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SEAA 3313 DURABILITY

REINFORCED & DETAILING
REQUIREMENTS
CONCRETE
DESIGN 1 Dr. Sarehati Umar
+6013-3581353
[email protected]

DESIGN BASIS (MS EN 1992-1-1)

SERVICEABILITY
SAFETY DURABILITY &
Section 7
Section 6 DETAILING
(Serviceability
(Ultimate Limit State) Section 4 & 8
Limit State)
7.4: Deflection Control
7.2: Stress Limitation

Spacing & Lapping

7.3: Crack Control
6.5: Strut & Tie

Concrete Cover
6.4: Punching
6.1: Bending

6.3: Torsion
6.2: Shear

Anchorage
Materials

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Introduction

 Durability and detailing requirements are to ensure that a structure has

satisfactory durability and serviceability performance under normal
circumstances throughout its lifetime.
 EC2 recommends simple rules concerning the concrete mix and cover to
reinforcement, minimum member dimension, and limits to reinforcement
quantities and spacing which must be taken into account at the member sizing
and reinforcement detailing stage.

CONCRETE
COVER

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Concrete Cover

 All reinforcement must have sufficient cover to

prevent corrosion and to protect the reinforcement
in the event of fire.
 The cover also act to provide sufficient concrete
surrounding the reinforcing bar to develop good
bond between the two materials.
 Sufficient space between the reinforcement and the
formwork will allow proper placing and compaction
of the concrete.
 The nominal concrete cover is defined as the
distance measured from the concrete surface to the
nearest surface of the reinforcing bar including
links.

Concrete Cover

For durability and bond requirements:

𝑐 =𝑐 + ∆𝑐
 𝒄𝒎𝒊𝒏 is the minimum concrete cover set to satisfies the requirement for:
 The safe transmission of bond forces
 The protection of steel against corrosion (durability)
 ∆𝒄𝒅𝒆𝒗 is an allowance for construction deviations and should be taken as 10 mm unless
where an approved quality control system on cover (e.g. in situ measurements) is
specified, in which case it can be reduced to 5 mm.

For fire rating requirement:

∅
𝑐 =𝑎−∅ −
2
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Minimum Cover for Bond

EN 1992-1-1

Arrangement of bars Minimum cover cmin,b*

Separated Diameter of bar
Bundle Equivalent diameter
n =  nb ≤ 55 mm
Where nb is the number of bars in the bundle, which is limited to
nb ≤ 4 for vertical bars in compression
nb ≤ 3 for all other cases

* If the nominal maximum aggregate size is > 32 mm, cmin,b should be increased by 5 mm

Minimum Cover for Durability

EN 1992-1-1
Exposure class

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Minimum Cover for Durability

Exposure class EN 1992-1-1

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Minimum Cover for Durability

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Minimum Cover for Durability

EN 1992-1-1

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Minimum Cover for Durability

EN 1992-1-1

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Fire Resistance

• Design Rule &

Formula
• Page 3-4

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Concrete Cover for Fire Resistance

 The recommendation for structural fire design is mentioned in EC2:Part 1-2

 Rather than giving a minimum cover, the tubular method based on nominal axis
distance is used. This is the distance from the center of the main reinforcement
bar to the top or bottom surface of the member.

∅
𝑐 = 𝑎−∅ −
2
∅
𝑎≥𝑐 +∅ +
2
𝑎 = 𝑎 + 10 mm

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Concrete Cover for Fire Resistance

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DETAILING

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Detailing

 Detailing and durability requirements are to ensure that a structure has

satisfactory durability and serviceability performance under normal
circumstances throughout its lifetime.

 Detailing requirements include:

a) Minimum and maximum area of reinforcement
b) Spacing of reinforcements
c) Curtailment and anchorage of steel reinforcement
d) Laps in reinforcement

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Minimum & Maximum Area of Reinforcement

 The minimum area of reinforcement is to control thermal and shrinkage cracking

within the acceptable limits.
 The minimum steel area ensures that the reinforcement does not yield when concrete
in tension zone cracks with a sudden transfer of stress to the reinforcement. This
requirement is given in Section 7.3, EC2.
 The minimum area of reinforcement that must be provided within tensile zone is
As,min = kc k fct, eff Act / fyk
 The minimum area of reinforcement for beam also specified in Section 9.2.1 as
follows:
As, min = 0.26(fctm/fyk)btd but not less than 0.0013btd
 The limits As,max specified by EC2 in Section 9.2.1 is 0.04Ac for tension or compression
reinforcement.
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Spacing of Reinforcements

 The minimum distance between bars is to permit concrete flows around

reinforcement during construction and to ensure that concrete can be
compacted satisfactorily for the development of adequate bond.
 Specified in section 8.2 EC2, the clear distance between bars should not be less
than the maximum of:
(i) the maximum bar size,
(ii) the maximum aggregate size + 5 mm, or
(iii) 20 mm

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Anchorage and Lapping

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Anchorage

 It is a common practice to cut off bars where they are no longer required to
resist moment.
 Each curtailed bar should extend a full anchorage length beyond the point at
which it is no longer needed.
 The basic required anchorage length given in Section 8.4.3 EC2 is as follows:

lb,req = ( / 4) (sd / fbd)

= ( / 4) (fyk / 1.15) / fbd)
= (fyk / 4.6 fbd)  (Eq 5.4)

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Anchorage

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Anchorage

 When considering the curtailment the following rules must be applied:

1) At least one-quarter of the bottom reinforcement should extend to the support.
2) The bottom reinforcement at the end support should be anchored into the support as
shown in Figure 5.3.
3) At an end support where there is little or not fixity, the bottom steel should be designed
to resist a tensile force of 0.5VEd to allow for the tension induced by the shear with a
minimum requirement of 25% of the reinforcement provided in the span.
4) At an end support where there is fixity but it has been analysed as a simple support, top
steel should be design and anchored to resist at least 25% of the maximum mid-span
moment.
5) At internal supports the bottom steel should extend at least 10Φ beyond the face of
support. To achieve continuity and resistance to such factors as accidental damage or
seismic forces, splice bars should be provided across the support with a full anchorage lap
on each side as shown in Figure 5.4.
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Anchorage

Figure 5.3: Anchorage of bottom reinforcement at end supports

Figure 5.4: Anchorage at intermediate supports

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Laps in Reinforcements

 Laps are required when bars placed short of their required length need to be
extended.
 Laps are also required when the bar diameter has to be changed along the
length.
 The purpose of lapping is to transfer effectively the axial force from the
terminating bar to the connecting bar with the same line of action.
 Laps are achieved by overlapping the bars over certain length, thereby enabling
the transfer of axial force from the terminating bar to the connecting bar
through the mechanism of anchorage or development bond with the
surrounding concrete.

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Laps in Reinforcements

 Requirements for laps are discussed in Section 8.7 EC2. The code recommends
that;
1) Laps between bars should be staggered and should not occur in regions of
high stress.
2) The arrangement of lapped bars should comply with Figure 5.5 below.

Figure 5.5: Adjacent laps

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Laps in Reinforcements

3) Transverse reinforcement must be provided around laps unless lapped bars

are less than 20 mm diameter or there is less than 25 % lapped bars. In these
cases, minimum transverse reinforcement provided for other purposes such as
shear links will be adequate. Otherwise, transverse reinforcement must be
provided, as shown in Figure 5.6, having a total area of not less than the area
of one lapped bar.

Tension lap Compression lap

Figure 5.5: Transverse reinforcement for lapped bars

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Anchorage and Laps Length

Concrete Strength fck/fcu(N/mm2)

Condition /Situation Bond
conditions 20/25 25/30 28/35 30/37 32/40

Anchorage length Good 47 40 37 36 34

(Tension or compression) Poor 67 58 53 51 49

Lap length Good 54 46 43 42 39

(Tension or compression) Poor 77 66 61 59 56
Notes:
1. It is assumed that the bar size is not greater than 32 mm and 1, 2,3,4 and 5 all equal 1.
2. It is assumed that not more than 33% of the bars are lapped at one place, 6 = 1.15 For other situations
refer to MS EN 1992-1-1 , Clause 8.4.4

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Simplified
Detailing Rules
for
BEAM

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Simplified
Detailing Rules
for
SLAB

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THANK YOU

In the Name of God for Mankind

www.utm.my

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