Thames International College

Tribhuvan University
Old Baneshwor, Kathmandu
Subject Code: ITC201

Bachelor In Business Administration

Final Lab Report

Submitted To: Amin Lama Submitted By: Siddhartha Guvaju

Date: May 2023

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 Acknowledgement
I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude and thanks to all who made this
report possible. I would like to thank Thames International College, Old Baneshwor,
Kathmandu for such a productive opportunity. I would also like to thank and express my
heartfelt gratitude to my mentor and teacher, Mr. Amin Lama for guiding us throughout the
semester and this entire report-making process.
It wouldn’t have been possible to complete this report without his proper guidance and
supervision.
And last but not the least, I would like to thank myself for all of my hard work and
efforts. I hope this report will help me a lot in the future.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

i. Different Hardware Components…………………………….. 1-16

Input Devices………………………………………… 1
Storage Devices……………………………………… 4
Output Devices………………………………………. 8
ii. Microsoft Word………………………………………………………….16-23
Introduction…………………………………..… 16
View Of MS Word……………….……………... 17
How to start MS Word……………………..…… 17
Types Of Word Files……………………..………17
MS Word Elements……………………………... 18
Lab Works………………………………….…… 20
iii. Microsoft PowerPoint………………………………………………….24-33
Introduction……………………………………... 24
How to start MS PowerPoint………………….… 24
View Of MS PowerPoint?..................................... 25
Elements of Microsoft PowerPoint....................... 26
Creating a new Presentation.................................. 27
Applying Themes to the Presentation................... 27
Adding New Slides............................................... 27
Adding Transitions................................................ 28
Adding Animations................................................28
How to Slideshow?................................................29
Printing Slideshows...............................................29
Lab Works………………………..………………30
iv. Microsoft Excel
Introduction............................................................34
How to start Microsoft Excel?................................34
View of Microsoft Excel.........................................35
Elements of Microsoft Excel...................................35
Merging cells...........................................................37
Insert, Delete and Format Cells...............................37
Inserting Tables........................................................38
Inserting Charts........................................................38
AutoFill & FlashFill.................................................38
Sorting in Microsoft Excel.......................................39
Formulas..................................................................39
IF functions..............................................................40
V-Lookup.................................................................40
Conditional Formatting............................................40
Lab Works................................................................40
v. MS-DOS
Introduction..............................................................43
View of MS-DOS.....................................................43
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How to open MS-DOS Command Program...............43
Features of DOS.........................................................43
Types of DOS Command...........................................43
Commands Used in MS-DOS....................................44
Some common file types in MS-DOS.......................44
Versions of MS-DOS.................................................44
Why are MS-DOS used?............................................44
References..................................................................46

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 LAB-I
Different Hardware Components
Input Devices
Input devices are essential components of a computer system that allow users to interact with digital
technology. These devices serve as a conduit for users to communicate their intended inputs to the
computer. Input devices play a critical role in ensuring the usability and accessibility of computer
systems, as they provide users with an intuitive means to communicate their intentions.
Examples: keyboards, mice, touchpads or trackballs, scanners and digital cameras.

Human Data Entry Devices

Human data entry devices refer to tools or equipment used by humans for entering data into
computer systems. These devices typically include keyboards, mice, touch screens, and other input
devices that allow humans to interface with electronic systems. Human data entry devices are
essential tools for efficient and accurate input of data into computer systems.

I. Keyboard

A keyboard is an input device that allows a user to enter data or commands into a computer. It is
comprised of a set of keys, which are arranged in a specific layout and design to facilitate typing. The
keys on a keyboard are typically divided into several categories, including alphabetical letters,
numerical digits, punctuation marks, and special function keys.

Keyboards are of two sizes 84 keys and 101/102 keys. But now keyboards with 104 keys or 108 keys
are also available for Windows and the Internet.
S.No. Keys Description
1. Alphabetical Keys The keyboard has 26 alphabetic keys which are
used to type sentences or words on a computer
system in both capital and small letters. Alphabet
keys have an alphabet on them and number keys
include digits from 1 - 9.
2. Numeric Keys Numeric keypads are designed to provide
calculator-style efficiency for entering numbers.
Numpads make it easier to enter large amounts of
numeric data.
3. Function Keys The function keys are used to perform specific
tasks. They are labelled as F1, F2, F3, and so on, up
to F12. The functionality of these keys differs from
program to program.

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 4. Special Purpose A keyboard key that is used to perform functions
Keys such as launching a specific application. Special
function keys are added to many keyboards to
provide shortcuts for widely used tasks.

II. Mouse

The mouse is an input device used to control a computer's graphical user interface by moving the
cursor around the screen. It allows the user to click on icons, links, and buttons on the screen, as
well as manipulate files and folders.

Generally, it has two buttons called the left and right buttons and a wheel is present between the
buttons. It can be used to control the cursor on the screen but it cannot be used to enter the text in
the computer.

Advantages

• It is inexpensive.
• It is easy to use.
• It moves the cursor faster than the keys of a keyboard.

Source Entry Devices

I. Barcode Reader

A barcode reader or barcode scanner is an optical scanner that can read printed barcodes, and decode
the data contained in the barcode to a computer. Like a flatbed scanner, it consists of a light source, a
lens and a light sensor for translating optical impulses into electrical signals. The barcode reader scans
the barcode image and converts it into alpha-numeric which is then fed into the computers to which
the barcode reader is connected.

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II. Scanner

A scanner is a device that captures images from photographic prints, posters, magazine pages and
similar sources for computer editing and display. Scanners work by converting the image on the
document into digital information that can be stored on a computer through optical character
recognition (OCR). These images can be edited before they are printed.

Types Of Scanner

a) Feed-in or Sheet-fed Scanners

These are simple scanners that have the limitation of scanning paper documents only as they have a
feeder tray that takes in the paper kept in the tray. Thus, scanning anything in book form is not possible
here. However, few advanced models do have the option of scanning several pages in sequence.

b) Flatbed Scanner:
This is very commonly used and available in the markets readily. These have a flat surface for
screening with a cover that must be lifted to place the material that has to be scanned. This model is
viable for scanning books like magazines and educational content that is bound to be bulky.

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c) Handheld scanners:
These are essentially used to scan barcodes, thus useful for business transactions and general use.
Other scanners like the overhead scanner, the big format scanner, and slide or negative scanners are
also available in the market.

III. Webcam
A digital camera that can be linked to a personal computer and used to transmit live video in real-
time is called a webcam. Webcams are used for online meetings, conferencing, and online
education the vast majority of the time. When ‘captured’ by the computer, the video or the image
may be saved, viewed or sent to the other networks travelling through systems such as the internet,
email or attachment.

Memory
Memory is the electronic holding place for the instructions and data a computer needs to reach
quickly. It's where information is stored for immediate use. Memory is one of the basic functions of
a computer, because, without it, a computer would not be able to function properly.
The memory can be classified into two types:
i. Random Access Memory ((RAM)
ii. Read Only Memory (ROM)

i) Random Access Memory (RAM)

RAM (Random Access Memory) is the internal memory of the CPU for storing data, programs, and
program results. It is a read/write memory which stores data until the machine is working. As soon as
the machine is switched off, data is erased.

Access time in RAM is independent of the address, that is, each storage location inside the memory
is as easy to reach as other locations and takes the same amount of time. Data in the RAM can be
accessed randomly but it is very expensive.
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RAM is volatile, i.e. data stored in it is lost when we switch off the computer or if there is a power
failure. Hence, a backup Uninterruptible Power System (UPS) is often used with computers. RAM is
small, both in terms of its physical size and the amount of data it can hold.

RAM can be classified into two types and they are:

• Static RAM (SRAM)
• Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

a) Static RAM (SRAM):

The word ‘static’ indicates that the memory retains its contents as long as power is being supplied.
However, data is lost when the power gets down due to its volatile nature. SRAM chips use a matrix
of 6 transistors and no capacitors. Transistors do not require power to prevent leakage, so SRAM need
not be refreshed regularly.
There is extra space in the matrix, hence SRAM uses more chips than DRAM for the same amount
of storage space, making the manufacturing costs higher. SRAM is thus used as cache memory and
has very fast access.

Characteristics of Static RAM

• Long life
• No need to refresh
• Faster
• Used as cache memory
• Large size
• Expensive
• High power consumption
b) Dynamic RAM (DRAM):
DRAM, unlike SRAM, must be continually refreshed to maintain the data. This is done by placing
the memory on a refresh circuit that rewrites the data several hundred times per second. DRAM is
used for most system memory as it is cheap and small. All DRAMs are made up of memory cells,
which are composed of one capacitor and one transistor.

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Characteristics of Dynamic RAM
• Short data lifetime
• Needs to be refreshed continuously
• Slower as compared to SRAM
• Used as RAM
• Smaller in size
• Less expensive
• Less power consumption
II. Read Only Memory (ROM)
ROM stands for Read Only Memory. Read-only memory (ROM) is a type of storage medium that
permanently stores data on personal computers (PCs) and other electronic devices. It contains the
programming needed to start a PC, which is essential for boot-up; it performs major input/output tasks
and holds programs or software instructions. This type of memory is often referred to as “firmware”—
how it is altered has been a source of design consideration throughout the evolution of the modern
computer.

The following are the types of ROM:

a) Masked ROM (MROM)

Mask ROM (MROM) chips contain a software mask that is burned onto the chip during the design
phase of the semiconductor manufacturing process. Unlike these other computer memory chips,
Mask ROM (MROM) chips are produced by arranging transistors before the semiconductor
manufacturing process begins. Often, Mask ROM (MROM) chips are used in computer systems
that require long-term sustainability.

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b) Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM)

PROM or programmable ROM (programmable read-only memory) is a computer memory chip

that can be programmed once after it is created. Once the PROM is programmed, the information
written is permanent and cannot be erased or deleted. PROM was first developed by Wen Tsing
Chow in 1956. An example of a PROM is a computer BIOS in early computers. Today, PROM in
computers has been replaced by EEPROM.

c) Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM)

Short for Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory, EPROM is a non-volatile memory chip
that was invented by Dov Frohman in 1971 while at Intel that can only be read. If exposed to
ultraviolet light, an EPROM can be reprogrammed if needed but otherwise does not accept or save
any new data.

d) Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM)

EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory) is a user-modifiable ROM. It
can be erased and reprogrammed (written to) repeatedly by applying an electrical voltage that is
higher than normal. EEPROM is a type of non-volatile ROM that enables individual bytes of data
to be erased and reprogrammed. That is why EEPROM chips are known as byte-erasable chips.
EEPROM is usually used to store small amounts of data in computing and other electronic devices.

e) Flash ROM (FROM)

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 Flash memory is a non-volatile memory chip used for storage and trantransferringa between a
personal computer (PC) and digital devices. It has an electronically reprogrammed and erased. It is
often found in USB flash drives, MP3 players, digital cameras and solid-state drives.

Secondary Memory
1. Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
A computer hard drive (or a hard disk or HDD) is one kind of technology that stores the operating
system, applications, and data files such as documents, pictures and music that your computer uses.
The rest of the components in your computer work together to show you the applications and files
stored on your hard drive.

2. Solid Disk Drive (SDD)

SSDs store data permanently inside an integrated circuit, typically using flash memory. The flash
memory inside an SSD means data is written, transferred, and erased electronically and silently —
SSDs don’t have the moving parts found inside mechanical hard disk drives (HDDs). Without
moving parts, SSDs are fast and quiet, but they have a high price tag compared to HDDs.

Output Devices
An output device is a piece of computer hardware that receives data from a computer and then
translates that data into another form. That form may be audio, visual, textual, or hard copy such
as a printed document.
Hardcopy Output Devices
The output printed on paper is called Hardcopy Output DeDevice
Printer
A printer is an external hardware output device that takes the electronic data stored on a
computer or other device and generates a hard copy. The printers can be broadly classified
into two types. They are:
• Impact Printer
• Non-Impact Printer
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I. Impact Printer
An impact printer is a type of printer that works by direct contact of an ink ribbon with paper. A metal
or plastic head strikes the ink ribbon, whereby the ribbon is pressed against the paper and the desired
character (letter, digit, dot, line) impression is printed on the sheet. Dot matrix, daisy-wheel and line
printers are some commonly used types of impact printers.
Types Of Impact Printers
• Dot Matrix Printer
• Daisy Wheel Printer
• Line Printer

a) Dot Matrix Printer

A Dot Matrix Printer or Impact Matrix Printer refers to a type of computer printer with a print head
that runs back and forth on the page and prints by impact, striking an ink-soaked cloth ribbon against
the paper, much like a typewriter. Unlike a typewriter or daisy wheel printer, letters are drawn out
of a dot matrix, and thus, varied fonts and arbitrary graphics can be produced.

Advantages Of Dot Matrix Printer

• Cheaper than most printers
• Can print carbon copies
• Can print on multi-part forms or carbon copies
• Can be used on continuous form paper, useful for data logging
Disadvantages Of Dot Matrix Printer
• Noisy
• Limited Print Quality
• Low printing speed
• Limited colour printing
b) Daisy Wheel Printer
A Daisy-wheel printer works exactly like an electronic typewriter, i.e. the characters will be
punched through a ribbon (mostly blue or black) onto the paper. The control of the printhead from
left to right is performed by a motor and the punching of the characters is done via an electromagnet.
The characters (also called types) are located on a wheel that gets positioned in the proper location.
Although the typeface and the printing quality are better than that of a dot-matrix printer, the
possibilities of the printout are limited to the 92 distinct characters and punctuation marks of the
font on the typewheel.

Advantages Of Daisy Wheel Printer

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 • Low maintenance
• Low costs
• Can create carbon copies
• Can use fan-fold paper and heavy paper grades
• Better print quality than a dot-matrix printer

Disadvantages Of Daisy Wheel Printer

• Noisy printing
• No graphics
• Limited number of characters/types
• The character set is changed by replacing the daisy wheel

c) Line Printer

A line printer is an impact printer which makes use of a continuous feed of paper and prints one line
of text at a time. Although they have been replaced in most instances by high-speed laser printers,
they are still used in some businesses as they allow-costsstst Encanto print on multi-part forms.

Advantages Of Line Printer

• High speed makes them suitable for printing in large quantities

• Low cost
• More durable than other models
• Consumables are inexpensive
• Consumables are more environmentally friendly.

Disadvantages Of Line Printer

• Unsuitable for printing graphics

• Low-quality printouts
• Create a high level of noise while printing
• Continuous paper forms are no longer easily available since they have a low demand.

II. Non-Impact Printers

Non-impact printers are now the most common, as they are faster and quieter than impact printers.
Non-impact printers form characters and images without direct physical contact between the
printing mechanism and the paper. For example, inkjet printers spray tiny drops of ink onto the
page, while laser printers have a cylindrical drum that rolls electrically charged ink onto the paper.
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 There are two types of non-impact printers. They are:

• Laser printer
• Ink-jet printer

Characteristics Of Non-Impact Printers

• Speed.
• Low Maintenance.
• Noiseless.
• Quality Prints are Available as Outputs

i. Laser Printer

A laser printer is a type of printer that uses a laser and electrical charge model instead of the
traditional printing of ink onto paper. Laser printers have increased the neatness and sophistication
of print projects, with typical resolutions of 600 dots per inch or higher.

Advantages Disadvantages

High-quality printouts - better than ink- Most expensive printer type to buy,
jet or dot-matrix especially colour lasers

Fast printouts - faster than ink-jet or dot- Toner is more expensive than ink-jet
matrix cartridges

Prints very quietly - quieter than ink-jet Expensive to repair - lots of complex
or dot-matrix equipment inside

Cost per page is low - cheaper than ink-

jet or dot-matrix

ii. Inkjet Printer

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 Inkjet printers are a category of the printer in which printing is done with the help of inkjet
technology. The technology works by spraying ionized ink directed by magnetic plates onto the
paper, which is fed through the printer. As inkjet printers are more affordable than other types of
printers, they are commonly used as home and business printers.

Advantages Of Inkjet Printer

• High-Quality Prints
• Versatile
• Affordable
• Low Noise Level

Disadvantages Of Inkjet Printer

• High cost of Ink

• Prone to clogging
• Limited paper handling
• Limited colour options.

Softcopy Output Devices

i. Monitor
A monitor is an electronic output device that is also known as a video display terminal (VDT)
or a video display unit (VDU). It is used to display images, text, video, and graphics
information generated by a connected computer via a computer's video card. Although it is
almost like a TV, its resolution is much higher than a TV.

There are four types of monitors. They are:

• Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT)
• LCD Monitor
• LED Monitor
• Plasma Monitor
a) Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT)
CRT monitors are based on the cathode ray tubes. They are like vacuum tubes which produce
images in the form of video signals. Cathode rays tube produces a beam of electrons through
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 electron guns that strike the inner phosphorescent surface of the screen to produce images on
the screen.

b) LCD Monitor
The LCD monitor is a flat panel screen that is compact and lightweight as compared to CRT
monitors. It is based on liquid crystal display technology which is used in the screens of laptops,
tablets, ssmartphones etc. An LCD screen comprises two layers of polarized glass with a liquid
crystal solution between them. When the light passes through the first layer, an electric current
aligns the liquids crystals.

c) LED Monitor
The LED monitor is an improved version of an LCD monitor. It also has a flat panel display
and uses liquid crystal display technology like the LCD monitors. The difference between
them lies in the source of light to backlight the display. The LED monitor has many LED
panels, and each panel has several LEDsto backlight the display, whereas the LCD monitors
use cold cathode fluorescent light to backlight the display.

d) Plasma Monitor
The plasma monitor is also a flat panel display that is based on plasma display technology. It has
small tiny cells between two glass panels. These cells contain mixtures of noble gases and a small
amount of mercury. When voltage is applied, the gas in the cells turns into a plasma and emits
ultraviolet light that creates images on the screen, i.e., the screen is illuminated by a tiny bit of
plasma, a charged gas. Plasma displays are brighter than liquid crystal displays (LCD) and also offer
a wide viewing angle than an LCD.

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ii) Speakers
Speakers are used to connect to a computer to generate sound, which are one of the most
common output devices. Some speakers are designed to connect with any kind of sound
system, while some can be hooked up only with computers. With the computer speaker, the
computer's sound card creates a signal that is used to produce sound. The primary objective of
speakers is to offer audio output for the listener.

iii) Projector
A projector is an output device that is capable of connecting to a computer, which may be an
other option for a monitor or television in terms of displaying pictures to a large number of
people. It takes images generated by a Blu-ray player or a computer and projects them onto a
large surface like a wall or white screen. Projectors come in many shapes and sizes and are
used in conditions like a classroom, home cinemas, office training or presentation sessions,
etc.

Mother Board

A motherboard is the primary board and foundation of a computer that is also known as mboard,
mobo, mainboard, modb, base board, backplane board, system board, planar board, or main
circuit board. The CPU, memory RAM expansion slots, ROM, USB ports, and PCI slots are
attached to the motherboard in the computer. It provides connectivity between the RAM, CPU,
and all other hardware components.

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Components Of A Mother Board

• Heat sink
• Parallel port
• Back pane connectors
• Capacitor
• Northbridge
• Southbridge
• Jumpers
• Integrated circuit
• PCI slot
• 4-pin power connector
• Inductor
• CPU socket
• 3-pin case fan connectors
• Screw hole
• RAID
• System panel connectors
• Serial port connector
• USB headers
• 1394 headers
• SPDIF

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 • Memory slot
• Serial ATA connections
• Super Input/Output
• Floppy connection
• IDE /ATA disk drive main connection

LAB-II
MS WORD
Introduction to MS Word
Microsoft Word is a word processing program that allows for the creation of both simple and complex
documents. With Office 365, you are able to download the application to your hard drive and will
also have access to the online version. The online version gives you the capability to share and
collaborate with others on your files in real-time.
The program can work on multiple platforms, like Windows, macOS, smartphones, and tablets.

View Of Word Page

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How to open or run Microsoft Word?
Step I: Click on ‘Search Windows’ on the search icon
Step II: Type Microsoft Word on the search icon.
Step III: After that click on the Microsoft Word icon.
Step IV: After Microsoft Word opens, click on the blank document to create new document.

Types Of Word File

Early versions of Microsoft Word primarily created and used the .doc file extension, while the newer
versions of Word create and use the .docx file e0
tension.
• .doc, .docm, .docx
• .dot, .dotm, .dotx

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 • .htm, .html
• .mht, .mhtml
• .odt
• .pdf
• .rtf
• .txt
MS Word Windows Elements
1. Title Bar
It is the uppermost part of the window where the information of file is located.

2. Menu Bar
It is located below the title bar which displays the menu.
3. Quick Access toolbar
It displays commonly used commands in top left hand corner of application window.

4. Ribbon
It is located below Quick access Toolbar and it contains 10 tabs.
• File
• Home
• Insert
• Design
• Layout
• References
• Mailings
• Review
• View
• Help
5. Rulers
It is found below and side of the main toolbar used to change the document’s format.

6. Document Area
It is located below the main toolbar where users can type the text.
7. Status Bar
It is located below the Document area which shows the information about what page we are in and
the number of words of the document.

Features Of MS-Word
I. Home

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The Home Tab contains the most commonly used document controls; actions in the Home Tab can
change the font and size of the text, paragraph, and line spacing, copy and paste, change the
organizational structure of the document.

This has options like font size, font styles, font colors, bullets and paragraphing, borders, find & select
options, etc.

II. Insert
Tables, shapes, images, equations, header & footer, page number, etc can be added from insert bar.

III. Design
We can add themes, colors, fonts, watermark, page borders, etc. from this bar.

IV. Layout
We can add margins, format page orientation, indents, spacing breaks from this bar.

V. References
We can enter table of contents, cite our data, insert a caption, insert table of figures, etc. from this bar.

VI. Mailings
The Mailings tab is used to send the mail to the recipients. We can also send multiple mails to multiple
users using mail merge option.

VI. Review
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Spelling and Grammar check, accessibility, languages and translation functions can be tracked and
formatted by the help of this tab. This is useful to those who wants to review their documents using
MS Word.

VII. View
This tab is used to view the ruler, guidelines and the navigation pane. It is also used to view the print
layout and web layout.

VIII. Help
This bar is used to show help-related options.

LAB WORKS
Bullets and Paragraph

Format Painter

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Mail Merge

Table Of Contents

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 Table Formatting

Mail merge assignment

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23
 LAB-III

MS POWERPOINT
MS PowerPoint is a program that is included in the Microsoft Office suite. It is used to make
presentations for personal and professional purposes. The program was created in a software company
named Forethought, Inc. by Robert Gaskins and Dennis Austin. It was released on April 20, 1987,
and after 3 months of its creation, it was acquired by Microsoft. The first version of this program,
when introduced by Microsoft was MS PowerPoint 2.0 (1990). It is a presentation-based program that
uses graphics, videos, etc. to make a presentation more interactive and interesting. The file extension
of a saved PowerPoint presentation is “.ppt”. A PowerPoint presentation comprising slides and other
features is also known as PPT.

How to run or open MS PowerPoint?

There are various ways to start a MS PowerPoint. They are as follows:

From the Start Menu

Step 1: Go to Start Button
Step 2: From the programs locate MS PowerPoint.
Step 3: Double-click on the Microsoft PowerPoint icon to launch the application.

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From the Run Dialogue Box
Step 1: Open Run Dialogue Box by pressing “Windows Button + R” from the keyboard
Step 2: Type powerpnt and press Enter. The application will automatically open.

View of Microsoft PowerPoint

This is what Microsoft PowerPoint 2016 looks like:

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Elements of Microsoft PowerPoint
The elements of MS- PowerPoint are explained as:

1. Slide Pane
The Slide Pane in MS PowerPoint is a useful tool for managing and organizing your slides. It is
located in the center of the PowerPoint Window. It shows the full layout of a slide.

2. Thumbnails
Thumbnails are a visual representation of each slide in your presentation. They allow you to quickly
navigate through your presentation and see a preview of each slide at a glance. It is located on the
left to the slide pane.

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3. Notes pane
The notes pane in Microsoft PowerPoint is a feature that allows you to add speaker notes or
reminders for yourself while you are presenting your slideshow. It is located just below the slide
pane.

Creating a new Presentation

To Create a New Presentation:
i. Click on the File tab
ii. Click on New
iii. Select either a Blank Presentation, a featured theme or search for online templates and themes
iv. Double-click Blank Presentation to create a new presentation.

Applying Themes to the Presentation

Microsoft PowerPoint comes with different themes which you can choose from the design tab. If
you want new design of your own then you can browse for other ones.

Adding New Slides

To add new slides, go to new slides icon on the home page and click it. Various options of slide
appears from
which you can choose.

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Adding Transitions

A transition is a special effect that determines how a slide appears as it enters or leaves the screen.
To apply Transitions
i. Go to Transition Tab in the ribbons
ii. Click on the drop down menu to view different options
iii. Click on one of the transition you like
iv. Then, Click apply to all if you want the same transition in all of the slides
v. If you want different ones you can apply accordingly.

Adding Animations

Animation is a visual effect that is applied to the individual slides or specific objects on slides. You
can animate text boxes, images, tables, etc.
To add animation:
i. First select the object that you want to animate.
ii. Go to the Animation tab in the ribbons.
iii. Click on the drop down to look for the options.
iv. Select the Animation Effect that you want.
v. Then the animation will be applied to your object.

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How to Slideshow?

To slideshow the presentation:

i. Go to Slideshow tab in the ribbons.
ii. There comes various options like From Beginning, From Current Slide and Custom Slideshow.
iii. Click what you like.
iv. Slideshow will start.

OR
i. Click on the slideshow icon on the bottom right corner.

Printing Slideshows
To print the slides in MS-PowerPoint:
i. Click on the File tab
ii. Click on Print.

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 LAB WORKS

A Presentation Of Thames International College

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31
32
Use Of Animation

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 LAB-IV

MS EXCEL

Introduction
Microsoft Excel is a powerful spreadsheet software that allows users to organize, analyze,
and present data in a variety of formats. It features a grid of cells arranged in rows and
columns, where users can input and edit data, as well as perform calculations and create
charts and graphs. Excel is commonly used in business and finance, as well as in personal
finance and budgeting. It is also used in scientific research and data analysis. It is also a
part of Microsoft Office.

How to start Microsoft Excel?

From the Start Menu
• Step 1: Go to Start Button
• Step 2: From the programs locate MS Excel.
• Step 3: Double-click on the Microsoft Excel icon to launch the application.

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From the Run Dialogue Box
Step 1: Open Run Dialogue Box by pressing “Windows Button + R” from the keyboard
Step 2: Type excel and press Enter. The application will automatically open.

View of Microsoft Excel

This is what Microsoft Excel 2016 looks like:

Elements of Microsoft Excel

1. Sheet Area
Sheet Area is the area in Microsoft Excel where you work. It is made up of various cells.

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2. Cells
Cells are the rectangular boxes that make up the grid of rows and columns in an Excel worksheet.

3. Rows
Rows are the horizontal lines of cells in an Excel worksheet. Each row is identified by a number,
which appears on the left-hand side of the worksheet.

4. Columns
Columns are the vertical lines of cells in an Excel worksheet. Each column is identified by a letter,
which appears at the top of the worksheet.

5. Range

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Range is a group of one or more cells. Ranges can be used to apply formatting, perform
calculations, and manipulate data in a specific area of an Excel worksheet. A range of cells from A1
to H7 would look like A1:H7.

6. Name Box
It is located next to the formula bar. It displays the name of the cell on which you are currently
working on.

7. Formulae Bar
It is located just above the sheet area. It displays the formula that is used in the active cell.

8. Sheets Tab
Sheet tabs are the tabs at the bottom of an Excel workbook that allow users to navigate between
different worksheets.

Merging cells
It is a feature in MS-Excel that lets you to combine two or more cells.

Insert, Delete and Format Cells

You can easily insert, delete and format cells in MS-Excel. You can do this from the cells in home
tab.

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Inserting Tables
Tables can also be added in Microsoft Excel from the tables in the insert tab.

Inserting Charts
Different types of charts can also be added in Microsoft excel.

AutoFill & FlashFill

• AutoFill
AutoFill is a feature that allows you to automatically fill a series of cells with a pattern. To use
Autofill, users can enter a value in the first cell of the series, then drag the fill handle (the small
square in the bottom-right corner of the cell) down or across the cells they want to fill.

• FlashFill
FlashFill is a feature that allows you to automatically fill in data based on a pattern that you
define. Users can enter an example of the desired output in the first cell, and then use the Flash
Fill command to automatically fill in the remaining cells based on the pattern of the example.
To use FlashFill:
i. Go to Data Tab
ii. Use “FlashFill” command

OR

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Type “Ctrl + E” for Windows
Type “Control (^) + E” for Mac

Sorting in Microsoft Excel

Sorting allows users to organize data in a worksheet based on one or more criteria. Users can sort
data in ascending or descending order, based on values in a single column or across multiple
columns.

Formulas
Formulas are equations that perform calculations on values in a worksheet. Excel provides a wide
range of formulas that can be used to perform mathematical operations, manipulate text, analyze
data, and more.
Microsoft Excel comes with various formulas in default. Some of them are briefly explained below:

i. SUM
The SUM function is a built-in function in Excel that allows users to quickly calculate the sum
of a range of cells. To use this function you can select the cells which you want to add up and
directly click on the SUM option in AutoSum. Or you can use the formula "=SUM(" followed
by the range of cells they want to add up) for example, "=SUM(A1:A10)" in the formula bar or
the cell in which you want to display.

ii. AVERAGE
The AVERAGE function is a built-in function in Excel that allows users to quickly calculate the
average of a range of cells. To use this function you can select the cells which you want to
calculate
the average and directly click on the AVERAGE option in AutoSum. Or you can use the
formula
"=AVERAGE(" followed by the range of cells they want to average) for example,
"=AVERAGE(A1:A10)" in the formula bar or the cell in which you want to display.

iii. MAX
The MAX function is a built-in function in Excel that allows users to quickly find the maximum
value in a range of cells. To use this function you can select the cells which you want to
calculate the maximum and directly click on the MAX option in AutoSum. Or you can use the
formula "=MAX("followed by the range of cells they want to find the maximum value of) for
example,
"=MAX(A1:A10)" in the formula bar or the cell in which you want to display.

iv. MIN
The MIN function is a built-in function in Excel that allows users to quickly find the minimum
value in a range of cells. To use this function you can select the cells which you want to
calculate the minimum and directly click on the MIN option in AutoSum. Or you can use the
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 formula "=MIN("followed by the range of cells they want to find the minimum value of (for
example,"=MIN(A1:A10)").

IF functions
The IF function in Excel is a logical function that allows you to test a condition and return one
value if the condition is true, and another value if the condition is false. The syntax of the IF
function is as follows:
=IF(logical_test, value_if_true, value_if_false)

V-Lookup
It allows users to search for a specific value in a table or range of cells, and then return a
corresponding value from another column in the same row. The syntax for VLOOKUP function
is as follows:
=VLOOKUP(lookup_value, table_array, col_index_num, [range_lookup])

Conditional Formatting
Conditional Formatting in Excel is a feature that allows you to format cells based on their content or
value. It can help you highlight important data, identify trends, and quickly analyze large amounts of
data.
To use conditional formatting, users can select the range of cells they want to format, then click on
the "Conditional Formatting" button in the "Home" tab of the Excel ribbon. From there, users can
select from a variety of pre-defined rules, such as highlighting cells that contain a specific value, or
applying color scales based on the relative values of different cells. Users can also create their own
custom rules, such as highlighting cells that contain a certain text string, or applying formatting based
on the results of a formula.

LAB WORKS
Auto Fill

Use Of Tables

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Use Of Charts

Use Of Formulas

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Marksheet Sample

LAB-V
MS-DOS
Introduction

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MS-DOS is also known as Microsoft Disk Operating System. It is an operating system that was
developed by Microsoft in the early 1980s. It was one of the first widely used operating systems for
personal computers and was used on many IBM-compatible machines in the 1980s and early 1990s.

View of MS-DOS

How to open MS-DOS Command Prompt?

i. Open Run Dialogue Box by pressing “Windows Button + R” from the keyboard
ii. Type cmd and click OK.

Features of DOS
i. It is a free OS.
ii. It doesn't support GUI.
iii. It is a single-user OS.
iv. It is a 16-bit OS.
v. The mouse could not be used to operate it, i.e., the input is provided via the basic system commands.

Types of DOS Command

DOS Command is basically classified into two types. They are:

i. Internal Commands
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Internal commands are loaded into the system memory during system booting. These internal
commands may not be seen, modified, detected, or deleted because they do not exist in the form of a
file. Internal commands include MD, DATE, COPY, CD, TIME, COPR CON, TYPE, etc.

ii. External Commands

External commands are stored in the system memory after system booting. These external
commands may easily be viewed, changed, deleted, or copied as they are present in the form of a
file. External commands include FORMAT, SYS, EDIT, PROMPT, COPY, PRINT, TREE, SORT,
etc.

Commands Used in MS-DOS

• DIR: Lists the files and directories in the current directory.
• CD: Changes the current directory to a specified directory.
• MD: Creates a new directory.
• COPY: Copies a file from one location to another.
• DEL: Deletes a file.
• FORMAT: Formats a disk drive.

Some Common file types in MS-DOS

File Name Extension

Text File .txt

Program file .prg

Library file .lib

Command file .com

Batch file .bat

System file .sys

Executable file .exe

Database file .dbm

Versions of MS-DOS
• MS-DOS 1.x
• MS-DOS 2.x
• MS-DOS 3.x
• MS-DOS 4.0 / MS-DOS 4.x
• MS-DOS 5.x
• MS-DOS 6.x
• MS-DOS 7/8 (as part of Windows 9x)

Why are MS-DOS used?

• Education and research efforts let people learn about how a simple OS works. Source code is
available from Microsoft for two MS-DOS versions; emulators and OSes providing MS-DOS
functionality also enable learning about the OS.
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• Legacy systems persist throughout the world. In some cases, organizations prefer to continue
using a system that has worked reliably for decades. In others, there is no budget for
upgrading the applications.
• Embedded systems depend on MS-DOS, especially for new devices that still use x86
processor architecture. MS-DOS is also used on legacy embedded devices, some of which
have been in the field for decades. In some case, these embedded systems can be updated to
run up-to-date versions of compatible OSes.
• Classic older computer games are still in use that were developed and supported only on MS-
DOS
• User inertia or the preference to skip all updates drives some people and organizations to
continue using MS-DOS. For example, author George R.R. Martin famously admitted in 2014
to still using WordStar 4.0, which was released in 1987, on a computer running MS-DOS.

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 REFERENCES
• www.google.com
• www.Wikipedia.com
• Lab Report Sample- Amin Lama
• www.javatpoint.com
• aspiringyouths.com
•

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