ALGEBRA 1
CE Board November 2024
Laws of Exponents (Index Laws)
1. an = a × a × a × a … ¬ n factors of a
2. (am)n = amn
3. am × an = am + n Properties of Radicals
𝒏
1. a1/n = 𝒂
4. am / an = am – n 𝒏 𝒎
2. am/n = 𝒂𝒎 = 𝒏
𝒂
5. (abc)n = an × bn × cn
𝒏 𝒏
3. 𝒂 =a
6. (a / b)n = an / bn
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
4. 𝒂 # 𝒃 = 𝒂𝒃
7. a–n =1/ an
𝒏 𝒏
5. 𝒏
𝒂 / 𝒃 = 𝒂/𝒃
Properties of Logarithm 8. log10 x = log x
1. If y = bx , then logb y = x Common logarithm
2. logb (xy) = logb x + logb y 9. loge x = ln x
Natural logarithm
3. logb (x/y) = logb x – logb y Naperian logarithm
&
4. logb xn = n logb x 1
𝑒=(
5. logb x = logb y , then x = y 𝑛!
#$%
#
6. logb 1 = 0 1
𝑒 = lim 1 +
#→& 𝑛
7. logb b = 1
Example 1
If 8x = y then what is 25x – 3 equal to in terms of y?
8x = y 25x
25x – 3 = Exponent #4
(23)x = y 23
am
(2x)3 = y (2x)5 = am–n
= an
2x = y 1/3 8
y5/3 Exponent #2
=
8 (an)m = (am)n
y
y= ax 2 + bx + c
The Quadratic Equation
y
y= ax 2 + bx + c
The Quadratic Equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0
x
(x1, 0) (x2, 0)
At x-intercepts, x1 & x2 are the
y=0
roots of the QE
The Quadratic Formula −𝐵 + 𝐵( − 4𝐴𝐶
𝑥) =
2𝐴
−𝐵 ± 𝐵( − 4𝐴𝐶
𝑥=
2𝐴 −𝐵 − 𝐵( − 4𝐴𝐶
𝑥( =
2𝐴
The b2 – 4ac inside the radical is called Sum of Roots
discriminant 𝐵
x1 + x2 = −
§ Roots are equal if b2 – 4ac = 0 𝐴
§ Roots are unequal if b2 – 4ac > 0 Product of Roots
§ Roots are imaginary if b2 – 4ac < 0 𝐶
x1 x2 =
𝐴
The Quadratic Equation
y
ax2 + bx + c = 0
§ Roots are unequal
§ b2 – 4ac > 0
x
The Quadratic Equation
y
ax2 + bx + c = 0
§ Roots are equal
§ b2 – 4ac = 0
x
The Quadratic Equation
y
ax2 + bx + c = 0
§ Roots are imaginary
§ b2 – 4ac < 0
x
Example 2
If the product of the roots of the quadratic equation
x2 + 2a2 x + a = 0 is equal to 3a + 6, find the sum of its roots.
A=1 B = 2a2 C=a
x1 × x2 = C / A x1 + x2 = -B / A
= -2a2 / 1
3a + 6 = a / 1
= -2 (-3)2
a = -3 = -18
Example 3
What is the value of k in the equation kx2 + 9x + 8 = 0 if the
equation is to have only one root?
B2 – 4AC = 0
92 – 4(k) (8) = 0
k = 81 / 32
4. Find the quadratic equation whose roots are the reciprocals of
the roots of the equation Ax2 + Bx + C = 0.
Cx2 + Bx + A = 0
Let x1 and x2 = roots of the given equation
Then 1/x1 and 1/x2 = roots of the required equation
Product of roots of the given equation = x1x2 = C/A
Product of roots of the required equation = 1/x1x2 = A/C
Binomial Theorem: Expansion of (a + b)n
(a + b)6 = (1) a6 b0 + (6) a5 b1 + (15) a4 b2 + (20) a3 b3
+ (15) a2 b4 + (6) a1 b5 + (1) a0 b6
Note:
1. It starts with an and ends with bn. 5. If the coeff. of a term is
2. The power of a decreases by 1 multiplied by the power of a
The power of b increases by 1 and divided by the power of b
3. The sum of the powers of a and increased by 1, the result is
b in any term is always n. the coeff. of the next term.
4. There will be n + 1 terms in the expansion.
Binomial Theorem (Pascal’s Triangle)
Mode 6 TABLE
(a +b)0 1
(a + b)1 1 1 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒏𝐂𝒙
(a + b)2 1 2 1 start = 0
(a + b)3 1 3 3 1 end = n
(a + b)4 1 4 6 4 1 step = 1
(a + b)5 1 5
10 10 5 1
(a + b)6 1 6 15 20 15 6 1
(a + b)7 1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1
rth term in the expansion of (a + b)n
𝑟 *+ term = C 𝑛, 𝑚 # 𝑎#,- # 𝑏-
𝑛!
where 𝑚 = 𝑟 − 1 and C 𝑛, 𝑚 =
𝑛 − 𝑚 ! 𝑚!
𝑥+𝑦 #
# #,) )
𝑛(𝑛 − 1) #,( (
=𝑥 +𝑛𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑦
2!
𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2) #,. .
+ 𝑥 𝑦 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝑥 ) 𝑦 #,) + 𝑦 #
3!
5. Find the 6th term in the expansion of (2x3 + 9y)11.
a = 2x3 r= 6
b = 9y m=r–1
n = 11 =5
rth term = nCm × an – m × bm
6th term = (11C5) ( 2x3 ) 11 – 5 ( 9y ) 5
= 462 (2)6 (9)5 ( x3 ) 6 y5
= 1,745,960,832 x18 y5
6. Find the constant term in the expansion of (x + x–3/2)15.
a=x r=?
b = x–1.5 m = r – 1
n = 15 r=m+1
rth term = nCm × an – m × bm
(15Cm)( x ) 15 – m ( x–1.5 ) m = (15Cm) x 15 – 2.5m
For constant term
15 – 2.5m = 0
m= 6 r = 7
7th term = 15C6 × x0 = 5,005
7. Find the sum of the coefficients of the terms in the expansion
of (4x – 7y)4.
(a – b)4 = a4 – 4a3 b + 6 a2 b2 – 4ab3 + b4
(4x – 7y)4 = (4x)4 – 4(4x)3 (7y) + 6(4x)2 (7y)2 – 4(4x)(7y)3 + (7y)4
Sc = 44 – 4(43)(7) + 6(42)(72) – 4(4)(73) + 74
= 81
Set x = 1 and y = 1
Sc = (4 – 7) 4 = 81
Age Problems
Age now = x
Five years ago, age = x – 5
Eight years from now, age = x + 8
Example 8
Four years ago, the sum of the ages of A and B was 45. Six
years from now, twice B’s age will be 28 years more than
A’s age by then. How old is A now?
( A – 4 ) + (B – 4 ) = 45
A + B = 53 ß Equation (1)
2( B + 6 ) = ( A + 6 ) + 28
-A + 2B = 22 ß Equation (2)
A = 28 years old
B = 25 years old
Example 9
At present, the sum of the parents’ ages is twice the sum of the
children’s ages. Five years ago, the sum of the parents’ ages was
4 times the sum of the children’s ages. Fifteen years from now,
the sum of the parents’ ages will be equal to the sum of the
children’s ages. How many children are there?
At present 15 years hence
P = 2C P + 30 = C + 15x
0x + P – 2C = 0 -15x + P – C = -30
5 years ago x=5
Let x = number of children
P – 10 = 4(C – 5x )
20x + P – 4C = 10
10. In 1930, the following question was proposed: A man’s age at
death was one twenty-ninth of the year of his birth. How old
was he in the year 1900?
x = Age at death Mode 6 TABLE
𝐀𝐥𝐩𝐡𝐚 𝑿
x = 1/29 * Year of birth 𝒇 𝒙 =
𝟑𝟎
Year of birth = 29x start = 1901
Year of death = 29x + x end = 1929
= 30x step = 1
x = Year of death / 30 Died in 1920 at the age of 64
In 1900, age = 44 yrs old
Example 11
A meeting of several transport group leaders was held to
decide whether they should strike or not. It was arranged
that during the counting, those in favor should remain
standing and those against should sit down. In due course,
the acting chairman announced that the motion is carried
by a majority equal to exactly a quarter of the opposition. A
man protested, saying some of them could not sit down
because there were not enough chairs. So, the chairman
decided that those who wanted to sit down but couldn’t,
will raise their right hand. He counted a dozen and then
announced the motion is lost by a majority of 1. How many
transport leaders were in that meeting?
10. A meeting of several transport group leaders was held to decide whether they should
strike or not. It was arranged that during the counting, those in favor should remain
standing and those against should sit down. In due course, the acting chairman
announced that the motion is carried by a majority equal to exactly a quarter of the
opposition. A man protested, saying some of them could not sit down because there were
not enough chairs. So, the chairman decided that those who wanted to sit down but
couldn’t, will raise their right hand. He counted a dozen and then announced the motion
is lost by a majority of 1. How many transport leaders were in that meeting?
The motion was carried The motion was lost
x = in favor x – 12 = in favor
y = against y + 12 = against
x – y = 0.25y (y + 12) – (x – 12) = 1
x – 1.25y = 0 ß Eq. (1) -x + y = -23 ß Eq. (2)
From Eq. (1) and Eq. (2)
x = 115 and y = 92
x + y = 207
End of Lecture
Thank You
