10th Class Physics Notes Chapter No 14

UNIT-14 Current Electricity
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Topic No. Title Page No.

14.1 Electric Current 204
14.2 Potential Difference 211
14.3 Electromotive Force (e.m.f) 211
14.4 Ohm’s Law 218
Characteristics of Ohmic and Non-Ohmic
14.5 222
Conductors
14.6 Factors Affecting Resistance 224
14.7 Conductors 227
14.8 Insulators 227
14.9 Combination of Resistor 229
14.10 Electrical Energy and Joule’s Law 237
14.11 Electric Power 240
14.12 Direct Current and Alternating Current 245
14.13 Hazards of Electricity 249
14.14 Safe Use of Electricity in Homes 251

Text Book Exercise
 Multiple Choice Questions 258
*
 Exercise Questions
 Numerical Problems
* Self-Test 272
PHYSICS-10 203
14.1 ELECTRIC CURRENT

LONG QUESTIONS
Q.1 Define and explain the term electric current. (K.B+U.B) (LHR 2016)(Review Question 14.1)
Ans: ELECTRIC CURRENT
Definition:
“The rate of flow of electric charges through any cross-sectional area is called
current”.
Mathematically:
If charges ‘Q’ is passing through any area in time ‘t’ the current ‘I’ flowing through it
will be given as:
Charge
current =
Time
Q
I=
t
Unit:
SI unit of current is Ampere (A)
Ampere:
If a charge of one coulomb passes through a cross-sectional area in one second, then
current is one ampere.
1COLOUMB 1C
1A= =
1second 1s
Smaller units of current are milli ampere (mA), micro ampere (A), which are defined as:
1mA  103 A
1A  106 A
Flow of Current:
Most of the electric charge around nuclei is bound in neutral atoms. It is not easy to
overcome the electrostatic force of attraction between the nuclei and electrons in an atom.
However, in metals some electrons are not tightly bound to nuclei and are free to move
around randomly. They have weak force between them and the nucleus. Similarly, in
solutions some positive and negative charges can freely move around randomly. When
such free charges are exposed to an external electric field, they move in a specific
direction, and thus constitute current.
Q.2 Explain battery as source of energy. (K.B+U.B+A.B)
Ans: BATTERY AS A SOURCE OF ENERGY
Battery is one of the sources of current. The electrochemical reaction inside a battery
separates positive and negative electric charges.
Figure: Schematic Diagram of Battery as a Current Source
PHYSICS-10 204
This separation of charges set up potential difference between the terminals of the
battery. When we connect a conducting wire across the terminals of the battery, the
charges can move from one terminal to the other due to the potential difference.
Potential Energy per Unit Charge:
The chemical energy of the battery changes to electrical potential energy. The electrical
potential energy decreases as the charges move around the circuit. This electric potential
energy can be converted to another useful forms of energy (heat, light, sound etc.) it is only
the energy which changes form but the number of charge carriers and the charge on each
carrier always remains the same (i.e. charge are not used up.) instead of electrical potential
energy we use the term electrical potential which is potential energy per unit charge.
Q.3 Define and explain the term conventional current. (K.B) (GRW 2013)
Ans: CONVENTIONAL CURRENT
Definition:
“Current flowing from positive to negative terminal of a battery due to the flow of
positive charges is called conventional current”.
Conventional Mean:
Before the idea of free electrons which constitute in metals, it was thought that current in
conductors flowed due to motion of positive charges. Therefore, this convention is still in used.
Explanation:
When the ends of heated copper wire are at different temperatures, heat energy flows
from one end of higher temperature to the end of lower temperature. The flow stops when
both ends reach the same temperature. Water in a pipe also flows from higher level to
lower level. Similarly when a conductor is connected to a battery, it pushes positive
charges to flow current from high potential to low potential.
Figure: Conventional Current
The flow of current continues as long as there is a potential difference. Conventional

current produces the same effect as the current flowing from negative terminal to the
positive terminal due to flow of negative charges.
Q.4 How we can detect and measure the electric current? (K.B+A.B)
Ans: DETECTION AND MEASUREMENT OF CURRENT
We use different electrical instruments which can detect and measure the current in the circuit.
Galvanometer:
“Galvanometer is a device which is used to detect the presence of electric current
in any circuit”.
Ammeter:
“Ammeter is a device which is used to measure the current in any circuit”.
Importance of Galvanometer:
Galvanometer is very sensitive instruments and can detect small current in a circuit. A
current of few milli amperes is sufficient to cause full scale deflection in it. Ideal
galvanometer should have very small resistance to pass the maximum current in the circuit.
PHYSICS-10 205
Polarity of Galvanometer:
While making the connections polarity of the terminals of the galvanometer should be
taken into consideration. Generally the terminal of the galvanometer with red colour
shows the positive polarity while that of with black colour shows negative polarity.
Conversion of Galvanometer into Ammeter:
After suitable modification galvanometer can converted into an ammeter. A suitable but
small resistance is connected in parallel to the galvanometer, this circuit is called
ammeter. A large current of the range such as 1A or 10 A can be measured by means of
ammeter, like galvanometer ammeter is also connected in series, so that the current
flowing in the circuit also passes through the ammeter.
Figure: Schematic Diagram Showing the Measurement of Current
14.1 SHORT QUESTIONS

Q.1 Define electric current. (K.B) (GRW 2014, 2015, LHR 2011, 2016)
Ans: Given on Page # 204
Q.2 What is meant by conventional current? (K.B)
Q.3 Which type of charge is responsible for the flow of current in metallic conductors?
(K.B)
Ans: CURRENT IN METALLIC CONDUCTOR
In metals or metallic conductors, the current is reduced only due to the flow of free
electrons i.e. negative charges.
Example:
In a copper wire there are large number of free electrons which are in random motion.
When we apply potential difference across the wire, these free electrons move through
the wire.
Q.4 In electrolyte which charge are responsible for the flow of current? (K.B)
(For your information Pg. # 91)
Ans: CURRENT IN ELECTROLYTE
In electrolysis, current is produced due to flow of both
positive and negative charges in the electrolyte, positive ions
are attracted to the cathode and negative ions are attracted to
the anode. This movement of ions within the electrolyte
constitutes an electric current within the internal circuit.
PHYSICS-10 206
Q.5 How energy is obtained due to flow of charges? (K.B)

Ans: ENERGY DUE TO FLOW OF CHARGES
When a positive charge moves from a point of higher potential to the point of lower
potential, it gains the energy from the electric field. During flow of electric current,
positive charges flow continuously from a high potential to a low potential point. Thus
the electric current becomes a continuous source of energy.
Q.6 How long does it take a current of 10 mA to deliver 30 C of charge? (U.B+A.B)
(Quick Quiz Page No. 92)
Ans: NUMERICAL
Solution: Calculations:
Given: Putting the values into the formula
Current=I=10mA from given data
I=10×10-3A t = 30C/10×10-3A
Charge=Q=30C t = 3×103s
To Find: t = 3000s
Time=t=? Result:
Formula Used: Hence, time To Find is 3000s.

I=Q/t
Or
t=Q/I
Q.7 Define unit of current. (K.B+U.B) (GRW 2014, LHR 2017)

Q.8 Why there is no current in conductor in the absence of external source despite it has
free electrons? (K.B) (Connection Pg. # 92)
Ans: NO CURRENT IN THE ABSENCE OF EXTERNAL SOURCE
In the absence of any external source no current passes through the conductor due to
random motion of electrons.
Figure: No Current in the Absence of

External Source
PHYSICS-10 207
Q.9 How a battery does raises electrical charge back up to higher voltage (energy)? (U.B)
(For you information Pg. # 92)
Ans: BATTERY CHARGING
A battery raises electric charge back up to higher voltage (energy) just like a pump which
pushes water back up to high energy so it can flow and do work again.
Figure: Battery Charging
Q.10 Define electric current with the help of diagram. (K.B) (For you information Pg. # 91)
Ans: ELECTRIC CURRENT
The current is the rate of flow of charges.
Figure: Electric Current
Q.11 Describe the flow of charge in a circuit. (K.B) (Physics Insight Pg. # 93)
Ans: FLOW OF CHARGE
The flow of charge in a circuit is like the flow of water in a pipe except that a return wire
is needed in order to have a complete conducting path.
Figure: Flow of Charge

.
PHYSICS-10 208
14.1 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. In metals, current is produced only due to the flow of: (K.B)
(A) Protons (B) Electrons
(C) Free electrons (D) Neutrons
2. In electrolyte, current is produced due to the flow of: (K.B)
(A) Positive charge (B) Negative charges
(C) Both positive and negative charges (D) None of these
3. The rate of flow of electric charge through any cross-sectional area is called: (K.B)
(A) Electrostatics (B) Electric current
(C) e.m.f (D) Voltage
4. The SI unit of electric current is: (K.B)
(A) Volt (B) Farad
(C) Capacitance (D) Ampere
5. The equivalent current of positive charges which flows through a conductor is known as:
(K.B)
(A) Electronic current (B) Conventional current
(C) Electrostatic (D) Ampere
6. The current due to negative charges and an equivalent current due to positive
charges always flow in the: (K.B)
(A) Opposite direction (B) Same direction
(C) Perpendicular to each other (D) None of these
7. In electricity, we assume that electric current is always due to the flow of: (K.B)
(A) Negative charges (B) Neutral particles
(C) Positive charges (D) Both negative and positive charges
8. The conventional current of positive charges flows from a point of: (K.B)
(A) Higher potential to a point of lower potential
(B) Lower potential to a point of higher potential
(C) Lowe potential to a point of lower potential
(D) Higher potential to a point of higher potential
9. The current constituted by negative charges flows from a point of: (K.B)
(A) Higher potential to a point of a lower potential
(B) Lower potential to a point of higher potential
(C) Lower potential to a point of lower potential
(D) Higher potential to a point of higher potential
10. When we connect a battery across a conductor, the energy is provided to the
charges in the conductor by the? (K.B)
(A) Magnetic field produced in the conductor
(B) Electromagnetic field produced in the conductor
(C) Electric field produced in the conductor
(D) None of the above
11. Energy is produced to transfer the electrons from positive terminal of the battery to
the negative terminal by the: (K.B)
(A) Electrical process (B) Chemical process
(C) Thermal process (D) Magnetic process
PHYSICS-10 209
12. The current through a metallic conductor is due to the motion of: (K.B)
(A) Protons (B) Neutrons
(C) Electrons (D) Free electrons
13. In liquids and gases, the current is due to the motion of: (K.B)
(A) Negative charges (B) Positive charges
(C) Both negative and positive charges (D) Neutral particles
14. Free electrons are: (K.B)
(A) Tightly bound (B) Fixed
(C) Loosely bound (D) Tightly fixed
15. The direction of conventional current flowing in a circuit is: (K.B)
(A) From negative to positive in the external circuit and from positive to negative within
the source of potential difference (battery)
(B) From positive to negative in the external circuit and from negative to positive within
the source of P.D.
(C) From positive to negative throughout the circuit.
(D) From negative to positive throughout the circuit
16. The direction of the electronic current in the closed circuit is: (K.B)
(A) Along the flow of electrons
(B) Opposite to the flow of electrons
(C) From positive to negative in the external circuit
(D) Along the direction of positive charges.
17. If a charge ‘Q’ flows through any cross-section of the conductor in time ‘t’ second,
the current ‘I’ is given by: (U.B+A.B)
(A) I = Qt (B) I = Q/t
(C) I = t/Q (D) I = Q2/t
18. One coulomb per second is equal to: (K.B)
(A) One volt (B) One Ampere
(C) One watt (D) One Ohm
19. Which of the following represents an electric current? (K.B)
(A) Erg C-1 (B) Cs-1
-1
(C) J S (D) Dyne S-1
20. If 1 ampere current flows through 2m long conductor, the charge flow through this
in 1hour will be: (U.B+A.B)
(A) 3600 C (B) 7200 C
(C) 1C (D) 2C
21. Batteries convert: (K.B+U.B)
(A) Electrical energy into heat energy (B) Electrical energy into chemical energy
(C) Chemical energy into electrical energy (D) Heat energy into chemical energy
22. The electronic current is due to the flow of: (K.B)
(A) Negative charge (B) Positive charge
(C) Both (A) and (B) (D) None of the above
23. The conventional current is due to the flow of: (K.B)
(A) Negative charge carriers (B) Neutral charge
(C) Positive charge carriers (D) Both negative and positive charges carriers.
24. Electrical charges flow from: (K.B)
(A) High to low potential (B) Low to high potential
(C) Both a and b (D) None of these
PHYSICS-10 210
EXAMPLE 14.1
If 0.5 C charge passes through a wire in 10s, then what will be the value of current
flowing throuhg the wire? (A.B+U.B)
Solution: Calculation:
Given data: By using formula, we have
Amount of charge = Q = Q
I
0.5 C t
Time = t = 10 s 0.5C
To Find: I  0.05A  50mA
10s
Value of current = I = ?
Result:
Formula:
Q Hence, the value of current flowing
I
t through the wire is 50 mA.
14.2 POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE

14.3 ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (e.m.f)
LONG QUESTIONS
Q.1 Define and explain the potential difference. (K.B+U.B+A.B) (LHR 2014)
Ans: POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
Definition:
“Potential difference across the two ends of a conductor causes the dissipation of
electrical energy into other forms of energy as charges flow through the circuit”.
Explanation:
When one end A of conductor is connected to the positive terminal and its other end B is
connected to the negative terminal of the battery then the potential of A becomes higher
than the potential of B.
This cause a potential difference between the two ends of the conductor. The flow of
current continues as long as there is a potential
difference. The agency which provides the potential
difference for the steady flow of current in the
copper wire is the battery. As the current flows form
higher potential to the lower potential through the
conductor, the electrical energy (due to current) is
converted into to other forms i.e. heat and light etc.
When current flows through the conductor, it Figure: Potential Difference
experiences a resistance in the conductor by collision
PHYSICS-10 211
with atom of the conductor. The energy supplied by the battery is utilized in overcoming
this resistance and is dissipated as heat and other form of energy. The dissipation of this
energy is accounted for by the potential difference across the two ends of the light bulb.
Unit:
SI unit of potential difference is volt.
Volt:
A potential difference of I volt across a bulb means that each coulomb of charge or 1
ampere of current that passes through the bulb consumes 1 joule of energy. When a bulb
is lit, the energy is taken from the current and is transformed into light and heat energy.
Q.1 What is mean by electromotive force (e.m.f.)? Write its equation and explain its unit.
(K.B+U.B+A.B)
(LHR 2015)
OR What do we mean by the term e.m.f? Is it really a force? Explain.(Review Question 14.3)
Ans: ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE
Definition:
“It is the energy converted from non-electrical form to electrical form when one
coulombs of positive charge passes through the battery”.
OR
“It is the energy supplied by a battery to a unit positive charge when it flows
through the closed circuit”.
Formula:
Energy
e.m.f =
Charge
W
E=
Q
Where E is the e.m.f., W is energy converted from non-electrical forms to electrical form
and Q is a positive charge.
Unit of e.m.f:
The unit for e.m.f. is JC-1 which is equal to volt (V) in SI system.
Explanation:
When a conductor is connected to a battery, current flows through it due to potential
difference. For the continuous flow of current through a wire, battery supplies energy to
the charges. The positive charge leaves the positive terminal of the battery, passes
through the conductor and reaches the negative terminal of the battery. As a positive
charge enters the battery at its lower potential point (negative terminal), the battery must
supply energy, say W to the positive charge to drive it to a point of higher potential i.e.,
positive terminal.
Sources of e.m.f: (LHR 2013)
Batteries, thermocouples and generators are the best examples of the sources of e.m.f.
When a conductor is connected to battery current flows through it due to potential
difference. A source of electromotive (e.m.f) converts non-electrical energy (chemical,
thermal, mechanical) into electrical energy.
PHYSICS-10 212
Q.2 How we measured the potential difference and e.m.f across a circuit?
Ans: MEASUREMENT OF POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
The potential difference across a circuit component (e.g., light bulb) can be measured by
a voltmeter connected directly across the terminal of the component. The positive
terminal of the battery is connected to the positive terminal of the voltmeter and the
negative terminal of the battery is connected to the negative terminal of the voltmeter.
Figure: Schematic Diagram for Measuring Potential Difference in a Circuit
An ideal voltmeter should have very large value of resistance so that no current passes
through it. Voltmeter is always connected in parallel with the device across which the
potential difference is to be measured.
THE MEASUREMENT OF e.m.f
In general e.m.f refers to the potential difference across the terminals of the battery when
it is not driving current in the external circuit. So in order to measure e.m.f of the battery
we connect voltmeter directly with the terminals of the battery.
Figure: Schematic Diagram for Measuring e.m.f. of the Battery

Q.1 What is galvanometer? (K.B)
Ans: A galvanometer is very sensitive instrument and can detect a
small current in a circuit. A current of few milliamperes is
sufficient to cause full scale deflection in it. While making the
connections polarity of the terminals of the galvanometer should
be taken into consideration. Generally, the terminal of the
galvanometer with red colour shows the positive polarity while
that with black colour shows the negative polarity. An ideal
galvanometer should have very small resistance to pass the
maximum current in the circuit. This Fig. has analogy with topic
15.2 and 15.3
PHYSICS-10 213
Q.2 Construction and working of galvanometer. (Conceptual Base+A.B)

Ans: The galvanometer consist of light coil of wire suspended from a metallic ribbon between the
poles of a permanent magnet. The magnetic filed produced by a current passing through the coil
reacts with the magnetic filed of permanent magnet, producing a torque, or twisting magnetic
force. The coil, to which an indicating needle is attached is rotates under the action of torque and
indicate electric current.
Q.3 What is Ammeter? (K.B)
Ans: An ammeter is a measuring instrument used to measure the direct current and alternating current
in a circuit. The ammeter is usually connected in series with the circuit in which the current is to
be measured. An ammeter usually has low resistance so that it does not cause a significant
voltage drop in the circuit being measured. It used to measure a large range of current between 1
A or 10 A.
Q.4 What is voltmeter? (K.B)
Ans: A voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring electric potential difference between two points
in an electric circuit it is connected in parallel. It usually has a high resistance so that it takes
negligible current from the circuit.
Q.5 What is difference between Ammeter and Voltmeter? (K.B)
Ans: DIFFERENCE
Ammeter Voltmeter
 Ammeter is used to measure the  Voltmeter is used to measure the potential
electric current in electric circuit. difference or e.m.f. a cross to point in a electric
 It is connected in series along with the circuit.
circuit.  It is connected in parallel along with the circuit.
 It has very low resistance so that the  It has very high resistance so that the current
current flow through ammeter is flow through the voltmeter is minimum and
maximum and potential drop is also potential drop is also minimum and can be
maximum. measured.
Q.6 How a galvanometer is converted into voltmeter? (U.B) (LHR 2014, GRW 2014, 2015)
Ans: CONVERSION OF GALVANOMERTER INTO VOLTMETER
The galvanometer is converted into voltmeter by connecting suitable resistance in series
with it. The value of the resistance depends upon the range of the voltmeter. Usually its
value is several thousand ohms. Thus the resistance of a voltmeter is very high.
Q.7 Why resistance of the ammeter is kept low? (K.B+U.B)
OR How a galvanometer is converted into ammeter?
Ans: CONVERSION OF GALVANOMERTER INTO AMMETER
Galvanometer can be converted into an ammeter by connecting a small resistance parallel
to it. This small resistance is known as “shunt”. Shunt provides an alternative path for the
current to flow. The major part of the current passes through the shunt and small fraction
of it flows through the galvanometer. Hence, it protects the galvanometer from burning.
Q.8 Why resistance of the voltmeter is kept high? (K.B+U.B)
Ans: HIGH RESISTANCE OF VOLTMETER
If the resistance of the voltmeter is comparatively low, it will draw more current from the
circuit. Due to this, the potential difference across the resistance for the measurement of
which the voltmeter was connected, would drop. Hence, resistance of voltmeter is kept high.
PHYSICS-10 214
Q.9 On what factor reliability of voltmeter depend? (U.B+K.B)

Ans: RELIABILITY OF VOLTMETER
Higher the resistance of the voltmeter, more reliable would be its readings. Therefore a good
voltmeter should have such a high resistance so that no or very little current could pass
through it.
Q.10 How can we differentiate between electromotive force and potential difference?
(K.B)
(Review Question 14.4)
Ans: DIFFERENTIATION
The differences between electromotive force and potential difference are as follows:
Potential Difference(V) Electromotive Force(e.m.f)
Definition
 Potential difference across the two  It is the energy supplied by a battery to a
ends of a conductor causes the unit positive charge when it flows
dissipation of electrical energy into through the closed circuit.
other forms of energy as charges
flow through the circuit.
Formula
 ∆V=(Energy supplied by the  e.m.f.=Energy supplied by a battery
charge)/q0 /Charge
Connection

It is across the ends of the  It is across the terminals of the battery.
conductors
Q.11 What is the difference between a cell and a battery? (K.B+Conceptual Base)
(LHR 2017)(Conceptual Question 14.2)
The differences between electromotive force and potential difference are as follows:
Cell Battery
Definition
 A cell is a device which converts  A battery is a combination of no. of
chemical energy into electrical cells connected in series.
energy.
No. of Electrode
 It has two electrodes. One is cathode  It has many electrode but in even
and other is anode. numbers. i.e. 4, 6, 8 and so on.
Voltage
 Voltage of a cell is the potential  Voltage of the battery is the sum of the
difference of the both electrodes and voltages of the individual cell and
is always less than the voltage of a always greater than voltage of each
battery. individual cell.
Charging
 They may or may not charge.  They are chargeable.
PHYSICS-10 215
Q.12 Draw diagram of open circuit and closed circuit. (K.B)

Ans: OPEN CIRCUIT AND CLOSED CIRCUIT
Q.13 What is digital multimeter? (K.B) (For your information Page # 96)
Ans: MULTIMETER
Definition:
“A digital multimeter can be used to measure current, resistance and potential difference”.
The multimeter is in voltmeter mood to measure the potential difference across a battery.
Q.14 Galvanometer named after which scientist? And which chance discovery, the
invention of the chemical cell and the battery? (K.B) (Do you know Pg. # 94)
Ans: CHANCE DISCOVERY
The galvanometer has been named after Luigi Galvano (1737-1798). He, while dissecting
a frog’s leg, discovered that dissimilar metals touching the leg cause it to twitch. This
chance discovery, the invention of the chemical cell and the battery.
Q.15 Volt is name after which physicist? And who developed the first practical electric
battery? (K.B) (Do you know Pg. # 95)
Ans: FIRST PRACTICAL ELECTRIC BATTERY
The volt is named after the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta (1745-1827), who
developed the first practical electric battery, known as a voltaic pile. Because potential
difference is measured in units of volts, it is sometimes referred to as voltage.
Q.16 In which cell chemical energy changes into electrical energy? (K.B)
Ans: ENERGY
In a dry cell chemical energy changes into electrical energy.
Figure: Dry Cell
PHYSICS-10 216

1. The energy To Find to move a charge from one point to another in the circuit is called:
(K.B)
(A) e.m.f (B) Potential difference
(C) Resistance (D) Volt
2. Volt is a unit of: (K.B)
(A) Potential difference (B) e.m.f
(C) Potential difference and e.m.f. (D) None of these
3. The energy supplied in driving one coulomb of charge round a complete circuit in
which the cell is connected is called: (K.B)
(A) e.m.f (B) Potential difference
(C) Resistance (D) Volt
4. The instrument with which we can detect the presence of current in a circuit is knows as:
(K.B)
(A) Voltmeter (B) Ammeter
(C) Galvanometer (D) Ohm meter
5. In order to detect the current, galvanometer is connected: (K.B)
(A) In parallel (B) In series
(C) May be parallel or in series (D) Any where in the circuit
6. If the needle of galvanometer shows some deflection, it would indicate the: (K.B)
(A) Presence of current (B) Absence of current
(C) A large current (D) None of these
7. A galvanometer is a very: (K.B)
(A) Large instrument (B) Small instrument
(C) Insensitive instrument (D) Sensitive instrument
8. A resistance which is connected with the galvanometer in order to convert it into
ammeter should have: (K.B)
(A) High resistance (B) Very high resistance
(C) Low resistance (D) Very low resistance
9. The resistance of an ammeter should be: (K.B)
(A) Height (B) Very high
(C) Low (D) Very low
10. In order to measure the current in a circuit, ammeter should be connected: (K.B)
(A) Parallel to battery (B) In series in the circuit
(C) May be parallel or in series (D) None of these
11. When ammeter is connected in the circuit, the positive terminal of ammeter should
be connected with the? (K.B)
(A) Negative terminal of the battery (B) Positive terminal of the battery
(C) Any terminal of the battery (D) None of these
PHYSICS-10 217
12. The potential difference can be directly measured by the instrument known as:
(K.B)
(A) Ammeter (B) Potentio-meter
(C) Voltmeter (D) Ohm meter
13. Voltmeter is always connected in a circuit in: (K.B)
(A) Series (B) Parallel
(C) May be in series or parallel (D) None of these
14. A good voltmeter is that which draws: (K.B)
(A) No current (B) Small current
(C) Large current (D) Very large current
16. A galvanometer has been named after: (K.B)
(A) Luigi Galvano (B) Ampere
(C) Ohm (D) None of these
17. The unit of potential difference is named after: (K.B)
(A) Alessandro Volta (B) Christian Volta
(C) Ohms (D) None of these
14.4 OHM’S LAW
LONG QUESTIONS
Q.1 States and explain Ohm’s law. What are its limitation? (K.B+U.B+A.B)
(GRW 2014)(Review Question 14.5)
Ans: OHM'S LAW
Statement:
The amount of current passing through a conductor is directly proportional to the
potential difference applied across its ends, provided the temperature and the physical
state of the conductor does not change.
Explanation:
If ‘V’ is the potential difference across the two ends of any conductor, then current I will
flow through it. The value of the current ‘I’ changes with the changes in potential
difference ‘V’, hence by the definition of Ohm’s law.
V  I or I  V
V = (Constant) I
V = (R)I
V = IR…………..(1)
Where ‘R’ is the constant of proportionality, and is the resistance of the conductor. Its SI
units is Ohm.
Resistance:
“The property of a substance which offers opposition to the flow of current
through it is called its resistance”.
Reason:
This opposition comes from the collisions of moving electrons with atoms of the substance.
PHYSICS-10 218
Unit:
SI unit of the resistance ‘R’ is Ohm. It is denoted by the symbol, ().
Example:
If V = 1 V, and I = 1 A, the value of R will be 1.
Ohm:
“When a potential difference of one volt is applied across the ends of a conductor
and one ampere of current passes through it, then its resistance will be one ohm”.
Graphically Representation:
If a graph is plotted between the current I and the potential difference V, a straight line
will be obtained.
Figure: Current Vs Voltage
Limitations of Ohm’s Law:

Ohm’s law is applicable when temperature of conductor is kept constant. It has been
observed that only good conductors obey ohm’s law as long as the electric current
through them is not very large and the physical state of the conductor also remains the
same.
Q.2 Verify the ohm’s law with the help of an experiment. (U.B+A.B)
Ans: EXPERIMENT
Take a nichrome wire of about 50 cm length and apply a potential difference of 1.5 V
form a battery (a). Measure the current flowing through the wire using an ammeter
connected to it in series. Also measure the potential difference across the wire using a
voltmeter connected across it. Obtain a set of readings for I and V, by increasing the
number of cells. Plot a graph between I and V. This will be a straight line (b).
Figure: Current Vs Voltage
PHYSICS-10 219
Conclusion:
 If V is the potential difference across the two ends of any conductor,
then current I will flow through it.
 The value of the current changes with the changes in potential difference.
 The amount of current passing through a conductor is directly
proportional to the potential difference applied across its ends,
provided the temperature and the physical state of the conductor does
not change.

Q.1 State and explain Ohm’s law. Write down its limitations. (K.B+U.B)
(LHR 2016, GRW 2015, 2016)
Q.2 Define resistance and its unit. (K.B) (LHR 2014, 2016)(Review Question 14.6)
Q.3 What is an easy method of learn relation between potential (V), current (I) and
resistance (R) with the help of a figure. (K.B+U.B) (Physics insights Pg. # 98)
Ans: EASY METHOD TO LEARN
An easy method to learn the relation between potential (V), current (I) and resitance (R)
is shown by the figure given below:
V
Cover I to find I 
R
Q.4 Write down the uses of voltmeter and ammeter. (A.B) (For your information Pg. # 98)
Ans: USES OF VOLTMETER AND AMMETER
In order to measure current through a resistance, ammeter is always connected in series
with the resistance. In order to measure potential difference across a resistance, voltmeter
is always connected in parallel with the resistance.
1. The relation V = IR represents: (U.B+A.B)
(A) Ampere law (B) Coulomb’s law
(C) Faraday’s law (D) Ohm’s law
2. Ohm’s law is applicable to: (A.B)
(A) Liquids only (B) Gases only
(C) Liquid conductors only (D) Metallic conductors only
3. Ohm is the unit of: (K.B)
(A) Current (B) Capacitance
(C) Electric intensity (D) Resistance
PHYSICS-10 220
4. Ohm is defined as: (U.B)

(A) Volt/Coulomb or VC-1 (B) Volt/Ampere or VA-1
(C) Ampere/Volt or CV-1 (D) Ampere/Volt or AV-1
5. The resistance of a conductor through which a current of one ampere is flowing
when the potential difference across its ends is one volt, is called: (U.B)
(A) One volt (B) One coulomb
(C) One Ohm (D) One ampere
6. The graphical representation of Ohm’s law is: (K.B)
(A) Hyperbola (B) Ellipse
(C) Parabola (D) Straight line
7. The value of current passing through a conductor is directly proportional to the:
(K.B)
(A) Resistance (B) Capacitance
(C) Potential difference (D) None of these
8. The property of a substance which opposes the flow of current through it is called:
(K.B)
(A) Conductivity (B) Capacitance
(C) Resistance (D) Conduction
9. If a potential of 220V is applied across a conductor and a current of 2A flows
through it. What would be the resistance of the conductor? (U.B+A.B)
(A) 210 (B) 440
(C) 880 (D) 110 ohm
10. The series resistance which is connected with galvanometer to convert it into
voltmeter usually has value in: (K.B)
(A) Ohms (B) Several hundred ohms
(C) Several thousand ohms (D) Hundred thousand ohms
EXAMPLE 14.2
Reading on voltmeter connected across a heating element is 60 V. The amount of
current passing through the heating element measured by an ammeter is 2A. What
is the resitstance of the heating coil of the element? (U.B+A.B)
Given data: By using formula, we have
Voltmeter reading (potential) = V  IR
V = 60 V V
Or R
Ammeter readint (current) = I I
= 2A 60V
To Find: Or R  30VA 1  30
2A
Resistance of heating coil = R Result:
=?
Formula: Hence, the resistance of heating coil of
V  IR the element will be 30
PHYSICS-10 221
14.5 CHARACTERISTICS OF OHMIC AND NON

OHMIC CONDUCTORS
LONG QUESTIONS
Q.1 Explain the V-I characteristics of Ohmic and non Ohmic conductor. (K.B+A.B)
Ans: OHMIC CONDUCTORS
Definition:
Materials that obey Ohm’s law, and hence have a constant resistance over a wide range of
voltages, are said to be Ohmic.
V-I Characteristics of Ohmic Conductor:
Ohmic conductors have a linear current-voltage relationship over a large range of applied
voltages. The straight line shows a constant ratio between voltage and current, So Ohm’s
law is obeyed.
Figure: V-I Graph of Ohmic Conductor
Example:
Most metals show ohmic behavior.
NON-OHMIC CONDUCTOR
Definition:
“Materials having resistance that changes with voltage or current are non-ohmic”.
V-I Characteristics of Non-Ohmic Conductor:
Non-ohmic materials have a non-linear current-voltage relationship.
Example:
 Filament lamp
 Thermister
Filament lamp:
The filament lamp shows the non-Ohmic materials properties. The resistance of filament
rises (current decreases) as it gets hotter, which is shown by the gradient getting steeper.
Figure: V-I Graph of Filament Conductor
PHYSICS-10 222
Figure: V-I Graph of Filament Lamp
Thermister:
A thermister (a heat sensitive resistor) behaves in the opposite way as that of filament
lamp. Its resistance decreases (current increases) as it gets hotter.
This is because on heating, more free electrons become available for conduction of current.
Figure: V-I Graph of Thermister
Q.1 Define Ohmic conductors. (K.B)

Q.2 Define thermister. (K.B+A.B) (For your information Pg. # 98)
Ans: THERMISTER
Definition:
“A thermister (a heat sensitive resistor) behaves in the
opposite way because thermistor is made up of semi
conductor of material. Its resistance decreases (current increases) as its temperature rises”.
Use:
Thermister is used in a circuit that senses temperature changes.
Q.3 Define non-ohmic conductors. (K.B)
Q.4 The current versus voltage graph of a resistor is a straight line with a constant slope. The
graph of a light bulb is curved with a decreasing slope. What can you infer from this?
(K.B)
(Point to ponder Pg. # 99)
Ans: GRAPH OF OHMIC & NON-OHMIC CONDUCTOR
The resistor which has straight line graph with constant slope obeys Ohm’s law and called as
ohmic conductor. While the light bulb having curved graph does not obey Ohm’s law and
called as non-ohmic conductor.
Figure: Graph of Ohmic & Non-Ohmic Conductor
PHYSICS-10 223
Q.5 Define Resistance and its effect on temperature of conductor. (Conceptual Base)
Ans: There is a heating effect whenever a current flows in a resistance. This principle is used
in heating elements, and also in light lamps with filaments. The heating effect occurs
because electrons collide with atoms as they pass through a conductor. The electrons lose
energy. The atoms gain energy and vibrate faster. Faster vibrations mean a higher
temperature.
1. Thermistor is: (K.B)
(A) A heat sensitive resistor (B) potential divider
(C) constant resistor (D) An ordinary resistor
2. Materials that obey Ohm’s law have constant: (K.B)
(A) Resistance (B) Voltage
(C) Current (D) None of these
3. Materials having resistance that changes with voltage or current are called: (K.B)
(A) Ohmic conductor (B) Non-Ohmic conductor
4. The shape of the graph of Ohmic conductor is: (K.B)
(A) Parabola (B) Straight line
(C) Circular (D) Both a and b
5 The shape of the graph of Ohmic conductor is: (K.B)
(A) Non-linear (B) Linear
14.6 FACTORS AFFECTING RESISTANCE
LONG QUESTIONS
Q.1 Define and explain the term specific resistance. Discuss different factors which
affect the resistance of conductors. (K.B+A.B+U.B) (GRW 2014)
Ans: SPECIFIC RESISTANCE
Definition:
“The resistance of one meter cube of a substance is called its specific resistance”.
Explanation:
A short pipe offers less resistance to water flow than a long pipe. A pipe with larger cross-
sectional area offers less resistance than the pipe having smaller cross-sectional area.
Same is the case for the resistance of wire that carry current .the resistance of wire
depends both on the cross-sectional area and length of the wire on the nature of the
material of the wire.
Factors:
At specific temperature resistance depends upon the following factors.
 Length of conductor
 Cross-sectional area of conductor
 Nature of the conductor
Derivation of Specific Resistance:
At a certain temperature and for a particular substance resistance depends upon the
following factors.
PHYSICS-10 224
Length and Resistance:

The resistance ‘R’ of wire is directly proportional to the length of the wire i.e.
R  L  (i)
It means if we double the length of wire its resistance will also be double and, if its length
is halved its resistance would become one half.
Cross-sectional Area and Resistance:
The resistance ‘R’ of the wire is inversely proportional to the area of cross-section ‘A’ of
the wire .i. c.
1
R    (ii)
A
It means that a thick wire would have smaller resistance than a thin wire.
By combining these above relations.
1
RL
A
L
R
A
L
R  ρ   (iii)
A
Where ‘’ is the constant of proportionality, known as specific resistance.
Nature of Conductor (Specific Resistance):
Where ρ is the constant of proportionality known as specific resistance. Its value depends
upon the nature of conductor i.e., copper, iron, tin and silver would each have a different
values of ρ.
Unit of Specific Resistance:
If L = 1 m and A = 1m2 then R = ρ i.e., the resistance of one meter cube of a substance is
equal to its specific resistance. According to above equation the unit of ρ is ohm-meter (Ωm).
Q.1 What are the factors upon which the resistance of a conductor depends? (K.B)(GRW 2016)
Q.2 Write down the specific resistance of the following metals: (K.B)
 Silver  Copper  Aluminum  Tangston
 Platinum  Iron  Nichrome  Graphite
Ans: SPECIFIC RESISTANCE
Specific resistance of metals are given in the following table.
(Table for MCQs)
Metal Specific resistance (10-8 m)
Silver 1.7
Copper 1.69
Aluminium 2.75
Tungsten 5.25
Platinum 10.6
Iron 9.8
Nichrome 100
Graphite 3500
PHYSICS-10 225
Q.3 Upon which factor does resistivity depend? (K.B)

Ans: DEPENDENCE OF RESISTIVITY
Its value depends upon the nature of conductor i.e., copper, iron, tin, and silver would
each have a different values of ‘ρ’.
Q.4 Why does the resistance of a conductor increase with the rise of its temperature?
(K.B+U.B)
Ans: EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON RESISTANCE
When the temperature of the conductor rises, average speed of the random motion of the
free electrons increases which enhances the rate of collision of electrons and atoms. This
causes an increase in the resistance of the conductor.
1. The resistance of a meter cube of the substance is called: (K.B)
(A) Conductivity (B) Permittivity
(C) Resistivity (D) Susceptibility
2. At a certain temperature, the resistance of a wire is directly proportional to its:
(K.B+U.B)
(A) Length (B) Area of cross-section
(C) Shape (D) Colour
3. At a certain temperature, the resistance of a wire is inversely proportional to its:
(K.B+U.B)
(A) Length (B) Area of cross-section
(C) Temperature (D) Colour
4. If we increase the length of a wire to four times of its original length, what will be its
resistance? (K.B+U.B)
(A) The same (B) Doubled
(C) Four times (D) Eight times
5. If we increase the cross-sectional area of the wire to double of its original area, its
resistance will become: (K.B+U.B)
(A) The same (B) Halved
(C) One fourth (D) Doubled
6. If L is the length and A is the cross-sectional area of a wire, then its resistance is
gives by the relation: (K.B+U.B)
1 L 1 A
(A) R  (B) R 
 A  L
A L
(C) R   (D) R  
L A
7. The SI unit of specific resistance is: (K.B)
(A)   m 2 (B)   m
1
(C)   m (D)   m 2
8. If we increase the temperature of a conductor, its resistance will: (U.B)
(A) Increase (B) Decrease
(C) Remains the same (D) None of these
9. The resistance of a conductor does not depend on its: (K.B)
(A) Length (B) Cross sectional area
(C) Resistivity (D) Mass
PHYSICS-10 226
EXAMPLE 14.3
If the length of copper wire is 1m and its diameter is 2mm, then find the resistance
of this copper wire. (A.B+U.B) (LHR 2017)
Given Data: Putting the values from given data in the
Length of copper wire = L = 1m formula (1)
Diameter of copper wire = d = 2mm 3.14 × (2 × 10-3 )2
Specific resistance of copper A=
4
= ρ = 0.54×10-4Ωm
To Find: A = 3.14 × 10-6 m2
Resistance of copper wire = R = ? Putting the values from given data in the
Formula: formula (2)
π × d2 1.69 ×10-8 ×1
A= ……………(1) R=
4 3.14 ×10-6
R=
ρ×L
……………..(2) R = 5.4 ×10-3 Ω
A Result:
Hence, resistance of copper wire is
5.4 × 10-3 Ω
14.7 CONDUCTORS
14.8 INSULATORS
LONG QUESTIONS
Q.1 What is the difference between the conductors and insulators? (K.B)
(LHR 2016)(Review Question 14.7)
The differences between the conductors and insulators are as follows:
Conductors Insulators
Definition
 The substances which conduct  The substances which do not conduct
electricity and heat are called electricity and heat is called non-
conductors. conductors or insulators.
Examples
 All metals are conductor  Wood
 Graphite is also a conductor  Plastic
 Rubber
Free Electrons
 It has free electrons which are  It has no free electrons
responsible of conduction.
Graph
 Its I-V graph is linear  Its I-V graph is curved.
PHYSICS-10 227

Q.1 Why do we always use metal wires for conduction of electricity? (K.B+U.B+A.B)
Ans: USE OF METALLIC WIRES FOR CONDUCTION
Because, they are good conductors of electricity and offer less resistance to the flow of
current. Metals like silver and copper have excess of free electrons which are not held
strongly with any particular atom of metals. These free electrons move randomly in all
direction inside metals. When we apply external electric field these electrons can easily
move in a specific direction. This movement of free electrons in particular direction
under the influence of external field causes flow of current in metal wires.
Q.2 What do you mean by insulators? (K.B)
Ans: INSULATRORS
Definition:
“The substances through which almost no current flow are called insulators”.
Insulators have very large value of resistance. Insulators can be easily charged by friction
and the induced charged remains static on their surface.
Examples:
 Glass
 Wood
 Plastic
 Fur
 Silk
Q.3 Why insulator are non-conductors of electricity? (K.B)
Ans: NON-CONDUCTOR OF EELCTRICITY
The insulators are non-conductors of electricity because electrons are not free to move
their tightly bound inside atoms
Q.4 Why metals are good conductors of electricity? (K.B)
Ans: METALS ARE GOOD CONDUCTORS
Metals are good conductors of electricity because they have excess of free electrons
which are not held strongly with any particular atom of metal. These free electrons move
randomly in all direction inside metals. When we apply external electric field these
electrons can move easily move in specific direction. This movement of free electrons in
a particular direction under the influence of an external field causes the flow of current in
metal wires.
Q.5 How can a jeweler tell about a fake and real diamond? (K.B+U.B)
(Interesting Information Pg. # 100)
Ans: REAL OR FAKE DIAMOND
Diamond does not conduct electricity, because it has no free electrons. However, it is
very good at conducting heat because its particles are very firmly bonded together.
Jewellers can tell if a diamond is a real diamond or a fake one made from glass, by
holding it to their lips. A real diamond feels very cold due to good ability of transferring
heat four or five times better than copper.
PHYSICS-10 228

1. When the temperature of a conductor is raised, its resistance: (K.B)
(A) Always decreases (B) Always increases
(C) Remains the same (D) First increases and then decrease
2. The electrons in the insulator are: (K.B)
(A) Loosely bounded (B) Tightly bounded
3. The electrons in the conductor are: (K.B)
(A) Loosely bounded (B) Tightly bounded
4. Who are responsible for the conduction of electricity conductor? (K.B)
(A) Negative ions (B) Positive ions
(C) Free electrons (D) All of these
5. In the absence of external source, electrons of the conductor move: (K.B)
(A) Randomly (B) Unidirectional
(C) Stationary (D) All of these
14.9 COMBINATION OF RESISTOR

LONG QUESTIONS
Q.1 How resistance are connected in series? Describe the characteristics features of
this combination. What is meant by equivalent resistance of a series combination?
Find its value. (K.B+U.B+A.B) (LHR 2017)
OR Determine the equivalent resistance of series combination of resistors.
(Review Question 14.11)
Ans: SERIES COMBINATION
Definition:
“In series combination, resistors are connected end to end and electric current has
a single path through the circuit. This means that the current passing through each resistor
is the same”.
Characteristics of Series Combination:
The total voltage in a series circuit divides among the individual resistors so the sum of
the voltage across the resistance of each individual resistor is equal to the total voltage
supplied by the source. Thus, we can write as:
V = V1 + V2 + V3
Where V is the voltage across a battery, and V 1, V2 and V3 are the voltages across
resistors R1, R2 and R3 respectively.
If I is the current passing through the resistors, then from Ohm’s law
V = IR1 + IR2 + IR3
V = I (R1 + R2 + R3) ……… (1)
PHYSICS-10 229
Figure: Series Combination of Resistors

Equivalent Resistance of Series Combination:
The equivalent resistance Re of a series combination is that resistance which is substituted
in place of the combination, the same current passes through the circuit. The equivalent
resistance Re. The battery is sending the same current, which it was sending when the
combination was connected in the circuit. By Ohm’s law,
V = IRe
By substituting the value of V in equation (1), we have
IRe = I (R1 + R2 + R3)
Re = R1 + R2 + R3
If resistances R1, R2, R3, ……, Rn are connected in series then their equivalent resistance
can be determined by the following equation.
Re = R1 + R2 + R3 + …… + Rn
Conclusion:
Thus the equivalent resistance of a series combination is equal to the sum of the
individual resistances of the combination.
Q.2 How resistance are connected in parallel? Describe the characteristics features of
this combination. What is meant by equivalent resistance of a parallel combination?
Find its value. (K.B) (GRW 2015, LHR 2014, 2015, 2017)
OR Discuss the main features of parallel combination of resistors. (Review Question 14.10)
Ans: PARALLEL COMBINATION
Definition:
In parallel combination one end of each resistor is
connected with positive terminal of battery while the
other end of each resistor is connected with the
negative terminal of battery.
The voltage is same across each resistor which is
equal to the voltage of the battery i.e.,
V= V1 = V2 = V3 Figure: Parallel Circuit Current
Features of Parallel Combination: Divides into Branches
In this combination, the potential drop across all the
resistances is the same. The potential drop across each of the resistance in the figure will
be V.
The sum of the current flowing through the various resistances of this combination is
equal to the total of the circuit.
PHYSICS-10 230
I = I1 + I2 + I3 ……… (1)
As the potential drop across each resistance is V. So by Ohm’s law
V V V
I1 = , I2 = , I3 =
R1 R2 R3
By substituting the values of I1, I2, I3 in equation (1), we have
V V V
I= + +
R1 R2 R3
Or
1 1 1
I=V( + + ) ……… (2)
R1 R2 R3
Figure: Parallel Combination of Resistors
The combination of resistors can be replaced with a single resistor called the equivalent
resistors Re. The equivalent resistance Re of the parallel combination is that resistance
which when substituted in place of the parallel combination does not alter the total
current of the circuit.
V
By Ohm’s law I =
Re
By putting the value of I in equation (2), we have
V 1 1 1
=V( + + )
Re R1 R2 R3
Or
1 1 1 1
= + +
R e R1 R2 R3
If resistances R1, R2, R3, ……, Rn are connected in parallel then their equivalent
resistance can be determined by the following equation.
1 1 1 1 1
= + + + ……+
R e R1 R2 R3 Rn
Conclusion:
Thus, the reciprocal of equivalent resistance of a parallel combination is
sum of the reciprocals of the individual resistances, which is less than the smallest
resistance of the combination.
Advantages of Parallel: (LHR 2014)
Parallel circuits have two big advantages over series circuits.
PHYSICS-10 231
1. Each device in the circuit receives the full battery voltage.

2. Each device in the circuit may be turned off independently without stopping the
current flowing to the other devices in the circuit.
This principle is used in household wiring.
Q.3 Differentiate between series combination and parallel combination. (K.B)
The differences between series combination and parallel combination are as follows:
Series Combination Parallel Combination
Definition
 In series combination, resistors are  In parallel combination one end of
connected end to end and electric each resistor is connected with positive
current has a single path through the terminal of battery while the other end
circuit. This means that the current of each resistor is connected with the
passing through each resistor is the negative terminal of battery.
same.
Diagram
Voltage
 V = V1+V2+V3  V1= V2= V3
Current
 I1= I2= I3  I = I1+I2+I3
Equivalent Resistance
 The equivalent resistance of a series  The reciprocal of equivalent resistance
combination is equal to the sum of of a parallel combination is sum of the
the individual resistances of the reciprocals of the individual
combinations and is always greater resistances, which is less than the
than the resistance of individuals. smallest resistance of the combination.
R e  R1  R 2  R 3   R n 1 1 1 1 1
    ...
R e R1 R 2 R 3 Rn

Q.1 What are the advantages of parallel combination over series combination?
(K.B+A.B)
Ans: ADVANTAGES OF PARALLEL COMBINATION
 Each device in the circuit receives the full battery voltage.
 Each device in the circuit may be turned off independently without stopping the
current flowing to the other devices in the circuit. This principle is used in
household wiring.
PHYSICS-10 232
Q.2 Which metal is used as the filament of an electric bulb? Explain with reason. (K.B)
(Quick Quiz Pg. # 101)
Ans: METAL USED IN FILAMENT
A metal of high resistance (such as tungsten) is used as the filament of electric bulb.
When electrons pass through the filament, they feel larger resistance due to which
filament is heated and starts glowing.
Q.3 What do you know about a circuit diagram? (K.B) (For your information Pg. # 103)
Ans: CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Definition:
“A circuit diagram is a symbolic method of describing a real circuit. The electric
symbols used in circuit diagrams are standard, so anyone familiar with electricity can
interpret a circuit diagram”.
Q.4 How can you determine the overall resistance of all the resistors having same
resistance connected in parallel combination? (U.B) (For your information Pg. # 104)
Ans: OVERALL RESISTANCE
If the values of all the resistors in a parallel circuit are the same, the overall resistance can
be determined by:
1 N R
= i.e. R e =
Re R N
Where N is the total number of resistors and R is the resistance of each individual
resistor.
Q.5 What would be the effect on the brightness of three bulbs connected in parallel to a
small 2.5 V battery? Does the brightness of the bulbs differ from the bulbs
connected in the series with the battery? Explain. (K.B+U.B) (Activity 14.2 Pg. # 104)
Ans: EFFECTS ON BRIGHTNESS
 Connecting batteries in parallel will not change the voltage but as we go on increasing the
number of bulbs in parallel, the resistance of circuit decreases so current drawn from
battery will increase which will drain out battery quickly but brightness of bulbs in
parallel combination will remain same as long as battery does not sun short of some
threshold level of energy.
 In series combination as potential will divide so current will also decrease on increasing
resistance hence brightness will decrease.
1. The resistances are connected end to end and provide only one path for current in:
(K.B)
(A) Parallel circuit (B) Series circuit
(C) Both parallel and series circuit (D) None of these
2. The potential drop across each of resistors will be same in: (K.B)
(A) (B) Series circuit
(C) Both parallel and series circuit (D) None of these
3. In series circuit, the magnitude of current that flows through each resistor is: (K.B)
(A) Very small (B) Very large
(C) Same (D) Different
PHYSICS-10 233
4. In parallel circuit, the magnitude of current that flows through each resistor will be:
(K.B)
(A) Very small (B) Very large
(C) Same (D) Different
5. In series combination of resistors, the expression of equivalent voltage is given by:
(U.B+A.B)
1 1 1
(A) V  V1  V2  V3 (B) V   
V1 V2 V3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(C) V  V     (D)   
 R1 R2 R3  V V1 V2 V3
6. The equivalent resistance for series combination of 3 resistors is given by:

(U.B+A.B)
1 1 1 1 1 V V V
(A)    (B)   
R e R1 R2 R3 R e R1 R2 R3
(C) Re  R1  R2  R3 (D) R e  VR1  VR2  VR3
7. The equivalent resistance for parallel combination of 3 resistors is given by:
(U.B+A.B)
1 1 1 1 1 V V V
(A)    (B)   
R e R1 R2 R3 R e R1 R2 R3
(C) Re  R1  R2  R3 (D) R e  VR1  VR2  VR3
8. The expression for total current through parallel combination is: (U.B+A.B)
(A) I  I1  I 2  I3 (B) I  I1  I 2  I 3
(C) I  I1  I 2  I 3 (D) I  21  2I 2  2I3
9. If three resistances of 6  each are connected in series combination, what will be the
equivalent resistance? (U.B+A.B)
(A) 6  (B) 12 
(C) 18  Q (D) 24 
10. When resistors are connected in series, the equivalent resistance is equal to? (K.B)
(A) Sum of the reciprocals of the individual resistance
(B) Product of the reciprocals of the individual resistances
(C) Sum of the individual resistances
(D) Product of the individual resistan1ce
11. If the resistors are connected in parallel, then: (K.B)
(A) The current through each is the same
(B) The total resistance is the sum of individual resistance
(C) The voltage across each is the same
(D) The total resistance is the product of individual resistance
PHYSICS-10 234
12. If the resistance of 2 ohm and 4 ohm are connected in parallel, the equivalent
resistance will be: (U.B+A.B)
(A) 11.0 ohms (B) 1.33 ohms
(C) 3.0 ohms (D) 5.0 ohms
13. Three resistance 5000, 500 and 50 ohms are connected in series across 555 volts
mains. The current flowing through them will be: (U.B+A.B)
(A) 1A (B) 100 mA
(C) 10 mA (D) 10A
EXAMPLE 14.4
If two resistors of 6k and 4k are connected in series across a 10 V battery, then
find the follwoing quantities. (U.B+A.B)
(a) Equivalent resistnace of the series combination
(b) The current flowing through each of the resistance
(c) Potential difference across each of the resistances
Solution:
Given data:
Resistnace of 1st resistor  R1  6k
Resistance of 2nd resistor  R 2  4k
Voltage of battery = V = 10 V
To Find:
(a) Equivalent resistnace of the series combination = ?
(b) The current flowing through each of the resistance = ?
(c) Potential difference across each of the resistances = ?
Formula:
(a) R e  R1  R 2
V
(b) I 
Re
(c) V1  IR1 and V2  IR 2
Calculation:
(a) Equivalent resistnace of the series combination
R e  R1  R 2
Or R e  6k  4k  10k
(b) The current flowing through each of the resistance

V
I
Re
 103  mili 
10V 10V
Or I   1.0 103 A  1mA
10k 10 10  3
(c) Potential difference across R1:

By using the formula, we have
PHYSICS-10 235
V1  IR1
Or V1  1.0 103 A  6k  6V
Potential difference across R2:
By using the formula, we have
V2  IR 2
Or V2  1.0 103 A  4k  4V
Result:
Hence, in series combination of given resistances equivalent resistance,
current and potential difference across each resistor will be 10kΩ , 1 mA, 6 V
and 4 V respectively.
EXAMPLE 14.5
If in the circuit (Figure), R1  2, R 2  3, R 3  6 and V  6V , then find the
following quantities. (U.B+A.B)
(a) Equivalent resistance of the circuit
(b) Current passing through each resistance
(c) The total current of the circuit
Solution:
Given data:
Resistance of 1st resistor  R1  2
Resistance of 2nd resistor  R 2  3
Resistance of 3rd resistor  R 3  6
Voltage of battery = V = 6V
To Find:
(a) Equivalent resistance of the circuit  R e  ?
(b) Current passing through each resistance  I1, I2 and I3  ?
(c) The total current of the circuit  I  ?
Formula:
1 1 1 1
(a)   
R e R1 R 2 R 3
V V V
(b) I1  , I2  and I3 
R1 R2 R3
(c) I  I1  I2  I3
Calculation:
(a) Equivalent resistance of the circuit
1 1 1 1
  
R e R1 R 2 R 3
1 1 1 1
Or   
R e 2 3 6
PHYSICS-10 236
1 1 1 1 1 6
Or      
R e  2 3 6   6
1 1
Or   R e  1
R e 1
This value is smaller than the lowest value of the resistanc ein the comibination
which is always the case in parallel cases.
(b) Current passing through each resistance
In paralle combination, the potential difference across each of the resitance is
same and is equal to the potential of the battery, which is 6V. Therefore,
V
I1 
R1
6V
Or I1   3A
2
V
And I 2 
R2
6V
I2   2A
3
V
And I3 
R3
6V
I3   1A
6
(c) The total current of the circuit
Sum of the currents passing through the resistances in parallel combination is
equal to the total current I of the circuit. Therefore,
Total current  I  I1  I2  I3
Or I  3A  2A 1A  6A
Result:
Hence, the equivalent resistance (Re), current through each resistor (I1),
(I2), (I3) and total current of the circuit will be 1 , 3A, 2A, 1A and 6A
respectively.
14.10 ELECTRICAL ENERGY AND JOULE’S LAW

LONG QUESTIONS
Q.1 State and explain joule’s law. Derive its formula. (K.B+U.B+A.B) (LHR 2014)
Ans: JOULE’S LAW
Statement:
The amount of heat energy generated in a resistance due to flow of charges in equal to the
product of square of current ‘I’ resistance ‘R’ and the time during ‘t’.
Explanation:
Turbine runs generator to produce electrical energy when water falls on it form higher
gravitational potential to lower gravitational potential.
PHYSICS-10 237
Similarly when charge moves form a higher electrical potential to a lower potential, it
delivers electric current.
Hence the electric current, during when charges continuously move form a higher
potential to a lower potential, becomes a continuous source of electrical energy.
Mathematical Formula:
Consider two point with a potential difference of V volts. If one coulomb of charge
passes between these points. The amount of energy delivered by the charge would be V
joule, when ‘Q’ coulomb of charge flows between these two points, then we get QV
joule of energy. It is represented by W. Electrical energy supplied by Q charge.
W = QV joules  (i)
When charge ‘Q’ flow in time ‘t’ then by definition of current, we have
Q
I=
t
 Q = It  (ii)
So the energy supplied by Q charge in t second.
Put eq (ii) in eq (i)
W = I×t×V  (iii)
This electrical energy can be converted into heat and other forms in the circuit.
By Ohms law, we have
V = IR  (iv)
Put eq.(iv) in eq (iii) we get
W = It (IR)
So energy supplied by ‘Q’ charge in given as:
V2t
W = I2 Rt =
R
This equation is called joules law.
Importance:
The heat energy produced can be utilized for different useful purposes e.g.
 Bulb converts this energy into light and heat
 Heater and iron convert this heat energy into heat.
 Electric fans convert into mechanical energy.
Q.1 State Joule’s Law. (K.B+U.B+A.B) (GRW 2013, LHR 2014, 2017)
Q.2 How do we use the heating effect of current for different purposes? (A.B)
(Do you know Pg. # 101)
Ans: USES OF HEATING EFFECTS
We use heating effect of an electric current for different purposes.
Examples:
 When a current flows through the filament of a bulb, it glows white hot and gives
out light.
 Electric heaters have very thin wires that glow red hot when a current flows.
PHYSICS-10 238

1. When Q coulomb of charge flows between the two points having potential difference
of V volts then the energy in joules is represented by? (A.B+U.B)
Q V
(A) W  (B) W 
V Q
(C) W  QV (D) W = F.S
2. If a current I ampere flows through a resistance R in time seconds, then the energy
supplied will be: (A.B+U.B)
(A) W = IRt (B) W = I2Rt
(C) W = IR2t (D) W = IRt2
3. The energy supplied W = I2Rt is the mathematical expression for: (K.B)
(A) Ohm’s law (B) Fleming’s law
(C) Faraday’s law (D) Joule’s law
4. Heat energy dissipated in a resistor R when connected to a battery of V volts and
current I ampere flowing through it for time t is given by: (U.B)
(A) I2 R (B) IRt
(C) Vlt (D) I 2 Rt
EXAMPLE 14.6
If a current of 0.5 A passes through a bulb connected across a battery of 6 V for 20 seconds,
then find the rate of energy transferred to the bulb. Also find the resistance of the bulb.
(A.B+U.B)
Solution: W  VIt
Given data: Or W  6V  0.5A  20s
Current passing through a bulb  I  0.5A Or W  60J
Voltage of battery = V = 6 V (b) Resistance of the bulb = R = ?
Time = t = 20 s W  I 2RT
To Find: W
(a) Rate of energy transferred = W/t = ? Or R 2
I t
(b) Resistance of the bulb = R = ?
60 60
Formula: R 
20   0.5  20  0.25
2
Or
(a) Rate energy transfer = W/t = ?
R  12
(b) W  I 2RT
Result:
Calculation:
(a) Rate energy transfer = W/t Hence, the rate of energy
=? transferred to the bulb and resistance
To find the rate of energy transfer, first we of bulb will be 3 watt and 12Ω
have to find energy. SO by using formula, respectively.
we have
PHYSICS-10 239
14.11 ELECTRIC POWER

LONG QUESTIONS
Q.1 What is electric power? How it is calculate and write its unit. (K.B+A.B+U.B)
(LHR 2015, 2016)
Ans: ELECTRIC POWER
Definition:
“The amount of energy supplied by current in unit time is known as electric power”.
Mathematical Formula:
If the work done by the electric current in time t Hence eq. (iii) becomes
is W then P is determined by the formula. P = IV  (iv)
electrical energy By Ohm’s law
Electric power =
time V = IR (iv)
W Hence equation (iv) can be written as:
P=   (i) Electrical power = P = I (IR)
t Electrical power = P = I2R
Where W is the electrical energy given as:
Conclusion:
W = QV  (ii)
QV When current I is passing
P=  (iii) through resistor R, the electric power
t that generates heat in the resistance is
By definition of current
Q given by I2R.
=I
t
Unit:
The unit of electric power is watt which is equal to one joule per second (1Js–1). It is
represent by the symbol W.
Examples:
Electric bulbs commonly used in houses consume 25w, 40w, 60w, 75w, and 1000 w of
electric power.
Q.2 What is kilowatt hour? How the cost of electricity in a house can be a calculated?
(K.B+A.B+U.B)
Ans: KILOWATT HOUR
Definition:
The amount of energy delivered by a power of one kilowatt in one hour is called kilowatt
hour.
Explanation:
Electric energy is commonly consumed in very large quantity for the measurement of
which joule is a very small unit hence a very large unit of electric energy is needed which
is called kilowatt hour.
One kilowatt hour = 1 Kwh
= 1000W  (3600s)
= 36  105 Ws
= 3.6  106Ws
10 = Mega = M, Ws = J
6
Hence,
One kilowatt hour = 3.6MJ
Formula:
PHYSICS-10 240
Power(watt)× time of usein hours

The amount of energy in kwh =
1000
Or
Power(watt)× time of usein hours
No. of units consumed =
1000
Calculation for cost of Electricity in House:
The electric meter installed in our houses measures the consumption of electric energy in
units of kilowatt hour according to which we pay our electricity bills. If the cost of one
kilowatt-hour i.e., one unit is known then cost of electricity is calculated as:
Formula:
Cost of electricity = number of units consumed  cost of one unit
Power(watt)×timeof usein hours
Cost of electricity   cost of one unit
1000
Q.1 Define electric power. (K.B+U.B+A.B) (LHR 2014)
Q.2 Define kilowatt hour? (K.B+U.B+A.B) (LHR 2014)
Q.3 How will you calculate the cost of electricity? (U.B+A.B)
Ans: COST OF ELECTRICITY
Cost of electricity can be calculated by the following formula
Cost of electricity = number of units consumed  cost of one unit
Power(watt)×timeof usein hours
Cost of electricity   cost of one unit
1000
Q.4 A light bulb is switched on for 40s. If the electrical energy consumed by the bulb
during this time is 2400 J, find the power of the bulb. (U.B+A.B)
(Self-Assessment Pg. # 107)
Ans: NUMERICAL
Given Data: 2400 J
P= = 60Js-1 60W
Time = t = 40s 40 s
Electrical Energy = w = Result:
2400 J
Hence, power of bulb is
To Find: 60W.
Power of the bulb =P = ?
Formula:
Electric energy
Power =
time
PHYSICS-10 241
What information do we get from the power rating of an electrical appliance?(K.B)

Ans: POWER RATING OF AN ELECTRICAL APPLIANCE
All electrical appliances have power rating given in watts or kilo watts. An appliance
with a power rating of 1W transfers 1J of electrical energy each second. So a 60W light
bulb converts 60J of electrical energy each second into light energy and heat energy. To
find out the total energy an appliance transfers from the mains, we need to know the
number of joules transferred each second and the number of seconds for which the
appliance is ON.
Q.5 How does an energy saver save energy? (K.B)
Ans: ENERGY SAVER
Energy saver light bulbs transform much more of the electrical energy into light and
much less into wasted heat energy. An energy saver light bulb that uses 11J of electrical
energy each second gives the same amount of light as an ordinary incandescent bulb that
uses 60J of electrical energy each second.
Q.6 Describe the easy method to remember the power formula with help of a figure. (K.B)
(Remembering power formula Pg. # 106)
Ans: POWR FORMULA
P
Cover V to find V 
I
Q.7 What would be the unit of time and power to work out the energy? (K.B)
(Remember Pg. # 107)
Ans: UNIT OF TIME AND POWER
To work out the energy transferred, the time must be in seconds and the power in watts.
Q.8 What would be the unit of power and time to work out the cost? (K.B)
(Remember Pg. # 107)
Ans: UNIT OF TIME AND POWER
To work out the cost, the power must be in kilowatts and the time must be in hours.
Q.9 Write down the typical power rating of the following appliances. (K.B)
 Electric stove  Electric heater  Hair dryer
 Iron  Washing machine  Light bulb
 Small fan  Clock radio
Ans: POWER RATING OF APPLIANCES
(Table for MCQs)
Appliances Power (watts)
Electric stove 5,000
Electric heater 1,500
Hair dryer 1,000
Iron 800
Washing machine 750
Light bulb 100
Small fan 50
Clock radio 10
PHYSICS-10 242

1. The amount of energy supplied by current in unit time is known as: (K.B)
(A) Electrical energy (B) Electrical power
(C) Electrical work (D) Potential difference
2. When current I is flowing through a resistance R the electrical power that generates
heat in the resistance is given by: (U.B)
(A) IR (B) I/R
2
(C) I R (D) IR2
3. The SI unit of electrical power is: (K.B)
(A) Watt (B) Joule
(C) Ampere (D) Volt
4. One watt is equal to: (K.B+U.B)
(A) Js (B) Js-1
(C) J2s (D) sJ-1
5. How will you calculate power from current (I) and voltage (v)? (U.B)
(A) Power =I/V (B) Power = VI
2
(C) Power = V I (D) Power = VI2
6. Which one of the following bulbs has least resistance? (U.B)
(A) 100 watt (B) 200 watt
(C) 500 watt (D) 1000 watts
7. Electrical energy is measured in: (K.B)
(A) Watt (B) Horse power
(C) Kilo watt (D) Kilowatt hour
8. Electrical energy is commonly consumed in very large quantity and hence a large
unit of energy is To Find which is known as: (K.B)
(A) Watt-hour (B) Milli-watt hour
(C) killowatt-hour (D) Megawatt - hour
9. One kilowatt-hour is equal to: (K.B)
(A) 13.6 MJ (B) 13.6 kJ
(C) 3.6 kJ (D) 3.6 MJ
10. We can calculate the amount of electricity bill by the following formula: (U.B)
watt×time  in hours  watt×1000
(A)  cost of one unit (B)  cost of one unit
1000 time  in hours 
1000  time  in hours  1000  watt  time  in hours 
(C)  cost of one unit (D)
Watt cost of one unit
11. 1Kilowatt – hour is a unit of: (U.B)
(A) Power (B) Work
(C) Energy (D) Current
PHYSICS-10 243
EXAMPLE 14.7
The resistance of an elctric bulb is 500Ω . Find the power consumed by the bulb
when a potential difference of 250 V is applied across its ends. (A.B+U.B)
Solution: V
Given data: I
R
Resistance of electric bulb = R 250V
= 500 Or I  0.5A
500
Potential difference applied = V
= 250 V And Power  P  I2R
P   0.5A   500
2
To Find: Or
Power consumed by the bulb = P  125W
P=? Result:
Formula:
P  I2R Hence, the power consumed by
Calculation:
the bulb will be 125 W.
To find the power consumed by the
bulb, first we have to find the value of
current. So by using formula, we have
EXAMPLE 14.8
Calculate the one month cost of using 50 W energy saver for 8 hours daily in your
study room. Assume that the price of a unit is Rs. 12. (A.B+U.B)
Solution:
Given data:
Power of energy saver  P  50W
Usage time  t  8hours  30days  240 Hrs
Price of a unit = Rs. 12
To Find:
One month cost = ?
Formula:
One month cost = No. Of units consumed × cost of one unit
Calculation:
To find one month cost first we have to find the no. Of units consumed, so by
using formula, we have
Power  watt   time of use in hours
No. of units consumed 
1000
50  240
Or   12 units
1000
Therfore,
Total cost = No. of units consumed × cost of one unit
= 12 × 12 = Rs. 144
Result:
Hence, the total cost of using 50 W energy saver for 8 hours daily
per month in study room will be Rs. 144.
PHYSICS-10 244
14.12 DIRECT CURRENT AND ALTERNATING CURRENT

LONG QUESTIONS
Q.1 How electricity is distributed in our house? How electrical appliances are connected
in houses? (K.B)
Ans: SUPPLY TO HOUSES
The electric power enters our house through three wires.
 Earthwire or Ground wire (E)  Livewire (L)
 Neutral Wire (N)
Earthwire (E):
The earthwire is connected to a large metal plate buried deep in the ground near the
house. This wire carries no electricity.
Neutral Wire (N):
The other wire is maintained at zero potential by connecting it to the Earth at the power
station itself and is called neutral wire (N). This wire provides the return path for the current.
Livewire (L):
The third wire is at a high potential and is called livewire (L).
Potential Difference between Livewire and Neutral wire: (GRW 2014)
The electric power enters our houses through wires, the potential difference between the
livewire and neutral wire is 220V.
Dangers:
Our body is a good conductor of electricity through which current can easily pass.
Therefore, if a person holds livewire current will start flowing to the ground while
passing through his body which may prove fatal for the person.
Connection of Electrical Appliances:
All electrical appliances are connected across the neutral and livewires. The same
potential difference is therefore applied to all of them and hence these are connected in
parallel to the power source.
Q.2 Explain the circuit of house wiring. (K.B+U.B)
Ans: HOUSE WIRING
The wires coming from power sub-station are connected to electricity meter installed in
house. The output power from the electric meter is taken to the distribution board and
then to the domestic electric circuit.
Figure: Wiring System of Household Electriccity
PHYSICS-10 245
The main box contains fuses of rating about 30A.A separate connection is taken from the
livewire for each appliance. Terminal of the appliance is connected to the livewire
through a separate fuse and a switch. If the fuse of the one appliance burns out, it does
not affect the other appliances.
Connection of Appliances:
In house wiring all appliances are connected in parallel with each other. This means they get
the full mains voltage and one can turn ON any appliance without having to turn ON another.
Q.1 What is difference between D.C. and A.C.? (K.B)
(GRW 2013, LHR 2013, 2016)(Review Question 14.9)
The differences between direct current and alternating current are as follows:
Alternating Current Direct Current
Definition
 A current that changes direction  The current derived from a cell or a
after equal intervals of time is called battery is direct current (d.c.).
alternating current or a.c. OR
 The current which does not change its
direction after equal interval of time is
called direct current.
Graph
Polarity
 It changes its polarity with equal  It has fixed polarity.
intervals of time.
Frequency
 Its frequency is 50 Hz.  Its frequency is zero.
Source
 Its source is generator  Its sources are battery and cell.
Q.2 What are live and neutral wires? (K.B) (GRW 2013)
Ans: Electricity is distributed to various houses in a city from a power station by means of two wires.
 Neutral wire
 Livewire
NEUTRAL WIRE
Definition:
One wire is earthed at the power station, so it is at zero potential. This wire is called
neutral wire.
Purpose:
This wire provide the return path of current.
Color Code:
It is black or blue in color.
PHYSICS-10 246
LIVEWIRE
Definition:
The third wire is at a high potential and is called livewire.
Potential Difference between Live and Neutral Wire:
The potential difference between both wire is 220 V.
Color Code:
It is red or brown in color.
Q.3 What is earthwire? (K.B)
Ans: EARTHWIRE
Definition:
The earthwire is connected to a large metal plate buried deep in the ground near the house.
Color Code:
It is green or yellow in color.
Q.4 A bird can sit harmlessly on high tension wire. But it must not reach and grab
neighboring wire. Do you know why? (U.B+K.B) (Point to Ponder Pg. 102)
Ans: BIRD SITTING ON A HIGH TENSION WIRE
A bird can sit harmlessly on high tension wire as no current passes through its body,
since the potential of the wire is constant. However, if the bird grabs the neighbouring
wire, then due to potential difference of two wires, current will flow through the body of
the bird and can be fatal.
Figure: Bird Sitting on a High Tension Wire
Q.5 What is electrical grounding? (K.B) (Electrical ground Pg. # 106)

Ans: ELECTRICAL GROUNDING
Definition:
“If a charged object is connected with the Earth by a piece of metal, the charge is
conducted away from the object to the Earth. This convenient method of removing the
charge from an object is called grounding the object”.
Purpose of Grounding:
As a safety measure, the metal shells of electrical appliances are grounded through
special wires that give electric charges in the shells paths to the Earth. The round post in
the familiar three-prong electric plug is the ground connection.
Q.6 Incandescent light bulb fluctuates 50 times but we do not feel it why? (K.B+U.B)
(Do you know Pg. # 106)
Ans: INCANDESCENT LIGHT BULB
Although the light intensity from a 60 W incandescent light bulb appears to be constant,
the current in the bulb fluctuates 50 times each second between -0.71 A and 0.71 A. The
light appears to be steady because the fluctuations are too rapid for our eyes to perceive.
PHYSICS-10 247
Q.7 What would be the effect of following currents on the body? (K.B)
(Effects of electric currents on the body Pg. # 108)
 0.001 A  0.005 A  0.010 A
 0.015 A  0.070 A
Ans: EFFECTS OF CURRENTS
(Table for MCQs)
Effect of electric currents on the body
0.001 A Can be felt
0.005 A Is painful
0.010 A Causes involuntary muscle contractions (spasms)
0.015 A Causes loss of muscle control
Goes through the heart; causes serious disruption;
0.070 A
probably fatal if current lasts for more than 1 s.
Q.8 Draw the correct way of wiring of a three pin main plug. Also describe the
importance of fuse in it. (K.B) (For your information Pg. # 109)
Ans: CORRECT WAY OF WIRING
This is the correct way of wiring of a three pin main plug. Put everything in proper place.
Fuse is placed for safety purpose. In case of excess current, it will burn out and will break
the circuit.
Figure: Correct Way of Wiring

1. The current which always flows in one direction is called: (K.B)
(A) Alternating current (B) Direct current
(C) Stationary current (D) Multi-directional
2. The current which changes its direction again and again is called: (K.B)
(A) Alternating current (B) Direct current
(C) Multi-directional current (D) Uni – directional current
3. The time interval after which the voltage repeats its value is known as: (K.B)
(A) Frequency (B) Wavelength
(C) Time period (D) None of these
4. The number of cycles completed by current in one second is called its: (K.B)
(A) Time period (B) Frequency
(C) Wavelength (D) Amplitude
5. The frequency of a.c used in our houses is: (K.B)
(A) 30 cycles / second (B) 50 cycles/ second
(C) 60 cycles/ second (D) 100cycles/ second
PHYSICS-10 248
14.13 HAZARDS OF ELECTRICITY

LONG QUESTIONS
Q.1 Describe briefly the hazards of household electricity. (K.B) (Review Question 14.12)
Ans: HAZARDS OF ELECTRICITY
Major dangers of electricity are electric shock and fire. Here we discuss some faults in
electrical circuits that may cause electricity hazards.
Insulation Damage:
There are three reasons of insulation damage.
 Excess of current due to short circuit
 Friction
 Moisture
Excess of Current due to Short Circuit:
All electrical wires are well insulated with some plastic cover for the purpose of safety.
But when electrical current exceeds the rated current carrying capacity of the
conductor, it can produce excess current that can damage insulation due to overheating
of cables. This results into a short circuit which can severely damage electrical devices
or persons. A short circuit occurs when a circuit with a very low resistance is formed.
The low resistance causes the current to be very large. When appliances are connected
in parallel, each additional appliance placed in circuit reduces the equivalent resistance
in the circuit and increases the current through the wires. This additional current might
produce enough thermal energy to melt the wiring’s insulation which causes a short
circuit, or even starts a fire. Short circuit can also occur when the livewire and the
neutral wires come in direct contact.
Figure: Short Circuit
Prevention:
 In order to avoid such situations, the wires carrying electricity should never be
naked. Rather they should be covered with good insulator. Such an insulation
covered wire is called cable.
Friction:
Constant friction may also remove the insulation from the wire
Prevention:
 In such a situation, it is advisable to use a cable with two layers of insulation.
PHYSICS-10 249
Moisture:
Too much moisture also damages the insulation.
Damped Condition:
Dry human skin has a resistance of 100, 000 ohms or more! But under damp conditions
(wet environment) resistance of human skin is reduced drastically to few hundred ohms.
Prevention:
 Never operate any electrical appliance with wet hands.
 Keep switches, plugs sockets and wires dry.
Q.1 How electricity is dangerous for us? (K.B)
Ans: DANGERS OF ELECTRICITY
Our body is a good conductor of electricity through which current can easily pass.
Therefore if a person holds livewire, then because of the presence of voltage in it, current
will start flowing to ground through the human body which may prove fatal for the person.
Q.2 What is the resistance of dry and wet skin of a human body? (K.B+U.B)
Ans: RESISTANCE OF HUMAN BODY
Dry human skin has a resistance of 100, 000 ohms or more! But under damp conditions
(wet environment) resistance of human skin is reduced drastically to few hundred ohms.
Prevention:
 Never operate any electrical appliance with wet hands.
 Keep switches, plugs sockets and wires dry.
Q.3 Identify the following precautionary symbols. (K.B) (Precautionary Symbols Pg. # 110)
Ans: PRECAUTIONARY SYMBOLS
Figure: Precautionary Symbols

Q.4 Why flying kites near electricity lines is hazardous? (K.B)(For your information Pg. # 110)
Ans: HAZARDOUS EFFECT OF FLYING KITES
Do not fly kites near electricity lines. It may cause some fatal accident.
Figure: Hazardous Effect of Flying Kites
PHYSICS-10 250

1. Resistance of dry skin is: (K.B)
(A) 1000Ω (B) 10000Ω
(C) 100000Ω (D) None of these
2. Resistance of wet skin is: (K.B)
(A) 1000Ω (B) 10000Ω
(C) 100000Ω (D) None of these
3. A short circuit occurs when a circuit is formed with: (K.B)
(A) High resistance (B) Very low resistance
(C) Very high resistance (D) None of these
4. A short circuit occurs when a livewire comes in direct contact with: (K.B)
(A) Neutral wire (B) Earthwire
(C) Livewire (D) None of these
14.14 SAFE USE OF ELECTRICITY IN HOMES
LONG QUESTIONS
Q.1 Write a note on fuse. (K.B+U.B)
Ans: FUSE
Definition:
A fuse is a safety device that is connected in series with the livewire in the circuit to
protect the equipments when excess current flows.
Construction:
Fuse is made of a short and thin piece of metal wire that melts when large current passes
through it.
Figure: Different Types of Fuses
Working:
If a large, unsafe current passes through the circuit, the fuse melts and breaks the circuits
before the wires becomes very hot and cause fire.
Fuse Rating:
Fuse are normally rated as 5A, 10A, 13A and 30 A etc.
We can determine the fuse rating of circuit, let use determine the fuse rating of air
conditions of power 3000W.
PHYSICS-10 251
P = 3000W.
V = 240 Volt
I=?
P = VI
P
 I=
V
300
I= =12.5A
240
Hence suitable fuse for this circuit would be 13A.
Safety Measures: (GRW 2015)
Following safety measures should be taken while using fuses in house hold electrical
circuits.
(i) Fuses to be used should have slightly more rating than the current which the electrical
appliance will draw under normal conditions.
Example:
For a lightening circuit choose a 5A fuse as the current drawn by each lamp is very small
(about 0.4A) for a 100 W lamp. In such circuit, 10 lamps of 100 W can be safely used
because the total current drawn is only 4A which can be calculated using the formula P =
VI
(ii) Fuses should be connected to the livewire so that the appliance will not become live after
the fuse has blown.
(iii) Switch off the main before changing any fuse.
Q.2 What is the principle of circuit breaker? (K.B+A.B+U.B) (GRW 2013)
Ans: CIRCUIT BREAKER
Definition:
The circuit breaker acts as a safety device. It disconnects the supply automatically if
current exceeds the normal value.
Construction:
It consists of:
 Electromagnet
 Iron strip
 Spring
Working Principle:
The working principle of circuit breaker is electromagnetic induction.
Working:
When the normal current passes through the livewire the electromagnet is not strong
enough to separate the contacts. If something goes wrong with the appliance and large
current flows through the livewire, the electromagnet will attract the iron strip to separate
the contacts and break the circuit.
PHYSICS-10 252
Figure: Working Principle of Circuit Breaker
The spring then keeps the contacts apart. After the fault is repaired, the contacts can then
be pushed back together by pressing a button on the outside of the circuit breaker box.
Q.3 Explain the importance of Earthwire. (A.B) (LHR 2016)
Ans: IMPORTANCE OF EARTHWIRE
Sometimes, even the fuse cannot capture the high currents coming from the livewire into
the household appliance. Earthing further protects the user form electric shock by
connecting the metal casing of the appliance to earth (a wired connection to the bare
ground) many electrical appliances have metal cases, including cookers, washing
machines and refrigerators, the earthwire provides a safe route for the current to flow
through, if the livewire touches the casing.
Figure: Earthwire
We will get an electric shock if the livewire inside an appliance comes loose and touches
the metal casing, However, the earth terminal is connected to the metal casing, so the
current goes though the earthwire instead of passing through our body and causing an
electric shock, A strong current passes through the earthwire because it has a very low
resistance. This breaks the fuse and disconnects the appliance.
Working:
Whenever the metal casing of the appliance, due to faulty insulation, gets connected with
the livewire, the circuit shorts and a large current would immediately flow to ground
through the earthwire and causes the fuse wire to melt or the circuit breaker breaks the
circuit. Therefore, the person who is using the appliance is saved.
PHYSICS-10 253

Q.1 Briefly describe the importance of safety devices. (K.B) (GRW 2014)
Ans: IMPORTANCE OF SAFETY DEVICE
Definition;
“The electrical devices which prevent the damage of electrical circuits appliances
and property are called safety devices”.
Examples:
(i) Fuse
(ii) Circuit Breaker
(iii) Earthwire
Importance:
In order to protect persons, devices and property form the hazards of electricity. There is
a need of extensive safety measures in household electricity. Safety devices prevent
circuit form overloading that can occur when too many appliances are turned on at the
same time or when a short circuit occurs in one appliance.
Q.2 What is cable? And how it should be used? (K.B)
Ans: CABLE
Definition:
An insulated covered wire is known as cable.
Safe Use of Cable:
Cable should be used keeping the following things in mind:
 Layer of insulation in the cable is perfect and is not damaged.
 Sometimes a heavy current flow through the wire and it gets so hot that its insulation
is burnt out and the wire becomes naked and it becomes dangerous.
 Constant friction also removes the insulation from the wire whereas too much
moisture also damages the insulation. In such a situation it is advisable to use a cable
with two layers of insulation.
Q.3 Define fuse and write down its principle. (K.B)
Ans: FUSE
Definition:
A fuse is a safety device that is connected in series with the livewire in the circuit to
protect the equipments when excess current flows.
Principle:
A specified amount of current can safely pass through it. When the current following
through it exceeds this limit, it gets so hot that it melts and breaks the circuit.
Q.4 What do you know about Fuse rating? (U.B)
Ans: FUSE RATING
We can determine the To Find fuse rating for a circuit. Suppose we want to insert a fuse for
an air-conditioner or heater of power 3000W. If voltage supply is of 240V, then according
to relation P =V x I, we get I = 12.5A. The available fuses in the market are usually of
rating 5A, 10A, 13A, 30A etc. Hence, suitable fuse for this circuit would be of 13A.
Q.5 What is Circuit Breaker? Also write down its principle? (K.B)
Ans: CIRCUIT BREAKER
Definition:
The circuit breaker acts as a safety device. It disconnects the supply automatically if
current exceeds the normal value.
PHYSICS-10 254
Working Principle:
The working principle of circuit breaker is electromagnetic induction.
Q.6 What is the function of Earthwire? (A.B+K.B)
Ans: FUNCTION OF EARTHWIRE
Whenever the metal casing of the appliance, due to faulty insulation, gets connected with
the livewire, the circuit shorts and a large current would immediately flow to ground
through the earthwire and causes the fuse wire to melt or the circuit breaker breaks the
circuit. Therefore, the person who is using the appliance is saved.
Figure: Function of Earthwire
Q.7 Identify circuit components from the symbols given below: (K.B)
(Identifying circuit diagram Pg. # 111)
Ans: IDENTFYING CIRCUIT COMPONENTS
Circuit Components
Wires crossed not Time-varying or AC
joined or supply
or
Wires crossed at a
Ammeter
junction
Variable resistor or Voltmeter
Fixed resistor or Ohmmeter
Thermister or
Diode Or temperature dependent
resistor
Earth or ground Switch

or
Battery or DC
supply or
Lamp / Bulb
Capacitor
or

1. All electrical appliances are connected in parallel to each other between the main
live and neutral wire to get: (K.B)
(A) Same current (B) Same current and potential difference
(C) Different currents and potential differences (D) Same potential differences
2. Insulated covered wire is called: (K.B)
(A) Extension (B) Cable
(C) Lead (D) None of these
PHYSICS-10 255
3. The wire at certain potential is called: (K.B)

(A) Livewire (B) Neutral wire
(C) Earthwire (D) Ground wire
4. The wire at zero potential is called: (K.B)
5. The wire grounded in the earth is called: (K.B)
6. A small wire connected in series with the livewire is called: (K.B)
(A) Neutral wire (B) Earthwire
(C) Fuse (D) Circuit breaker
7. Safety device used in place of fuse is: (A.B)
(A) Socket (B) Earthwire
(C) Plug (D) Circuit breaker
8. Circuit breaker works on the principle of: (K.B)
(A) Electric current (B) Joule’s law
(C) Electromagnetism (D) None of them
9. An additional wire used in devices having the metallic bodies is: (K.B)
MCQ’S ANSWER KEY (TOPIC WISE)
14.1 ELECTRIC CURRENT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
C C B D B A D A B C B D
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
C C B A B B B A C A C
14.2 POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
14.3 ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (e.m.f)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
B C A B B A D D D B B C
13 14 15 16
B B A A
14.4 OHM’S LAW
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
D D D B C D C C D C
14.5 CHARACTERISTICS OF OHMIC AND NON OHMIC

CONDUCTORS
1 2 3 4 5
A A B B B
PHYSICS-10 256
14.6 SPECIFIC RESISTANCE (RESISTIVITY)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
C A B C B D B A D
14.7 CONDUCTORS
14.8 INSULATORS
1 2 3 4 5
B B A C A
14.9 COMBINATION OF RESISTOR

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
B A C D A C A B C C C B
13
B
14.10 ELECTRICAL ENERGY AND JOULE’S LAW

1 2 3 4
C B D D
14.11 ELECTRIC POWER

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
B C A B B A D C D A C
14.12 DIRECT CURRENT AND ALTERNATING CURRENT

1 2 3 4 5
B A C B B
14.13 HAZARDS OF ELECTRICITY

1 2 3 4
C A B A
14.14 SAFE USE OF ELECTRICITY IN HOMES

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
D B A B C C D C C
PHYSICS-10 257
TEXT BOOK EXERCISE

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Choose the correct answer form the following choices: (K.B)
i. An electric current in conductors in due to the flow of:
(a) positive ions (b) negative ions
(c) positive charges (d) free electrons
ii. What is the voltage across a 6  resistor when 3A of current passes through it?
(A.B+U.B)
(a) 2V (b) 9V
(c) 18V (d) 36V
iii. What happens to the intensity or the brightness of the lamps connected in series as
more and more lamps are added? (K.B)
(a) increases (b) decreases
(c) remains the same (d) cannot be predicted
iv. Why should household appliances be connected in parallel with the voltage source?
(K.B)
(a) to increase the resistance of the circuit
(b) to decrease the resistance of the circuit
(c) to provide each appliance the same voltage as the power source
(d) to provide each appliance the same current as the power source
v. Electric potential and e.m.f: (K.B)
(a) are the same terms (b) are the different terms
(c) have different units (d) both (b) and (c)
vi. When we double the voltage in a simple electric circuit, we double the: (K.B)
(a) current (b) power
(c) resistance (d) both (a) and (b)
vii. If we double both the current and the voltage in a circuit while keeping its resistance
constant, the power: (K.B)
(a) remains unchanged (b) halves
(c) doubles (d) four times
viii. What is the power rating of a lamp connected to a 12V source when it carries a
current of 2.5A? (U.B+A.B)
(a) 4.8 W (b) 14.5 W
(c) 30 W (d) 60 W
ix. The combined resistance of two identical resistors, connected in series is 8. Their
combined resistance in a parallel arrangement will be: (U.B+A.B)
(a) 2 (b) 4
(c) 8 (d) 12 
PHYSICS-10 258
ANSWER KEY
i ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix
d c b c b a d c a
REVIEW QUESTIONS
14.1 Define and explain the term electric current. (K.B)
Ans: (See Topic 14.1, Long Question-1)
14.2 What is the difference between electronic current and conventional current? (K.B)
The differences between electronic current and conventional current are as follows:
Electronic Current Conventional Current
 The rate of flow of electrons  The rate of flow of positive charges
through any cross-sectional area is through any cross-sectional area is
called electronic current called conventional current.
 It flows from negative to positive  It flows from positive to negative
terminal of the battery terminal of the battery.
14.3 What do we mean by the term e.m.f? Is it really a force? Explain. (K.B)
Ans: (See Topic 14.2 & 14.3, Long Question-2)
14.4 How can we differentiate between e.m.f and potential difference? (K.B)
Ans: (See Topic 14.2 & 14.3, Short Question-5)
14.5 Explain Ohm’s law. What are its limitations? (K.B+A.B)
14.6 Define resistance and its units. (K.B+A.B)
Ans: (See Topic 14.4, Short Question-2)
14.7 What is the difference between conductors and insulators? (K.B)
14.8 Explain the energy dissipation in a resistance. What is Joule’s law? (K.B+U.B+A.B)
Ans: ENERGY DISSIPATION
When electric charge move from higher potential to lower potential it delivered electric
current, during this process some of the energy is utilized attain the internal resistance of
a conductor. In this process some of the energy will lost. This is called, powered
dissipation.
(Joule’s law is given on Page # 240)
PHYSICS-10 259
14.9 What is difference between D.C. and A.C? (K.B)

Ans: (See Topic 14.12, Short Question-1)
14.10 Discuss the main features of parallel combination of resistors. (K.B)
14.11 Determine the equivalent resistance of series combination of resistors. (U.B)
14.12 Describe briefly the hazards of household electricity? (K.B)
14.13 Describe four safety measures that should be taken in connection with the
household circuit. (K.B)
Ans: SAFETY MEASURES
Following safety measures should be taken in connection with the house hold circuits.
(i) Use fuse and circuit breakers in an electric circuit as safety devices. They prevent circuit
overloads that can occur when too many appliances are turned ON at the same time or when
a short circuit occurs in one appliance.
(ii) Separate connection is taken from livewire is from each appliance.
(iii) The terminal of the appliance is connected to the livewire through a separate fuse or a
circuit breaker and a switch.
(iv) Earthing protects the user from electric shock by connecting the metal casing of the
appliance to earth. Many electric appliances have metal cases included cookers, washing
machines and refrigerator. The earthwire provides a save route for the current to flow
through, if the livewire touches the casing.
14.14 Design a circuit diagram for a study room that needs the following equipment in
parallel. (K.B+U.B)
(a) One 100 W lamp operated by one switch.
(b) One reading lamp fitted with a 40 W bulb which can be switched ON and
OFF from two points.
(c) What is the advantage of connecting the equipment in parallel instead of in
series combination?
Ans: CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
The circuit diagram of the part (a) and (b) will be:
(c) ADVANTAGES OF PARALLEL COMBINATION

 Each device in the circuit receives the full battery voltage.
 Each device in the circuit may be turned off independently without stopping the
current flowing to the other devices in the circuit. This principle is used in
household wiring.

PHYSICS-10 260
CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS(A.B)
14.1 Why in conductors charge is transferred by free electrons rather than by positive charge?
Ans: TRANSFER OF CHARGE
Heavy positively charged protons in conductors (metals) are bound in the nuclei of
atoms. Therefore, they are not free to move inside the conductors. Electrons present at the
larger distance form the nuclei of atoms of conductor are loosely bound. These electrons
are called free electrons which can move freely inside the conductor and are means of
charge transfer in conductors.
14.2 What is the difference between a cell and a battery?
Ans: (See Topic 14.2 & 14.3, Short Question-6)
14.3 Can current flow in a circuit without potential difference?
Ans: FLOW OF CURRENTN& POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
According to Ohm’s law (v = IR), current passing through a conductor is directly
proportional to the potential difference across the two ends of the conductor. Hence,
when potential difference in a circuit is zero no current will flow through it.
14.4 Two points on an object are at different electric potential. Does charge necessarily
flow between them?
Ans: FLOW OF CHARGE BETWEEN TWO POINTS
If object is a conductor and its two points are at different electric potentials, the charge
will necessarily flow between these points. If objects is an insulator and its two points are
at different electric potentials, the charge will not flow between these points.
14.5 In order to measure current in a circuit, why ammeter is always connected in series?
Ans: CONNECTION OF AMMETER IN A CIRCUIT
In order to measure current, ammeter is always connected in series with the circuit so that
all the current to be measured must flow through it (due to its low resistance). If it is
connected in parallel, we cannot measure the actual current flowing through the circuit as
some current will flow along the other parallel path.
14.6 In order to measure voltage in a circuit, voltmeter is always connected in parallel.
Discuss.
Ans: CONNECTION OF VOLTMETER IN A CIRCUIT
In order to measure voltage in a circuit, voltmeter is always connected in parallel with the
circuit. In this way, voltmeter does not disturb the current and hence the voltage of the
circuit. Due to high resistance of voltmeter, no current passes through it and hence
voltage of the circuit remains unaffected.
14.7 How many watt-hours are there in 1000 joules?
Ans: CONVERSION OF JOULES INTO WATT-HOUR
As we know,
1 watt  3600s = 1 watt-hour
PHYSICS-10 261
3600 Ws = 1 watt-hours
3600 Joules = 1 watt-hours
1
1 joules = watt-hours
3600
1
1000 joules =  1000 watt-hours
3600
1000 joules = 0.28 watt –hours
Result:
Hence there are 28  10-2 watt-hours in 100 joules.
14.7 From your experience in watching cars on the roads at night, are automobile
headlamps connected in series or in parallel?
Ans: HEADLAMPS IN SERIES
Head lamps of automobiles are connected in parallel because of the following reasons
 The potential difference between headlamps remains same. (Both have same
brightness)
 If one head-lamp is out of order the other lamps still glow. Also we can turn ON or
OFF any individual head lamp independently, which is only possible if they are
connected in parallel.
14.9 A certain flash-light can use a 10 ohm bulb or a 5 ohm bulb. Which bulb should be
used to get the brighter light? Which bulb will discharge the battery first?
Ans: FLASH LIGHT
To get the brighter light and discharge the battery first, we have to use bulbs of resistance
5 ohm, Lower resistance of bulb means, larger current will pass through the filament of
the bulb and hence it will flow more brightly as compared to that of 10 Ohm bulb. When
larger current passes through the circuit, battery will be discharged quickly.
14.10 It is impracticable to connect an electric bulb and an electric heater in series. Why?
Ans: IMPRACTICABLE CONNECTION
When appliances are connected in series, total resistance of circuit increases. This
decreases the current and hence the power through each appliance. Also if one appliance
stops working due to some fault, other will also not run.
14.11 Does a fuse in a circuit control, the potential difference or the current?
Ans: FUNCTION OF FUSE
Fuse in a circuit is used to control the current in the circuit. When current exceeds the
limited value as allowed by the fuse, it burns out, stops the current and beaks the circuit.
14.12 Why the house wiring is always do in parallel combination?
Ans: For domestic circuits parallel arrangement is always used because. In parallel circuit,
each electrical appliance has own switch due to which it can be turn off or on
independently, without effecting other appliances. In parallel circuits, each electrical
appliance gets same voltage as that of the power supply line. And in parallel combination
the combine resistance of circuit is very very low.
1 1 1 1 1
    ......... 
R e R1 R 2 R 3 Rn
PHYSICS-10 262
NUMERICAL PROBLMES (U.B+A.B)

14.1 A current of 3mA is flowing through a wire for 1 minute. What is the charge flowing
through the wire?
Given: Putting the values from given data into
Current=I=3mA the formula
I=3×10-3A Q=3×10-3A×60s
Time=t=1min Q=180×10-3C
t=60s Result:
To Find: Hence, the charge flowing through the
wire will be 180×10-3C.
Charge=Q=?
Formula:
Q=I×t
14.2 At 100,000 Ω, how much current flows through your body if you touch the terminals
of a 12 V battery? If your skin is wet, so that your resistance is only 1000 Ω, how
much current would you receive from the same battery?
Given: Current through dry body:
Putting the values from given
Resistance of dry data into the formula
body=R1=100,000Ω I=12V/100,000 Ω
Resistance of wet I=1.2×10-4A
body=R2=1000Ω Current through wet body:
Voltage=V=12V Putting the values from
given data into the
To Find:
formula
Current through dry body=I1=? I=12V/1000 Ω
Current through wet body=I2=? I=1.2×10-2A
Formula: Result:
I=V/R Hence, current through dry body is
1.2×10-4A and through wet body
will be 1.2×10-2A.
PHYSICS-10 263
14.3 The resistance of a conductor wire is 10 MΩ. If a potential difference of 100 volt is
applied across its ends, then find the value of current passing through it in mA.
Resistance of a conductor the formula
wire=R=10M Ω I=100V/10×106 Ω
R=10×106 Ω I=102-1-6 A
Voltage=V=100V I=10-5 A
To Find: I=10-2×10-3 A
Current=I=? I=0.01mA
Formula: Result:
I=V/R Hence, current through the
conductor wire will be 0.01mA.
14.4 By applying a potential difference of 10 V across a conductor a current of1.5A

passes through it. How much energy would be obtained from the current in 2
minutes?
Solution Calculations:
Potential difference=∆V=10V the formula
Current=I=1.5A E=10V×1.5A×120s
Time=t=2min E=1800J
t=2×60=120s Result:
To Find: Hence, 1800J energy would be
Energy=E=W=? obtained.
Formula:
E=VIt
PHYSICS-10 264
14.5 Two resistances of 2 kΩ and 8 kΩ are joined in series, if a 10 V battery is connected

across the ends of this combination, find the following quantities:
(A) The equivalent resistance of the series combination.
(B) Current passing through each of the resistances.
(C) The potential difference across each resistance.
Given: Putting the values from given data
First resistance=R1=2kΩ into the formula (1)
R1=2×10 Ω 3
Re=2kΩ+8kΩ
Second resistance=R2=8k Ω Re=10kΩ
R2=8×103 Ω Putting the values from given
Potential difference=∆V=10V data into the formula (2)
To Find: I1=I2=I=10V/10×103Ω
Equivalent resistance=Re=? I1=I2=I=1×10-3A
Current through first resistance I1=I2=I=1mA
R1=I1=? Putting the values from given
Current through second data into the formula (3)
resistance R2=I2=? V1=1×10-3 A×2×103 Ω
Potential difference across V1=2V
R1=V1=? Putting the values from given data
Potential difference across into the formula (4)
R2=V2=? V2=1×10-3 A×8×103 Ω
Formula: V2=8V
Since resistors are connected in series
combination therefore Result:
Re=R1+R2……………….(1)
And, Hence,
I1=I2=I=V/Re………….(2) Equivalent resistance=Re=10kΩ
Current through first resistance R 1=I1=1mA
V1=IR1…………………..(3) Current through second resistance R 2=I 2=1mA
Potential difference across R 1=V1=2V
V2=IR2…………………..(3) Potential difference across R 2=V2=8V
PHYSICS-10 265
14.6 Two resistances of 6KΩ and 12kΩ are connected in parallel. A 6V battery is
connected across its ends, find the values of the following quantities:
(A) Equivalent resistance of the parallel combination.
(B) Current passing through each of the resistances.
(C) Potential difference across each of the resistance.
Solution:
Given:
First resistance=R1=6kΩ
R1=6×103 Ω
Second resistance=R2=12k Ω
R2=12×103 Ω
Potential difference=∆V=6V
To Find:
Equivalent resistance=Re=?
Current through first resistance R1=I1=?
Current through second resistance R2=I2=?
Potential difference across R1=V1=?
Potential difference across R2=V2=?
Formula:
Since resistors are connected in parallel combination therefore
1/Re=1/R1+1/R2……………….(1)
And,
V1=V2=V………….(2)
I1=V/R1…………………..(3)
I2=V/R2…………………..(4)
Calculations:
Putting the values from given data into the formula (1)
1/Re=1/6kΩ +1/12kΩ
1/Re=(2+1)/ 12kΩ
1/Re=3/ 12kΩ
1/Re=1/ 4kΩ
Re=4kΩ
V1=V2=6V
PHYSICS-10 266
I1=6V/(6×103 Ω)
I1=1×10-3 A
I1=1mA
I2=6V/(12×103 Ω)
I2=0.5mA
Result:
Hence,
Equivalent resistance=Re=4kΩ
Current through first resistance R1=I1=1mA
Current through second resistance R2=I2=0.5mA
Potential difference across R1=V1=6V
14.7 An electric bulb is marked with 220V, 100W. Find the resistance of the filament of
the bulb. If the bulb is used 5 hours daily, find the energy in kilowatt-hour
consumed by the bulb in one month (30 days).
Solution
Given:
Voltage=V=220V
Power=P=100W
Time=t=5 hours
No. of days=30 days
To Find:
Resistance of the bulb=R=?
Energy in kWh=E=?
Formula:
P=V2/R…………………(1)
Energy (kWh)=Power(watt)×time(hours)×days/1000………….(2)
Calculations:
100=2202/R
R=2202/100
R=484Ω
Energy=100×5×30/1000
Energy=15kWh
Result:
Hence, resistance of the bulb is 484Ω and energy consumed in 30 days

will be 15kWh.
PHYSICS-10 267
14.8 An incandescent light bulb with an operating resistance of 95 Ω is labelled “150 W.”
Is this bulb designed for use in a 120V circuit or a 220V circuit?
Resistance of the bulb=R=95 Ω the formula
Power of the bulb=P=150W V2=150×95
To Find: V2=1450
Is it designed for 120V or Taking square root on both sides
220V=? V=120V
Formula: Result:
P=V2/R Hence, the bulb is designed for 120V.
Or
V2=P×R
14.9 A house is installed with

(A) 10 bulbs of 60 W each of which are used 5 hours daily.
(B) 4 fans of 75 W each of which run 10 hours daily.
(C) One T.V. of 100 W which is used for 5 hours daily.
(D) One electric iron of 1000 W which is used for 2 hours daily.
If the cost of one unit of electricity is Rs.4. Find the monthly expenditure of
electricity (one month =30 days).
Solution:
Given:
Power of each bulb=60W
No. of bulbs=10
Total power of bulbs=P1=10×60
P1=600W
Time for bulbs= t 1=5 hours daily
Power of each fan=75W
No. of fans=4
Total power of bulbs=P2=4×75
PHYSICS-10 268
P2=300W
Time for fans=t2=10 hours daily
Power of each T.V. =100W
No. of T.V.=1
Total power of T.V.=P3=1×100
P3=100W
Time for T.V.=t3=5 hours daily
Power of each electric iron =1000W
No. of electric iron =1
Total power of electric iron =P4=1×1000
P4=1000W
Time for electric iron =t 4=2 hours daily
Cost of one unit of electricity=Rs.4 per unit
No. of days=30 days
To Find:
Expenditure of electricity=?
Formula:
Units (kWh)= Power(watts)×time(hours)×days/1000…………..(1)
Cost of electricity=units ×cost per unit………………………..(2)
Calculations:
Units consumed by bulbs= 600×5×30/1000
Units consumed by bulbs=90 units
Units consumed by fans= 300×10×30/1000
Units consumed by fans=90 units
Units consumed by T.V.= 100×5×30/1000
Units consumed by T.V.=15 units
Units consumed by electric iron= 1000×2×30/1000
Units consumed by electric iron=60 units
Total units consumed in 30 days= 90+90+15+60
Total units consumed in 30 days=255 units
Cost of electricity=255 ×4
Cost of electricity=Rs.1020
Result:
Hence, cost of electricity will be Rs.1020.
PHYSICS-10 269
14.10 A 100 W lamp bulb and a 4 kW water heater are connected to a 250 V supply.
Calculate
(A) The current which flows in each appliance
(B) The resistance of each appliance when in use.
Given: For lamp:
Power of a lamp=P1=100W Putting the values from given data into
Power of a water the formula (1) and (2)
heater=P2=4kW respectively
P2=4000W I=100/250
Voltage=V=250V I=0.4A
To Find: And,
Current through a lamp=I1=? R=250/0.4
Current through a water R=625 Ω
heater=I2=? For water heater:
Resistance across a lamp=R1=? Putting the values from given
Resistance across a water data into the formula (1) and (2)
heater=R2=? respectively
Formula: I=4000/250
I=P/V…………………(1) I=16A
R=V/I…………………(2) And,
R=250/16
R=15.625 Ω
Result:
Hence, cost of electricity will be

Rs.1020.
PHYSICS-10 270
14.11 A resistor of resistance 5.6 Ω is connected across a battery of 3.0 V by means of wire
of negligible resistance. A current of 0.5 A passes through the resistor. Calculate
(A) power dissipated in the resistor
(B) Total power produced by the battery.
(C) Give the reason of difference between these two quantities.
Solution:
Given:
Resistance=R=5.6 Ω
Voltage=V=3.0V
Current=I=0.5A
To Find:
Power dissipated in the resistor=P1=?

Power produced by the battery=P2=?
Formula:
P1=I2R………………(1)
P2=VI……………….(2)
Calculations:
P1=0.52×5.6
P1=1.4W
P2=3×0.5
P2=1.5 W
Result:
Hence, total power produced by the battery will be 1.5W while

power dissipation by the resistor is 1.4W. There is a difference of 0.1W
because some power will be lost by the internal resistance of the battery.
PHYSICS-10 271

SELF TEST
Time: 40 min. Marks: 25
Q.1 Four possible answers (A), (B), (C) & (D) to each question are given, mark the
correct answer. (61=6)
1. What is the power rating of a lamp connected to 12 V source when it carries 2.5 A?
(A) 60 W (B) 30 W
(C) 14.5 W (D) None of these
2. The resistance of dry human skin is ():
(A) 1000 (B) 10000
(C) 100000 (D) None of these
3. The color code of neutral wire is:
(A) Black (B) Red
(C) Blue (D) Both (B) and (D)
4. Specific resistance of copper is (× 10–8  m) :
(A) 1.69 (B) 1.54
(C) 2.73 (D) None of these
5. The combined resistance of two identical resistors, connected in series is 16 . Their
combined resistance in a parallel arrangement will be:
(A) 2  (B) 4 
(C) 8  (D) None of these
6. Example of ohmic conductors is:
(A) Thermistor (B) Plastic
(C) Wood (D) None of these
Q.2 Give short answers to following questions. (52=10)
i. Why in conductors charge is transferred by free electrons, rather than by positive charges?
ii. What do you mean by conventional current?
iii. Define unit of resistance.
iv. What are the advantages of parallel combination?
v. Differentiate between A.C and D.C.
Q.3 Answer the following questions in detail. (4+5=9)
a) Define and explain the term specific resistance. Discuss different factors which affect
the resistance of conductors.
b) An incandescent light bulb with an operating resistance of 95  is labelled “150 W”.
Is the bulb designed for use in a 120 V or 220 V circuit?
Note:
Parents or guardians can conduct this test in their supervision in order to check the skill
of students.
PHYSICS-10 272

10th Class Physics Notes Chapter No 14

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UNIT-14 Current Electricity

Topic No. Title Page No.

14.10 Electrical Energy and Joule’s Law 237

14.11 Electric Power 240

14.12 Direct Current and Alternating Current 245

14.13 Hazards of Electricity 249

14.14 Safe Use of Electricity in Homes 251

14.1 ELECTRIC CURRENT

Figure: Schematic Diagram of Battery as a Current Source

Figure: Conventional Current

The flow of current continues as long as there is a potential difference. Conventional

Figure: Schematic Diagram Showing the Measurement of Current

14.1 SHORT QUESTIONS

Q.5 How energy is obtained due to flow of charges? (K.B)

Formula Used: Hence, time To Find is 3000s.

Q.7 Define unit of current. (K.B+U.B) (GRW 2014, LHR 2017)

Figure: No Current in the Absence of

Figure: Battery Charging

Figure: Electric Current

Figure: Flow of Charge

14.1 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

14.2 POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE

Figure: Schematic Diagram for Measuring Potential Difference in a Circuit

Figure: Schematic Diagram for Measuring e.m.f. of the Battery

14.3 SHORT QUESTIONS

Q.2 Construction and working of galvanometer. (Conceptual Base+A.B)

Q.9 On what factor reliability of voltmeter depend? (U.B+K.B)

Q.12 Draw diagram of open circuit and closed circuit. (K.B)

Figure: Dry Cell

14.3 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Figure: Current Vs Voltage

Limitations of Ohm’s Law:

Figure: Current Vs Voltage

14.4 SHORT QUESTIONS

4. Ohm is defined as: (U.B)

14.5 CHARACTERISTICS OF OHMIC AND NON

Figure: V-I Graph of Ohmic Conductor

Figure: V-I Graph of Filament Conductor

Figure: V-I Graph of Thermister

14.5 SHORT QUESTIONS

Q.1 Define Ohmic conductors. (K.B)

Figure: Graph of Ohmic & Non-Ohmic Conductor

Length and Resistance:

Q.3 Upon which factor does resistivity depend? (K.B)

14.7 SHORT QUESTIONS

14.7 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

14.9 COMBINATION OF RESISTOR

Figure: Series Combination of Resistors

Figure: Parallel Combination of Resistors

1. Each device in the circuit receives the full battery voltage.

14.9 SHORT QUESTIONS

6. The equivalent resistance for series combination of 3 resistors is given by:

(b) The current flowing through each of the resistance

(c) Potential difference across R1:

14.10 ELECTRICAL ENERGY AND JOULE’S LAW

14.10 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

14.11 ELECTRIC POWER

Power(watt)× time of usein hours

What information do we get from the power rating of an electrical appliance?(K.B)

14.11 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS