we›`y (L) Dc‡K›`ª (M) g~jwe›`y (N) †KvbwUB bv
x2 y 2
AA
11| 1, †hLv‡b (a b) Dce„‡Ëi e„nr A¶ †KvbwU?
a 2 b2
(K) x -A¶ (L) y -A¶ (M) wbqvgK‡iLv (N) †KvbwUB bv
12| u Avw`‡e‡M †Kv‡bv e¯‘‡K Lvov Dc‡ii w`‡K wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡j Avbyf~wgK cvjøv KZ?
u2 u u2
(K) (L) (M) (N) k~b¨
g g 2g
13| GKwU ey‡jU †Kv‡bv Lvov †`Iqv‡ji 3 Bw wfZ‡i XzK‡Z Zvi A‡a©K †eM nvivq| g›`b mylg n‡j ey‡jUwU Avi
KZUzKz XzK‡Z cvi‡e?
1
(K) Bw (L) 1 Bw (M) 2 Bw (N) 3 BwÂ
2
14| wecixZ w·KvYwgwZK dvsk‡bi †ÿ‡Î-
1
(i) sin 1 Gi gyL¨ gvb 30o
2
x
(ii) sin 1 x tan 1
1 x2
(ii) sin 1 x cos1 x
2
Dc‡ii Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
bgybv cÖkœ c„ôv 359
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii (M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii
15| wb‡Pi †KvbwU cos 0 mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb?
(K) 2n (L) (2n 1) (M) 2n (N) (4n 1)
2 2
16| 3P Ges 2P ej؇qi jwä R| cÖ_g ej wظY Ki‡j jwäi cwigvYI wظY nq| ej؇qi AšÍM©Z †KvY KZ?
(K) 30 (L) 120 (M) 110 (N) 100
17| 8 I 3 WvB‡bi `yBwU Am`„k mgvšÍivj ej GKwU `‡Ði 12 cm e¨eav‡b `yBwU we›`y‡Z wµqviZ Av‡Q| GKwUgvÎ
e‡ji wµqvq iWwU mvg¨ve¯’vq ivL‡Z n‡j i‡Wi b~b¨Zg ˆ`N©¨ KZ?
(K) 15.2 cm (L) 17.2 cm (M) 18.2 cm (N) 19.2 cm
18| x 0, y 0, x + y 6, 2x + y 8 kZ©mg~n mv‡c‡¶ Z = 2x + 2y, ivwkwUi me©wb¤œ gvb KZ?
(K) 16 (L) 10 (M) 12 (N) 28
19| 5x1 + 10x2 50, x1 + x2 1, x2 4, x1 0, x2 0 kZ©mg~n mv‡c‡¶ Z = 2x1 + 7x2, Gi jwNôgvb KZ?
(K) 2 (L) 7 (M) 20 (N) 28
20| hw` P(B \ A) = 0.2 Ges P(A B) = 0.25 nq, Zvn‡j P(A)-Gi gvb KZ n‡e?
(K) 0.05 (L) 0.8 (M) 0.95 (N) 0.75
21| 40 n‡Z 50 msL¨v¸‡jv †_‡K ˆ`ePq‡b GKwU msL¨v †bqv n‡jv| msL¨vwU †gŠwjK bv nIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
8 5 3 1
(K) (L) (M) (N)
11 11 11 11
l a
22| GKwU ev‡· 10wU bxj Ges 15wU meyR gv‡e©j Av‡Q| ˆ`ePq‡b ci ci `yBwU gv‡e©j ev· †_‡K †Zvjv n‡jv|
ha
gv‡e©j `yBwU wfbœ i‡Oi nevi m¤¢vebv KZ?
2 3 1 1
s
(K) (L) (M) (N)
th
5 5 2 4
wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 23 - 24 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b:
Pa
A sin 1 x, B sin 1 y
AA
23| A 0 n‡j wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) x 0 (L) x 1 (M) x 2 (N) x 3
24| A B n‡j wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
2
(K) xy 1 x 2 1 y 2 (L) xy 1 x 2 1 y 2
(M) x 1 y 2 y 1 x 2 (N) x 1 y 2 y 1 x 2
25| S = {x : x 4} †mUwUi mywcÖgvg †KvbwU?
(K) 4 (L) 0 (M) 1 (N) 4
bgybv cÖkœ c„ôv 360
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