GRAMMAR 4.

Perfect Continuous : terjadi di masa

lalu dan sudah selesai juga di masa lalu
(ada durasi).
SENTENCE PROBLEMS
• Simple Past Tense
Grammatical error (kesalahan tata bahasa) pada
- Terjadi di masa lalu.
kata (part of speech), seperti :
- Keterangan waktu :
1. Verb
➢ Yesterday
Tenses
➢ Minutes ago
Gerund/infinitie
➢ In (year)
Active-passive
➢ Last ....
Subject-verb agreement
➢ This ....
Modals
- To Be :
2. Noun
Subject To Be (past)
Singular-plural noun
I
Countable-uncountable noun
He
3. Pronoun Was
She
Subject/object pronoun
It
Pronoun reference
You
4. Adjective & Adverb
They Were
Use adjective/adverb correctly
We
Comparative-superlative
5. Preposition - (+) S + V2 atau S + to be (past)
Correct form (-) S + to be (past) + not + V1
Omitted preposition (?) To be (past) + S + V1 ?
6. Conjuction • Past Continuous Tense
Parallel structure - Sedang terjadi di masa lalu.
- Biasanya ada 2 aksi/kejadian :
PROBLEMS WITH VERB : PAST TENSE 1. Sedang berlangsung, (ketika)
• Terjadi di masa lalu. 2. Kejadian lain terjadi.
• Kategori Past Tenses : - Contoh :
1. Simple : terjadi di masa lalu. I was washing my clothes when
2. Continuous : sedang terjadi tapi di (aksi 1)
masa lalu. the phone rang.
3. Perfect : (ada 2 kejadian) sebelum (aksi 2)
waktu tertentu di masa lalu. = aku sedang mencuci pakaianku
ketika teleponku berbunyi.
 - Keterangan waktu : - Ciri khusus : Ada durasi.
➢ When - Keterangan waktu :
➢ While ➢ For
➢ As long as ➢ Since
➢ At this time yesterday ➢ All day
- To Be : ➢ The whole day
Subject To Be (past) - (+) S + had + been + Ving
I (-) S + had + not + been + Ving
He (?) Had + S + been + Ving ?
Was
She
It PROBLEMS WITH VERB : TENSES REVIEW
You • Present Tense
They Were SIMPLE
We - Terjadi saat ini/ fakta/ kebiasaan.
- Pola :
- (+) S + to be (past) + Ving
S + V1 (s/es)
(-) S + to be (past) + not + Ving
- NOTE :
(?) To be (past) + S + Ving ?
I
• Past Perfect Tense
You
- Sudah terjadi sebelum waktu tertentu di V1
They
masa lalu.
We
- Ada 2 aksi/kejadian : kejadian mana
He
yang lebih dulu terjadi.
V1 (s/es) She
- Keterangan waktu :
It
➢ Before
➢ Till
➢ ... ago
➢ Already
➢ Until
➢ That day
➢ After
- (+) S + had + V3
(-) S + had + not + V3
(?) Had + S + V3 ?
• Past Perfect Continuous Tense
- Mulai terjadi di masa lalu dan sudah
selesai di masa lalu.
 CONTINUOUS CONTINUOUS
- Sedang terjadi sekarang. - Sedang terjadi di masa lalu.
- Pola : - Pola :
S + to be (present) + Ving S + to be (past) + Ving
- To Be (Present) : - To Be (Past) :
Subject To Be Subject To Be
I Am I
You He
Was
They Are She
We It
He You
She Is They Were
It We

PERFECT PERFECT
- Sudah terjadi atau baru selesai - Sudah terjadi di masa lalu.
(hasil/dampak). - Pola :
- Pola : S + had + V3
S + has/have + V3 PERFECT CONTINUOUS
- NOTE : - Terjadi dulu dan sudah selesai
I saat itu.
You - Pola :
Have
They S + had been + Ving
We • Future Tense
He SIMPLE
Has She - Yang akan terjadi di masa
It depan.
- Pola :
PERFECT CONTINUOUS
S + will + V1
- Dimulai dari dulu sampai
CONTINUOUS
sekarang.
- Pasti akan sedang terjadi besok.
- Pola :
- Pola :
S + has/have been + Ving
S + will be + Ving
• Past Tense
PERFECT
SIMPLE
- Akan sudah selesai di masa
- Terjadi di masa lalu.
depan.
- Pola :
S + V2
 - Pola : 3) The windows have been cleaned.
S + will have + V3 = jendela telah dibersihkan.
PERFECT CONTINUOUS - Pola :
- Sedang terjadi sekarang hingga S + to be + V3 (+ by.....)
masa depan. Bisa ada/bisa tidak
- Pola : - To be menyesuaikan dengan tenses
S + will have been + Ving kalimat.
NOTES • Present
• Usually = kebiasan → Simple Present SIMPLE
• This time, now → Continuous (A) S + V1 (s/es)
• Ada 2 kejadian/aksi = before, after → (P) S + to be (present : am, is, are) + V3
Perfect CONTINUOUS
• Ada durasi → Perfect continuous (A) S + to be (present) + Ving

• By the time = paada waktu itu → Future (P) S + to be (present) + being + V3

PERFECT

PROBLEMS WITH VERB : ACTIVE-PASSIVE (A) S + has/have + V3

VOICE (P) S + has/have + been + V3

• Kalimat Aktif PERFECT CONTINUOUS

- Subjek melakukan kerja. (A) S + has/have been + Ving

- Contoh : (P) S + has/have been + being + V3

1) Margareth wrote the letter. • Past

(S) (V) (O) SIMPLE

= margareth menulis surat. (A) S + V2

2) The hunter killed the lion. (P) S + to be (past : was, were) + V3

= pemburu membunuh singa. CONTINUOUS

3) Someone has cleaned the windows. (A) S + to be (past) + Ving

= seseorang telah membersihkan (P) S + to be (past) + being + V3

jendela. PERFECT

• Kalimat Pasif (A) S + had +V3

- Subjek dikenai kerja. (P) S + had + been + V3

- Contoh : PERFECT CONTINUOUS

1) The letter was written by margareth. (A) S + had been + Ving

(S) (V) (O) (P) S + had been + being + V3

= surat ditulis oleh margareth. • Future

2) The lion was killed by the hunter. SIMPLE

= singa dibunuh oleh pemburu. (A) S + will + V1

(P) S + will + be + V3
 CONTINUOUS ▪ Like
(A) S + will be + Ving ▪ Hate
(P) S + will be + being + V3 ▪ Catch
PERFECT ▪ Have
(A) S + will have + V3 ▪ Need
(P) S + will have + been + V3 ▪ Own
PERFECT CONTINUOUS ➢ Intransitive
(A) S + will have been + Ving o Tidak perlu diikuti
(P) S + will have been + being + V3 objek.
o Contoh :
PROBLEMS WITH VERB : FINITE- (X) I sleep you.
INFINITE (NON FINITE) (V) I sleep.
• Clause ▪ Sleep
➔ Kumpulan kata yang mengandung ▪ Walk
Subject (S) dan Verb (V). ▪ Arrive
• Verb ▪ Laugh
- Kata yang menunjukkan kegiatan ▪ Cough
fisik, mental, ataupun states of 2. Perubahan V1-V2-V3
being (menunjukkan keadaan). ➢ Reguler
- Fisik, Mental, dan States of Being o Perubahan beraturan.
Physical Mental States of Being o Ciri : +ed di akhir kata.
To be (am, is, o Contoh :
To swim To think
are, was, were) V1 V2 V3
To ponder Study studied studied
To write To exist
(mempertimbangkan) Act acted acted
To consider Close closed closed
To jump To seem
(merenung) pull pulled pulled
To climb

- Jenis Verb :
1. Ada atau Tidak ada Objek
➢ Transitive
o Selalu diikuti objek.
o Contoh :
(X) I have.
(V) I have you.
▪ Write
 ➢ Irreguler 4. Finite vs Infinite
o Perubahan tidak Finite Infinite/Non-Finite
beraturan. Verb punya Subjek dan Verb bukan tenses
o Contoh : pakai tenses (Vutama). (bukan Vutama).
V1 V2 V3 Act as a verb. Do not act as a verb.
Swim swam swum ➔ Contoh : ➔ Contoh :
break broke broken They got home very Sailing is my favorite
Sell sold sold (S) (fV) (nfV) (fV)
Put Put Put late last night. sport.
Read Read Read Act as a main verb of a Act as nouns,
clause. adjectives, and
3. Linking verb
➔ Contoh : adverbs.
➢ Harus diikuti complement.
I live in germany. ➔ Contoh :
➢ Verb of being
(S) (fV) The sleeping cat is
o Contoh :
(nfV) (fV)
1. She seems upset.
brown.
(V) (Adj.)
Indicate person, Do not indicate person,
2. She is a new employee.
number, and tense. number, and tense.
(V) (Noun)
➔ Contoh : ➔ Contoh :
▪ To be
She was waiting in the She tiptoed round the
▪ Become
room before he came hoes so as not to wake
▪ Remain
in. anyone.
▪ Seem
Used in present and Are infinitives,
➢ Verb of sense
past tense. gerunds, and
o Contoh :
➔ Contoh : participles.
1. It smells fishy.
You promised me the ➔ Contoh :
(V) (Adj.)
last ticket. I struggle to
2. It looks very new.
understand.
(V) (Adj.)
Appear in dependent Appear in infinitival,
▪ Smell
and independent participal, and gerund-
▪ Feel
clauses. participle clause.
▪ Look
➔ Contoh : ➔ Contoh :
▪ Sound
Jean said that he Kids like to play on
▪ Taste
enjoyed painting. computers.
• Finite Verb o I have cooked the ham.
- Setiap kalimat butuh fV sebagai main (Adj.) (Noun)
verb. 3. Infinitive :
- Selalu 1 kata sesuai tenses. To + V1 sebagai Adjective/Adverb.
- Punya subject (S) dan menunjukkan ➔ Contoh :
tenses. o Heat the pan to cook the prowns.
- Contoh : (Adverb)
1. The thief escaped again. o Fins a recipe to cook prowns.
(S) (fV = V2) (Adjective)
= Past Tense • Contoh Soal Error Recogniction
2. Sarah is crying with joy. 1. Zebra mussels developing coordinated
(S) (fV = to be + Ving) (A)
= Present Continuous Tense maturation, spawning, and other
- Finite Verb (fV) : (B)
▪ Vbase procedures to maximize the likehood of
▪ V1 (C)
▪ V2 successful fertilization because they are
▪ To Be
• Non-Finite/Infinite Verb dioecious and fertilization happens
- Tidak menunjukkan tenses. (D)
- Bentuk verb bukan menjadi main verb externally.
(Vutama).
- Jenis : = kerang zebra mengembangkan
1. Gerunds : maturasi yang terkoordinasi, bertelur
Ving sebagai Noun. dan prosedur lain untuk
➔ Contoh : memaksimalkan kemungkinan
Cooking lamb properly is a skill. terjadinya fertilisasi yang sukses karena
(Noun) (fV) dioecious dan fertilisasi terjadi di luar.
2. Participle :
Ving (present) dan V3 (past) sebagai Analysis :
Adjective. Conjunction : (1) because
➔ Contoh : Fertilization = Noun
o Add some cooking oil. Happens = fV
(Adj.) (Noun)
o Serve the cooked ham. (A) Developing (nfV) → harus jadi fV,
(Adj.) (Noun) maka aux + Ving = are develoing.
 (B) Other (deteminer) → other + plural NOTES
= other procedures • Subject + Verb + Object/Complement
(C) Likehood (noun) → the + noun = - Object = yang dikenai kerja.
the likehood - Complement = yang melengkapi
(D) Dioecious (adjective) kalimat.
▪ Adjective
2. The researchers have several opinions ▪ Noun
(A) ▪ Adverb of place
on how taking a break influencing • Pastikan setiap soal punya 1 Finite Verb
(B) (C) (fV).
people on solving a problem. - fV tidak ada = kalimat salah.
(D) - fV banyak = harus ada conjuction.
▪ 2 fV = 1 conjunction
= peneliti mempunyai beberapa ▪ 3 fV = 2 conjunction
pendapat tentang bagaimana ▪ dst...
beristirahat dapat mempengaruhi orang • Finite verb berupa To Be bisa 1 kata atau
dalam menyelesaikan masalah. auxillary Ving dan V3.
• Modals bisa menjadi finite verb dengan
Analysis : Vbase.
Subject : The researchers - Contoh : I can cook.
fV : have (modals) (Vbase)
Preposition : on • Finite verb (fV) vs Non-finite verb (nfV)
Taking = Gerund fV nfV
V1 Ving
(A) Several (deteminer/quantifier) → V2 V3
several + noun plural = several To Be + Ving To + V1
opinions To Be + V3
(B) How (conjunction)
(C) Influencing (nfV) → Ving harus • Prepotional phrase tidak bisa jadi subject.
jadi fV maka jadi V1 = influence Contoh :
(D) Solving (nfV) → prepotition + Ving For the number of unemployed.
= on solving (Prepotional)
• To Be + Ving = fV aktif.
Contoh : was creating = membuat
• To Be + V3 = fV pasif.
Contoh : was created = dibuat
 • Struktur coordinating conjunction harus • Gerunds
sama : - Ving sebagai Noun bisa menjadi :
Adjective – Adjective ▪ Subject
Clause – Clause ▪ Object
F A N B O Y S ▪ Complement (pelengkap) =
for and nor but or yet so muncul setelah linking verb.
- Contoh :
PROBLEMS WITH VERB : GERUND AND 1. Reading helps you learn English.
INFINITIVE (NON FINITE VERB) (S) (fV)
REVIEW 2. Her favorite hobby is reading.
(Complement)
Jenis Verb
3. I enjoy reading.
(fV) (O)
Perubahan Main Verb ada/tidak Objek 4. Cooking lamb properly is a skill.
(nfV) (fV)
Reguler Finite Transitive 5. She finished cooking.
(beraturan) (jadi V utama) (ada Objek)
(S) (fV) (O = nfV)

Irreguler Non-finite (tidak Intransitive

• Infinitives
jadi V utama) (tidak ada Objek)
(tak beraturan) - To + V1 sebagai Adjective/Adverb

Syarat Clauses : harus terdiri Subject (S) dan bisa menjadi :

Finite Verb (fV) ▪ Subject

Contoh : (X) A man walking. ▪ Object

(Participle) ▪ Complement

(V) A man walking is my friend. - Contoh :

(nfV) (fV) 1. To learn is important.

(S)
• Non-finite Verb (nfV) : Gerunds dan
2. The most important thing is to learn.
Infinitives
(Complement)
- Verb tidak berubah, walau tenses
3. He wants to learn.
berubah.
(fV) (O)
4. She wanted to cook.
Non-finite Verb (S) (fV) (O = nfV)
5. To cook is my hobby.

Infinitives Gerunds
Participles (S) (fV) (O)
(Ving dan V3
(to + V1) (Ving sebagai Noun)
sebagai Adjective) 6. Heat the pan to cook the prowns.
(adverb)
 7. Fins a recipe to cook prowns. NOTES
(adjective) • Daftar penggunaan gerund-infinitive
8. I am going to play with my friends. - https://advice.writing.utoronto.ca/engli
(fV) (nfV) sh-language/gerunds/
• Penggunaan Gerunds dan Infinitives - https://www.hunter.cuny.edu/rwc/repo
- Kapan menggunakan gerund-infinitive sitory/files/grammar-and-
tergantung main verb (fV) jika sebagai mechanics/verb-system/Using-
objek. Ada fV yang cuma bisa diikuti Gerunds-and-Infinitives.pdf
gerunds saja/infinitives saja. - https://www.fluentu.com/blog/english/
▪ Enjoy + gerund saja gerunds-and-infinitives/
▪ Finish + gerund saja
▪ Want + infinitive saja PROBLEMS WITH VERB : SUBJECT-VERB
• Important Rules AGREEMENT
1. Beberapa verb diikuti gerund saja. • Aturan Dasar
Beberapa verb diikuti infinitive saja. 1. Subjek singular → Verb singular
Beberapa verb diikuti gerund maupun Contoh : The boy walks to school.
infinitive. (SS) (VS)
2. Gerund umumnya untuk Subjek (S) 2. Subjek plural → Verb plural
dan Complement. Contoh : The boys walk to school.
3. Infinitive umumnya digunakan setelah (SP) (VP)
adjective. 3. Kalau Subjek jauh dari Verb, tetap cari
→ Contoh : dan lihat subjeknya (singular/plural).
It is not easy to graduate from here. Contoh :
(Adj.) (infinitive) o The key (to the doors) is in the drower.
4. Beberapa verb diikuti noun/pronoun (SS) (VS)
(orang) menggunakan infinitive saja. o The keys (to the door) are in the drower.
→ Contoh : (SS) (VS)
I am warning you not to do this!
(pronoun) (infinitive)
5. Preposisi + Gerund
→ Contoh :
He was fined for driving over the speed limit.
(preposisi) (gerund)
 𝒂𝒍𝒍 PROBLEMS WITH VERB : MODALS
𝒎𝒐𝒔𝒕
4. Kalau sebelum Verb diikuti,{
𝒔𝒐𝒎𝒆
of • Modals :
𝒉𝒂𝒍𝒇 ➢ Can
the (Object) – Verb, cari dan lihat ➢ Will/shall
objeknya (singular/plural). ➢ Must
Contoh : ➢ May/might
o All (of the book) was interesting. ➢ Would
(OS) (VS) ➢ Could
o All (of the books) were interesting. ➢ Should
(OP) (VP) ➢ Ought to
o All (of the information) was interesting. • Pola :
(OS uncountable) (VS) Modals + V1
5. Kalau Subjek berupa :
Everybody Anybody Nobody Somebody PROBLEMS WITH NOUN : SINGULAR-
Everyone Anyone No one Someone PLURAL NOUN
Everything Anything Nothing something Aturan Dasar :
Each + (noun) → each books 1. Keterangan singular → Noun singular
Every + (noun) → every book 2. Keterangan plural → Noun plural
Maka, subjek dianggap singular. Keterangan Singular Keterangan Plural
• Contoh Soal Each Both
1. (...) heated by solar energy have special Every Two
(SS/P(?)) (VP) Single Several
collectors on the roofs to trap sunlight. One Various
A/An
= karena verb plural maka butuh subjek Contoh :
plural, maka (Homes) bukan (homes 1. On the table there were many dishes.
are), karena jadi pasif verb-nya. (KP) (NP)
NOTES 2. The lab assistant finished every test.
• Uncountable (tidak dapat dihitung) (KS) (NS)
dianggap singular. NOTES
• Verb Singular • Congress (singular)
Verb Singular Verb Plural Congresses (plural)
Am, Is Are
Was Were
Has Have
V1(s/es) V1
PROBLEMS WITH NOUN : COUNTABLE- • Uncountable
UNCOUNTABLE NOUN - Tidak dapat dihitung → kualitas,
material, air laut, uang,
Countable Uncountable
perasaan(fun=kesenangan), beras,
Many Much
gula.
Number Amount
- Tidak bisa menggunakan angka.
Few Little
- Hanya singular.
Fewer Less
- Aturan :
• The Number of vs A Number of 1. Tidak perlu article “a/an”.
- Diikuti plural noun. → Contoh :
- Sama-sama memiliki arti (X) They speak an amazing French.
“sejumlah/jumlah”. (V) I am an english teacher.
The Number of A Number of 2. “The” digunakan untuk

Singular = semua Plural = sebagian dari membandingkan.

dianggap satu (1). keseluruhan. → Contoh :

Contoh : Contoh : The French in Belgium is different

The number of A number of incidents from the French in Canada.

(SS) (SP) (NP) = (Bahasa Prancis di Belgia itu

incidents is rising. are expected. berbeda dari bahasa Prancis di

(NP) (VS) (VP) Kanada.)

3. Umumnya menggunakan “to
• Countable speak” bukan “to know”.
- Dapat dihitung → objek, orang, calory, 4. Kebangsaan “-ese, -ss, -h” tidak
banana, berat badan, gigi, film. perlu plural.
- Bisa menggunakan angka. → Contoh :
- Bisa singular-plural. o (V) Chinese = two chinese
- Contoh : men/women/children
1. Approxiamately 2000 calories per (X) Chineses
day are necessary for woman to o (V) English people/Swiss
give them enough energy. people/Portuguese people
2. If you want specialist advice on love pasta.
food, the person you should see is (X) English love pasta.
a nutritionist. o (V)Italians/Americans has
pasta.
- Contoh Penggunaan :
1. Rice is the main ingredient of many
traditional asian dishes.
 2. The doctor advised againts eating • Tabel Penggunaan Countable –
food such as cheese, which is high Uncountable
in fat.
Countable Uncountable
- Contoh Soal Error Recognition : Some top chefs in the Everyone needs to eat
Some (untuk
1. According to research, between kalimat positif world are men. some protein
(A) (+)) everyday.
Any (untuk Have we got any There isn’t any salad
90% and 93% of Dutchies claim
kalimat negatif tomatoes? left in the fridge.
(B) (-) dan kalimat
to be able to hold a full tanya (?))

(C) Many children do not

Many/a lot of eat enough –
conversation in English.
vegetables.
(D)
We don’t eat much
Much/a lot of –
→ Dutch (-h) tidak perlu plural, meat these days.
harusnya Dutch people. There are few
Few (tidak
nutritional benefits in –
ada)
fast food.
2. The greek cuisine is past of the
Eating a few nuts
(A) (B)
A few (ada) everyday provides –
culture of Greece and is vitamin B.
Teenager have little
Little (sedikit) –
recorded in images and texts interest in cooking.
A little A little milk is good
(C) –
(banyak) for digestion.
from ancient times.
(D)
• Contoh Soal Error Recognition
→ karena “The” dalam kalimat
1. There are any reasons for eating
bukanlah pembanding/mem-
(A) (B) (C) (D)
bandingkan sesuatu.
complex fats.
(E)
→ Any untuk kalimat negatif (-) dan
kalimat tanya (?), harusnya many.
Jika tetap any, maka fV harusnya are
not.
 2. We have a few evidences for consuming 4. The gift was intended for you and me.
(A) (B) (C) (D) (S) (O=Us)
more fat in our diet.
(E) PROBLEMS WITH PRONOUN : RELATIVE
→ arti kalimat rancu, harusnya PRONOUN
menggunakan few, menjadi : • Kata ganti untuk menghubungkan 2 kalimat
= (Kita mempunyai sedikit/beberapa independent (1 Subjek + 1 Objek).
bukti untuk mengonsumsi lebih lemak Orang Benda Tempat
dalam diet kita.) Subjek Who Which
Objek Who/Whom Which Where
PROBLEMS WITH PRONOUN : SUBJECT/ Kepunyaan Whose
OBJECT PRONOUN
• Berubah sesuai Subjek (S) = melakukan, • Indefinite Relative

atau Objek (O) = dikenai. - Whoever

Subjek (S) Objek (O) - Whomever

- Whichever
I Me
You You • Appositive vs Relative Pronoun

They Them
Appositive Relative Pronoun
We Us
Tidak ada relative Ada relative pronoun.
He Him pronoun hanya rename.
She Her Contoh : Contoh :
It It Isabelle Allende a writer 1. Issabelle Allendes
(tidak ada RP) (Non-restrictive)
• Contoh :
went to exile in 1975. who is a writer ...
1. I did not know that you and she were
(RP)
working together on the project.
2. A woman who is a..
→ Klausa I :
(RP-Restrictive)
I did not know
(S)
Conjunction : That
Klausa II :
You and she were working .....
(S)
2. Sally gave the book to John.
(She) (It) (Him)
3. He and the girl are going shopping.
(S=They)
 • Kategori 2. Jason bought the top hybrid
(S) (V) (O)
Kategori
Contoh car, which will help him
(untuk..)
(RP)
WHO
(= mobil hibrid top yang...)
Who The musician who wrote this
save on gas.
(manusia) (S) (RP)
→ RP menjelaskan kata
song is Canadian.
sebelumnya.
→ RP menjelaskan Subjek.
THAT
Whom This witnesses whom I
That (manusia, 1. The musician that won the
(manusia (O) (RP) (S)
hewan, benda (S) (RP)
sebagai interviewed gave conflicting
dalam award is Canadian.
Objek) evidence.
Restrictive 2. The car that Jason bought
→ RP menjelaskan Objek.
Clause) (S) (RP)
Whose 1. The man whose daughter
runs on electricity and gas.
(kepemilikan
3. The dog that is chasing the
manusia, (Anak dari laki-laki itu)
(S) (RP)
hewan, benda) won the turnament is a
squirrels belongs to
tennis.
Bridget.
2. A dog whose owner lets it
→ RP menjelaskan Subjek
hanya pada Klausa Restrictive.
(Pemilik anjing membiarkan)
run loose may cause an
PROBLEMS WITH ADJECTIVE & ADVERB :
accident.
USE ADJECTIVE/ADVERB CORRECTLY
• Relative Adverb
3. The tree whose branches
- Why → to reason (alasan)
- When → to time (waktu)
(Batang-batang dari pohon)
- Where → to place (tempat)
shade my kitchen window
is on oak.
WHICH
Which (hanya 1. Bridget visited the park
hewan, benda) (S) (V) (O)
with her dog, which likes to
(Ket.) (RP)
(= dengan anjingnya yang....)
chase squirrels.
 • Alike vs Like vs Likewise 2. Congratulate → On
Alike Like Likewise o I congratulate you on yur
= (Mirip) = (Seperti) = (Juga) success.
Adjective/ Preposisi Pengganti 3. Confidence → In
adverb yang tidak “too, also”. o I have a great confidence in
tidak diikuti you.
diikuti noun. o Let me tell you something in
noun. confidence.
Contoh : Contoh : Contoh : 4. Conform → To
Our fate You and I I speak in o We must conform to the rules.
was alike. are like Bahasa and 5. Consist → Of
= (muka twin suprisingly o A year consist of twelve month.
kami mirip) before. Daniel (tidak bisa pasif)
answers 6. Comply → With
likewise. o We’ll comply with your request.
- Contoh Soal

PROBLEMS WITH ADJECTIVE & ADVERB : 1. We don’t measure to live we tell

COMPARATIVE-SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVE others we are living, and we look at

• Comparative Adjective the self as though it were and other.

- Kata sifat untuk membandingkan 2 And feel envious of it.

objek menggunakan kata “lebih”. 2. The panel comprises up to 35

- Dipakai jika ada kata “than (A)

(=daripada)”. members, representing a spread of

- 1 suku kata → contoh : Taller. (B)

2 suku kata → contoh : More expensive. expert in take overs, securities

• Superlative Adjective (C)

- Kata sifat untuk membandingkan 2 markets, industry, and commerce.

objek menggunakan kata “paling”. (D)

- 1 suku kata → contoh : Tallest. → (B) Gerund

2 suku kata → contoh : Most expensive. (C) Expert = noun (orang),

harusnya expertise

PROBLEMS WITH PREPOSITION

• Bound Preposition
- Contoh :
1. Composed → Of
o Our class is composed of thirty
students.
NOTES PROBLEMS WITH CONJUNCTION
• The U.S. comprises fifty states. (CONNECTORS)
- Comprises → Besar ke kecil • Connector (Conjunction)
- Compose → kecil ke Besar - Clause → kumpulan kata terdiri dari
• Tabel Adj + Preposition Subjek (S) dan Verb (fV).
- 2 clause dihubungkan oleh konjungsi :
“and, but, or, yet, so” (Coordinate
connector).
Contoh :
1. She laughed, but she wanted
(S) (fV) (,) (conj.) (S) (fV)
to cry.
2. I eat, and he drinks.
(S) (fV) (,) (conj.) (S) (fV)
3. I eat chicken and soup.
(conj.)
- Struktur :
S + V(,) + conjunction (FANBOYS) + S + V
- Contoh :
Champagne is served with the aperitif and
good French wines to complement each
course are served throughout the meal.
• Adverb Time and Cause Connector

Time Cause
By the time As
After because
Before Now that
As Since
As long as In as much as
As soon as
once
Since
Until
While
When
Whenever
 - Struktur : • Contoh Soal Error reconigtion
1. Tanpa koma 1. All indications are that the child
S + V + connector adverb + S + V wandered off, and no foul play is
Contoh : (A) (B) (C)
Teresa went inside because it was raining. suspected.
(S) (V) (conj.) (S) (V) (D)
2. Dengan koma (= semua indikasi menunjukkan
Connector adverb + S + V (,) + S + V bahwa anak itu pergi dan tidak ada
Contoh : hal-hal yang mencurigakan.)
Because it was raining, teresa went inside. → kalimat betul semua.
(conj.) (S) (V) (S) (V) Case : anak hilang
• So – Because Result : (bukti) tidak ada yang
- Struktur dan Contoh mencurigakan.
1. So
Alasan (,) + so + Action/Hasil 2. Or you can drive your car for
Contoh : (A) (B)
I was tired, so i took a break. another 2000 miles, you can get it
(Alasan) (so) (Hasil) (C)
2. Because fixed.
Hasil + because + Alasan (D)
Contoh : → Coordinate connector pasti di
I took a break because i was tired. tengah, harusnya :
(Hasil) (because) (Alasan) You can drive your car for another
• Noun Connector 2000 miles or you can geti t fixed.

Diikuti Subjek (S) Tanpa Subjek (S) 3. The chemist is awarded the nobel
What Whatever What Whatever (A) (B)
When Whenever Which Whichever proze, and he flew to Europe to
Where Whether Who Whoever (C)

Why That accept it.

How If (D) = infinitive (to+V1)

→ penghargaan (awarded) dterima
di masa lampau, baru terbang
(flew), harusnya was awarded.
 • Paired Conjunction 1. An MBA degree is a popular stepping stone to
- Kata hubung berpasangan. (A) (B)
C-suite jobs at large corporations and an aset
Both... And...
(C)
Either... Or...
for bud entrepreneurs.
Neither... Nor...
(D)
Not olny... But also...
Analysis :
- Contoh : (A) An (determiner/article) → MBA (em-bi-
The U.S. Congress consists of both ei) karena e huruf vokal digunakan An
the Senate and the House of (B) Stepping → gerund, Ving tanpa aux
Representative. (C) Corporations (Noun) → plural karena

• Cara Mengidentifikasi/Menentukan tidak ada article “a”

Konteks pada Kalimat (D) Bud (V1) → for+gerund, maka diubah ke

1. Meaning (makna) Ving menjadi budding

2. Verb
3. Adverb of time → (Clue) 2. Wang Jangmyung, an MBC anchor, delivered
(A) (B)

ARTICLE A/AN his apologize on Tuesday for his appropriate

• Word parts/Root (C)

→ Nonsense .... : Non (Prefix) to an interviewee.

Sense (Root) (D)

...... (Suffix) Analysis :

• Profound (Adjective) = Deep (A) An MBC anchor (determiner/article) →

- Pro = prefix MBA (em-bi-ei) karena e huruf vokal

- Contoh : Noun Phrase digunakan An

A profound impact. (B) Delivered → = fast

(C) His appropriate → harusnya
Determiner/ Adjective Noun
inappropriate
article
(D) Interviewee (Noun) → = (orang yang
• Unprecedented = unusual, uncommon, not
diinterview)
common = (belum pernah terjadi, tidak
biasa)
• Un = tidak
• Penggunaan An/A sesuai pengucapan
bukan tulisan.
→ Contoh : An MBA. (em-bi-ei)
• Closest meaning harus sama → Adj. = Adj.
Noun = Noun
CLAUSE, SENTENCE, AND STRUCTURE o Terdapat 3 kategori :
• Level of language Units ▪ Simple
▪ Compound
Sentence
▪ Complex
Clause o Conjunction : but, although,
before, after, when, and, or, while,
Phrase
etc.
Word Contoh :

- Sering ditemui : Sentence dan Clause. Although he still has his old one,

- Clause : Michael now has a new computer.

Contoh : • Klausa (Clause)

1. My car is new. - Independent (Kalimat Utama/Induk

(S) (V) Kalimat)

2. I sold my old car. ▪ Masuk akal saat muncul sendiri

(S) (V) (NP) dan maknanya utuh.

- Sentence : ▪ Struktur : S + V

Contoh : ▪ Contoh : (1 Klausa)

My car is new and I sold my old car. 1. Michael bought a new computer.

→ conjunction : F-A-N-B-O-Y-S (S) (V)

• Clause and Sentence 2. He wants to buy a car for his father.

- Frasa (Phrase) → kumpulan kata. (S) (V)

Contoh : 3. Ashish has a desire to travel the world.

1. An expensive computer. (S) (V)

(Ket.) (Adj.) (Noun) - Dependent (Kalimat pendamping/

2. The new teacher. samping/pelengkap/ Anak Kalimat)

(Ket.) (Adj.) (Noun) ▪ Tidak masuk akal saat muncul

- Klausa (Clause) → terdiri sepasang sendiri dan tidak punya makna

Subjek (S) dan Verb (V). utuh (harus ada independent).

Contoh : ▪ Biasanya diawali “subordinating

Michael bought a new computer. conjunction/relative pronoun”.

(S) (V) (O) ▪ Struktur :

- Kalimat (Sentence) Conjunction + S + V

o Terdiri 1/lebih klausa yang

dihubungkan dengan kata hubung
(conjunction).
 ▪ Contoh : • Kalimat (Sentence)
1. Although he still has his old - Simple → 1 klausa independent.
one, - Compound
(Dependent) ▪ 2 klausa independent yang
Michael now has a new dihubungkan dengan coordinating
computer. conjunction.
(Independent) ▪ Coordinating conjunction :
2. Until I comeback. FANBOYS (For, And, Nor, But,
(conj.) (S) (V) Or, Yet, So).
3. Because she had a fever. ▪ Contoh :
(conj.) (S) (V) Michael bought a new computer,
▪ Jenis : but he still has the old one.
1. Adjective clause - Complex
→ untuk mendeskripsikan ▪ Klausa independent dan
noun. dependent yang dihubungkan
→Contoh : dengan subordinating
The car which is red is mine. conjunction/relative pronoun.
(S) (conj.) (S+fV) (fV) ▪ Dependent clause bisa muncul di
(Adj. Clause) awal, tengah, atau akhir kalimat.
2. Noun clause Contoh :
→ fungsinya sebagai noun 1. Michael now has a new computer,
yang dapat menjadi Subjek, (independent)
Objek, Complement. although he still has his old one.
→ Contoh : (dependent)
What you think is not true. 2. Although he still has his old one,
(conj.) (S) (fV) (fV) (dependent)
(Noun Clause) Michael now has a new computer.
(independent)
Bisa diubah jadi pronoun = 3. Michael, although he still has his
It is not true. (dependent)
3. Adverbial clause old one, now has a new computer.
→ untuk mendeskripsikan (independent)
verb/klausanya. ▪ Dependent clause biasanya diawali
→ Contoh : subordinating conjunction, relative
She did’nt go to work because she had a fever. pronoun, atau kata lain yang
(conj.) (dependent) menyebabkan klausa tersebut
menjadi dependent (when, while,
 after, although, as, because, before, o The teacher seemed upset.
even, if, even though, unless, until, (S) (V) (C)
in order to, since, though, whatever, • Missing Verb
whenever, whether, etc.) - Bisa aktif dan pasif.
Contoh : - Dapat hilang :
1. I want to spend my holiday in Bali because 1 kata (need, was, took, had, walk).
(independent) atau
Bali is so beautiful. 2 kata (auxiliary verb dan verb utama
(dependent) : will need, has been, should take,
2. She is still working on that company though would have, had walked).
(independent) • Missing Subjek(S)/Objek(O)
it is hard. - Dapat hilang :
(dependent) 1 kata noun (people, vitamin, Tom).
3. My brother didn’t like the dish that I cooked. atau
(independent) (dependent) 2 kata noun (some famous people, a
4. Kutoarjo is a village where I was born. vitamin pill, my friend Tom).
(independent) (dependent) atau
5. Kevin is a men who is very friendly. 1 kata pronoun (he, she, it, them, her,
(independent) (dependent) him).
6. That you left home, your parents are worried. • Missing Complement (C)
(dependent) (independent) - Setelah “verb to be/verb non aksi”
7. Because my car is new, I sold my old car. diikuti noun/adjective.
(dependent) (independent) - Verb to be : am, is, are, was, were, etc.
- Verb non aksi : seemed, looked,
STRUCTURE : Hilangnya Objek (O), Verb (V), believed, etc.
Subjek (S), dan Complements (Structure)
• Klausa harus terdiri dari Subjek (S) dan STRUCTURE : NOUN CLAUSE
Verb (V). • Sebagai noun dalam kalimat.
• Struktur • Diawali subordinating conjunction : what,
1. S + V + O whatever, who, whoever, whomever, why,
Contoh : how, that, where, wherever, when,
People need vitamins. whenever.
(S) (V) (O) • Fungsi :
2. S + V + Complement - Sebagai Subjek (S)
Contoh : - Sebagai Objek (O) dari fV
o She is an architect. - Sebagai Objek (O) dari prepotition
(S) (V) (C) - Sebagai Complement (C)
• Struktur : 2. Noun clause sebagai Subjek (S)
1. Conjunction + S + fV - Struktur : (connector + fV) + fV
Contoh : - Contoh :
What you are eating looks delicious. What happened was great.
(conj.) (S) (fV) (fV) (conj.) (fV) (fV)
Noun clause (=S) (=S)
2. Conjunction (=S) + fV NOTES
Contoh : • 1 conjunction = 2 finite verb (fV)
Who called me last night was stupid. • Contoh lainnya :
(conj.=S) (fV) (fV) 1. She is thinking about what she should do with her life.
Noun clause (=S) (S) (fV) (conj.) (S) (fV)
• Noun Clause pada Noun Connector (=O)
Noun Connector diikuti Subjek (S) 2. My favorite mouse is what I’m watching right now.
1. Noun clause sebagai Objek (O) (S) (fV) (conj.) (S) (fV)
- Struktur : S + fV + (connector + S + fV) (=O)
- Contoh : 3. They can’t give us what we want.
I know what you did. (S) (fV) (conj.) (S) (fV)
(S) (fV) (conj.) (S) (fV) (=O)
(=O)
2. Noun clause sebagai Subjek (S) STRUCTURE : ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
- Struktur : (connector + S + fV) + fV • Definisi
- Contoh : - Klausa dependent yang memberikan
What you did was wrong. penjelasan/deskripsi atas noun.
(conj.) (S) (fV) (fV) - Diawali relative pronoun (RP) : that,
(=S) which, who, whom,whose, etc.
Noun Connector tanpa Subjek (S) - 2 kategori :
1. Noun clause sebagai Objek (O) 1. Non-restrictive/Non-identifying
- Struktur : S + fV + (connector + fV) (antara 2 koma)
- Contoh : 2. Restrictive/Identifying (tidak ada
I know what happened. koma)
(S) (fV) (conj.) (fV) - Contoh :
(=O) The dog that ate the cake is looking
guilty.
→ Klausa 1 : The dog is looking guilty.
→ Klausa 2 : that ate the cake
 • Restrictive Clause NOTE
- To identify = penjelasan
Reffering to Restrictive Non-restrictive
- Klausa yang tidak dapat dihilangkan.
A human who, whom, whom, who
- Jika hilang menjadi kalimat yang
that
berubah/rancu.
Selain human which, that which
- Tidak ada koma.
Possessive whose who
- Contoh :
Weeds that float on the surface
STRUCTURE : REDUCED ADJECTIVE
(S) (RP) (dependent)
CLAUSE
should be removed before they decay.
• Definisi
(V)
- Reduced clause
→ tidak membicarakan semua weeds,
▪ Klausa yang tidak punya lagi
hanya yang di permukaan (on the
Subjek dan Verb (S+fV) sehingga
surface), jika float on the surface
berubah menjadi frasa.
dihilangkan, maka makna kalimat
▪ Klausa yang dipendekkan.
berubah/ menjadi rancu.
▪ Ada 2 kategori :
• Non-Restrictive Clause
1. Adjective clause
- To tell us more = memberikan
2. Adverb clause
informasi tambahan
- Reduced adjective clause → adjective
- Klausa dapat dihilangkan karena
yang dipendekkan.
hanya berisi informasi tambahan
• Pola
sehingga tidak mengubah makna.
1. Normal : RP + to be + Verb (fV) / Complements (C)
- “That” tidak bisa digunakan pada
Reduced : fV / C
klausa ini.
2. Normal : RP + Verb (fV)
- Contoh :
Reduced : fV (aktif V-ing /pasif V-3)
My car, which is very large, uses too much gasoline.
• Contoh
(RP) (dependent)
1. The woman who is waving to us is the tour guide.
→ Hanya berisi informasi tambahan.
Jika dihilangkan, tidak mengubah
(RP) (to be) (fV)
makna = My car uses too much
→ The woman waving to u sis the tour guide.
gasoline.
2. The pitcher that is on the table is full of iced tea.

(RP) (to be) (C)

→ The pitcher on the table is full of iced tea.
3. I don’t understand the article which appears in 2. The witness, who appeared on several TV
today’s paper. (RP) (fV)
(RP) (Vs/es) programs, gave conflicting accounts of
→ I don’t understand the article appearing in what had happened.
today’s paper. → The witness, appearing on several TV
(V-ing) programs, gave conflicting accounts of
• Special Case what had happened.
Adjective Clause Tidak Dapat NOTES
Direduced • Tips : cek setelah RP diikuti S/ V/ C/
- Setelah RP diikuti subjek (S). to be + V/ to be + C
- Pola : • Untuk pola (2) : RP + fV, saat reduced,
Normal : RP + S + fV artikan dahulu kalimatnya, tentukan
Reduced : - aktif/pasif.
- Contoh : - Aktif → Ving
The woman that I just met is the tour guide. - Pasif → V3
(RP) (S) (fV) • Tidak bisa di reduced :
Reduced Adjective Clause yang - RP + S + fV
Muncul di antara Dua Koma - RP + modals + V1
- Bisa di awal kalimat/ setelah noun
yang diterangkan.
- Pola :
1. Normal : RP + to be + Verb (fV) / Complements (C)
Reduced : fV / C
2. Normal : RP + Verb (fV)
Reduced : fV (aktif V-ing /pasif V-3)
- Contoh :
1. The white house, which is located in

(RP) (tobe) (fV)

washington, is the home of the president.
→ The white house, located in washington,
is the home of the president.
TAMBAHAN VOCABULARY
• Shudder = tremble = (gemetaran karna
takut/kedinginan)
• Bloodshed = (berdarah/pertumpahan darah)
• Allegedly = (aliansi)
• Numbug (Noun) = nonsense, drivel =
(omong kosong)
• Novelty = new
• Tidbit = interesting news
• Endowment = gift = (bakat)
• Patride = (kewarganegaraan)
• Disposition = personality, character
• Happy (Adjective) → Happiness (Noun)
• One party = (satu pihak)
• Changed = distorted = skewed
• Opting = prefer = choose = pick = select
• Craters = (kawah-kawah)
• Obliteration = (merusak sampai
habis/pemusnahan)
• Figure Out (tidak ada figure in)
• Equine = horse = (kuda)
• Aperitif = (minuman beralkohol)
• Throughout = (selama)
• Meal = makan
• Wandered off = (pergi)
• No foul play = (tidak ada hal-hal yang)
• Suspected = (mencurigakan)
• Flew = (terbang)
• Upset = (kecewa)
• Ability = (kemampuan)
• Ham = (daging babi)
• Lamb = (domba)