Maths Literacy Grade 11 Term 3 and 4 Activity Book

MVELENHLE SCIENCES©
MATHEMATICAL LITERACY – GRADE 11
ACTIVITY BOOK – TERM 3 AND TERM 4
T. Sibisi
© Mvelenhle Sciences – producing everlasting prosperity

Mathematical Literacy Grade 11
1
Finance
TERM THREE AND FOUR

Income, expenditures, profit, loss:
Budget
 A budget shows predicted income and expenditure items for an event, business or organisation.
o That is the budget describes what the business, organisation or organisers of an event predict the
income and expenditure for the business, organisation or event will be in the future.
 As such, budgets are important tools for planning the future finances of an event, business or organisation.
Table of some Income and Expenses

Income Expenses
 Salary – monthly earnings from an employer  Living expenses
 Wages – weekly earnings from an employer  Accounts
 Commission – money earned for selling  Telephone
 Profit – extra money gained on sales of goods and  Insurance
services  Personal taxes
 Gifts  Loan repayments
 Financial assistance  Savings
 Rental income for a property  Salaries and wages
 Business running expenses
Types of Income or Expenses:

 Fixed means it does not change with time.
 Variable means it changes over time, according to the situation.
 Occasional means it occurs from time to time.

2
Large organisations and fundraising projects
 The following is an example of a large organisation (school) budget and their fundraising projects:
Example 1
A comparison of income/ expenditure/ profit values over two years and explanation
Mvelenhle Sciences High School

2023 Budget
Summary Actual (2022) Budgeted 2023 Actual 2023
Total income R188 100,00 R211 000,00 R184 805,00
Total expenses R188 575,00 R208 000,00 R183 595,00
Net income −𝐑𝟒𝟕𝟓, 𝟎𝟎 𝐑𝟑 𝟎𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎 𝐑𝟏 𝟐𝟏𝟎, 𝟎𝟎
Income details Actual (2022) Budgeted 2023 Actual 2023

School fees R131 100,00 R144 000,00 R133 200,00
Donations and fundraising R12 000,00 R12 000,00 R5 500,00
Grants (from National Department) R40 000,00 R50 000,00 R42 250,00
Other R5 000,00 R5 000,00 R3 855,00
Total R188 100,00 R211 000,00 R184 805,00
Expenses details Actual (2022) Budgeted 2023 Actual 2023

Administration R27 950,00 R32 000,00 R38 525,00
Teaching resources R18 225,00 R22 000,00 R19 570,00
Maintenance R7 150,00 R8 000,00 R5 500,00
Salaries and wages R80 000,00 R88 000,00 R75 000,00
Feeding scheme R55 250,00 R58 000,00 R45 000,00
Total R188 575,00 R208 000,00 R183 595,00
Net income Budgeted Actual

R3 000,00 R1 210,00
 The budget shows both predicted income and expenditure values as well as a summary of actual income and
expenditure values.
 This inclusion of both predicted versus actual makes it possible to see how the business actually performed
compared to how it was planned or predicted the business would perform.
 The inclusion of actual for 2022 and predicted for 2023 also makes it possible to see how the predictions for
2023 were not simply „guesses‟. Rather, the predictions were based on observation of what actually
happened in 2022.

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A comparison of income, expenditure, profit values over two years
Statement of income-and-expenditure
 A statement of income-and-expenditure shows a summary of actual income and expenditure items for an
event, business or organisation.
o That is the statement of income-and-expenditure describes what the business, organisation or
organisers of an event have actually spent / earned in a business, organisation or event that has
already taken place.
 As such, budgets are important tools for describing the current finances of an event, business or organisation.
Example 2
A comparison of income/ expenditure/ profit values over two months and explanation
Nandipha’s General Dealer

Income Statement
For the period of May 2023
April May Change
Income R28 440,00 R30 440,00 R2 000,00
Grocery sales R13 875,00 R15 435,00 R15 560,00
Sales of fruits & vegetables R9 450,00 R10 060,00 R610,00
Sales from bakery R5 115,00 R4 945,00 −R170,00
Operating expenses R21 935,00 R24 115,00 R2 180,00

Cost of goods sold R10 285,00 R11 165,00 R880,00
Groceries R5 150,00 R5 890,00 R740,00
Fruit & vegetables R3 700,00 R4 120,00 R420,00
Bakery R1 435,00 R1 155,00 −R280,00
Salaries & wages R3 800,00 R3 800,00 R0,00
Administration expenses R1 200,00 R1 600,00 R400,00
Rent expenses R5 500,00 R6 000,00 R500,00
Maintenance expenses R850,00 R1 550,00 R700,00
Advertising expenses R300,00 R0,00 −R300,00
Net income R6 505,00 R6 325,00 −R180,00
 The above budget shows a summary of income and expenditure values for two different time periods,
together with a comparison of the performance over these time periods (shown in the „Change‟ values).
 This inclusion of values for two different time periods makes it possible to see how the income and
expenditure of the business has changed and whether there has been an improvement or decline in the
performance of the business.

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Test your understanding 1
1. Use the above Income and expenditure statement of KwaNdengezi Supermarket in Example 2 to answer the
following questions.
a) Identify the following in the statement:
i) Fixed, variable and occasional income(s).
ii) Fixed, variable and occasional expense(s).
b) Show how the net incomes for the following were calculated:
i) March
ii) April
iii) Change
c) Describe the performance of the KwaNdengezi Supermarket business in within the two time periods.
d) One of the supermarket owner friend suggested that the business will collapse at some point if no
changes are implemented between income and expenditure. State whether you agree or disagree with
the friend and support your answer.
2. TJ own his shop, TJ’s Corner Shop – in a small shopping centre near his home. He rents the space for monthly
amount. He works at the shop at the cash register and takes a very small salary. He has one person working at
the bakery, one person in the deli and one cleaner. The deli offers cooked meats, salads and cheese. The bakery
offers variety of baked goods. The store also offers general items such as cleaning products, toilet paper, cold
drinks and so on.
Study the income and expenditure statement of TJ’s Corner Shop below and then answers the questions that
follow. All values given are in rand.
February 2022 March 2022 April 2022

Income
Deli sales 8 456 9 678 11 450
Bakery sales 7 680 7 854 9 876
General sales 13 450 12 976 13 450
Total income 29 586 30 508 34 776
Expenses
Cost of goods sold
Deli goods 3 680 4 127 5 356
Bakery goods 2 546 2 856 3 799
General goods 4 989 4 125 5 055
Salaries and wages 3 950 3 950 3 950
Electricity, water, rates 3 250 3 140 3 360
Advertising 1 000 1 000 1 000
Maintenance 750 1 250 400
Rent 4 000 4 000 4 000
Total expenses 23 965 24 448 26 920
Net profit/loss 5 621 6 060 7 856
a) Show how the total income for February was calculated.

b) Show how the net profit for March was calculated.
c) Which goods bring in the highest income?
d) What profit was made from general sales over the three month period?
e) Calculate the total profit made over the three month period.
f) Suggest a possible reason for the increase in the bakery sales from March to April,
g) The property owner decided to increase rental by 6,8%. Calculate the new rental amount for the store
each month.

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h) TJ, the owner of the shop, want to increase his advertising budget by R300 each month. Calculate this as
the percentage.
i) Do you think that he needs to spend so much money on advertising every month? Suggest a reason for
your answer.
j) Suggest an example of what may be included in maintenance expenses.
k) Do you think there is enough money available to hire a part-time till worker? Suggest a reason for your
answer.
l) By how much did TJ’s profit increased from February to April?
m) Calculate the increase in profit from March to April as a percentage.
n) Which expenses decrease from February to March?
o) Which expenses decrease from March to April?
p) How can TJ use this income and expense statement to budget his expenses for May?
Example 3
Douglas wants to travel from Cape Town to Durban to visit his cousin. His parents said that they can give him R500
towards the trip. He decides to draw up a budget to determine how much money the trip will cost. His uncle has
offered to give him a lift home so he only needs to budget for the trip to Durban. He has R2 000 saved in his bank
account. He wants to have some spending money left over when he gets there.
He phones Rainbow Buses to find out how much it costs to travel from Cape Town to Durban. They give him two
options:
OPTION 1:
Leave Saturday morning and travel straight to Durban. The trip costs R1 200 and he will need to pay for 3 meals at
R30 per meal.
OPTION 2:
Leave Saturday morning and travel to Plettenberg Bay first. The trip costs only R400. He can then catch a bus on
Sunday morning to Durban. This bus trip will cost R500. If he does this he needs to find a place to stay on Saturday
night and budget for three extra meals (estimated at R30 each). He estimates that a Backpackers’ Lodge would be
the cheapest place to stay, at R200 a night.
Income Expenses Running total of money that he has

Money from parents
Savings
Bus fare
Meals from buses
Accommodation
a) Copy the above budget sheet and fill in the amounts for income and expenses in the correct columns for Option 1
and Option 2.
b) Would you advise Douglas to take Option 1 or Option 2? Explain your answer.

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Cost price & selling price
Cost of producing/manufacturing
 The cost price of an item/service refers to the total cost involved in producing/manufacturing the item or
providing the service.
 Understanding the cost price is essential in order to determine how much the item must be sold for or how much
must be charged for the service in order to cover the costs involved in making the item / service.
Example 4
Table 1: Doughnut costs
 Column 2 → the quantity of ingredients needed for a batch of 24 doughnuts.

 Column 3 → the available packet size and price of these ingredients in the shops.
 Column 4 → the cost of the specific quantity of each ingredient needed for the batch of doughnuts.
The „cost per batch‟ values in the last column are the important values with respect to determining the cost price of
the ingredients of the doughnuts since they reflect the cost of the required quantity of each ingredient needed for one
whole batch.
a) Show how all the cost per batch in column 4 were calculated.
b) Calculate the total cost of ingredients for one batch.
c) There are 24 doughnuts in a batch. Calculate the cost price of each doughnut in the batch.
IMPORTANTLY: This cost price only includes consideration of the cost of the ingredients. It does not include
electricity and water costs, or possible rental costs. It also only considers the cost of the ingredients bought in specific
quantity bags/containers. This cost price could change if different sized quantities of ingredients (at different prices)
were bought.
This cost price of R1,16 can be increased to an approximate cost of R1,30 per doughnut to account for other costs
that have not been considered.

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Mvelenhle’s Joggit Suits are made of multi-coloured fleece material. His tops have no zips or buttons; they are pull-on
hoodies with a draw string, elastic cuffs and waist bands. On average, a Joggit hoodie requires 1 m of fabric, 135 cm
of draw cord, 120 cm of elastic for the waist band, and 20 cm of elastic for each cuff.
Joggit pants have elastic waist and ankle bands. They are made from plain-coloured fleece material. On average, a
pair of Joggit pants requires 1,9 m fabric, 120 cm of elastic for the waist band, and 40 cm per ankle.
The entire tracksuit uses one third of reel cotton

a) The cost of the material to make the tracksuit is as follows
o Multi-coloured fleece material at R30/m, a plain coloured fleece fabric at R25/m.
o The elastic cost R2/m, the draw string cost R4/m and reel of cotton costs R3,50.
Use the information above to complete the first section of the table below
COST PRICE: JOGGIT SUIT

Price Quantity needed per tracksuit Cost per tracksuit
Multi-coloured fabric
Plain fabric
Elastic
Cord
Cotton
Cost per tracksuit (material alone):
Other variable cost: Electricity
Variable cost per tracksuit (material and electricity)
Fixed cost: Repayments
Stall rental
Cost price per Joggit Suit:
b) Complete the second section using this information:

o Mvelenhle has projected that he will spend R100 per month on electricity.
o Add this variable cost to the tracksuit to determine the cost price for one tracksuit.
c) Mvelenhle budgeted on R600 for fixed monthly expenses (R400 for repayments and R200 for the stall rental).
Include these expenses, and determine the projected cost price per Joggit tracksuit.
d) Mvelenhle only has R1 400 to spend on sewing materials. Will this cover her cost price, after taking the
variable expenses into account?

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Appropriate selling price
 The selling price is the price at which an item will be sold or a service provided.
 This appropriate selling price needs to be higher than the cost price if all of the costs involved in making the item
or supplying the service are to be covered and a loss is to be avoided.
 Once the cost priced has been determined, an acceptable profit margin or price mark-up must be determined.
 The mark-up is added onto the cost price to create a profit.
Appropriate selling price
 An appropriate selling price is not simply determined by guessing or by choosing a much higher price than
the cost price in order to make as big a profit as possible.
 Rather, the selling price must be guided by the cost price, and must also be informed by how much a similar
item sells for at other shops.
Example 5
If we may go back to the example of doughnuts:
If a doughnut sells for an average price of R5,00 at several other shops, then it does not make sense to sell the
doughnut for R15,00 because the buyers will feel that this is very expensive. A more appropriate selling price might
be R5,00 or even R7,50, or something similar that is not significantly different from the prices in other shops.
Percentage profit
 When a business sells things, it needs to determine the cost at which it will sell each item.
 This cost may be determined by a specific profit the business wants to make or by market related prices, i.e.
they should not be too cheap or too expensive.
 The difference between the cost price and the selling price is the profit also known as the mark-up.
 The mark-up (profit) may be given in Rand value or as a percentage.
 To calculate the profit as a percentage we use the following equation:
 If the cost and the percentage mark-up is known, then the sale price is the original cost plus the amount of
mark-up
 The following formulae may be used to calculate the cost price, selling price, profit/loss and percentage profit:
Selling price Cost price
𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 + 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 − 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡
Profit/loss Percentage profit
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 = 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒

𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 = × 100
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒

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Example 6
a) Calculate the selling price, if the cost price is R400 and the mark-up is 25%.
b) The cost price of an item is R45,99 and the selling price is R65. Express the mark-up as a percentage.
c) T-shirt are marked up by 65% and sold for R135. Calculate the cost price.
d) The cost price for Joggit Suits is R137,67, and Mvelenhle proposed to sell her suit for R300 per unit.
Determine Mvelenhle’s projected profit per Joggit Suit:
i) In Rands
ii) As a percentage
𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐞−𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐞

You may use the formula: 𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐟𝐢𝐭 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐞
1. Nandipha buys three different types of sunglasses in bulk and sells them at the flea market.
Cost per pair Quantity bought

Brand A 100 300
Brand B 150 200
Brand C 300 100
a) His mark-up in all sunglasses is 40%. Calculate the selling price for each brand. (9)
b) If she sells all the sunglasses, what will her profit be? (4)
c) After 8 months, she has sold only 4 brand C pairs. She decided to discount the selling price of brand C’s
sunglasses by 30%. What will be her total income be now, if she sells all of the remaining brand C glasses?
(4)
d) Has Nandipha made any profit on brand C’s sunglasses? (3)
e) Do you think it was a wise decision to mark the sunglasses down after 8 months? (2)
2. Two classes at Margot Fonteyn Secondary School, namely Grade 11A and Grade 11B are in competition with
each other. This competition is about raising funds for the school.
Grade 11A uses 125 millilitre cups and sells it at R2,00 each.
Grade 11B uses 250 millilitre cups and sells it at R3,50 each.
a) How many cups can Grade 11A sells from ONE 2-litre bottle? (3)
b) How many cups can Grade 11B sell from ONE 2-litre bottle? (3)
c) They bought the 2-litre cold drink for R8,99 each. From selling ONE 2-litre, Grade 11B claims their profit will
be greater than that of Grade 11A, because their cups are bigger and they charge more per cup. Show with
necessary calculations whether you agree or disagree with Grade 11B. (8)
d) Calculate the percentage profit that Grade 11A made on selling ONE 2-litre bottle.
𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐟𝐢𝐭
Use the formula: 𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐟𝐢𝐭 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐞 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
Give your answer to the nearest 10 percent. (3)

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3. The Department of Health advertised for companies to tender to supply sterile disposable rubber gloves to a local
clinic. Rubber gloves come in different sizes and are generally sold in boxes containing 50 pairs of the same size.
The clinic required 100 boxes of each of the following sizes of gloves: 6½, 7, 7½ and 8.
Mvelenhle Sciences Co-operative which is 100% black-owned, decided to submit a tender to the Department of
Health. It costs Mvelenhle Sciences R98,00 per box (excluding VAT) to manufacture the gloves, regardless of the
size of the gloves. Mvelenhle Sciences first adds a profit of 25% on the price of each box, and then charges a
further 20% for the transport and administration costs.
a) The table below shows Mvelenhle Sciences format for calculating the selling price of their gloves. Use the
table to determine the values of items A, B, C, D, E, F and G. Show all your calculations.
Item
Cost of manufacturing the required number of boxes A
Profit of 25% on the cost price B
Subtotal C=A+B
20% for transport and admission costs D
Subtotal E=C+D
15% VAT F
TOTAL SELLING PRICE OF THE GLOVES (also called Pt., G=E+F
the value of the tender consideration)
b) The Department of Health uses the following formula to make decisions about which company will be
granted the tender:
𝐏𝐭 − 𝐏𝐦𝐢𝐧
𝐏𝐬 = 𝟖𝟎 (𝟏 − ) + 𝟐, 𝟓
𝐏𝐦𝐢𝐧
Where:
 Ps = point scored for the tender
 Pt. = value of the tender under consideration (in Rand)
 Pmin = lowest acceptable tender value (in Rand)
 2,5 is only added in the case of a 100% black owned business
The lowest acceptable tender value (Pmin) for rubber gloves is R56 000. Use the total selling price (Pt.)
calculated in the above table to calculate Ps, the number of points scored by Mvelenhle Sciences Co-
operative.
c) The total selling price tendered (Pt.) by another company, Vanessa Enterprises, which is 100% white-
owned was R66 000. The Department of Health announced that the tender that scored the highest
number of points will be awarded the contract. Show, with the aid of the formula given in QUESTION b),
whether Mvelenhle Sciences or Vanessa Enterprises will be awarded the tender.

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4. Nothando makes jewellery on order, paid in advance. It costs her R45,00 to make a necklace and she sells it for
R125,00. She needs R5 000,00 to buy the equipment she needs to start the project. She applies for a R10 000,00
overdraft.
An overdraft account of R10 000,00 means that the account holder may withdraw only the
amount needed up to a maximum of R10 000,00, and pay back an instalment as agreed with
the bank.
a) What percentage profit does Noluthando make on each necklace?

b) VAT, which is 15%, is included in the selling price of the necklace. How much is the VAT on each
necklace?
c) Redraw and complete the table below in your notebooks.
Number of necklaces 0 10 20 30 50 70 100

made
Expenses in Rand 5 000 5 450 5 900
Income in Rand 0.00 1 250 2 500
Balance in account −5 000 −4 200 −3 400
d) Use the system of axes below to plot three graphs that represent the above data. Give your graph a
suitable title and label the axes accordingly.

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e) Use the graphs in d) above to answer the following questions.
i) Identify the dependent and independent variables.
ii) How many necklaces does Noluthando have to make before she start making a profit? Use the
letter ‘P’ to indicate on your graph where you take your reading.
iii) What profit does Sisanda make if she produces 210 necklaces?
5. Mr Sibisi’s daughter, a first year student did not manage to get accommodation on campus and get private
accommodation.
The costs are:

 Single room is R2 200 per month
 Double room is R1 650 per month
 Rent is payable for 11 months
She has to cook for herself and her father sends R1 500 per month for food for ten months
a) Calculate the total amount spent for the year on rent and food if she chooses a double room.
b) Staying in a double room costs less than staying in a single room. Give ONE reason for the difference in
costs,
Break-even analysis
 The break-even value in a business or organisation refers to the amount of income that the business or
organisation must make in order to cover all expenses incurred in the running of the business.
 In other words, the break-even point gives an indication of how much money a business/organisation must
make in order to make a profit.
Outside of a business context, the term „break-even‟ is used to refer to the values for which two things are equal: for
example:
 The number of minutes of talk time for which the cost of talking on two different cell phone contracts is equal;
 The number of units of electricity that must be used on two different systems for the cost of that usage to be
equal.
In order for a business to do well they need to be in control of their income and their expenses.
Income – Expenses = Profit.
The goal of every business is to make the maximum profit.
 If the income is more than the expenses, the business makes a profit.
 If the income is less than the expenses, the business makes a loss.
 If the income is exactly the same as the expenses, the business breaks even.

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1. The matriculants of Dumsani Makhaye Secondary are planning a matric farewell function and have a choice
between their school hall and the Central Hotel as a venue. If their school hall is used, the caterers will provide
the food and table decorations as well as the music at a cost of R110 per person.
TABLE 1: Cost of using the school hall

Number of tickets sold 0 10 25 40 B 100
Cost in rand 0 1 100 A 4 400 8 800 11 000
The Central Hotel quotes a basic cost of R2 400 which covers the cost of the music and decorations. An
additional charge of R50 per person for food will be levied.
TABLE 2: Cost of using the Central Hotel

Number of tickets sold 0 10 20 40 D 100
Cost in rand 2 400 2 900 3 400 C 4 900 7 400
Use TABLE 1 and TABLE 2 to answer the following questions:
a) Determine the equation for each option.
b) Use your answers in a) to calculate the values of A, B, C and D.
c) Determine the total cost if 50 tickets are sold for the function in their school hall.
d) Write down the following:

i) The number of tickets sold when the cost for the two venues is the same.
ii) The corresponding cost.
e) Calculate the number of ticket sold if the cost of hiring the Central Hotel is R8 400.

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f) Use the grid provided below to draw two graphs using the data in TABLE 1 and TABLE 2. Make sure
you write a suitable title for your graphs, label the graphs as 1 and 2 and label the axes accordingly.
g) If there were 30 matriculants and each one brings a date to the function, which hall should they use?
Justify your answer.
2. Mr Sibisi has been given permission to sell study guides at Margot Fonteyn Secondary School at the beginning of
the school year. He has to give the school a once-off payment of R800 for the right to sell the study guides at the
school. He buys the packs from a wholesaler who charges R100 per pack (including VAT) if 50 or less packs are
bought, and 10% less if more than 50 packs are bought. He intends selling the stationery packs to the learners at
R140 a pack.
a) Write down Mr Sibisi's fixed cost.
b) Calculate the price of a pack when more than 50 packs are bought.
c) Mr Sibisi wants to draw two graphs to illustrate his income and expenses on the same system of axes.
The tables below illustrate Mr Sibisi's total income and total cost for different numbers of stationery packs.
TABLE 3: Income of study guides

Number of study guides bought 0 30 50 60 80 100
Total income in rand 0 4 200 7 000 8 400 11 200 14 000
TABLE 4: Cost of study guides

Number of study guides bought 0 30 50 60 80 100
Total income in rand 800 3 800 5 800 6 200 A B

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d) Use the given information to calculate the missing values A and B in the table.
e) Use the grid provided below and the values from TABLE 3 and TABLE 4 to draw the graphs to illustrate
Mr Sibisi's income and expenses for the different numbers of study guides bought. Make sure you
provide your graphs with suitable title, label each graph as income and expense and also label the axes
accordingly.
f) Use the graph to determine the following:

i) How many study guides Mr Sibisi must sell to break-even?
ii) The profit he made if all 100 study guides were sold.
g) Mr Sibisi only sold 80 of the 100 study guides he bought.

i) Suppose he keeps the 20 study guides that were not sold. How much profit would he make now?
ii) Suppose the wholesaler agrees to buy back the packs that were not sold at 80% of the cash
price paid by Mr Sibisi. Determine how much profit Mr Sibisi would now make if he sold the 20
packs to the wholesaler.

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Interest, Loans and Banking
Interest
Terminology
 Interest is the amount of money paid in return for the use of someone else’s money.
 Interest rate is the rate at which interest is paid by a borrower for the use of money that they borrow from a
lender.
o Stress!!! That an interest rate is not an amount but a percentage such as 3%.
 Borrower – the person who borrows money from somebody
 Lender – the person/institution who lends money to the borrower. The money must be paid back.
 Loan term – the period over which the money may be paid back
 Repayment – the regular payment on the outstanding balance.
 Per annum – per year
 Principal amount – the original amount of money initially invested or borrowed
 Simple interest – the interest calculated only on the principal amount, and is the same each time it is paid.
 Total/Accumulated amount – the principal amount plus the interest.
 Compound interest – interest calculated on the total/accumulated amount.
 Interest can be paid on money which is invested in two different ways i.e. simple and compound.
Interest calculate without the use of the formulae
Simple interest
 With simple interest, the interest earned or paid on amount invested or borrowed stays the same.
 If we know what the interest rate is, we can calculate the amount of interest quite simply.
 The amount of interest payable depends on the interest rate.
o The lower the interest rate, the lesser the payment and,
o The higher the interest rate, the more the payment.
Example 6 - Loan
1. Ayanda borrowed R350,00 from his nephew at a simple interest rate of 6% per annum. Calculate the interest she
has to pay if the loan is repaid after
a) one year
b) two years
c) three months
d) Calculate the total amount after three years.
2. Jeffrey wants to buy a bicycle. He then borrowed R800 from his uncle and promised to pay it back in 3 months at
a simple interest rate of 5%.
a) Write down the principal amount.
b) Determine the total amount Jan has to pay.

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Calculating the interest rate
 If you are given the final amount, then you follow these steps to find the interest rate:
o Find the difference between the final amount and the original amount, this gives you the amount of
interest.
o Work out what percentage the amount of interest is of the principal amount.
Example 7 – Loan
Jeffrey paid his uncle a total amount R920 after borrowing R800 to buy a bicycle. Determine the interest rate that was
charged.
Test your understanding 4 – Loans and Investments

1. Thulani deposited an amount of R13 000 into a savings account for his daughter when she was 14 years old. The
investment earns an interest of 9,5% simple interest per annum. Calculate the value of the investment when
Adrian’s daughter turns
a) 15 years old
b) 16 years old
c) 17 years old
d) 18 years old
e) 19 years old
f) 20 years old
Represent the information in the form of a table such as below:

Year 15 16 17 18 19 20
Value of investment
2. Zamadumbe borrows his niece R200 for two years at a rate of 7% simple interest. Below is a table showing
Zamadumbe’s money increase in the first two years
Year 1 2 3 4
Amount at the start of the year R200 R214
Interest earned R14 R14
Total amount at the end of the year R214 R228
Copy and complete the table by filling in the amount of money Zamadumbe would have earned at the end of each
year from year 2 to year 10.
Discuss with learners to determine why it is sometimes better to take up loans or borrow money from family members.
 If one takes up a loan from a bank or financial institution, the person needs to have proof of earnings and
other guarantees before the bank or financial institution grants the loan.
 Therefore it might be a better idea or easier to make an informal loan agreement with family members.
 Linear graphs can be used to represent simple interest scenarios.

18
Example 7 – Investment
Use the completed table in Test your understanding 4 QUESTION 2 to draw the linear graph indicting the simple
interest. Use the system of axes given below.

Ndumiso invests R6 500 at 11% per year.
a) Calculate the value of the investment for one year up to six years.
b) Draw up your own table for 6 years for simple interest to show the years of investment and the value of the
investment at the end of each investment period.
c) Represent the information from the table in the form of a linear graph. Label the axes accordingly and give
your graph a suitable title.

19
d) How much was the investment at the end of the fifth year?
e) How much interest did the investment accumulate at the end of the investment period? Show all calculations.

20
Compound interest
 Compound interest increases because the interest is added to the lump sum so you calculate the interest on a
bigger lump sum for every year.
 Unlike simple interest, Compound interest is calculated on the total/accumulated amount.
o Interest increases constantly.
o It yields more interest over time than simple interest.
 In compound interest, you also earn interest on interest.
 In compound interest, interest can be compounded:
o Daily, monthly, quarterly, half yearly (semi-annual), annually
o The table below shows what happen to interest rate and investment/repayment period when
compounded as above
Compounded Interest rate (divide by) Period (multiply by)

Daily 365 365
Monthly 12 12
Quarterly 4 4
e.g. 8% for 2 years 8% ÷ 𝟒 = 2% 2×𝟒 =8
Half yearly/semi-annual 2 2
Annually 1 1
Example 8 - Investment
1. Senzo invests R13 000 in an account at an interest rate of 8,5% compounded annually.
a) Calculate the interest rate after 1 year
b) Determine the amount on which the interest for the second year will be calculated copy and complete the
table below:
End of year 0 1 2 3 4 5
Interest earned for the year 0 R1 145,50
Value of investment in rand 13 000 13 647,50
2. Jeffrey wants to buy a bicycle. He then borrowed R800 from his uncle and promised to pay it back in 3 months at
a compound interest rate of 5%.
Determine the total amount Jeffrey has to pay.
3. Senzo invests R13 000 in an account at an interest rate of 12% compounded quarterly.
c) Calculate the interest rate after 2 year
d) Determine the accumulated amount after 3 years.

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1. Sabelo invests R14 500 at 12% interest rate compounded annually.
a) Calculate the value of the investment for one year up to five years.
b) Draw up your own table for five years for to show the years of investment and the value of the investment
at the end of each investment period.
c) Represent the information from the table in the form of a graph. Label the axes accordingly and give your
graph a suitable title. Use the system of axes given below.
d) How much was the investment at the end of the fifth year?
e) How much interest did the investment accumulate at the end of the investment period?
2. Sphumelele’s daughter invested R2 000 for 2 years in order to buy a smartphone that cost R4 999. She
approached a bank that offered her interest rate of 25% compounded half yearly for a period of 2 years. She
claims that by the end of 2 years she will be able to buy this phone.
Use a suitable calculation to justify Sphumelele’s daughter claim.

22
Banking
Two ways of saving money
 You can save money by depositing a lump sum into an account and leaving it there for a fixed period of time
to earn interest.
o For example depositing R700 into an account for four years.
 You can also save money by making regular payments into an account over a period of time.
o For example, paying R100 a month into an account for four years.
Example 9
At ABC bank an initial deposit of R50 is required for a special savings account designed for young people. Interest is
calculated at 12% p.a. compounded monthly. Felicia decides to save R80 per month at ABC bank. Determine how
much Felicia will have at the end of 5 months.
The information can be presented in a table form as shown below, complete the table by showing all calculations
required in your notebook.
Month Amount at the Interest earned New deposit Total amount at the end
start amount of the month
1 R80 0,012 × R80 = R0,96 R80 R160,96
2 R160,96 0,01 × R160,96 = R1,93 R80 R242,89
3 R242,89 R80
4 R80
5 R80

1. Anele inherits R35 000 from a trust fund. The money is invested in a fixed deposit account that pays 8% interest
p.a. simple interest. The amount is left in the account for 6 years. Calculate the value of the investment at the end
of the investment period.
2. Ethan decides to save R150 every month in a bank starting at the beginning of June. Use a table to record your
calculations.
a) How much will Ethan have paid at the end of one year? Show calculations
b) How much will Ethan have in his account at the end of next June?

23
Banking terms and their meaning
 Liquid assets – assets that are easily converted to cash

 Liquidity – it refers to the ease with which assets can be converted to cash.
 Overdraft – this is a loan from a bank that allows for a debit balance on a account
 Credit card – a small plastic card issued by a bank or other financial institution for the purpose of buying
goods and services on credit
 Credit limit – it’s the maximum amount that a bank or financial institution will allow a client to borrow
 Debit card – a small plastic card issued by a bank or financial institution for the purpose of buying goods and
services with money that comes directly from your bank account
 Deposit – putting money into an account
 Bank charge or transactional fee – an amount of money payable for bank services provided
 Withdrawal – taking money from an account
 Debit order – an instruction to a bank to pay an amount that differs from month to month to a person or a
business.
 Stop order - an instruction to a bank to pay a fixed amount on a monthly basis to a person or business.
Bank account
 Bank accounts offer a secure place for individuals, businesses or corporations to keep their money.
 Bank accounts differ and they don’t all allow for the same access to money or charge the same fees or give the
same interest.
 There are various types of bank accounts. These include:
o Current/cheque accounts,
o savings accounts,
o fixed deposit accounts, etc.
Savings account
 Most people open a savings account, which pays interest.
 The account is suitable for short-term savings (savings that will be used within a year for something like school
fees).
 Below is a table comparing the advantages and disadvantages of a savings account:
Advantages Disadvantages
The account allows customers to earn The liquid assets cannot be used directly as money
money on their liquid assets in the form of
interest
It allow regular access to money Interest is only added onto the account at the end of the month
Withdrawals from savings account are occasionally costly and
are sometimes time-consuming
Due to liquidity of this type of account, interest rates are low.

24
1. Explain the following baking terms
a) Liquid assets
b) Overdraft
c) Credit limit
d) Debit card
e) Bank charge
f) Stop order
2. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of a savings account in a tabular form
Cheque account
 It is also called a transactional account and people use it to make regular transactions like withdrawals,
deposits and payments.
Fixed deposit account

 This account is used for savings that you leave for a fixed period of 3, 6, 12 or 36 months. The longer the
investment period the larger the interest will normally be.
 Advantages and disadvantages of fixed deposit account and cheque account
Fixed deposit account

Money can be deposited into the account either as a The money cannot be withdrawn until the end of the
lump sum or every month for a specific period of time at a stipulated time period which can vary from one month to
specific interest rate a
few years
It offers a higher rate of interest Offers less liquidity
Cheque account
The account provides funds for withdrawal or payment in They tend not to earn interest rate but attract high interest
a variety of forms including cheques, stop orders debit rates and penalties if overdrawn
orders, electronic and/or telephonic transfers
It is meant for the convenience of the individual or Transaction fees are charged on most transactions in and
business in terms of access to funds when needed out of the account
Interest is calculated daily but only paid into the account
at the end of each month.

1. Describe fixed deposit account in terms of the advantages and disadvantages in a tabular form
2. Compare cheque account advantages and disadvantages in the form of a table.
3. Which of the two accounts will you advice a client who wants more interest to be paid on the account? Give
reasons for your answers

25
Bank cards
 A bank card such as a credit card or a debit card is usually used to access one’s money in one’s account.
 A debit card is a small plastic card issued by a bank or financial institution for the purpose of buying goods and
services with money that comes directly from one’s own account.
 Debit cards have tired interest rates (different interest rates in different monetary intervals).
 A credit card is a small plastic card that is issued by a bank or financial institution for the purpose of buying
goods and services on credit.
Below is a table showing a comparison between debit card and credit

Comparison
Debit card Credit card
Can withdraw money at ATM Can withdraw money at ATM
Can withdraw money inside the bank Can withdraw money inside the bank
Can pay for shopping Can pay for shopping
May only spend the amount available May spend money that is not in the account but
interest is payable on the outstanding amounts after
a specified period
The amount is immediately withdrawn from the The account holder decides when and how much to
current account pay off
Not a risk to fall in debt trap Can be used in a crisis to pay for purchases and/or
services. Up to 55 days interest free
Budget buying facilities spread cost out
Advantages and disadvantages
Cannot use to pay for urgent purchases if no funds Interest rates charged on credit balances are very
are available high.
May lead to temptations to buy non-essential things
even when money is not available
No overdraft facilities are allowed on debit cards and Each card is given a specified credit limit which you
an account must always have a credit balance, i.e. can use to buy goods and services
you cannot buy on credit (using money that you do
not have)
Debit cards usually attract bank charges or fees for This borrowed money must be paid back within a
all transactions specified period
They are not designed for savings.

1. List at least three similarities between debit cards and credit cards
2. Compare debit card and credit card by identifying their advantages and disadvantages
3.

26
Inflation
 Inflation is a measure of the change in the purchasing power of money over time.
 inflation represents the average increase in the prices of a variety of goods and services over time and that
different items can have different inflation rates
 Purchasing power tells you the relative value of money in one year compared to another year, as a
percentage.
 Inflation rates are given as percentages.
o It is the average rate (%) by which the prices of products have increased over a period of time.
 Inflation is given as a percentage increase per annum.
 To determine the inflation rate, banks refer to a “basket” of goods of which the prices are compared over time. If
the cost of the “basket” increases with a specific percentage that indicates the interest rate.
The inflation rate shows us with what percentage goods and services have increased over a specific time. This does
not mean that everything in the country has increased by that percentage, but it gives us an idea of the average
increase.
Even when there is a decrease in the inflation rate it does not mean that goods become cheaper, it only means that
their prices increase, but with a smaller percentage (slower rate).
Inflation causes the worth of money to decrease – you cannot buy the same amount of goods with the same amount
of money.

27
Example 10 – Inflation
The graph below shows the inflation rate over three years with regards to car parts.
a) Did the price of motor parts increase or decrease according to the graph? Explain your answer.
b) In December 2014 the price of sparkplugs was R119,95 per set. Calculate their price in December 2017.
1. Last year Banele spent R 500 on the catering of her family birthday dinner. It was such a success that she
decided to make exactly the same meal this year but to serve it to her favourite friends. She went to the
supermarket and bought the same ingredients but was surprised to have to pay R535 this time.
a) What percentage increase did she pay on the Ingredients?

b) If the CPI (Consumer Price Index) inflation measure for that year was 6%, how did the goods she bought
increase in relation to this measure?
c) Why does the % that it increases with differ?

28
2. The average inflation rates for the period of 2006 to 2010 are shown in the table.
a) During which year was the rate of inflation the highest?
b) Name one thing that may have influenced the cost of a taxi trip increasing so dramatically in 2008.
c) Samkelo looked at the table and said “If the inflation rate went down in 2010 then things would be
cheaper in 2010 than in 2009”. Do you agree with her? Explain.

29
Maps, plans
and other
representations
TERM THREE AND FOUR
Building plans (Scale)
Plan (floor elevation and design plans)
Plan - floor elevation

 Shows a top view of a building (room, office, house, etc.) floor.
 Always drawn to a given scale.
 Includes length measurements.
 Uses standard symbols for building features such as door/window/garage openings, bathroom utilities, etc.
 May include compass direction indicators (North, South, East, West)

30
EXAMPLES OF THE SYMBOLS USED ON PLAN LAYOUT
Elevation plans
 Shows the different side views of a building i.e. north/south/east/west side view or elevation.
 Gives a complete outside structure of a building.
 Always drawn to scale.
 Shows different wall features such as doors and windows.

31
Example 1
RDP houses are built with bricks to assist low income people with proper houses. They have pitch roofs with the area
of 51,8 m2. Study this floor plan and answer the question below it.
a) What is an elevation plan?

b) How many doors are shown on the plan?
c) How many windows are shown on the plan?
d) To which side does the kitchen door open?
e) How many roof tile will be needed to cover the roof if 10 roof tiles cover 1m2?

32
1. Mr and Mrs Sibisi retired recently. They intend to move to a complex for senior citizens which is still in a
developmental stage. They were provided with several floor plans from which they could choose the type of
house which may fit their lifestyle. They were allowed to suggest a reorganisation of the inside layout, but the
exterior walls must remain as shown on the plan. Use the plans and information provided below to answer the
questions that follow.
Note: A change without justification will not be awarded marks.
a) Explain which rooms in the plan will be warmer than the others during the winter months, if no heating
equipment is switched on. Substantiate your answer(s). (2)
b) Use a compass direction to appropriately replace the C in “C – Elevation”. (3)
c) Name the rooms without windows on this plan. Discuss any challenge that an occupant of the building
may experience due to the lack of windows. (2)
d) Explain one layout change that you will make to this house if you were buying the house. Substantiate
your suggested change. (4)
33
2. Emihle and Khethamahle are the newly-weds. They plan to build a house using the floor plan and elevations
shown below.
Use the information above to answer the questions that follow.
a) How many bedrooms are shown on the floor plan? (2)

b) The elevations are numbered from 1 to 4. Match the elevation with the correct number e.g. West
elevation 3.
(i) North elevation
(ii) South elevation
(iii) West elevation
(iv) East elevation (4)
c) Is this plan for a single or double storey house? (2)
d) Draw a symbol that represents a door for floor elevation? (2)

34
Models
 Show diagrams/nets of packaging containers for various shapes.
 Show diagrams/nets of packaging arrangements of various containers or items.
MODELS (PACAKGING IN 2DIMENSIONAL SCALE)
MODELS (PACAKGING IN 3 DIMENSIONAL SCALE)

35
Example 2
1. Samkelo buys rectangular boxes with reels of thread for stitching stockings. The radius of a cylindrical reel is 11,5
mm.
Determine the maximum number of reels of thread that will fit exactly into a rectangular box that is 120 mm wide
and 195 mm long. Show ALL calculations
2. Determine the maximum number of cylindrical spice bottles with a radius of 2,2 cm that can be put in the rack if
the packaging length is 50,5 cm.
You may use the formula:
𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐛𝐨𝐭𝐭𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐤𝐞𝐝 = 𝐏𝐚𝐜𝐤𝐚𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 ÷ 𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐛𝐨𝐭𝐭𝐥𝐞

1. In a Creative Arts classroom, the teacher keeps coloured pencils in three identical cylindrical containers. These
pencils remain unsharpened until they are used or lost. Below is a diagram that shows the cylindrical
container.(Diagram not drawn to scale)
The height of the container is 18 cm and the diameter is 79 mm
a) If the diameter of one coloured pencil is 7mm and the length 17,5 cm, calculate how many coloured
pencils can fit into the three containers. (8)
b) The teacher packs some of the coloured pencils as follow in each of the containers; 3 red, 2 blue, 2 green
and 3 orange. Calculate the probability that if a pencil is taken from all containers it will be a red pencil.
Write your answer as a percentage. (3)

36
2. 5 litre paint are packed in shop for delivery in big rectangular boxes. An example of these boxes are shown
below. The diagrams are not drawn to scale
There are two rectangular boxes and their dimensions are as follows:
Dimensions of Box A Dimensions of Box B Dimensions of 5litre paint tin

Length = 130 cm Height = 25 cm Radius = 9cm
Width = 104 cm Length = 130 cm Height = 24 cm
Height = 25 cm Width = 104 cm
a) The packers argue that if they use Box A for packaging the paint tins, they will be able to pack more than
two time the paint tins in Box B.
Use calculations to prove if their argument is valid or not (6)
b) A truck carrying 20 boxes of box B with 5 litre paint tins has an accident and all the paint is spilt. How
much in Rand will be lost.
NB. 5 litre paint costs R185, 95 (4)

37
Assembly diagrams
 Show diagrams/pictures/nets of complete items
 They use symbols for the different components of an item.
 They have written instructions on how to put the different components together.
INSTRUCTION/ ASSEMBLY DIAGRAMS-UNASSEMBLED WOODEN FURNITURE UNIT

38
Example 3
The bowline is a knot that’s used to form a fixed loop on the end of a rope. In sailing, it’s commonly used to attach a
line to the head of a sail. The picture below show how to tie a bowline. The pictures are not in the correct order.
Arrange the pictures in the correct order.

39
1. The diagrams below show a set of labelled assembly instructions (not in order of assembly) to build a toy car with
Lego blocks.
Study the diagrams above to answer the questions that follow.
a) Write down the correct order of the assembly instructions to build the toy car using the letters A, B, C, D
and E.
b) Which letter (A, B, C, D or E) fits the instructions, ‘Flip over the part-assembly?
c) A can of Lego blocks contains 20 red blocks, 25 blue blocks, 28 green blocks, 30 blacks blocks and 27
white blocks. A block is randomly selected from the can.
Determine the probability that the block will be the following:

(i) Yellow
(ii) Blue

40
2. Zoleka bought herself a cellphone. She wants to insert her SIM card into the phone and have to follow the
instructions as shown in the illustrations below.
Briefly explain the steps that Zoleka needs to take to insert the SIM card (6)
3. Study the second last stage of assembling a learner’s desk below and answer the questions that follow
SECOND LAST STAGE OF ASSEMBLING THE SCHOOL DESK
a) Determine the number of screws needed to fix two of these school desks (2)
b) The direction in which the screw is tightened. Is it clockwise or anticlockwise? (2)

41

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MVELENHLE SCIENCES©

MATHEMATICAL LITERACY – GRADE 11

ACTIVITY BOOK – TERM 3 AND TERM 4

© Mvelenhle Sciences – producing everlasting prosperity

TERM THREE AND FOUR

Table of some Income and Expenses

Types of Income or Expenses:

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Mvelenhle Sciences High School

Income details Actual (2022) Budgeted 2023 Actual 2023

Expenses details Actual (2022) Budgeted 2023 Actual 2023

Net income Budgeted Actual

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Nandipha’s General Dealer

Operating expenses R21 935,00 R24 115,00 R2 180,00

Net income R6 505,00 R6 325,00 −R180,00

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February 2022 March 2022 April 2022

a) Show how the total income for February was calculated.

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Income Expenses Running total of money that he has

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 Column 2 → the quantity of ingredients needed for a batch of 24 doughnuts.

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The entire tracksuit uses one third of reel cotton

COST PRICE: JOGGIT SUIT

b) Complete the second section using this information:

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Appropriate selling price

Selling price Cost price

Profit/loss Percentage profit

𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 = 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒

© Mvelenhle Sciences – producing everlasting prosperity

𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐞−𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐞

Test your understanding 3

Cost per pair Quantity bought

Give your answer to the nearest 10 percent. (3)

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a) What percentage profit does Noluthando make on each necklace?

Number of necklaces 0 10 20 30 50 70 100

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The costs are:

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TABLE 1: Cost of using the school hall

TABLE 2: Cost of using the Central Hotel

Use TABLE 1 and TABLE 2 to answer the following questions:

a) Determine the equation for each option.

b) Use your answers in a) to calculate the values of A, B, C and D.

d) Write down the following:

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TABLE 3: Income of study guides

TABLE 4: Cost of study guides

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f) Use the graph to determine the following:

g) Mr Sibisi only sold 80 of the 100 study guides he bought.

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