Emerging Technologies

Chapter –Three

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

(AI)
Contents
• Introduction to AI
oWhat is AI
oHistory of AI
oLevels of AI
oTypes of AI
• Applications of AI
oAgriculture
oHealth
oBusiness (Emerging market)
oEducation
• AI tools and platforms (scratch/object tracking )
• Sample application with hands on activity (simulation based) 2
What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)
• AI is composed of two words Artificial and
Intelligence.

• Artificial defines "man-made,"

• Intelligence defines "thinking power", or “the

ability to learn and solve problems”

• Hence Artificial Intelligence means "a man-

made thinking power."
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What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)(Cont…)

• We can define AI as the branch of

CS by which we can create
intelligent machines which can:
–Be have like a human,
–Think like humans, and
–Able to make decisions.
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What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)(Cont…)
• Intelligence, as we know, is the ability to acquire
and apply knowledge.
• Knowledge is the information acquired through
experience.
• Experience is the knowledge gained through
exposure (training).
• Artificial intelligence is the “copy of
something natural (i.e., human beings)
„WHO‟ is capable of acquiring and applying the
information it has gained through exposure.”
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What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)(Cont…)
• AI exists when a machine can have human-based skills such
as learning, reasoning, and solving problems.
• In AI you do not need to preprogram a machine to do
some work, despite that you can create a machine with
programmed algorithms which can work with own
intelligence.
• Intelligence is composed of:
– Reasoning
– Learning
– Problem Solving
– Perception
– Linguistic Intelligence
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High-profile examples of AI include

• Autonomous vehicles (such as drones and self-driving cars),

• Medical diagnosis,
• Creating art (such as poetry),
• Proving mathematical theorems,
• Playing games (such as chess or go),
• Search engines (such as google search),
• Online assistants (such as siri),
• Image recognition in photographs,
• Spam filtering,
• Prediction of judicial decisions and targeting online
advertisements 7
Machine learning
• Machine learning was introduced by Arthur
Samuel in 1959.
• Machine Learning is an advanced form of
AI where the machine can learn as it goes
rather than having every action programmed
by humans.
• ML fundamental concept of AI research
since the field‟s inception, is the study of
computer algorithms that improve
automatically through experience. 8
Deep learning

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Why we Need AI at this time?

1. To create expert systems that show intelligent behavior

with the capability to learn, demonstrate, explain and
advice its users.
2. Helping machines find solutions to complex problems
like humans do and applying them as algorithms in a
computer-friendly manner.

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Goals ofGoals
Artificial Intelligence
of Artificial Intelligence
Following are the main goals of Artificial Intelligence:
1. Replicate human intelligence
2. Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
3. An intelligent connection of perception and action
4. Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires
human intelligence such as:
• Proving a theorem
• Playing chess
• Plan some surgical operation
• Driving a car in traffic
5. Creating some system which can show intelligent behavior,
learn new things by itself, demonstrate, explain, and can
advise to its user.
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Disciplines which AI requires
• Intelligence is an intangible part of our brain which is a
combination of Reasoning, learning, problem-solving,
perception, language understanding.
• To achieve the those factors for a machine or
software Artificial Intelligence requires the following
disciplines.

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Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
• High Accuracy with fewer errors
• High-Speed: fast-decision making
• High reliability: same action multiple times with
high accuracy
• Useful for risky areas: e.g. defusing a bomb,
exploring the ocean floor
• Digital Assistant: e.g. E-commerce website
• Useful as a public utility e.g. self driving car,
facial recognition for security , Natural language
processing (search engines, for spelling checker)13
Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence
• High Cost: The HW and SW requirement of AI is
very costly
• Can't think out of the box: as the robot will
only do that work for which they are trained, or
programmed.
• No feelings and emotions.
• Increase dependence on machines: losing
their mental capabilities
• No Original Creativity
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History of AI

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Levels of AI

Stage 1 – Rule-Based Systems

Stage 2 – Context Awareness and Retention
Stage 3 – Domain-Specific Expertise
Stage 4 – Reasoning Machines
Stage 5 – Self Aware Systems / Artificial General
Intelligence (AGI)
Stage 6 – Artificial Superintelligence (ASI)
Stage 7 – Singularity and Transcendence
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Levels of AI(Cont…)

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Types of AI
• There are mainly two types of the main categorization which
are based on capabilities and based on functionally of AI.

Capabilities Functionally

Fig. Types of Artificial Intelligence (AI)

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Types of AI Based on Capabilities

1. Weak AI or Narrow AI:

o Narrow AI is a type of AI which is able to perform a
dedicated task with intelligence.
o Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or limitations, as
it is only trained for one specific task.
o Hence it is also called as weak AI.
o Narrow AI can fail in unpredictable ways if it goes beyond its
limits.
o e.g. Apple Siri, Google translate, playing chess, purchasing
suggestions on e-commerce sites, self-driving cars, speech
recognition, and image recognition.
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Types of AI Based on Capabilities (Cont…)
2. General AI:
o General AI is a type of intelligence that could perform
any intellectual task with efficiency like a
human.
o The idea behind the general AI to make such a system
that could be smarter and think like a human on
its own.
o Currently there is no such system existing which could
come under general AI and can perform any task as
perfect as human.
o The worldwide researchers are now focused on
developing machines with General AI.
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Types of AI Based on Capabilities (Cont…)
3. Super AI
o Is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines
could surpass human intelligence, and can perform
any task better than a human with cognitive
properties.
o This refers to aspects like general wisdom, problem
solving and creativity. It is an outcome of general AI.
o key characteristics of strong AI include capability
include the ability to think, to reason solve the puzzle,
make judgments, plan, learn, and communicate
on its own.
o Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of AI. 21
Types of AI(Based on the functionality )
1. Reactive Machines
o Purely reactive machines are the most basic types
of Artificial Intelligence.
oSuch AI systems do not store memories or past
experiences for future actions.
oThese machines only focus on current scenarios
and react on it as per possible best action.
oExample: IBM's Deep Blue system, Google's
AlphaGo
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Types of AI Based on the functionality(Cont…)
2. Limited Memory
oLimited memory machines can store past
experiences or some data for a short period
of time.
oThese machines can use stored data for a
limited time period only.
oE.g. Self-driving cars. These cars can store the
recent speed of nearby cars, the distance of other
cars, speed limits, and other information to
navigate the road.
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Types of AI Based on the functionality(Cont…)
3. Theory of Mind
.
o Theory of Mind AI should understand human emotions, people,
beliefs, and be able to interact socially like humans.
o This type of AI machine is still not developed, but researchers
are making lots of efforts and improvements for developing
such AI machines.
4. Self-Awareness
o Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence.
o These machines will be super intelligent and will have their own
consciousness, sentiments, and self-awareness.
o These machines will be smarter than the human mind.

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How Humans think

• Observe and input the information or data in the

brain.

• Interpret and evaluate the input that is received

from the surrounding environment.

• Make decisions as a reaction towards what you

received as input and interpreted and evaluated.
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 Activity
• Is it possible to map the way of
human thinking to artificial
intelligence components? If your
answer is yes, how?
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How human think Mapping human thinking to AI
.
components or layers
Observe and input the sensing layer, which perceives
information or data in the information from the surrounding
brain based on human organs environment.
such as eyes, ears, such as voice recognition for sensing
voice and visual imaging recognition for
sensing images.
Interpret and evaluate the interpretation layer, that is, reasoning
input that is received from and thinking about the gathered input
the surrounding environment. that is acquired by the sensing layer.

Make decisions or taking interacting layer taking action or

action as a reaction towards making decisions.
what you received as input E.g. Robotic movement control and
and interpreted and speech generation.
evaluated.
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Influencers of artificial intelligence

• Big data: Structured data versus unstructured

data.

• Advancements in computer processing speed and

new chip architectures

• Cloud computing and APIs.

• The emergence of data science . 28

Big Data
• Big data refers to huge amounts of data.
• Big data requires innovative forms of information
processing to draw insights, automate processes, and help
decision making.
• Big data can be structured data that corresponds to a
formal pattern, such as traditional data sets and databases.
• Also, big data includes semi-structured and
unstructured formats, such as word-processing
documents, videos, images, audio, presentations, social
media interactions, streams, web pages, and many other
kinds of content
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Big Data(Cont…)

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Structured data versus unstructured data
• Structured data: information with an organized
structure, such as a relational database that is searchable by
simple and straightforward search engine algorithms or
SQL statements.
• But, real-world data such as the type that humans deal
with constantly does not have a high degree of
organization.
• For example, text that is written or spoken in natural
language (the language that humans speak) does not
constitute structured data.
• Unstructured data is not contained in a regular database and is
growing exponentially, making up most of the data in the world.
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Structured data versus unstructured data(Cont…)

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Cloud computing and application programming interfaces
• Cloud computing describes the delivery of on-demand services, usually
through the internet, on a pay-per-use basis.
• AI capabilities that are available through the internet and supported by cloud
computing.
• Application programming interfaces (APIs) expose capabilities and services.
• APIs enable software components to communicate with each other easily.
• AI services market deliver their services and tools on the
internet through APIs over cloud platforms, for example:
o IBM delivers Watson AI services over IBM Cloud.
o Amazon AI services are delivered over Amazon Web Services
(AWS).
o Microsoft AI tools are available over the MS Azure cloud.
o Google AI services are available in the Google Cloud Platform.
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The emergence of data science

• The goal of data science is to extract knowledge or

insights from data in various forms, either structured or
unstructured, which is like data mining.

• Data science has emerged in the last few years as a new

profession that combines several disciplines, such as
statistics, data analysis, machine learning, and others.

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Application of AI
• Artificial Intelligence has various applications in today's
society.
• It is becoming essential for today's time because it can
solve complex problems.
• in an efficient way in multiple industries, such as
Healthcare, entertainment, finance, education, etc.
• AI is making our daily life more comfortable and faster.

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Application of AI(Cont…)
AI in agriculture
oAgriculture is an area that requires various
resources, labor, money, and time for the best
result.
o Now a day's agriculture is becoming digital,
o Agriculture is applying AI as agriculture robotics,
solid and crop monitoring, predictive
analysis.
oAI in agriculture can be very helpful for
farmers. 36
Application of AI(Cont…)
AI in Healthcare
oHealthcare Industries are applying AI to make a
better and faster diagnosis than humans.
oAI can help doctors with diagnoses and can
inform when patients are worsening so that
medical help can reach the patient before
hospitalization.

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Application of AI(Cont…)
AI in education
oAI can automate grading so that the tutor can
have more time to teach.
oAI chatbot can communicate with students as a
teaching assistant.
oAI in the future can be work as a personal virtual
tutor for students, which will be accessible easily
at any time and any place

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Application of AI(Cont…)
Cont.
AI in:
 Gaming
Finance and E-commerce
 Data Security
Social Media
Travel &Transport
 Robotics
 Entertainment
the Automotive Industry

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AI tools and Platforms

Reading assignment

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