TOPIC 4: FURTHER DIFFERENTIATION

The Chain rule

The expanding of some functions would be so complex for example y=(2x+3)20 . There
is method which is used to differentiate such complex functions is known as chain rule.

Example

Differentiate y = (3x+2)20

Let u = 3x +2

du
3
dx

But y = u20

dy
 20u19  20(3x  2)19
du

dy dy du
 .  20(3x  2)19 .3
du du dx

=60(3x+2)19

Example

Differentiate

1
y  x2 
x2

1
Let x 2  u
x2
du 2
 (2 x  3 ) 
dx x

1
yu 2

1
dy 1  2 1 1
 u y 
du 2 2 u 1
2 x2 
x2

1  2
 . 2 x  2 
1  x 
2 x2  2
x

( 2 x 4  2) 1
 .
x3 x4 1
2
x

2x4  2 x
 3
.
x 2 x4  1
2( x 4  1)

2x2 x4  1

( x 4  1)

x2 x4 1

Rates Of Change
The chain rule can also be used to investigate related rates of changes .

A learner is expected to identify this use the units given

dv
Cubic units per time taken its
dt
 dA
Its square units per time taken its and
dt

dl
If it is units per time taken
dt

Example

A container in a shape of a right circular cone of height 10cmm and base radius 1cm is
catching the drips from a tap leaking at a rate of 0.1cm3s-1. Find the rate at which the surface
area of water is increasing when the water is half way up. The cone .

Note that because of the units used

dv dA
=0.1 and what is required is at the end they are mentioning when it is ½ way
dt dt
up therefore our variable to use must be terms of height(h)

From chain rule

dv dv du dA dA dh
 . and  .
dt dt dt dt dh dt

1
From o’level volume of a cone is given by expression V  r 2 h
3

We have two variables r and h so there is need to change r in terms of h

Comparing similar sides of the triangle base and height

r h

1 10

1
r h
10

Substituting for r in expression for volume

2
1 1  1
V    h h  h3
3  10  300

dV 3 h 2
 h 
2
dh 300 300

When the cone is half way up h =5cm

dV  (5) 2 1
  
dh 100 4

dV dV du
from  .
dt dh dt

1 dV
0.1   .
4 dt
0.4 dh

 dt

The surface of the water in the cone is circular therefore formula for area of a circle

A  r 2

 2
2
1 
A    h  h
 10  100

dA 2h h
 
dh 100 50

But h =5

dA 5 
 
dh 50 10

dA dA dh  0.4
 .  .  0.04cm2 s 1
dt dh dt 10 

Example

A horse trough has a triangular cross section of height 25cm, base 30cm and 2m long . A
horse is drinking steadily and when water is 5cm below the top it is being lowered at a
rate of 1cm per Minute . Find the rate of consumption in litres per minute

dh
According to the question the variable considered here is 1
dt
Comparing similar side

h b

25 30

30
hb
25

6
hb
5

Volume of a trough = Area of cross section x

distance in between

1
V  bh  200  100bh
2

6
But b  h
5

V  120h2

dv
 240h
dh

When water is 5cm blow them the height =20cm

dV 500 10000
  20   240  20  4800
dh 300 3

From chain rule

dV dV dh
 .
dt dh dt

= 4800 x 1

= 4800 cm3Min-1

But 1000cm3= 1litre

dV
 4.8l min 1
dt

Product And Quotients Rule

Products

If y = uV where u and V are functions of x

dy dV du
u V
dx dx dx

Example

Differentiate y = (x2 +1)2(x+2)3

let u =(x2+1)2

du
 2( x 2  1)2 x  4 x( x 2  1)
dx

Let V= (x+2)3

dv
 3( x 2  1) 2
dx
 dy
 ( x 2  1) 2 .3( x 2  2) 2  ( x  2)3 .4( x 2  1)
dx


 ( x 2  1)( x  2) 2 3( x 2  1)  4 x( x  2) 

 ( x 2  1)( x  2) 2 3 x 2  3  4 x 2  8 x) 
 ( x 2  1)( x  2) 2 (7 x 2  8 x  3)

Ensure to simplify up to the end

Example

y  ( x 2  1) x  1

du
Let u  x 2  1  2x
dx
1
V  ( x  1) 2

dV 1 1 1
 ( x  1) 2 (1) 
dx 2 2 x 1

dy 1 1  1
 ( x 2  1)    ( x  1) 2 (2 x)
dx 2  x 1 

dy  ( x 2  1) 
   2 x ( x  1)
dx  2 x  1 

dy ( x 2  1)
  2 x ( x  1)
dx 2 x  1

x2  1  4x2  4x

2 x 1
 3x 2  4 x  1

2 x 1

Quotient

u
Given y 
V

du dv
V u
dy dx dx
 2
dx V

Example

Differentiate

( x  3) 2
y
( x  2) 2
du
Let u  ( x  3) 2 ,  2( x  3)
dx

dv
Let V  ( x  2) 2 ,  2( x  2)
dx

( x  2)2 .2( x  3)  ( x  2)2 .2( x  2)


( x  2)4

2( x  3)(5)

( x  2)3

10( x  3)

( x  2)3

Ensure to simplify up to the end

Example
Differentiate

3
( x  3) 3 ( x  1) 2
y 
( x  2) ( x  2) 12

3
Let u= ( x  1) 2

du 3 1
 ( x  1) 2 (1)
dx 2

1
v  ( x  2) 2

du 3 1
 ( x  1) 2 (1)
dx 2

Substituting in the formula

1 3 1 3 1 1
( x  1) 2 . ( x  1) 2  ( x  1) 2 ( x  2) 2
dy 2 2

dx ( x  2)

Multiplying the numerator and denominator with (x+2) ½(x+1) ½ in order to remove the
fraction powers on the numerator

 1 3 1 3 1 1  1 1
 ( x  1) 2 . ( x  1) 2  ( x  1) 2 ( x  2) 2 ( x  1) 2 ( x  2) 2
dy  2 2 
 1 1
dx ( x  2)( x  2) 2 ( x  1) 2

3 1
( x  2)( x  1)  ( x  2)2 ( x  2)0
dy 2 2
 3 1
dx ( x  2) 2 ( x  1) 2

( x  1)3( x  2)  ( x  1)
1
dy 2
 1 3
dx ( x  1) 2 ( x  2) 2
dy ( x  1) (2 x  5)

dx 2 ( x  2)

dy ( x  1)  2 x  2 
or   
dx ( x  2) 3  2 

Implicit Functions
These are functions where two variables are mixed up

Example

Differentiate

x2+2xy-2y2+x=2

d 2
( x  2 xy  2 y 2  x  2)
dx
dy dy
 (2 x  2 x  2 y.1  4 y  1  0  0
dx dx
dy
 (2 x  2 y  1)  (4 y  2 x) 0
dx

dy 2 x  2 y  1

dx 2(2 y  x)

Example

dy
Find of the function
dx

X2+y2-6xy+3x-2y+5=0

dy dy dy
2x  2 y  6 x  6 y.1  3  2  0  0
dx dx dx
 dy
(2 x  6 y  3)  (6 x  2  2 y ) 0
dx

dy 2 x  6 y  3

dx 2(3x  1  y )

Parametric Equations
If both x and y are given out in a different variable

Say x is in terms of t and y is in terms of t

Example

Find the gradient of the curve

2t 3t
x and y 
t2 t 3

dx (t  2)(2)  (2t )(1)  3t  9  3t 9

  
dt t  32
t  32
t  32

dx dx dt 9 (t  2) 2 9(t  2) 2
 .  . 
dt dt dx t  32 4 4t  3
2

Differentiating parametric equations

𝑡2 𝑡3
Given that 𝑥 = 3
, 𝑦= , find 𝑑𝑦 .
1+𝑡 1+𝑡 3 𝑑𝑥

dx

 
1  t 3 2t   t 3t 3  
2
dt 1 t 3 
 
 (2  2t 3  3t 3 )
t
(1  2t 3 ) 2
t (2  t 3 )

(1  t 33 ) 2

𝑑𝑦 (1 + 𝑡 3 )(3𝑡 2 ) − 𝑡 3 (3𝑡 3 )
=
𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑡 3 )2

3𝑡 3 + 3𝑡 5 − 3𝑡 5
=
(1 + 𝑡 3 )2

3𝑡 2
=
(1 + 𝑡 3 )2

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡 3𝑡 2 (1+𝑡 3 )2 3𝑡
= . = x = =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 (1+𝑡 3 )2 𝑡(2−𝑡 3 ) 2−𝑡 3

Small changes
y dy
From above we already seen that  and x tends to zero
x dx

dy
 y  .x
dx

Example

This side of a square is 5cm. Find the increase in the area of the square when the side
expands 0.01cm

A= x2
dA
 2x
dx

When x =5

dA
 2  5  10
dx

And x  0.01

A dA

x dx

dA
A  .x
x

A  10  0.01  0.1
 Increase in Area  0.1

Example

A 2% error is made in measuring the radius of a sphere. Find the percentage error in
surface area.

S  4r 2
ds
 8r
dr
s ds

r dr
ds
s  .r
dr

s  (8r )r

And r = 2 r  0.02 r
100

s  (8r )(0.2r )
s  0.16r 2

s
 100 is percentage error
s

0.16r 2
 100  4%
4r 2

Example

Find the approximation for

9.01

Let x where x=9

1
dy 1  2 1
 x 
dx 2 2 x

When x=9

dy 1

dx 6

y dy
But 
x dx

dy 1 0.01
But y  .x   0.01 
dx 6 6

0.01
y  y  9 
6

=3.00167

Example

Using small changes

 1 1
Show that (244) 5
3
405

1
Let y  x 5
x  243

x  1

dy 1 4 5 1
 x  4
dx 5 5x 5

1 1 1
 4
 4

5(243) 5
5(35 ) 5 5(34 )

1

5  81

1

405

y dy
But 
x dx

dy
But y  .x
dx

 0.01 
y   (1)
 6 

1

405

1 1
y  y  (243) 5

405
1 1
 (35 ) 5

405
 1
3
405

Second Derivative

d 2 y d  dy  dv dv ds dv
   differentiating twice even  . V
dx 2
dx  dx  dt ds dt ds

Also if x and y are in different variable say t

d 2 y  d  dy   dt
    .
dx 2  dx  dt   dx

Example

Given y=4x3-6x2-9x+1 . Find

dy d2y
and 2
dx dx

dy dy
 4( x 2 )  6(2 x1 )  9(1x11 ) to  12 x 2  12 x  9
dx dx

d 2 y d  dy  dy
   (12 x 2 12 x  9  24 x  12
dx 2
dx  dx  dx

Example

2 d2y
If x =a(t -1) , y =2a(t+1) find
dx 2
dx dy
 a(2t )  2at ,  2a(1)
dt dt
dy dy dt 29 1 1
 .   t
dx dt dx 2at t
 d 2 y  d  dy   dt
   
dx 2  dt  dx   dx

d
 
 1
  t 1 
 dt  2at

1 1
 .
t 2 2at

1

2at 3

Exercise 1
x 4  3x 2
1. Find the derivative of f(x) 
2x 2
2. Find the derivative of f ( x)  ( x 2  2)( x  4)

3. Find the equation of the tangent at point P(3,9) to the curve y= x 3  6 x 2  15x  9
.If O is the origin and N is the foot of the perpendicular from P to the x-axis .
Prove that the tangent at P passes through the mid point of ON . Find the
coordinates of another point on the curve , the tangent at which is parallel to the
tangent at the point (3,9)
4. The figure below represents the end view of the outer cover of a match box AB
and EF being C gummed together and assumed to be of the same length. If the
total length of the edge (ABCDEF) is 12cm . Calculate the lengths of AB and BC
which will give the maximum possible area .
A B
E F

D C
5. Sketch the curve y  4 x 3  3 x 4 Showing clearly the turning points and points
where the curve crosses the axes.
6. Differentiate with respect to x

1
y  (1  x 2 )(1  2 x) 3

7. Differentiate

( x  2) 3
y
( x  1)

dy
8. Find of x2-3xy+y2-2y+4x=0
dx
dy t 1 - 2t
9. Find , Given x  and y 
dx 1 t 1- t
3
10. Find the approximation of Find 65

x2 d2y
11. Given y  find
x 1 dx 2

d2y
12. If x =(t2-1)2 and y =t3 find
dx 2