KUMASI TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF DISTANCE LEARNING AND EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING Bachelor of Technology (BTech) Electrical and Electronic Engineering End of Second Semester Examinations - 2022/2023 BTech (Top-Up) Second Year - Weekend EEE 410 FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION CANDIDATE INDEX No.. INSTRUCTIONS: Answer ALL questions in both Sections A and B in the answer booklet provided. Write the letter corresponding to the correct answer among the options provided on the First Page of the answer booklet for each question. SECTION A (Objective Test) [40 Marks] 1. Optical fiber communication is based on 4, What are the major issues in optical the principle of communication? ) total internal reflectance a) Attenuation b) laser technology b) Dispersion ©) photo-clectric effect ©) Both and b 4) Tyndall effect 4) None of the above 2. Which component provides additional 5, When a ray enters from a denser to rarer strength and prevents the fiber from any ‘medium with the refracted angle of 90 damage? degrees the angle of incident is known as a) Core b) Cladding a) Critical angle ©) Buffer coating b) Acceptance angle 4) None of the above ©) Snell's law d) None of the 3, What are the major components in fiber Dee oe ner optics carrier wave communication? 6, What is/are the requirements for a reliable communication system? a) Source, receiver b) Receiver, communication channel a) Distortion should be minimum ©) Source, communication channel, and b) Noise should be very little receiver c) Bothaandb 4) None of the above 4d) None of the above Page 1 of 6 Kstelposd Dee) 816 - 257. In the structure of fiber optic cable, the refractive index of the core is always the refractive index of the cladding. a) Less than b) Greater than ©) Equal to 4) None of the above 8. In digital receivers, ..........codes are used fo designate the sampled analogue signals after their quantization into discrete levels. a) Decimal b) Binary ©) ASCIT 4) Excess-3 9.In an optical fiber, the light is transmitted through the _ a) Cladding ») Buffer ©) Jacket d) Core 10. Multimode step-index fibers have a) large core diameter, and small numerical aperture b) large core diameter, and large numerical aperture ©) small core diameter, and large numerical aperture 4) small core diameter, and small numerical aperture 11, Rays of light transmitted in multimode fiber are called ‘ a) Reflections b) Refractions ©) Modes d) Waves 12. Which of the following is/are responsible for generating attenuation of optical power in a fiber? a) Absorption b) Scattering c) Waveguide effect d) All the above 13. is used as an optical transmitter on the Fiber Optical Communications. A. APD B, LED C. PIN diode D. LSA diode 14, Optical fibers are highly immune to EMI. Which one of the following four statements justifies it? a) They are readily shielded by outer conductors int cable. b) They are too small for magnetic fields to introduce current in them. ©) Magnetic fields cannot penetrate the glass of the fiber. 4) They transmit signals as Tight rather than electric current. 15. The concept of numerical aperture in fiber optics is in describing the ability of a) Light collection b) Light scattering ©) Light dispersion 4) Light polarization 16. The numerical aperture for a step-index fiber is the sine angle of the a) efficient angle b) aperture ©) acceptance angle d) attenuation Page 2 of 617. The axial refractive index of the graded- index profile fiber core is specified as 1.50. If the maximum relative refractive index difference is 1%, then the index of refraction of the cladding is a) 1.485 b) 1.50 ©) Itwill depend on the profile parameter. 4) It will depend on the radius of the core 18. The micro-bending losses are dependent on.. a) Mode and wavelength b) Core material ©) Refractive index 4) Diameter 19, Which kind of dispersion is caused by the difference in the propagation times of light rays that take different paths down a fiber? a) Delay dispersion ) Material dispersion ©) Modal dispersion 4) Wavelength dispersion 20. Micro bending losses in an optical fiber can be reduced a) by removing waveguide imperfections ») if the radius of bending is controlled ©) by controlling the bend radius and removing waveguide imperfections 4) neither by controlling bend radius nor by removing waveguide imperfections 21. What is the major factor that is, responsible for material absorption loss? 4) Intrinsic absorption due to basic atoms of fiber material b) Extrinsic absorption due to impurity atoms ©) Absorption due to atomic defects in the glass material d) All the above 22. Which is the most beneficial index profile in single-mode fibers? a). Step index ) Coaxial cable ©) Graded index 4) Step and graded index 23. Which technique is used in a fourth- generation communication system? a) WDM technique b) TDM technique c) FDM technique 4) None of the above 24, When a ray enters from a denser to rarer medium with the refracted angle of 90 degrees the angle of incident is known as a) Acceptance angle b) Critical angle ©) Snell’s law 4d) None of the above 25. The scattering of light signifies the loss of optical energy, mainly because of one of the following reasons. A. imperfections in the fiber core B. group velocity C. time delay D. atmospheric stress 26. If the bending of fiber radius is more than the radius of the core of the fiber then this bending is known as Page 3 of 6a) Micro bending loss ) Microscopic bending loss ©) AandB 4) None of the Above 27. Which component provides additional strength and prevents the fiber from any damage? A. Core B. Cladding C. Buffer coating D. None of the above 28. In multimode graded-index fiber the Index a) changes from Cladding to core b) will change from core to cladding gradually ¢) will change as a step 4) None of the above 29. A step-index fiber has specified parameters for the refractive index of core and cladding as 1.50 and 1.33, respectively Calculate the approximate acceptance angle, a) 10° b) 15° c) 25° d) 20 30. For single-mode step-index fibers, V- number should be less than a) 7.0 b) 4.2 o) 28 d) 24 31. Ifa fiber operates at 1400 nm, with a diameter of about 102m, =1.30, 0.80, 7’ =3.5, then how many modes will it have? a) 16.55 b) 12.95 ©) 9.655 d) 6.125 32. A device that converts electrical energy in the form of a current into optical energy is known as a) Optical source ) Optical coupler ©) Optical isolator\ 4d) Circulator 33. The micro-bending losses are dependent on. a) Diameter b) Core material ©) Reffactive index @) Mode and wavelength 34, The V-number for a multimode step- index profile optical fiber is given as 8. How many modes can propagate through this fiber? a) 64 b) 32 ©) 16 ds 35. In the Lambertian output pattern of LED, the source is..........bright from all directions. a) Less b) Equally ¢) More 4) Unpredictably 36. The main disadvantage (s) of using edge-emitting LED is a) Has high radiance b) Beam divergence is narrow ©) Itcouples more optical power Page 4 of 64) All the above 37. Which mechanism is used in Laser Technology for the generation of light? a) Dispersion b) Absorption c) Stimulated Emission 4) Spontaneous Emission 38. Determine the numerical aperture for a step-index fiber with specified parameters for the refractive index of the fiber core and @) 0.156 39. Which one of the following types does not exist in optical fibers? a) multimode step-index b) multimode graded index ©) single-mode step-index €) single-mode graded-index 40. Determine the critical angle of a typical optical fiber cable with specified values of i= 1,82 and m = 1.73. cladding as 1.50 and 1.46, respectively. a) 095° a) 0.486 » is b) 0.344 ©) ter oe a) 11.90 SECTION B Answer any two questions in this Section Question 1 {10 Marks) 4) ‘State any two factors to take into consideration for Fiber optic system design. by The fiber optic system in Figure 1.0 has the following characterstis. © LED power (Pt) -2mW ¢ LED to fiber loss (Ls) = 3 4B «Fiber loss/Km (Fi) = 0.5 4B/Km «Length of Fiber (L) = 40Km LrLhLreeee—O 20-m fiber length) «Fiber to detector Loss (La) = 34B Redraw Figure 1.0 in your answer booklet and indicate the characteristics given on the diagram. 3c { he system if the receiver sensitivity (Pa is 0.25x10°W Determine the loss margin of Page 5 of 6Frees earee + ee ier to Dette Seucet0 Fe tera be ‘oenecoe ‘recon xmnecicn Figure 1.0 Question? [10 Marks} a) A 2-Km length multimode fiber has a modal dispersion of Ins/Km and a chromatic dispersion of 100 ps/Km.nm. if it is used with an LED of linewidth 40 nm, determine i, The total dispersion ii, The bandwidth of the fiber b) Determine the maximum core diameter for a fiber ingle mode at a wavelength of 1550 nm if the numerical aperture is 0.12 Question 3 {10 Marks} a) State two multiplexing techniques commonly used in fiber optics. b) Define wavelength division multiplexing ©) A multimode step-index fiber with a core diameter of 80 um and a relative index difference of 1.5 % is operating at # wavelength of 0.85 ym. Ifthe core refractive index is 1.48, estimate the normalized frequency for the fiber and the number of guided modes, ‘Kwadwo Ntiamoah-Sarpong PhD. Page 6 of 6KUMASI TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF DISTANCE LEARNING AND EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING Bachelor of Technology (BTech) Electrical and Electronic Engineering End of Second Semester Examinations - 2022/2023 BTech (Top-Up) Second Year - Weekend EEE 410 FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION Aveust20z3 0 Time: 2 Hours 30 Mins oa 16.¢ 31D ITA i 3.C I8A aa Total 40 Marks 4c 19. 34.B SA 20.B 35.B 6c 21.D 36.D mS 22. 37.C 8B 23.A 38.B 9.D 24.B 39.D 10.B 25.A 40.D 1. 26.B 12D 27.C 13.B 28.B 14.D 29.B 15.A 30.D Page 1of3SECTION B (20 Marks) Question 1 [10 Marks} a) id ‘Two (2) of the Factors to be considered for fiber optic system design [2 Mark] Modulation and Multiplexing technique Adequate power at the receiver Rise-time and Bandwidth characteristics iv. Noise effects on system bandwidth, data rate and bit error rate V. Type of fight best suited for the application [3 Mark] Detector sensitivity = -36 dBm ‘Source [TCP Aibettoss. co fiverloss_;—[-] etector Lnemnal 20k =05 48m a0 ken 05 cbf 3am tea Dials Sou to Fiero fer Fiero getector ier comecton connecton connection SaBioss ‘aBioss 081038, b) The fiber optic system in Figure 1.0 has the following characteristics. «LED power (Pi) - 2mW © LED to fiber loss (Ls) = 3 dB «Fiber loss/Km (F,) = 0.5 dB/Km © Length of Fiber (L) = 40Km «Connector Losses = 1 dB (one connector between two 20-m fiber length) «Fiber to detector Loss (Lis) = 34B © Receiver sensitivity Ps = 0.025 x 10°W Pz (dBm) = 101089 yyy) = 0.025%10°17 = -36dBm [1 Mark} Lg = Pp —liy — FX) Lemme Ly — Ps [1 Mark] ©) L,, =3dBm—34B ~(40Km0.SAB | Km)—1—(-366Bm) [3 Mark] Page 2 of 3 1"Question 2. [10 Marks] a) At=dispersion i, Atgogay =2KimxIns / Km =2ns [1 Mark] Abosyomatie = 2K x (100 ps / Km.nm)x(40nm) = 8000 ps = 8ns [1 Mark] ou =[ (Aton) (Aarons) | (1 Mark] isat =[(23)' +(2ns)']=8.24ns [1 Mark] ii, ‘The Bandwidth (BW) of the fiber is calculated as BW =0.35/8.24ns = 42.48MHz [2 Mark] 2na Za by) V=4 (NA {1 Mark] : a (NA) =a 2n(NA) u | _2.4x1550x10 [Mark] 2a (0.12) =4.93x10%m = 4.93um [1 Mark] Maximum core diameter = d =2a=2x4,93=9.87 44m [1 Marky Question 3. [10 Marks] a) Time-division multiplex (TDM) Wave-division multiplex (WDM) (2 Mark] b) WDM is a technology that multiplexes a number of optical carrier signals onto a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths (colours) of laser light. [2 Mark] ©) We first obtain the numerical aperture as Numerical aperture (NA) NA =n, (2A) =1.48%(2x0.015)4 2563 [2 Mark] Next, we obtain the normalized frequency (V) as 0.2563 = 75.78 (2 Mark] 75.78). 7 Y 28.5 [2 Marky 2 ‘The number of modes is obtained as M = =f Kwadwo Ntiamoah-Sarpong, Ph.D. Page 3 of 3