1 Chapter 5: Reduction of Multiple Subsystems

BLOCK DIAGRAMS AND

BLOCK DIAGRAM REDUCTION
Block diagram
• A Block diagram is basically modelling of any simple or complex system.
• It Consists of multiple Blocks connected together to represent a system to
explain how it is functioning
• Transfer Function: Ratio between transformation of output to the transformation
of input when all the initial conditions are zero.

R(s) C(s) G(s)=C(s)/R(s)

Simple system: G(s)
Complex System:
G4
R(s) Y (s)
G1 G2 G3

H2
H1
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 3 Chapter 5: Reduction of Multiple Subsystems

Components of a block diagram for

a linear, time-invariant system

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 4 Chapter 5: Reduction of Multiple Subsystems
Block diagram: example
R

Let consider the RC

circuit: ei C eo
i

The equations for

i=
ei − eo
eo =
 idt
this circuit are:
R C

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 5 Chapter 5: Reduction of Multiple Subsystems
Block diagram: example

block representations for Laplace transforms:

Ei ( s ) − Eo ( s ) I (s )
I ( s) = Eo (s ) =
R Cs
Ei (s) I (s)
1
+_
R I (s) Eo (s )
1
Eo (s ) Cs

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 6 Chapter 5: Reduction of Multiple Subsystems
Block diagram: example
Assembly the elements into a complete block diagram.

Ei (s) I (s) I (s) Eo (s )

1 1
+_
R Cs
Eo (s )

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Need for block diagram reduction
• Most of the complex systems have multiple subsystems
• Hence in order to understand the behaviour of the complete
system, a single transfer function is required.
• For the calculation of Transfer function its required to be
reduced.
• to reduce multiple blocks into single block or for convenient
understanding it may sometimes required to rearrange the blocks
from its original order.

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 8 Chapter 5: Reduction of Multiple Subsystems
1. Cascaded subsystems
In general,

G1 G2 G1G2

For example,

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 9 Chapter 5: Reduction of Multiple Subsystems
2. Parallel subsystems

In general,

G1
G1 + G2
G2

For example,

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 10 Chapter 5: Reduction of Multiple Subsystems
3. Equivalent forms for moving a summing point

a. Moving a summing point to the right of a block;

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11 Chapter 5: Reduction of Multiple Subsystems
3. Equivalent forms for moving a summing point

b. Moving a summing point to the left of a block;

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12 Chapter 5: Reduction of Multiple Subsystems
4. Moving a pickoff point—equivalent forms

a. Moving a pickoff point to the right of a block;

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 13 Chapter 5: Reduction of Multiple Subsystems
4. Moving a pickoff point—equivalent forms

b. Moving a pickoff point to the left of a block;

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 14 Chapter 5: Reduction of Multiple Subsystems
5. Eliminating feedback loop

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 15 Chapter 5: Reduction of Multiple Subsystems

5. Eliminating feedback loop

G
G
1  GH
H

G
G
1 G

H =1
 16 Chapter 5: Reduction of Multiple Subsystems
6. Swap with two neighboring summing points

A B B A

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 17 Chapter 5: Reduction of Multiple Subsystems
Block diagram reduction

Rules for reduction of the block diagram:

▪ Reduce the cascaded blocks

▪ Reduce the parallel blocks
▪ Reduce the internal feedback loops starting from the
innermost loop.
▪ It is advisable to shift takeoff points (pick off) towards
right and summing point towards right.
▪ Repeat the above steps until a single block is obtained

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 18 Chapter 5: Reduction of Multiple Subsystems
block diagram: reduction example 1

H2

R _ C
+_ + G1 + G2 G3
+

H1

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 19 Chapter 5: Reduction of Multiple Subsystems
block diagram: reduction example 1

H2
G1
R _ C
+_ + + G1 G2 G3
+

H1

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 20 Chapter 5: Reduction of Multiple Subsystems

block diagram: reduction

Example 1: H2
G1
R _ C
+_ + + G1G2 G3
+

H1

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 21 Chapter 5: Reduction of Multiple Subsystems
block diagram: reduction example 1

H2
G1
R _ C
+_ + + G1G2 G3
+

H1

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 22 Chapter 5: Reduction of Multiple Subsystems
block diagram: reduction example

H2
G1
R _ G1G2 C
+_ + G3
1 − G1G2 H1

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 23 Chapter 5: Reduction of Multiple Subsystems
block diagram: reduction example 1

H2
G1
R _ G1G2G3 C
+_ +
1 − G1G2 H1

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 24 Chapter 5: Reduction of Multiple Subsystems
block diagram: reduction example 1

R G1G2G3 C
+_ 1 − G1G2 H1 + G2G3 H 2

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 25 Chapter 5: Reduction of Multiple Subsystems
block diagram: reduction example 1

R G1G2G3 C
1 − G1G2 H1 + G2G3 H 2 + G1G2G3

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 26 Chapter 5: Reduction of Multiple Subsystems
block diagram: reduction example 1
NOTICE:
⚫ Numerator of the closed-loop transfer function C(s)/R(s)
is the product of the transfer functions of the
feedforward path.
1. The denominator of the closed-loop transfer function
C(s)/R(s) is equal to:

1-Σ( product of the transfer functions around each loop)

2. The positive feedback loop yields a negative term in the

denominator.

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 27 Chapter 5: Reduction of Multiple Subsystems

Example 2

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 28 Chapter 5: Reduction of Multiple Subsystems

Example 2:
Steps in solving
a. collapse summing
junctions;
b. form equivalent
cascaded system
in the forward path
and equivalent
parallel system in the
feedback path;
c. form equivalent
feedback system and
multiply by cascaded
G1(s)

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 29 Chapter 5: Reduction of Multiple Subsystems
Example 3

Find the transfer function of the following

block diagrams

G4
R (s ) Y (s )
G1 G2 G3

H2

H1

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 30 Chapter 5: Reduction of Multiple I
Subsystems

G4
R (s ) B A
Y (s )
G1 G2 G3
H2
H1 G2

Solution:
1. Moving pickoff point A ahead of block G2

2. Eliminate loop I & simplify

B
G4 + G2G3

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 31 Chapter 5: Reduction of Multiple Subsystems
G4
R (s )
GG4 +
B A G2G3
Y (s )
G1 2 G 3

H2
H 1G2

3. Moving pickoff point B behind block G4 + G2G3

II
R (s ) B C
Y (s )
G1 G4 + G2G3
H2
H 1G2 1 /(G4 + G2G3 )

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 32 Chapter 5: Reduction of Multiple Subsystems
4. Eliminate loop III
R (s ) Y (s )
G1 GG4 4++GG2G2G3 3
C C

1 + H 2 (GH4 2+ G2G3 )
G2 H1
G4 + G2G3

Eliminating the inner loop

R (s ) G1 (G4 + G2G3 ) Y (s )
1 + G1G 2 H1 + H 2 (G4 + G2G3 )

Y ( s) G1 (G4 + G2G3 )
T ( s) = =
R( s) 1 + G1G 2 H1 + H 2 (G4 + G2G3 ) + G1 (G4 + G2G3 )
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 33 Chapter 5: Reduction of Multiple Subsystems

Example 4
H2

R (s ) A Y (s )
G1 G2 G3 B

H1

G4

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 34 Chapter 5: Reduction of Multiple Subsystems
Solution:
1. Moving pickoff point A behind block G3
I
H2

R (s ) A B Y (s )
G1 G2 G3
1
H1 G3
1
H1 G3
G4
 35 Chapter 5: Reduction of Multiple Subsystems
2. Eliminate loop I & Simplify
H2

B
G2 G3 B G2G3

1 H1
+ H2
H1 G3 G3
II
R (s ) G2G3 Y (s )
G1
1 + G2 H1 + G2G3 H 2

H1
G3

G4
 36 Chapter 5: Reduction of Multiple Subsystems

3. Eliminate loop II

R (s ) G1G2G3 Y (s )
1 + G2 H1 + G2G3 H 2 + G1G2 H1

G4

Y ( s) G1G2G3
T ( s) = = G4 +
R( s ) 1 + G2 H1 + G2G3 H 2 + G1G2 H1
 37 Chapter 5: Reduction of Multiple Subsystems

Example 5
• Reduce the block diagram and find C/R

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