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Physics 4

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15 views8 pages

Physics 4

Uploaded by

Alex
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Thermodynamics

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics


• If two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third system,
then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
• Implication: This law establishes the concept of temperature. If AAA
is in equilibrium with BBB, and BBB is in equilibrium with CCC, then
AAA is in equilibrium with CCC, meaning all three systems share the
same temperature.
First Law of Thermodynamics
• Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one
form to another.
• Internal Energy (ΔU\Delta UΔU): Change in internal energy is the sum
of heat added to the system (QQQ) and the work done on the system
(WWW).
• Formula: ΔU=Q+W\Delta U = Q + WΔU=Q+W
Second Law of Thermodynamics
• The entropy of an isolated system always increases over time.
• Entropy (SSS): A measure of the disorder or randomness in a system.
• Heat flows naturally from hot to cold, not the other way around
Third Law of Thermodynamics
• As the temperature of a system approaches absolute zero (0 Kelvin),
the entropy of the system approaches a minimum value (typically
zero for a perfect crystal).
• Implication: It is impossible to reach absolute zero in a finite number
of steps, as this would require an infinite amount of work.
Carnot Engine
• An idealized engine that operates on the Carnot cycle and is the most
efficient possible engine between two temperatures.
• Efficiency: η=1−TCTH\eta = 1 - \frac{T_C}{T_H}η=1−THTC
• TCT_CTC = Temperature of the cold reservoir (Kelvin, K)
• THT_HTH = Temperature of the hot reservoir (Kelvin, K)
Heat Engine
• A device that converts heat energy into mechanical work by moving
heat from a high-temperature reservoir to a low-temperature
reservoir.
• Work Output: W=QH−QCW = Q_H - Q_CW=QH−QC
• QHQ_HQH = Heat absorbed from the hot reservoir
• QCQ_CQC = Heat rejected to the cold reservoir
• Efficiency: η=WQH=QH−QCQH\eta = \frac{W}{Q_H} = \frac{Q_H -
Q_C}{Q_H}η=QHW=QHQH−QC
Refrigirator/Heat Pump
• A device that moves heat from a cold reservoir to a hot reservoir,
requiring work input.
• Coefficient of Performance (COP) for a refrigerator:
COPrefrigerator=QCW\text{COP}_{\text{refrigerator}} =
\frac{Q_C}{W}COPrefrigerator=WQC
• COP for a heat pump: COPheat pump=QHW\text{COP}_{\text{heat
pump}} = \frac{Q_H}{W}COPheat pump=WQH
• Implication: The COP is a measure of efficiency for refrigerators and
heat pumps, with higher values indicating better performance.

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