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Unit - I

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Unit - I

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SPSP NBA & NAAC CELL
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UNIT – I

Number system: Binary number system, Decimal number system, Octal number system,
Hexadecimal number systems, conversion decimal to binary, binary to decimal, octal to binary etc,
binary addition, binary subtraction – One’s complement ,Two’s complement method, binary
multiplication, binary division Concept of Information Systems and Software : Information
gathering, requirement and feasibility analysis, data flow diagrams, process specifications,
input/output design, process life cycle, planning and managing the project
Number Systems
The number system is a way to represent or express numbers. You have heard of various types of
number systems such as the whole numbers and the real numbers. But in the context of computers,
we define other types of number systems. They are:
• • The decimal number system

• • The binary number system

• • The octal number system and

• • The hexadecimal number system

Decimal Number System (Base 10)


In this number system, the digits 0 to 9 represents numbers. As it uses 10 digits to represent a
number, it is also called the base 10 number system. Each digit has a value based on its position
called place value. The value of the position increases by 10 times as we move from right to left in
the number.
For example, the value of 786 is
= 7 x 102 + 8 x 101 + 6 x 100
= 700 + 80 + 6
Binary Number System (Base 2)
A computer can understand only the “on” and “off” state of a switch. These two states are
represented by 1 and 0. The combination of 1 and 0 form binary numbers. These numbers represent
various data. As two digits are used to represent numbers, it is called a binary or base 2 number
system.
The binary number system uses positional notation. But in this case, each digit is multiplied by the
appropriate power of two based on its position.
For example, (101101)2 in decimal is
= 1 x 25 + 0 x 24 + 1 x 23 + 1 x 22 + 0 x 21 + 1 x 20
= 1 x 32 + 0 x 16 + 1 x 8 + 1 x 4 + 0 x 2 + 1 x 1
= 32 + 8 + 4 + 1
= (45)10
Octal Number System (Base 8)
This system uses digits 0 to 7 (i.e. 8 digits) to represent a number and the numbers are as a base of 8.
For example, (24)8 in decimal is
= 2×81+4×80
= (20)10
Hexadecimal Number System (Base 16)
In this system, 16 digits used to represent a given number. Thus it is also known as the base 16
number system. Each digit position represents a power of 16. As the base is greater than 10, the
number system is supplemented by letters. Following are the hexadecimal symbols: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F
To take A, B, C, D, E, and F as part of the number system is conventional and has no logical or
deductive reason.
Information system
Information systems (IS) are formal, sociotechnical, organizational systems designed to collect,
process, store, and distribute information. In a sociotechnical perspective, information systems are
composed by four components: task, people, structure (or roles), and technology.
The six components that must come together in order to produce an information system are:
(Information systems are organizational procedures and do not need a

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