UNIT 16 — MEMORY AND STORAGE

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Reading: Memory and Storage

In this unit you will learn the differences between computer memory and computer
storage. Memory and storage are important concepts to master in Information
Technology. The two terms are often used interchangeably, so it is important to
understand the key differences.

Computer memory needs to be quick. It is constantly feeding the CPU with data to
process. Since nobody likes to wait for a computer, high-quality computers will have fast
processors with lots of quick memory. This type of memory is commonly known as
RAM. This type of memory is volatile which means that the actual data disappears when
the computer loses power.

Because memory needs to be much faster than storage, it is rather more expensive than
storage per GB. A typical desktop computer today (in 2016) has between 2GB and 32GB
of memory running at speeds of anywhere from 1.2 GHZ to 3.2 GHZ. Speeds tend to go
up about 10% every two years.

If you are a gamer, video editor, or physics geek, you may be aware of video memory.
Video memory is special RAM which is even faster and more expensive than normal
system RAM. This RAM is reserved only for the graphics and is thus kept separate from
the main system RAM, which sits on the motherboard close to the CPU. A typical
dedicated video card will have anywhere between 2GB and 12 GB of dedicated RAM.

But of course computers do not process all the data they have at once. They also need to
save some data for long term use. This is where storage comes in. Think of all the video
files, mp3s, photos, and documents on your PC. These files are not always being
processed by the CPU. They are mostly just hanging around waiting to be used at some
point. Storage does not need to be as quick as memory, but there does need to be a lot
more of it. And storage of course needs to be non-volatile, meaning it will not get erased
when you power off or restart your computer. These are the two key differences between
memory and storage.... speed and volatility.

Storage today comes in many different types including semiconductor storage, magnetic
storage, and optical storage. A typical computer today comes with anywhere between
128GB to 2TB of storage. Low end computers normally come with a magnetic hard disk
drive which reads data at around 75 to 200 MB/sec. These devices use rotating,
magnetically-charged platters to store data. Hard disk drives are still popular because
they can store a lot of data with relatively quick access times very cheaply. Other
examples of magnetic storage devices include the tape drive and diskette, both are which
are obsolete. These dinosaurs of storage were painfully slow and prone to data loss with
no warning. Ouch.

Another type of storage is network storage, typically referred to as a SAN. This storage is
usually found in a datacenter. This type of storage goes by other names such as "cloud
storage" or "network drive". It is of course highly limited by network speeds. If you are
offline and need a file then you are out of luck. That is why it's always a good idea to get
as much storage on your PC as you can afford.

In the future all magnetic storage types will become obsolete. They will soon all be
replaced by SSDs using semiconductor technology. SSDs have 3 key advantages over
magnetic storage devices: speed, lack of moving parts, and low power consumption. This
makes them ideal for laptops where battery life and durability are huge issues. SSDs are
fast as well, and can read data at around 200MB to 800 MB per second. Unfortunately
SSDs are currently more expensive than magetic storage per GB, but this should change
soon.

Optical storage is another technology which is quickly becoming legacy. Very popular in
the 90's and early 2000's, optical storage works by a laser either burning or reading data
off a plastic disc coated with various types of light sensitive materials. Due to reliability
and speed limitations, optical storage is not used as a primary means of data storage. It is
(or increasingly was) used mostly to affordably deliver large datasets like movies, games,
and operating systems. In case you still don't understand what optical storage is, typical
examples are DVD or Blu-Ray drives.

Wel, that about covers it for the current state of memory and storage. But there are some
gray areas and exceptions as always, such as ROMs and EPROMs, which are somewhere
in between memory and storage. Embedded systems, BIOS' and older video game
machines used these for various reasons, mainly copy protection and cost.

What about the future? Expect a gradual convergence where there is no longer a need for
both storage and memory in PCs. Some new technology such as quantum memory may
arrive which has the advantages of both memory and storage. Until that time arrives,
always buy a PC with the most memory and storage you can afford. Computer companies
typically charge you a lot more for PCs with a decent amount of RAM and fast storage.
Why? Because they know without it, your computer will be slow and completely full
very quickly, forcing you to upgrade or buy into their cloud storage solutions like Apple's
iCloud, and Microsoft's OneDrive.

Discussion Questions
How much memory does your computer have? How much storage does your computer
have? Is it enough? What could you do with more memory and more storage?

Research and summarize the latest developments in quantum computing and quantum
memory. How will it change computers? Is this still science fiction? Is it likely to become
common in the next 25 years?